1Definitions(定义)
全新版大学英语(第二版)综合教程3答案Unit1-Unit8
崭新版大学英语（第二版）综合教程 3 答案Unit 1P3：After ListeningComplete the following statements according to what you have heard.a break relief out in the country fastmove pollution of the city smogin the way we liveP10: Content QuestionsPair workOne of you asks the first six questions and the other answers. Starting from question7, change roles. When you have finished, the teacher may want to put some of the questions to you to check your progress.1.Write and live on a farm.2.Because they grow nearly all of their fruits and vegetables. They have enough eggs, honey and wood. They are very close to nature and can enjoy the beautiful scenery. Besides, they can go skiing and skating in winter.3.No. Sometimes the good life can get pretty tough.4.They were buried under five feet of snow from December through March.5.When the first spring came, it brought two floods. Thesecond flood refers to the good harvest in the growing season.6.He decided to quit his job and start to freelance.7. He has to crawl into black-bear dens for “Sports Illustrated ”, hitch up dogsled racing teams for “Smithsonian ”magazine, check out the Lake Champlain “monster ”for “Science Digest”, and canoe through the Boundary Waters wilderness area of Minnesota for “Destinations ”.8.As for insurance, they have only bought a poor man ’s major-medical policy and the policy on their two cars.9.They cut back their expenses without appreciably lowering their standard of living. For example：they patronize local restaurants instead of more expensive places in the city. They still attend the opera and ballet but only a few times a year. They eat less meat, drink cheaper wine and see fewer movies.10.A tolerance for solitude and lots of energy.11.They will leave with a feeling of sorrow but also with a sense of pride at what they ’ve been able to accomplish.12.They chose to live in the country because they want to improve the quality of their lives. Yes, they have finally realized their dream.P11: TEXT ORQANIZATIONWorking on Your OwnDo the exercises and then compare your answers with a partner.1. Parts Paragraphs Main IdeasPart One Paras. 1-3The writer views his life inthe country as a self-reliantand satisfying one.Part Two Paras. 4-7Life in the country is goodyet sometimes very hard. Part Three Paras. 8-11After quitting his job, thewriter ’s income wasreduced, but he and hisfamily were able tomanage to get by.Part Four Paras. 12-15 A tolerance for solitudeand a lot of energy havemade it possible for thefamily to enjoy their life inthe country.2. Happy Moments and Events Hardships1) growing nearly all their fruits and1)working hard both vegetables in winter and in summer2) canoeing, picnicking, long bicycle2)harsh environmentrides, etc.and weather condition 3) keeping warm inside the house 3)anxious moments afterthe in winter writer quit his job4) writing freelance articles4)cutting back on daily expenses5) earning enough money while5) solitudemaintaining a happy family life.P12 Language Sense Enhancement1. (1)special qualities(2)a tight budget(3)entertain(4)anyway (5)involved(6)requirement (7)on a small scale(8)temptation(9)instead (10)machineryP15: VocabularyI1. 1)On balance 2)resist 3)haul 4)wicked 5)illustrated6)budget7)lowering8)boundary 9)involved10) economic 11)blasting12)just about2. 1)cut back/down2)pick up 3)get by 4)get through5)face up to 6)turn in 7)making up for8)think up3.1)pursued his mathematical studies and taught himselfastronomy.2)often generate misleading thoughts.3)attach great importance to combining theory withpractice in our work.4)be suspected of doing everything for money.5)before he gets through life.4. 1)their indoor a profit to invest in2)device the improvement on a global scale3)stacked temptation never dined out1.1)house 2)Home 3)home family 4)household2.1)doubt2)suspected3)doubted4)suspected5)suspectP19 III. Word Formation1)rise 2)final 3)regular 4)cash 5)hows whys6)upped 7)yellowed 8)bottled 9)lower10)searchP 20: Comprehensive ExerciseI . Cloze1.(1)gets by(2)temptation(3)get through(4)improvements(5)aside from (6)suspect (7) supplement(8)profit(9)stacking2. (1)replaced(2)consider(3)quit(4)world(5)tough(6)fuels (7)provide (8)luxuries (9)balance(10)ideal P21 II. Translation1.1)We have a problem with the computer system, but I thinkit ’sfairly minor.2)My father died when I was too young to live on my own. Thepeople of my hometown took over (responsibility for) my upbringing at that point.3)The toys have to meet strict/tough safety requirementsbefore they can be sold to children.4)Radio and television have supplemented rather thanreplaced the newspaper as carriers of news and opinion.5)When it comes to this magazine, it is/carries a digest ofarticles from many newspapers and magazines around the world.2. A decade ago, Nancy did what so many Americans dreamabout. She quit an executive position and opened/set up a household device store in her neighborhood. People likeNancy made the decision primarily for the improvement in the quality of their lives.But, to run a business on a small scale is by no means an easy job. Without her steady income, Nancy had to cut backon her daily expenses. Sometimes she did not even have the money to pay the premiums for the various kinds of insurance she needed.Fortunately, through her own hard work, she has now got through the most difficult time. She determined to continuepursuing her vision of a better life.P27 Comprehension CheckP28: Translation1.什么你说那听起来不像你府上的生活其实，不不过是你一个人这么想。
EN 71-1
•
本欧洲玩具安全标准包含以下部分：
– 第七部分：指画颜料-要求与测试方法 – 第八部分：家用的室内和户外的秋千、滑梯及类似 活动玩具 – 第九部分：有机化合物-要求 – 第十部分：有机化合物-式样准备和提取 – 第十一部分：有机化合物-分析方法
61.玩具袋（toy bag）: 明显用于儿童玩耍或鼓励儿童用于玩耍袋子。 注：吸引儿童的装玩具的袋子也算。不吸引的 就不算。 62.功能性产品（functional product）: 供成人使用的产品、器具或设备。按比例缩小 而成的产品，并与成人使用之物品具有相同的功能 和使用方法。
63.纸板（paperboard）:
• •
49.弹性材料（Elastic material）： 材料或产品在外力作用下能拉伸，而当外力撤走的 时能够恢复或接近恢复原始长度。 • 50.电线（Electrical cable）： • 连接玩具或非玩具本事或非玩具部分的外部供电体 或电设备的柔软的绝缘导线。注释：电设备包括本 事无玩耍价值的电脑和电视 • 51.带（Tape）： • 一种宽度明显比厚度大的非纺织材料的窄带。 • 52.固定环（fixed loop）： • 一个线环，通过任何方式包括一个或多个结使其周 长永久固定。 • 注：固定环的形式可包括玩具一部件或多部件。 • 53.缠绕还（tangled loop）： • 由一条或多条有附件，结或固定环的绳索扭曲或勾 住形成的环。注释：缠绕环可以包括玩具一个或多 个部件。 • 54.窒息（asphyxiation）： • 呼吸道进气量不足够。
Chapter 1 Introduction 绪论(现代语言学).
