英语国家概况-5
英语国家概况,课件（五）Chapter2History4
英语国家概况,课件（五）Chapter2History4The Formation of the Empire1) The British Empire began with the colonization of Newfoundland (纽芬兰) in 1583, the first British colony overseas.2) First British Empire (1583-1837)Included the colonies in Canada, Australia,New Zealand, India and many small states in West Indies.3) Second British Empire(1837-1901):The Victorian Age witnessed the establishment of the Second British Empire.4) Victoria’s re ign---tremendous achievements and made Britain the largest colonial empire in the world by 20th c.3. ResultsOn the Eve of World War I, Britain was the largest colonial empire the world had ever seen. It controlled a territory of 33.5 million square kilometers, about 1/4 of theworld’s landmass, about 137 times as large as Britain. It ruled over a population of 393.5 million, about eight times that of Britain itself. The British boasted that they were “the Sun Never Set Empire”, consisted of a vast number of protectorates (保护国), Crown colonies (英国殖民地), spheres of influences (势力范围), andself-governing domains (自治领).2.3.2. Britain in the World Wars1. Britain in the First World War2. Britain between the Two Wars3. Britain in the Second World War2.3.2.1. Britain in the First World War1914-1918Imperialism.（20th.C）The power balance in Europe had undergone changes.3. A conflict of interests and colonial rivalry divided Europe into two camps:the Central Powers:Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, BulgariaThe Allied Powers (协约国) --- France, the Russian Empire, Italy, the United States 2. Immediate cause for WWI:On June 28, 1914, the Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand was assassinated by a young Yugoslav in Sarajevo for the conflict on the Balkan Peninsula.3. During the war:The British navy played a very important role in the ultimate triumph.4. Results:The war ended with the victory for the Allies.Britain was drained of its manpower. Britain lost the sea supremacy. Business was slack in Britain.2.3.2.2 Britain between the Two WarsGeorge V → Edward VIII → George VIThe most important maritime and industrial power in Europe The largest navy and air force in the worldThe third largest armyThe industry was aging under the Depression, strikes and labor unrest, colonial ties became weakened.In 1920, the British Communist Party founded.2.3.2.3. Britain in the Second World War1. Reason:⑴the Great Depression：the severe economic problems that followed the Wall StreetCrash of 1929. In the early 1930s, many banks and businesses failed, and millions of people lost their jobs in the US and in the UK and the rest of Europe.⑵According to the Treaty of Versailles (凡尔赛条约), Germany was required torelinquish all its colonies and permanently disarm. In addition, Germany was blamed for starting the war and was compelled to pay a vast sum in reparations (战败国赔款).⑶The Great Depression made things worse and led to the rise of Fascism (法西斯主义).Adolph Hitler aroused strong nationalism and racism in Germany, embarking on an ambitious plan to conquer Europe.⑷Neville Chamberlain (张伯伦) followed a policy of Appeasement (绥靖政策).2. ProcessOn September 1, 1939, Hitler who led German army invaded Poland.Britain and France were forced to declare war on Sept. 3, 1939.Germany invaded France and forced it to surrender in June 1940. Italy also entered the war on the side of Germany. Britain was in a very dangerous position.4. In 1941 the pressure was alleviated for England when Germany attacked the SovietUnion, and Japan attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor. These acts ofaggression propelled the latter two countries into an alliance with Britain.5. With the unified efforts of Anti-Nazi forces, Germany surrendered unconditionally onMay 7, 1945, one week after Hitler committed suicide.3.ResultsBritain won the war, but at great costs.Around 357,000 people were killed and 500, 000 were wounded or missing.The navy was 30% smaller than before the war and Britain lost its naval supremacy forever to the United States.The country had exhausted its reserves of gold, dollars and overseas investments, andwas deeply in debt to the United States.2.3.3. The Fall of the EmpireAs a result of WWII, most of Britain’s colonies