Chapter 1 Introduction 绪论1. What is linguistics? 什么是语言学?1.1 definition 定义Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.语言学是对语言进行科学研究的学科。
Languages in general 针对所有语言而言A scientific study of language is based on the systematic investigation of data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.语言进行科学地研究最根本的是要对语言材料进行系统的调查研究,并在语言结构的一般理论指导下进行。
The linguist has to do first is to study language facts, i.e. to see how language is actually used; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure.语言学家首先必须研究语言材料,即要观察一般情况下语言的使用方法,继而对语言的结构具体地提出一些假设。
A linguistic theory is constructed about what language is and how it works.一套语言学理论是说明语言的本质内容以及这些语言是如何发挥作用的。
1.2 The scope of linguistics 语言学的研究范畴The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. This deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.把语言学作为一个整体而进行的全面的语言学研究一般称为普通语言学。
心理学专业英语一
To enlarge vocabulary of psychology
扩大心理学词汇量
To foster basic translation skills
提升基础的翻译技能
To broaden knowledge of the cultures and
societies of the world
The history of psychology
2. THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY
Where did psychology come from?
When did psychology started?
How did psychology develop?
16
Where did psychology come from?
CHAPTER 1
What is Psychology?
8
单元结构
There are 3 parts:
■ Approaches in psychology
4 psychological approaches 4 debates in psychology
■ Controversies in psychology ■ Ethical issues in psychology
然而，Atkinson（1991）等人提出了一个较新的定义，
“心理学是对于行为与心理过程的科学研究”。 心理学是研究行为和心理过程的科学。
suggest:认为，建议，提议（propose）
13
Definitions
Just giving this simple definition, however, is a bit
EN71-1(
12
4. 一般要求
4.10.4 弹簧
下列弹簧必须不可触及: - 螺旋状弹簧旳两个螺线之间旳空隙不小于3mm时 - 拉伸弹簧在40N拉力作用下，两相邻弹簧间距离不小于3mm - 压力弹簧处于静止时，相邻两弹簧之间距离不小于3mm，且
玩具使用时能承受不小于40N
进行如下测试时，不能倒塌，分开成几部分或锁定装置失效。 － 主副锁定装置均作用时，100kg负载向下作用于方向杆5分钟 － 仅副锁定装置作用时，50kg负载向下作用于方向杆5分钟 － 滑板车倒放于支撑架上，主副锁定装置均作用时，悬挂50kg 负载于方向杆上5分钟
25
4. 一般要求
4.15.5.4 可调整高度及可折叠旳操纵杆：
2) 软性投射物为 0.5J
弓和箭 (必须符合要求)
- 出售旳带有箭旳弓在本原则中作为玩具看待。其潜在危险性应按照
7.7旳要求加以阐明
Warning! Do not aim at eyes or face.
30
4. 一般要求
4.18 水上玩具
- 气塞应与玩具阀相连。 - 终止阀必须能被推动玩具，使其距玩具表面不超出 5mm。 - 扭力拉力试验后，终止阀应不能完全溶入小部件筒内。 - 应提醒使用者注意使用水上玩具旳潜在危险。
3
4. 一般要求
4.1 材料 4.2 装配
所用原材料需要清洁卫生。
供组装旳玩具必须附有详细旳组装阐明。 供成年人组装旳玩具必须有明确旳阐明。
4
4. 一般要求
4.3 柔韧旳塑料薄膜
面积不小于100mm x 100mm旳薄膜，须 A) 平均厚度不能少于0.038mm B) 若少于0.038mm，则须在任意30mm x 30mm面积内 至少有1%面积旳孔以作呼吸。 C) 对于塑料气球， 在不充气或不破坏气球旳情况下,双层塑料薄膜
Unit 1 Definition
Task 1: Familiarizing Yourself with Definition
1. When is a definition needed? When an answer is required to such a question as “what is sth”, a definition is needed. 1) artificial intelligence 2) environmental biotechnology =人工智能 =环境生物技术 3) DNA sequencing 4) art installation =基因测序/DNA序列分析 =艺术装置 5) cloud computing 6) information technology =云计算 =信息技术
Task 2: Understanding Lectures through Definition
Listening Strategy --- Definition (Skipped over) Giving a Spoken Summary Taking the following steps will help you present a good summary: a. Note-taking ---Take notes while listening to lectures or reading articles; b. Note-organizing --- Organize the notes into a list and underline the main ideas; c. Idea-piecing --- Use transitional words such as first, second, finally to piece the ideas together; d. Summary-presenting --- Practice in your mind with a partner according to the given time.