demanded and fought forindependence.India and Pakistan became independent in 1947, followed by Burma and Malaya in 1948. Egypt drove the British army out of the country and the Suez Canal Zone in 1956.In the 1960s, an independence movement swept the entire British Empire. More than 20 countries won their independence. The Empire had been replaced by the BritishCommonwealth of Nations, a loosely organized community of former British colonies.2.4 Britain Since World War II(After WWII, Britain became the third wealthiest power after the United States andthe former Soviet Union.)1. “Three Majestic Circles” (三环外交)2. Thatcher3. Blair2. ThatcherBritish Prime Minister Mrs. Margaret Thatcher reest ablished the “special relationship”with the United States.In 1983, the United States invaded the Caribbean island of Grenada, ignoring the fact that it was a member of the British Commonwealth.In 1986, Britain allowed the U.S. to use its airbase to launch attacks on Libya (利比亚). In 1991, Britain contributed 35,000 troops to a U.S. in “Operation Desert Storm” (沙漠风暴行动).3. BlairTony Blair, pursued a more positive policy toward Europe and participated actively in European affairs.In 1998, Britain and the U.S. launched a joint air strike “Operation Desert Fox” (沙漠之狐行动) against Iraq.ConclusionIn today’s course, the British Empire came into our views. The rise and fall of Empire was introduced detailed. The two World Wars brought Britain the decline of economy and workforces. And the British Empire After the World War II, the relationshipbetween the United Kingdom and the United States is delicate, sometimes the two nations joined together while other time the two disagreed with each other. Themodern prime minister Thatcher and Blair made their efforts to the development of Britain.。
英语国家概况
2-4british cabinet works on the principle of collective responsibility英国内阁的原则的集体责任the main duty of the british privy council is to give advice英国枢密院的主要职责是提供意见in british the parliamentary general election is held every five years在英国的议会大选每五年举行一次scotland has a distinct legal system based on roman law苏格兰有不同的法律制度的基础上罗马法generally speaking the british parliament operates on a two party system一般来说，英国议会上的两个政党制度the policies of the conservative party are characterized by pragmatism and a belief in individualism保守党的政策的特点是实用主义和个人主义的信仰the labor party affected the british society greatly in that it set up the national health service劳动党影响了英国社会的大大的，因为它建立了国家卫生服务Chapter5the british government has been responsible for education since the early 1800s 自19世纪初以来，英国政府一直负责教育feducation in britain is compulsory for all children between the ages of 6 and 15在英国的教育是强制性的6至15岁之间的所有儿童fthe national curriculum is compulsory in both the state system and the independent system国家课程是强制性的国家制度和独立董事制度fwhen children finish their schooling at 16 ,they are required to take national gcse examination当孩子完成学业，他们必须在16到民族GCSE考试tgraduates from state schools in britain have a less favorable chance to enter famous universities than those from independent schools在英国公立学校的毕业生有一个不太有利的机会进入名牌大学比独立学校tin the 1960s a large number of new universities were founded in britain在20世纪60年代，大量的新的大学成立于英国tmost british people begin their day with reading the morning newspaper and end it watching television in the evening大多数英国人开始新的一天早上阅读报纸，并最终在晚上看电视tthe times is the world's oldest national newspaper时间是世界上历史最悠久的全国性报纸fthe bbc world service broadcasts only in english throughout the world英国广播公司世界服务仅在英语世界各地的广播fsome british holidays are celebrated to mark the important events of the christian calendar ,and others are related to local customs and traditions英国一些节日的庆祝，以纪念基督教日历中的重要事件，以及其他相关的当地的习俗和传统tin britain the division between grammar schools and vocational schools were ended by the introduction of comprehensive schools in the 1960s在20世纪60年代在英国文法学校和职业学校之间的分工，通过引入综合学校结束about 6% of british children receive primary and secondary education through the independent system约6％的英国儿童接受小学和中学教育，通过独立的系统partially funded by central government grants ,the british universities receive their remaining funds from all the following sources by tuition fees ,donations and corporate contributions部分资金由中央政府拨款，英国的大学接受他们的剩余资金从以下来源的学费，捐款和企业捐款A级成绩，学校参考，面试，是英国大学入学必须的，不需要在全国普通高考测试结果to be admitted to the open university one need no education qualifications开放大学不需要学历three big newspapersthe timesthe guardianthe daily telegraph三大报纸时代守护者据“每日电讯报”life on earth is a kind of documentary program produced by the bbc and is popular among 500 million viewers worldwide地球上的生命是一种由BBC制作的纪录片节目，深受全球500万观众sky tv is britain top pay television provider天空电视台是英国最大的收费电视提供a common feature of all the british holidaysfamilies getting togetherfriends exchanging good wishesfriends enjoying each other's company一个共同的特点，所有的英国假期家庭走到一起朋友们交流的良好祝愿朋友享受彼此的陪伴christmas traditionsqueen's christmas messageboxing daychristmas pantomime圣诞节的传统女王的圣诞贺词节礼日圣诞哑剧Chapter6the canterbury tales is a representative work of the old english period坎特伯雷故事集”是古英语时期的代表作frenaissance is characterized by admiration of the greek and latin classic文艺复兴时期的特点是钦佩的希腊和拉丁经典fHamlet depicts the hero's struggle with two opposing forces :moral integrity and the need to avenge his father's murder哈姆雷特”描绘了主人公的斗争，两股力量：道德操守和需要，以报复他的父亲的谋杀talexander pope was a great english poet who also translated homer's iliad教皇亚历山大是一个伟大的英国诗人，翻译荷马的伊利亚特tjonathan swift is probably the foremost prose satirist in the english language and robinson crusoe is his masterpiece乔纳森·斯威夫特可能是最重要的散文讽刺作家在英语语言和鲁滨逊漂流记“是他的代表作fwilliam wordsworth and samuel taylor coleridge brought the r omantic movement to its height华兹华斯和塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治带来了浪漫的运动，它的高度flord byron distinguished himself by the musical quality of hie short poems such as ode to the west wind拜伦勋爵区别了自己的音乐质量缺血缺氧性脑病的短诗，如颂歌的西风fjane austen was a well-known novelist of the stream of consciousness school简·奥斯丁是一个著名的小说家流的意识学校fjoseph conrad is classified as a forerunner of modernism ,which prevailed before world war two 约瑟夫·康拉德被列为现代主义的先驱，战胜前世界战争2 tv s naipaul detailed in his works the dual problems of the third world the oppression of colonialism and the chaos of postcolonialism奈保尔在他的作品中详述的双重问题，第三世界的压迫的殖民主义和后殖民主义的混乱the most significant achievement of the english renaissance is drama英国文艺复兴的最显着的成就是戏剧'preface to lyrical ballads' is viewed as romantic poetry's declaration of indepen dence“前言的抒情民谣”被视为浪漫主义诗歌的独立宣言of dickens' novels, david copperfield is considered autobiographical狄更斯小说中，大卫·科波菲尔的自传thomas hardy is a representative of english critical realism at the turn of the 19th century托马斯•哈代是19世纪之交的英国批判现实主义的代表of the following statementsit prevailed at the end of the 19th centurythe writers were dissatisfied with the social realitytreasure island was a representative workneo-romanticism下面的语句它盛行于19世纪的结束作家与社会现实不满宝岛的代表之作新浪漫主义modernist groupvirginia woolfwilliam butler yeatst s eliot现代派组弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫威廉·巴特勒·叶芝T S艾略特oscar wild 奥斯卡野 Fthomas hardyjude the obscuretess of the d'urbervillesthe return of the native托马斯•哈代作品“无名的裘德”德伯家的苔丝“还乡adam bede亚当·比德 fa nobel prize winnersamuel beckettwilliam goldingv s naipaul诺贝尔奖得主塞缪尔·贝克特威廉·戈尔丁V S奈保尔waiting for godot is written by samuel beckett塞缪尔·贝克特“等待戈多”写的是判断题the republic of ireland occupies the entire area of the island of ireland爱尔兰共和国占据了整个爱尔兰岛的面积fthe earliest inhabitants in ireland were celtic tribes from europe从欧洲最早的居民在爱尔兰的凯尔特部落fin the 1800s ,ireland gained in prosperity because it became a part of britain在1800年，爱尔兰获得的繁荣，因为它成为英国的一部分，fin the 1930s ireland was not indeed a republic but belonged to the commonwealth of nations在20世纪30年代，爱尔兰的确不是一个共和国，但属于英联邦国家tto support the government's neutrality in world war two ,there was no irishman participating in the war支持政府的中立地位在第二次世界大战中，在战争中的爱尔兰没有人参与fwith the help of britain, ireland entered the eec in 1973 without difficulties在英国的帮助下，爱尔兰于1973年进入欧洲经济共同体没有困难fin 1949 britain recognized the independence of the irish republic and returned the six northern counties在1949年，英国承认独立的爱尔兰共和国，并返还北六县fin ireland ,both the house of representatives and the senate have the power of m aking laws在爱尔兰，众议院和参议院有制定法律的权力fenglish is the only official language in ireland because the majority of people speak it as their mother tongue英语是唯一的官方语言，因为在爱尔兰的大多数人英语作为他们的母语f catholicism in ireland is more than a mere matter of private faith在爱尔兰天主教不是一个单纯的私人信仰的问题t选择题celtic tribes established a unified irish culture and language in the 6th century bc凯尔特部落在公元前6世纪建立了一个统一的爱尔兰文化和语言the anglo-irish treaty resulted in the irish civil warAnglo爱尔兰条约导致爱尔兰内战by 1980,the