儿童玩具尖点测试规范
1.0PURPOSE:目的To establish a standard test method for identifying sharp points. This applies to any outside point of any product which is made of metal, glass or hard plastic molding and to all internal points which can be contacted using the accessibility probes prior to and after use and abuse testing.建立了识别尖点的标准测试方法。
本测试适用于包括金属、玻璃或硬质塑料的所有外部尖端以及使用和滥用测试前后可被可触及塞规接触到的所有内部尖端。
2.0SCOPE:范围This is applicable to all products both before and after use and abuse testing as required by the applicable Product Quality Requirement.适用于按相应产品QR进行的使用和滥用测试前后的所有产品。
3.0 DEFINITIONS:定义3.1Accessibility可触及性3.1.1An accessible point is one that can be contacted by any portionforward of the collar of either Probe A or B.可被塞规A或B的颈圈前方的任何部位触及到的尖端。
4.0EQUIPMENT:设备4.1Sharp Point Tester – (Reference Illustration # 1)尖点测试仪—（参照图解1）4.2Accessibility Probes – (Reference Illustration # 2)可触及塞规—（参照图解2）5.0PROCEDURE:程序5.1TESTING FOR ACCESSIBILTIY 可触及性的测试5.1.1Before and after use and abuse testing, Impact, Torque, Tension,Compression, and Bite use the Accessibility probes to determine if apoint can be contacted.使用和滥用测试、撞击、扭力、拉力、压力和咬力测试前后，用可触及性塞规测定是否有可接触的边缘。
中远COSCO集装箱提单背面条款[中英文]
![中远COSCO集装箱提单背面条款[中英文]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/5a7f3385d1f34693daef3ec5.png)
中远COSCO集装箱提单背面条款(中文)中远集团提单背面条款1. DEFINITIONS 定义“承运人”（CARRIER）是指“中远集运”，即中远集装箱运输有限公司。
“货方”（MERCHANT）包括发货人、托运人、收货人、受货人、货主、本提单的合法持有人或被背书人，或与货物或本提单具有现时或未来利益关系的任何人，或被授权代表前述任何一方行事的任何人。
“船舶”按有关上下文情况，包括本提单第6栏所列船舶或其替代船舶，以及承运人或代表承运人于全部运程中的海运阶段所使用的任何支线船或驳船。
“分立契约人”（SUB-CONTRACTOR）包括（除承运人以外的）船舶所有人及经营人，装卸工人，码头、仓库、集装箱储运站经营人及拼箱经营人，公路及铁路运输经营人，及承运人雇佣的用以进行运输的任何独立订约人，以及其小分立契约人（SUB-SUB-CONTRACTOR）。
分立契约人一词应包括直接及间接分立契约人及其各自的受雇人、代理人或分立契约人。
“货物”（GOODS）是指自货方收到的全部货物或其任何部分，并包括非由承运人或其代表提供的任何集装箱。
“件”是指由货方或其代表装载并铅封的每一集装箱，而不是在集装箱中所装的货物件数，如果此项件数未在本提单正面列明，或者是用“据称内装”或类似词句列明。
“装运单位”（SHIPPING UNIT）是指未以包件运输的任何一个具体单位的货物，包括机械、车辆及船只，但散装货物除外。
“集装箱”（CONTAINER）包括任何集装箱，如开顶集装箱、拖车、可运油罐、框架箱、平板箱、货盘，以及为运输货物而使用的任何其他设备或设施。
本条作为定义条款，用以说明、规定本提单条款中经常出现的一些名词，以便明确在为提单所证明或构成的运输合同中所代表的概念、避免理解上的差异。
有关承运人的定义与提单正面的抬头和承运人签单部位的落款相对应，符合《跟单信用证统一惯例500》对提单签发的要求。
本提单所构成或证明运输合同中的承运人仅指中远集运、而非任何其他相关的契约承运人、实际承运人，这样避免了当存在几个运输合同时发生混淆。
wsdl文件用法(一)
wsdl文件用法(一)WSDL文件简介WSDL（Web Services Description Language）是一种用于描述WebService的XML格式文件。
它定义了WebService的接口、参数、操作和数据格式等信息，可以帮助开发者了解和使用特定的WebService。
WSDL文件的用途•WebService接口定义：WSDL文件提供了详细的WebService接口定义，包括可用操作、输入参数和输出结果等信息。
开发者可以通过查看WSDL文件来理解和调用特定WebService。
•自动生成客户端代码：WSDL文件可以用于生成客户端代码，使开发者可以更方便地调用WebService。
许多开发框架和工具（如SOAPUI、Apache CXF）都支持根据WSDL生成客户端代码。