following except budget deficit were all serious problems in the irish society inflationunemploymentforeign debt到1980年，以下情况（除外预算赤字严重）的问题，在爱尔兰社会通货膨胀失业外债mary robinson was the first irish minister to visit queen elizabeth 2玛丽·罗宾逊是爱尔兰第一部长访问伊丽莎白女王2世in ireland, the head of state is the president在爱尔兰，国家元首是总统fianna fail i s the largest party in ireland since 1932 and has been in power for most of the time in the party's history共和党的失败是最大的政党在爱尔兰自1932年以来，已在在党的历史上的大部分时间执政emigration in ireland started as early as in the medieval period早在中世纪时期移民开始在爱尔兰ireland now has a knowledge-based economy爱尔兰现在有一个以知识为基础的经济ireland is called the celtic tiger because of its rapid economic growth爱尔兰被称为“凯尔特之虎”，因为其快速的经济增长Chapter8the eastern highlands formed by the appalachians hold one third of the country's continental territory由阿巴拉契亚山脉的东部高地持有该国的大陆领土的三分之一fthe climate in the united states can be classified as temperature with some mild subtropical and tropical zones在美国的气候可以划分为一些温和的亚热带和热带地区的温度talmost through the middle of the united states north to south runs a well known 50-centimeter rainfall line美国北到南几乎通过中间运行一个众所周知的50厘米的降雨线tnew york is the commercial and financial center of the united states and it is composed of five boroughs including manhattan ,brooklyn ,the bronx, staten island and queens纽约是美国的商业和金融中心，它是由五个区组成，包括曼哈顿，布鲁克林，布朗克斯区，斯塔滕岛和皇后区的tsan francisco is the second largest city after new york and the world famous hollywood and disneyland are located here旧金山是第二大城市，仅次于纽约和世界著名的好莱坞和迪斯尼乐园都坐落在这里 fhalf of the usa population lives in the western metropolitan centers一半的美国人口生活在西部的大都市中心 fthe blacks brought from africa to america usually worked on plantations or farms in the north从非洲到美国的黑人，通常在北方的种植园或农场工作 fduring the 1830s and 1840s ,many northern europeans and irish immigr ants came to america在19世纪30年代和19世纪40年代，许多北欧和爱尔兰移民来到美国，talmost half of the immigrants coming to the united states in the 1980s were asians几乎有一半的移民来美国在20世纪80年代是亚洲人tbasic american cultural values are freedom equality and desire to work hard for a higher standard of living美国社会文化基本价值观是自由，平等和努力，为更高标准的生活的愿望t选择题the united states have 48 states on the continent美国有48个州在大陆the state of alaska is the largest in area of all the states在阿拉斯加州的区域的是国家所有的区域最大的the usa lies in central north america ,with canada to the north, mexico to the south, the atlantic to its east and the pacific to west美国位于北美中部，北与加拿大，墨西哥南部，大西洋到它的东部和太平洋西部the largest river in the usa is the mississippi river在美国最大的河流是密西西比河some of the world famous universities like harvard yale and mit are located in new england一些世界著名的大学，如哈佛大学耶鲁大学和麻省理工学院都坐落在新英格兰niagara falls is located on the us-canadian border between lake erie and lake ontario尼亚加拉大瀑布位于美国和加拿大之间的边界伊利湖和安大略湖the largest minority in the united states is the blacks在美国最大的少数民族是黑人the immigrants act of 1924 restricted the further immigration into the united states ,particularly from europe1924年的移民法进一步限制进入美国的移民，特别是来自欧洲the characteristic of dominant american culture is english-speaking ,westerneuropean ,protestant and middle-class美国主流文化的特点是讲英语，西欧，新教和中产阶层Chapter9判断america was named after amerigo vespucci, who arrived on the new continent after columbus美国被命名后，到达新的大陆在哥伦布之后的韦斯普奇tthe second continental congress was held in philadelphia ,and the continental army and navy were founded under the command of thomas jefferson第二届大陆会议在费城召开的成立，和大陆的陆军和海军的指挥下，托马斯·杰斐逊 fthe civil war not only put an end to slavery but also decided that america was a single indivisible nation内战不仅杜绝了奴隶制，但还决定，美国是一个不可分割的国家tmany american people approved of the vietnam war许多越南战争的美国人民批准 fduring clinton's term the economy developed steadily resulting in a lower rate of unemployment在克林顿任期内经济稳步发展，导致在一个较低的失业率tin 1990 american troops and the troops from allied nations launched operation desert storm in order to drive iraqi troops out of kuwait在1990年美国军队和盟国的部队发动“沙漠风暴”行动，以推动伊拉克军队赶出科威特taccording to the american administration, saddam hussein and osama bin laden were responsible for the terrorist event on september 11,2011根据美国政府，萨达姆·侯赛因与乌萨马·本·拉丹的恐怖事件负责，九月11,2011Fthe american government regarded iraq a nation among 'the axis of evil'美国政府把伊拉克的国家之间的“邪恶轴心”ton march 19,2003,american and united nation's troops supported by several other countries began an invasion of iraq月19,2003，美国和其他几个国家支持联合国的部队开始了对伊拉克的入侵 falthough the combat operations in iraq are over, it is still hard for america to decide when to withdraw its army虽然在伊拉克的作战行动已经结束，它仍然是美国很难决定何时撤出t选择题the first successful english colony in north america was founded at jamestown in virginia第一次成功的英国殖民地在北美成立于在弗吉尼亚州的詹姆斯敦pilgrim fathers are a group of puritans, who came to america to avoid persecution in england 朝圣者的父亲是一组清教徒来到美国，在英国，以避免迫害the seven years war occurred between the french and british七年战争，法国和英国之间发生'no taxation without representation 'was the rallying slogan of the people of the 13 colonies“无代表不征税”的13个殖民地的人民的凝聚力口号the first shots of the american war of independence were fired in lexington美国独立战争在列克星敦的第一炮in may 1775,the second continental congress was held in philadelphia and beganto assume the functions of a national government在1775年5月，第二届大陆会议在费城召开，并开始一个国家的政府承担的职能abraham lincoln issued emancipation proclamation to grant freedom to all slaves亚伯拉罕·林肯颁布“解放宣言”给予自由向所有从站the policy of the united states was neutrality at the beginning of the two world wars在两次世界大战的开始，美国的政策是中立president roosevelt applied new deal to deal with the problems of the great depression美国总统罗斯福实行了新的协议，解决大萧条的问题the vietnam war was a long-time suffering for americans ,and it continues throughout the terms of presidents eisenhower, kennedy and johnson越南战争对美国人来说，是一个长期的痛苦，并继续在整个总统艾森豪威尔，肯尼迪和约翰逊。
自考英语国家概况精讲系列第五章
第五章The Rise and Fall of the British Empire （1688-1990）⼤英帝国的兴衰I. Whigs and Tories辉格党⼈和托利党⼈These two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution （1688）。
这两个政党名称皆起源于1688年的光荣⾰命。
The Whig were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Whig were to form a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party.辉格党⼈是指那些反对绝对王权，⽀持新教徒宗教⾃由权利的⼈。
辉格党⼈在19世纪中叶与持不同意见的托利党⼈组盟组成⾃由党。
The Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.托利党⼈是指那些⽀持世袭王权、不愿去除国王的⼈。
托利党是保守党的前⾝。
I. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th Century18世纪末的农业⾰命During the late 18th and early 19th centuries， the “open-field” system ended when the Enclosure Act was passed. The movement lasted for centuries. Agricultural enclosure had good as well as bad results：18世纪末、19世纪初的农业⾰命期间，随着《圈地法》的颁布，传统的“开放⽥地”制结束。
英语国家概况-英国Unit 5 Judiciary
2. Source of Law
Common law Statute law European Union Law
2.1 Common law 习惯法
Developed over the centuries through court decisions but unmodified in previous legal cases, called precedents 判例 Different from written codes derived from Roman law
3.1 Criminal courts
Minor criminal offenses: summary offences （轻罪/违纪） simple theft or vandalism(故意损害） heard in local magistrates‘ courts either by 3 lay magistrates (Justics of the Peace, JPs) or a professional stipendiary magistrate（治安 官）
England, Wales and Northern Ireland: common law system Scotland: a hybrid system—the common law and the civil law system England and Wales: one court system—the principal one in the UK The immigration, the Asylum and Immigration Tribunal‘s jurisdiction ---to the whole of the UK
英语国家概况BritishChapter5Edu
Stanford University
A top ranked research university in the United States, known for its strength in engineering, computer science, and the sciences
Education Reform and Development Trends
• Interdisciplinary approach: There is a growing recognition of the importance of an interdisciplinary approach to education, with schools and universities sourcing students to study a broad range of subjects to develop a more theoretical understanding of the world
The UK is popular for its royal family and has a royal palace, Buckingham Palace, which is a symbol of the country's history and culture
The UK is also known for its museums, galleries, and teachers, such as the British Museum, the National Gallery, and the Royal Shakespeare Company
• Higher Education: Competitions of universities and colleges offering undergraduate and postgraduate degrees, as well as professional qualifications
英语国家概况_5
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
Famous Universities (Cont.)
The Mathematical Bridge (at Queens’ College, Cambridge University )
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Independent system—Public schools 6%
•(Parents pay for their children's education)
National curriculum:
Compulsory in state school Optional in independent school
Higher Education (Cont.)