•WebService测试：WSDL文件可以作为测试的依据，测试人员可以根据WSDL文件中定义的接口和操作，编写相关的测试用例和断言条件。
•WebService文档化和交流：WSDL文件可以作为文档，用于记录WebService的接口和数据格式等定义，便于开发者和团队之间的交流和理解。
WSDL文件的结构•Definitions：WSDL文件的根元素，包含了整个文件的定义和命名空间等信息。
•Types：定义了WebService中使用的数据类型，可以是基本类型、复合类型或自定义类型。
•Message：定义了WebService的消息，包括消息的名称和消息中使用的数据类型。
•PortType：定义了WebService的接口，包括可用的操作和操作的输入输出等信息。
•Binding：将WebService的接口定义与具体的通信协议绑定在一起，如SOAP、HTTP等。
•Service：定义了WebService的服务地址和服务的实现名称等信息。
WSDL文件的编写和使用1.创建WSDL文件：可以使用文本编辑器创建一个扩展名为.wsdl的文件。
显微镜——显微镜物镜及相关转换器的物镜螺纹第1部分 RMS型物镜螺纹(4／5in×1／36in)
· ９２ ·
光 学 仪 器
维普资讯
第 ３Ｏ卷
ｌ一 物 镜 筒或 物 镜转 换 器 等 ；２一 螺 纹 长度 ；３一 物 镜 ；４一 内 螺纹 ；５一 外 螺 纹 。
图 １ 形状和基本尺寸
Ｆｉｇ．１ Ｄｅｆｉｎｉｔｉｏｎｓ ａｎｄ ｂａｓｉｃ ｄｉｍｅｎｓｉｏｎｓ
２ 尺寸和公差
ＲＭＳ型物镜螺纹的基本尺寸、尺寸界限和公差应符合表 １、表 ２和图 １的规定 。
表 １ 螺纹基本尺寸
Ｔａｂ．１ Ｂａｓｉｃ ｄｉｍ ｅｎｓｉｏｎｓ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ＳＣｌ＇ｅＷ ｔｈｒｅａｄ
表 ２ 尺寸界限和公差
Ｔａｂ．２ Ｌｉｍ ｉｔ ｏｆ ｓｉｚｅ ａｎｄ ｔｏｌｅｒａｎ ｃｅｓ
１９．２９４
最 小 ０．０４６
最大 ０．１９８
配合公差 ＋０
． ０７６
Ｏ
一Ｏ．０４６ — ０．１２２
（Ｈ１ＩＩ１） 公差
０．０７６
００７６ ．
１）按 ＩＳ８０３８本部分 最大螺纹长度为 ５ｍｍ，ＲＭＳ标准规定螺纹长度为 ３．１７５ｍｍ，导 向圆柱部分 长度为 ２．５４０ｒ ａｍ，总计为 ５．１７５ｍｒｎ．
附 录 Ａ （资料性 附录 ）
（略 ）
参 考文 献
Ｅ１３ 皇家显微镜学会杂志ＥＪ３．１９３６，５６（３）：３７７－３７９． Ｅｚ３ ＩＳＯ９３４５—１：１９９６光学和光学仪器——显微镜——相对机械参考平面的成像距离 第一部分 ：筒长 １６０ｍｍ
。
（章慧贤 译）
（胡 钰 校 ）
ＩＳＯ８０３８一 ｌ：１９９７
１ 范 围
ＩＳＯ ８０３８的本部分规定 了 ＲＭＳ型物镜螺纹的尺寸 ，该类物镜螺纹用于联接显微镜物镜与物镜转换 器 。
Training1-合同翻译入门、总体结构和定义-rev1合集
合同文体翻译要求
忠实、准确(Faithfulness and Accuracy）
直接影响当事人的权利和义务
完整、规范（Completeness and Expressiveness)
主要体现在篇章组织、格式、用词、术语和表述等方 面
达意、通畅（Expressiveness and Smoothness）
4. 教室(场地)租用协议 Classroom (Site) Leasing Agreement
5. 石 化 产 品 销 售 合 同 Sales Contract for Petrochemical Products
6. 国有建设用地使用权出让合同 Contract for the Assignment of Stateowned Construction Land Use Right
11. 服务技术合同概要 Service Procurement Contract Summary
12. 码头泊位服务合同 Agreement for Terminal Berth Services
13. 装置维修合同 Agreement for Unit Maintenance Services
合同的文体有哪些特点呢
序文与主文之间的桥梁，在此之前为订约背景事实的叙述，在此 之后则为关于交易关系的实体约定 (Now Therefore, ….)
合同结构-开头语的开场白
合同的开场白- Preamble This Agreement/Contract is made and entered into effective this ____ day of _____(month), _______ (year) by and between 本合同于___年___月___日由以下双方签订 并生效
definitions AS物理定义大全
Section
Item
Definition
1.1 (a)
Quantity
In S.I. a quantity is represented by a numbera unit, (e.g.m= 3.0 kg).
1.1 (c)
Scalar
A scalar is a quantity that has magnitude only.
The resistance of a conductor is theratio ofp.d. (V) across ittothecurrent (I)init.R = V / I
Unit: ohm () [= VA-1].
1.5 (g)
Resistivity,
The resistance,R, of a metal wire of lengthLand cross-sectional areaAis given byR=L/A, in whichthe resistivity, is a constant (at constant temperature) for the material of the wire.
1.3 (a)
Work
Work done by a force is the product of the magnitude of the force and the distance moved in the direction of the force.( W.D. =Fxcos)
Unit: J [= Nm]
Longitudinal wave
A longitudinal wave is one where the particle oscillations are in line with (parallel to) the direction of travel (of propagation) of the wave.
术语工作及术语科学 词汇-最新国标
术语工作及术语科学词汇1 范围本文件规定了术语工作和术语科学的基本术语和定义，不包括术语工作中计算机应用的特定术语和定义。
2 规范性引用文件本文件没有规范性引用文件。
3 术语和定义下列术语和定义适用于本文件。
ISO和IEC负责维护术语数据库在标准中的使用，术语数据库通过以下地址进行访问：——ISO在线浏览平台——IEC术语数据库3.1现实和语言3.1.1客体 object可感知或可想象到的任何事物注：对象可能是物质的（如：“引擎”、“纸张”、“钻石”）、非物质的（如：“转换率”、“项目计划”）或想象的（如：“龙”、“神仙”）。
3.1.2外延 extension一个概念对应的所有客体的集合3.1.3属性 property客体（3.1.1）的特点示例1：“由木头制成”是某个“桌子”的属性。
示例2：“属于某人”是某个“宠物”的属性。
示例3：“由爱因斯坦创造”作是方程“E = mc2”的属性。
示例4：“富有同情心”是某个“人”的属性。
示例5：“有连接线”是摸个“计算机鼠标”的属性。
注：多个客体能具有相同的属性。
3.1.4领域 domain专业领域 subject field专业知识领域注：专业领域范围和粒度的确定同特定目标有关。
领域细分后形成新领域。
[来源：ISO 10241-1:2011, 3.3.1，有修改—条目注1和条目注3已合并；条目注2和条目注4已省略。
]3.1.5专业 subject关注或研究的范围3.1.6语言 language用于交流的声音、字符、符号（3.4.5）体系[来源：ISO 18841：2018，3.4.1，有修改—“或标志”一词已被删除。
]3.1.7自然语言 natural language人类社会中正在使用或曾经用过的语言（3.1.6），其规则主要是从使用中演化而来。
[来源: ISO 5127:2017, 3.1.5.2, 有修改—条目注1未包含。
]3.1.8通用语言 general language以独立于任意领域（3.1.4）的语言表达方式为特征的自然语言（3.1.7）3.1.9专门语言 special language特殊用途语言 language for special purposes特定用途语言 language for specific purposesLSP用于领域（3.1.4）专家间沟通的、以专门的语言表达方式为特征的自然语言（3.1.7）注：专门的语言表达手段包括使用专业领域特有的术语（3.1.11）和词语间搭配惯例，也可包含文体或句法上的特点。
iso10993-1医疗器械生物学评价[1]
![iso10993-1医疗器械生物学评价[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/9d93fdce6137ee06eff918a1.png)
医疗器械生物学评价第1部分：评价与试验李芳Tel:分机413msn: xiaofuren3@GB/T 16886 .1 —2001 idt ISO 10993-1：1997Biological evaluation of medical devices ISO 10993Biological evaluation of medical devices:ISO 10993的总题目是医疗器械生物学评价，由下列部分组成—Part 5: Tests for cytotoxicity: in vitro methods第5部分：细胞毒性试验：体外法—Part 10: Tests for irritation and sensitization 第10部分：刺激与致敏试验99 zz主要内容指导医疗器械生物学评价的基本原则按器械与人体接触的性质和时间分类c) 有关试验的选择注的本部分不涉及与病人身体不直接亦不间接接触的材料和器械，也不涉及由于机械故障所引起的生物学危害。
注体，这一程序应包括生物学评价。
适宜性潜在的生物学危害范围很广，可能包括：所有体外或体内试验都应根据最终使用情况，由专家按实验室质量管理规范(GLP)进行，并尽可能要先进行体外筛选，然后再进行体内试验。
试验数据应予以保留，数据积累到一定程度就可得出独立的分析结论a)试验应在最终产品或取自最终产品或材料的有代表性的样品上进行；2基本评价试验提液造成的细胞溶解(细胞死亡)，以及对细胞生长的抑制液潜在的接触致敏性。
该试验较为实用，因为即使是少量该试验评价组织对器械浸提液的局部反应。
该试验适用于不适宜做表皮或粘膜刺激试验的情况(该试验还包括热原试验，用于检测器械或材料浸提液的材次应用或接触对试验动物的影响。
有慢性毒性资料的材料可免做这类试验，免试理由建议在最终报告中说明。
用。
试验建议与接触途径和作用时间相适应。
对一种材料来说，如还评价全身作用，该试验等效于亚慢性毒性试验。
onceptual meaning 语言学英文定义(一)
onceptual meaning 语言学英文定义(一)Conceptual Meaning 语言学英文定义Conceptual meaning, also known as conceptual content or semantic meaning, refers to the underlying abstract ideas, concepts, or thoughts that are conveyed by words or phrasesin a language. It is the cognitive aspect of meaning, which involves the interpretation and understanding of language based on the conceptual associations and mental representations associated with words or linguistic expressions.Conceptual meaning is a fundamental concept inlinguistics and plays a crucial role in understanding how language works. It is the basis for communication and allows individuals to convey and comprehend the intended meaning behind words and sentences. By studying conceptual meaning, linguists aim to uncover the principles and mechanisms that govern how concepts are expressed and understood in different languages.Definitions of Conceptual Meaning1.“Conceptual meaning refers to ideas or concepts thatwords or expressions represent, as opposed to theirliteral or grammatical meaning.”–This definition highlights the contrast between conceptual meaning and other types of meaning, suchas literal or grammatical meaning. It emphasizesthe cognitive aspect of meaning and therepresentation of abstract ideas.2.“Conceptual meaning is the mental representation orcognitive content associated with linguisticexpressions.”–This definition focuses on the connection between conceptual meaning and mental representation. Itsuggests that words or expressions evoke certainmental images or ideas in the mind of the languageusers.3.“Conceptual meaning refers to the shared understandingand interpretation of words or expressions within alanguage community.”–This definition emphasizes the social aspect of meaning and highlights that conceptual meaning isnot solely determined by individual interpretationsbut is shaped by communal understanding andconventions.Importance of Conceptual Meaning in LinguisticsUnderstanding conceptual meaning is essential for several reasons:•Effective Communication: Conceptual meaning allows individuals to convey their thoughts, emotions,and intentions accurately. It enables effectivecommunication by ensuring that the intended meaningsbehind words or expressions are understood by therecipient.