Buckingham University is the only privatelyfinanced university in UK, where students can finish 3 years’ courses in two years, and its curriculum changes flexibly according to market demands
• State system:11-year compulsory education • Independent system—Public schools
“sixth form” (2 years)
Higher Education Famous Universities
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
《英语国家概况》- Chapter 5 The Rise and Fall of the British Empire
第五章英帝国的兴衰Ⅰ.辉格党人和托利党人这两个政党名称皆起源于1688年的光荣革命，皆以绰号命名。
辉格是对牧牛人的贬称，而托利是爱尔兰语歹徒的意思。
泛泛而言，辉格人是指那些反对绝对王权、支持新教徒享有宗教自由权利的人们。
第一位沙夫茨伯雷伯爵(1621-1683)被视为辉格党首任领袖。
托利党人是指那些支持世袭王权、不愿去除国王的人。
辉格党人在19世纪中叶与持不同意见的托利党人结盟组成自由党。
托利党则为保守党的前身，至今还保留托利党这个绰号。
在19世纪初，辉格党没有特定的纲领，也不是现代意义上团结一致的政党。
他们还没有组建政党结构，例如没有政党基金。
辉格党人主张：(1)削弱王权(比如任命政府重要官员的权力)；(2)同情非国教教徒(即已脱离国教的卫理公会及其他新教派别)；(3)保护商人和银行家的利益。
大多数辉格党人赞同某种形式的议会改革，但就改革的深度不能达成一致。
(例如:允许商人投票吗?或者允许所有的男性有选举权吗？)托利党人是一批持传统观点的人。
他们主张保留君主和英格兰教会的权力。
他们不喜欢非国教教徒，认为他们是对英格兰教会的一大威胁。
他们想严格地维护法律与秩序，害怕下层造反。
他们并不总是赞同改革，尤其坚决反对议会改革，他们只同意某些人道主义改革。
议会中还有另一派观点，支持者较少。
他们是激进派分子，认为只有彻底的改革才能解决根本问题。
议会成员中只有少数激进派分子，但在18世纪末、19世纪初他们非常活跃，广泛散播激进观点。
他们的一个共同目标是彻底改革议会制度。
激进派分子深受杰拉米·本汉姆"功利主义"哲学的影响。
本汉姆认为政府的功能应是"取得最大多数人的最大幸福"。
他认为有两种办法做到这一点：(1)政府和行政应尽可能高效。
任何低效和无用的事情都应改革(例如，教育制度，监狱制度和议会)；(2)政府应尽可能少地干涉人民的个人生活。
激进派分子倡导"不干涉主义"，这是一种激进的自由贸易观点，因为他们认为进出口关税干涉了贸易的自然流通。
华师网络学院英语国家概况5
作业1．第1题Which government lost a vote of no confidence and was forced to resignin 1979?A.the Conservative governmentB.the Liberal governmentC.the Labor governmentD.the radical government您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.02．第2题Which of the following statements is correct?A.Australia is the world’s largest producer And exporter of wool.B.Australia is the world’s largest exporter o f Agricultural products.C.Australia is the world’s largest producer And exporter of sugar.D.Australia is the world’s largest producer And exporter of dairyproducts.您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.03．第3题In Australia, the federal government and the state governments areformed byA.the party chosen by the Governor-GeneralB.the party that has the most votesC.the party that has the majority of the House of RepresentativesD.the party that has the majority of the Senate您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.04．第4题Which of the following writers established the early traditions of Australian writing?A.Henry LawsonB.Henry KendallC.Joseph FurphyD.Patrick White您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.05．第5题Pierre Trudeau was regarded as an important Prime Minister in Canada because of the following reasons exceptA.He took the steps necessary to make Canada completely independent of Britain.B.He signed a free trade agreement with the United States.C.He introduced some important programs to promote the use of French throughout CaD.He worked very hard to bring French and English Canada closer together.您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.06．第6题Which of the following statements is NOT true about Maori population?A.Maori women tend to have more children than non-Maori women.B.Non-Maori women tend to have more children than Maori woman.C.Maori population is younger than the total population.D.Maori population makes up nearly one-seventh of New Zealand’s total population.您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.07．第7题Australia is divided into three geological parts. They are:A.the Great Dividing Range, NSW, and Tasmania.B.the Australian Alps, the Great Dividing Range and Western Australia.C.Northern Territory, South Australia and Tasmania.D.the Great Western Plateau, the Central Eastern Lowlands and the Eastern Highland您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.08．第8题The following were the founding fathers of the American Republic except ___A.George Washington.B.Thomas Jefferson.C.William Penn.D.Benjamin Franklin.您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.09．第9题The following were NOT written into the Constitution in 1787 except ____.A.the Bill of RightsB.the judicial reviewC.the political party systemD.the powers of the president您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.010．第10题The theory of American politics and the American Revolution originated mainly from ___A.George Washington.B.Thomas Jefferson.C.John Adams.D.John Locke.您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.011．第11题Which of the following is NOT regarded as one of the three basic religious beliefs?A. Protestant.B.Catholic.C.Islamic.D.Judaism.您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.012．第12题According to the author, the Articles of Confederation failed because of the following reasons. Which is not true?A.The new states did not cooperate with the Congress or with each other.B.Some new states wanted to be free from the Union.C.The Congress could not raise money to pay the national army and to pay debts oweD.The Congress had no power to tax any citizen.您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.013．第13题Which of the following was written by Thoreau?A.Nature.B.Walden.C.The Scarlet Letter.D.The Fall of the House of Usher.您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.014．第14题The Maori word “Marae” means _________.A.Maori cultureB.non-Maori or EuropeanC.protocolD.meeting house您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.015．第15题To promote peace and cooperation among nations, Canada played an active role in the following international organizations. Which is the exception?A.the United Nations.B.the Commonwealth.C.the National Organization of Women. Francophonie.您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.016．第16题Who suggests that the idea of survival can be seen as the central symbol of Canadian literature?A.Margaret Laurence.B.Margaret Atwood.C.Michael Ondaatje.D.Ted Allan.您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.017．第17题The most notorious terrorist group against black civil rights workers in the South was known as _______ .A.the Black MuslimsB.Federal Bureau of InvestigationC.Student for A Democratic SocietyD.Ku Klux Klan您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.018．