•Language Variation: Different languages may express concepts differently, and studying conceptualmeaning helps to understand and compare how ideas andconcepts are conveyed across languages. It providesinsights into linguistic variation and how cultural,social, and cognitive factors influence the expressionand interpretation of meaning.•Semantic Analysis: Conceptual meaning is a central element in semantic analysis, which examines the relationship between words and their meaning. It helpslinguists categorize and classify words based on theirconceptual associations and analyze how differentlexical items interact and contribute to meaningconstruction in sentences.Recommended Books1.“Semantics: An Introduction to Meaning in Language” byKate Kearns–This comprehensive textbook provides anintroduction to semantics, including a detailedexploration of conceptual meaning. It covers a widerange of topics, such as word meaning, sentencemeaning, truth conditions, and reference. It offersclear explanations, examples, and exercises toenhance understanding.2.“The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language” edited byDavid Crystal–This authoritative reference book covers various aspects of language, including semantics andconceptual meaning. It provides a comprehensiveoverview of linguistic concepts and theories,making it a valuable resource for anyone interestedin language and its meaning.3.“Meaning and the Lexicon: The Parallel Architecture”by Ray Jackendoff–This book presents a theory of linguistic meaning that incorporates conceptual meaning within abroader framework. It explores how words and theirmeanings are organized in the mental lexicon anddiscusses the relationship between conceptualmeaning and other linguistic structures.By studying and understanding conceptual meaning in language, linguists can gain valuable insights into how language shapes and reflects human cognition, culture, and communication.。
definition词根词缀
definition词根词缀英文回答：Etymology of the word "definition"The word "definition" is derived from the Latin verb "definire," which means "to set limits or boundaries." Itis composed of two parts: the prefix "de-," which means "away," and the verb "finire," which means "to finish." Therefore, the word "definition" literally means "to mark the boundaries of something."In English, the word "definition" has two main meanings. First, it can refer to the act of defining something, orthe statement that results from this act. For example, we might say that the definition of the word "love" is "a strong feeling of affection and care." Second, the word "definition" can refer to the clarity or sharpness of an image or object. For example, we might say that a photograph has good definition if its details are clear anddistinct.Suffixes.The word "definition" can be used with a number of different suffixes to create new words. For example, the suffix "-al" can be added to create the adjective "definitional," which means "relating to definition." The suffix "-ly" can be added to create the adverb "definitively," which means "in a definitive manner." And the suffix "-ness" can be added to create the noun "definiteness," which means "the quality of being definitive."中文回答：词根词缀。
ISO15614-1-2017中文版
8.4.3 Type of joint/weld（接头/焊缝种类） 8.4.4 Filler material, manufacturer/trade name, designation（填料，制造商/商品名称） 8.4.5 Filler material size（填料材料尺寸） 8.4.6 Type of current（电流种类） 8.4.7 Heat input (arc energy) （热输出【电弧能量】） 8.4.8 Preheat temperature（预热温度） 8.4.9 Interpass temperature（道间温度） 8.4.10 Post-heating for hydrogen release（除氢后热） 8.4.11 Heat-treatment（热处理） 8.5 Specific to processes（具体过程） 8.5.1 Submerged arc welding (process 12)（埋弧焊） 8.5.2 Gas-shielded metal arc welding (process 13)（气体保护金属电弧焊） 8.5.3 Gas-shielded arc welding with non-consumable electrode (process 14)(气体保护金属电弧焊与非消耗性电极） 8.5.4 Plasma arc welding (process 15)（等离子弧焊） 8.5.5 Oxy-acetylene welding (process 311)（氧乙炔焊接） 8.5.6 Backing gas（背面气体） 9 Welding procedure qualification record (WPQR)（焊接工艺品定报告） Annex A (normative) Filler material, designation（附录 A 填料 名称） Annex B (informative) Welding procedure qualification record form (WPQR)（附录 B WPQR） Bibliography(参考目录)
ASME A112.18.1 管道安装部件(20011版)