第18题Which of the following authors did NOT belong to the period of nation-building?A.Susanna Moodie.B.William Kirby.C.Robert Service.D.Duncan Campbell Scott.您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.019．第19题Arthur Griffith developed a new political party in the period 1905—08 known as___.A.Irish Republican BrotherhoodB.United IrishmenC.Sinn FeinD.home Rule您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.020．第20题Among the following distinguished names, which is not Irish?A.Isaac NewtonB.Robert BoyleC.John TyndallD.Lord Kelvin您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.021．第21题It was said that Christianity was introduced into Ireland by ____.A.the VikingsB.the NormansC.Brian BoruD.Saint Patrick您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.022．第22题The earliest settlers in Ireland came around ____.A.1, 200 BCB.2, 000 BCC.3, 000 BCD.7, 000 BC您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.023．第23题The Celts stressed on the importance of ___.A.fine, or the family unitB.menC.womenD.individuals您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.024．第24题Among the following writers, which is not Irish according to the claim of Ireland?.A.Charles DickensB.Jonathan SwiftC.Bernard ShawD.Oscar Wilde您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.025．第25题The death blow to the Irish language was _ .A.the British colonial ruleB.the independence of IrelandC.the Great FamineD.Ireland’s accession to the EU您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.026．第38题1972 was the worst year of the political troubles in Northern Ireland, because____A.13 Catholics were shot dead by the police.B.468 people were killed in northern Ireland.C.t he government carried outA policy knownAs “internment”.D.Bloody killing of 468 people fortified Catholic opposition to the British presen您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.027．第39题Which of the following commemorates the Battle of Boyne?A.the Bonfire Night celebration in LewsB.Trooping the Color in LondonC.the Eisteddfod in WalesD.the Orange March in Northern Ireland您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.028．第40题Which country/area is Australia’s largest export market for beef and veal?A.SingaporeB.The United StatesC.The Republic of KoreaD.The Middle East您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.029．第41题Which of the following is NOT an effect of the immigration on the British society?A.There are now varied cuisines for people to choose.B.Class tension has been increased.C.New forms of popular music have emerged.D.Different religious beliefs have been practiced actively.您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.030．第42题_____ is NOT included in the group of naturalists.A.Sherwood AndersonB.Stephen CraneC.Jack LondonD.Theodore Dreiser您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.031．第43题The aim of the Prices and Incomes Accord agreement in Australia was toA.fix the wage regardless of the change in price.B.fix the priceAtA certain level through A centralized system.C.further decrease the current Account deficit.D.tackle the dual problem of high unemployment And inflation.您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.032．第44题The Australian national day is set on January 26 to commemorateA.the founding of the Commonwealth of Australia.B.the discovery of the great southern ‘unknown land’.C.the first European settlement of the continent.D.Captain James Cook’s first voyage around Australia.您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.033．第45题Which of the following is NOT true about the electoral campaigns?A.Big parties can buy time to broadcast their policies on the television.B.There is A limit on theAmount of money candidates can spend in their constituencC.Candidates And their supporters go door-to-door persuading voters to vote for thD.Ca ndidates criticize each other’s policies to show how good their own policiesAr您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.034．第46题The Bill of Rights consists of ___.A.10 very short paragraphs in an amendmentB.10 amendments adopted in 1787C.10 amendments added to the Constitution in 1791D.the amendments concerning the freedom of speech, the freedom of the press and th您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.035．第47题During the early stages of the civil rights movement, the major integration strategy initiated by the Congress of Racial Equality was known as ______ to integrate interstate buses and bus stations in the South.A.free speechB.sit-ins at lunch countersC.teach-ins at interstate train stationsD.freedom rides您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.036．第48题What was t he “Third Option” of the Trudeau government in Canada?ing a floating exchange rate.B.imposing export tax on shipments to the US.C.developing freer trade with the US.D.developing stronger trading relations with Japan and Europe.您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.037．第49题Which of the following is NOT one of the major exports of New Zealand?A.Dairy products.B.Fish.C.Wool.D.Oil.您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.038．第50题The United States had the first standard paper currency in ____ .A. 1839B.1880C.1863D.1913您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.039．第51题Which of the following subjects are NOT offered to elementary school students?A.Mathematics and languages.B.Politics and business education.C.Science and social studies.D.Music and physical education.您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.040．第52题When Britain lost its status as a world power after World War II, Canada became a junior partner helping _______ global interests.A.IndianB.AustralianC.AmericanD.Soviet Russian您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.041．第53题Who wrote the book The Scalpel, The Sword?A.F. R. Scott.B.Norman Bethune.C.Ted Allan.D.Mordecai Richler.您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.042．第54题Black Americans sang the anthem of the civil rights movements,“_________” affirming the ir commitment to fight racial prejudice.A.“Let it all hang out.”B.“Hell, no, we won’t go.”C.“We Shall Overcome.”D.