ASME A112.18.1-2011/CSA B125.1-11管道安装部件1 范围1．1本标准适用于位于管路终点和终端装置之间的管道安装部件及其配件，包括如下：(a) 用于独立入墙式淋浴系统的自动补偿阀(b) 浴室和花洒供水装置(c) 坐浴盆供水装置(d)洗衣机供水装置（clothes washer supply fittings）(e) 饮水机供水装置(f) 增湿器供水止水阀(g) 厨房，洗涤盆和面盆供水装置(h) 洗衣盆供水装置(laundry tub supply fittings)(i) 草坪和沉淀池龙头(j) 计量且自动关闭的供水装置和(k) 花洒头、手持花洒和body spray，和(l) 供水止水阀1．2 本标准不包括：(a) )排水（排杆），它包括在ASME A112.18.2/CSA B125.2 标准(b) 其它装置（如：管道中温度控制阀），它包括在CSA B 125.3或其它管道产品标准，和(c) 持续承压的软管，它包括在ASME A112.18.6CSA B125.6标准1．3除快接外，本标准不适用于pipes and tubes or pipe and tube fittings1．4在本标准内，“shall”表示要求，即使用者为应用此标准必须满足的条件; “should” 表示推荐或某些建议但非强制要求; “may”表示一种选择或某些在本标准内允许的情况. 文本后附的备注不包括要求或选择性的要求; 文本后备注的目的是将文本说明和材料来源分开. 表格和图片的备注被认为是表格或图片的一部分，作为要求处理.In this Standard，”shall” is used o express a requirement，i.e，a provision that the user is obliged to satisfy in order to comply with the standard; ”should”is used to express arecommendation or that which is advised but not required ;and “may” is used to express an option or that which is permissible within the requirements ;the purpose of a note accompanying a clause is to separate from the text explanatory or informative material. Notes to tables and figures are considered part of the table or figure and may be written as requirements.1．6不论是以SI(公制)还是以码/磅(英制)表示的数值均被认为是标准的. SI(公制)单位用于加拿大(Canada)的报告.在本标准内，括号内的为码/磅等英制单位. 这些数值在每个测量系统同等应用; 但是每个系统必须独立使用. 来自两个测量系统的混合数值不适应于本标准.所有提到的加仑都是美制加仑.关于本标准的转换标准的相关信息见附录A.The values stated in either SI(metric) PR yard/pound units ate to be regarded as the standard.SI units are the units of record in Canada.In this Standard，the yard/pound units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each measurement system are equivalent in application; however，each system is to be used independently. Combining values from the two measurement systems can result in non-conformance with this Standard.All references to gallons are to US gallons.For information on the conversion criteria used in this Standard，see Annex A.2参考出版物(Reference Publications)本标准参考了如下出版物，而且在每个有参考的条款后面都备注参考的版本及相关改版记录ASME/CSA（美国机械工程协会/加拿大标准协会）A112.18.2-2011/CSA B125.2-2011 --Plumbing Waste Fittings 管道排水A112.18.6-2009/CSA B125.2-2009 ----Flexible water connector 软管ASME（美国机械工程协会）A112.1.2-1991(R2002)Air Gaps in Plumbing Systems管道系统的空气间隙A112.18.3-2002（R2008）Performance Requirements for Backflow Devices and Systems in Plumbing Fixture Fittings 反逆流装置和管道装置系统的性能要求B1.20.1-1983(R2006)Pipe Threads，General Purpose，Inch 管道螺纹，一般应用(英寸)B1.20.7-1991(R2008)Hose Coupling Screw Threads，Inch软管连接螺丝螺纹（英寸）B16.18-2001(R2005)Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Pressure Fittings铸造铜合金焊接压力装置B16.22-2001 (R2005)Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Solder Joint Pressure Fittings锻造铜和铜合金焊接压力装置B16.26-2006Cast Copper Alloy Fittings for Flared Copper Tubes 用于广口铜管的铸造铜合金装置PTC 19.2-1987 (R2004)Pressure Measurements，Instruments and Apparatus 压力测量，工具和装置PTC 19.5-2005流量测量CSA (Canadian Standards Association)CAN/CSA-B64 Series-07Backflow preventers and vacuum breaks 防回流器及真空破坏器B125.3-11Plumbing fittings 管道装置ASSE(American Society of Sanitary Engineering) 美国卫生工程协会1016-2005Automatic Compensating Valves for Individual Showers and Tub/Shower Combinations用于独立花洒和花洒水嘴组合的自动补偿阀1019-2004Performance Requirements for Vacuum Breaker Wall Hydrants，Freeze Resistant，Automatic Drawing Type入墙式出水器，防冻装置，自动排水装置的真空断路器性能要求1061-2006Performance Requirements for Removable & Non-Removable Push-Fit Fittings对可移动和不可移动的推入配合装置的性能要求ASTM International( American Society for Testing and Materials) 美国测试和原料协会B 117-07aStandard Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus 盐雾实验装置标准操作B 368-97(2003) e1Standard Method for Copper-Accelerated Acetic Acid-Salt Spray(Fog) Testing (CASS Test)铜加速盐雾试验方法B 380-97(2008) e1Standard Test Method of Corrosion Testing of Decorative Electrodeposited Coatings by the Corrodkote Procedure 通过Corrodkote程序测试电镀层腐蚀性的测试方法.B 571-97(2008) e1Standard Practice for Qualitative Adhesion Testing of Metallic Coatings.金属涂层的粘着性试验D 968-05e1Standard Test Methods for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by Falling Abrasive有机镀层耐磨擦性标准测试方法—落砂测试D 3359-08Standard Test Method for Measuring Adhesion by Tape Test带式测量附着性标准测试方法G 85-02e1Standard Practice for Modified Salt Spray (Fog) Testing改进盐雾实验的操作ISA (Instrumentation，Systems，and Automation Society) 仪器、系统和自动化协会ANSI/ISA-75.02-2008Control Valve Capacity Test Procedure 控制阀容量测试程序MC96.1-1982Temperature Measurement Thermocouples 测温热电偶ISO(International Organization for Standardization) 国际标准协会228-1: 2000Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are not made on the threads –Part I: Dimensions，tolerances and designation非压力紧固接头的管道螺纹-----部分1：尺寸，公差和设计NSF InternationalNSF/ANSI 61-2007aDrinking Water System Components – Health Effects饮用水系统组件-----健康影响SAE International (Society of Automotive Engineers) 汽车工程协会J512 (April 1997)Automotive Tube Fittings 汽车管道装置3 定义和简写(Definitions and abbreviations)3．1 定义(Definitions)本标准应用的定义如下：易接近的：容易维修或容易更换的。
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1. Definitions定义1.1 Boldface type is used to identify defined terms.（a）The Adjudicator（评判员）is the person appointed jointly by the Employer and the Contractor to resolve disputes in the first instance, as provided for in GCC Clauses 24 and 25 hereunder.（b）Bill of Quantities means the priced and completed Bill of Quantities forming part of the Bid.（c）Compensation Events（索赔）are those defined in GCC Clause 44 hereunder.（d）The Completion Date（竣工日期）is the date of completion of the Works as certified by the Project Manager, in accordance with GCC Sub-Clause 55.1.（e）The Contract is the Contract between the Employer and the Contractor to execute, complete, and maintain the Works. It consists of the documents listed in GCC Clause 2.3 below.（f）The Contractor is a person or corporate body whose Bid to carry out the Works has been accepted by the Employer. （g）The Contractor’s Bid is the completed bidding document submitted by the Contractor to the Employer.（h）The Contract Price is the price stated in the Letter of Acceptance(中标函) and thereafter as adjusted in accordance with the provisions of the Contract.（i）Days are calendar days; months are calendar months.（j）Dayworks are varied work inputs subject to payment on a time basis for the Contractor’s employees an d Equipment, in addition to payments for associated Materials and Plant.（k）A Defect (缺陷)is any part of the Works not completed in accordance with the Contract.（l）The Defects Liability Certificate (缺陷责任凭证)is the certificate issued by Project Manager upon correction of defects by the Contractor.（m）The Defects Liability Period(缺陷责任期) is the period named in the SCC Sub-Clause 35.1 and calculated from the Completion Date.（n）Drawings include calculations and other information provided or approved by the Project Manager for the execution of the Contract.（o）The Employer is the party who employs the Contractor to carry out the Works, as specified in the SCC(特殊条款).（p）Equipment is the Contractor’s machinery and vehicles brought temporarily to the Site to construc t the Works.（q）The Initial Contract Price(最初合同价格)is the Contract Price listed in the Employer’s Letter of Acceptance.（r）The Intended Completion Date(拟竣工日期) is the date on which it is intended that the Contractor shall complete the Works. The Intended Completion Date is specified in the SCC. The Intended Completion Date may be revised only by the Project Manager by issuing an extension of time or an acceleration order.（s）Materials are all supplies, including consumables(消耗品), used by the Contractor for incorporation in the Works.（t）Plant is any integral part of the Works that shall have a mechanical, electrical, chemical, or biological function.（u）The Project Manager(监理工程师) is the person named in the SCC (or any other competent person appointed by the Employer and notified to the Contractor, to act in replacement of the Project Manager) who is responsible for supervising the execution of the Works and administering the Contract.（v）SCC means Special Conditions of Contract(特殊合同条款)（w）The Site is the area defined as such in the SCC.（x）Site Investigation Reports(现场考察报告) are those that were included in the bidding documents and are factual and interpretative reports about the surface and subsurface conditions at the Site.（y）Specification（规范）means the Specification of the Works included in the Contract and any modification or addition made or approved by the Project Manager.（z）The Start Date（开工日期）is given in the SCC. It is the latest date when the Contractor shall commence execution of the Works. It does not necessarily coincide with any of the Site Possession Dates.1. Definitions定义1.1 Boldface type is used to identify defined terms.（a）The Adjudicator（评判员）is the person appointed jointly by the Employer and the Contractor to resolve disputes in the first instance, as provided for in GCC Clauses 24 and 25 hereunder.评判员是解决业主和承包商之间纠纷的第一责任人。
如下述第24款和25款所规定。
（b）Bill of Quantities means the priced and completed Bill of Quantities forming part of the Bid.工程量清单是指形成投标书的完整的填入价格的工程量清单。
（c）Compensation Events（索赔）are those defined in GCC Clause 44 hereunder.索赔定义见一下第44款。
（d）The Completion Date（竣工日期）is the date of completion of the Works as certified by the Project Manager, in accordance with GCC Sub-Clause 55.1.竣工日期是指由监理工程师颁发竣工证明之日，参见第55.1条款（e）The Contract is the Contract between the Employer and the Contractor to execute, complete, and maintain the Works. It consists of the documents listed in GCC Clause 2.3 below.合同是指业主和承包商之间为实施，完成和维护工程而达成的协议。