“Speak your heart without interruption”您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.043．第55题Which of the following states refused to participate in the Constitutional Convention?A.Virginia.B.Rhode Island.C.New York.D.Maryland您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.044．第56题Which of the following was NOT a Protestant denomination?A.The Baptists.B.The Catholics.C.The Methodists.D.The Presbyterians.您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.045．第57题How long is the office term of the President of Ireland?A.4 yearsB.5 yearsC.6 yearsD.7 years您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.046．第58题Who are qualified to vote at local elections?A.Only Irish citizensB.Irish and British citizensC.Residents of Ireland and Northern IrelandD.All residents of Ireland, regardless of citizenship您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.047．第59题The word “Ireland” is used ambiguously to mean ___.A.Republic of IrelandB.Northern IrelandC.both the Republic and Northern IrelandD.the 26 counties which gained independence您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.048．第60题The Celts were ____people.A.peace-lovingB.warriorsC.highly civilizedD.sophisticated您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.049．第61题Wh at is the approximate number of people employed in Ireland’s civil service?A.30, 000B.13, 000C.3, 000D.6, 000您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.050．第62题How much does an Irish worker know about the personal life of his or her fellow workers?A. A great dealB.SomethingC.A littleD.Little您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.051．第26题The Scottish Kings decide to form an independent singular Scottish state in the ninth century because they needed a unified independent nation to fight against Viking raids.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.052．第27题“Football hooligans” sometimes have violent clashes.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.053．第28题Under the reign of William of Orange was the Bill of Rights passed.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.054．第29题Liberal Protestants and Jews join non-believers in maintaining that abortion is a basic right for women.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.055．第30题Telephone led to the end of the Pony Express System.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.056．第31题Emily Dickenson’s po ems show that she was fascinated by both life and death.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.057．第32题The rise of the unemployment rate in Australia in 1970s was caused by fierce competition between Australian manufacturers.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.058．第33题According to the Pacific Island Laborers Act 1901, Pacific Islanders should be kept within the plantation.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.059．第34题The Wakefield Scheme was implemented most thoroughly in Victoria.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.060．第35题The Middle Eastern migrants tend to occupy the lower range of occupation.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.0Australia’s practice of racial segregation was similar to that of Portugal and Holland.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.062．第37题The long wool boom helped to increase the population of Australia significantly.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.063．第63题If a student wants to go to university in Britain, he will take the examination called General Certificate of Education –Advanced.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.064．第64题Faced with conflicting demands the British government chose a compromise and organized a partition of Ireland, because Protestants welcomed the idea of partition.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.065．第65题In Britain, the great majority of parents send their children to public schools.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.0Service industry does not include steelmaking.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.067．第67题There has been very much concentration on doctrine or religious argument in the U. S.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.068．第68题When the Constitution was written, there was a Bill of Rights in the Constitution.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.069．第69题Emancipists were retired officials.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.070．第70题According to the Immigration Restriction Act 1901, all migrants to Australia had to take a dictation test in their own language.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.071．第71题The preferred migrant groups for the post-World War II immigrationprogram were the British, northern, southern and central European.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.072．第72题The Aboriginal Protection Act 1909 introduced the power to move aboriginal people away from towns and reserves.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.073．第73题The Mabo Decision declared the rejection of the principle of “terra nullius”.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.074．第74题Protestantism has an “elective affinity” with Capitalism.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.075．第75题The mineral industry has the biggest decline in its share of Australia’s export.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.0作业总得分：100.0作业总批注：。
余志远《英语国家概况》(2015年版)教材的配套题库(第五章 英帝国的兴衰The Rise and
第五章英帝国的兴衰The Rise and Fall of the British Empire(1688-Present)Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.After World WarⅡ,the first two colonies of the old British Empire that became free were______and______.（首都师范大学2008研）【答案】Jordan;India【解析】二战后，英属殖民地中约旦和印度最先获得独立。
2.British political parties date from the_____century,when the_____and the_____ parties appeared during the time of the Revolution of1688.【答案】17th;Whig;Tory【解析】英国政党始于17世纪，在1688年革命时期出现了辉格党和托利党。
辉格党人是指那些反对绝对王权，支持新教徒宗教自由权利的人。
托利党人是指那些支持世袭王权、不愿去除国王的人。
3.The Whigs and the Tories originated from the Glorious Revolution became_____ in the mid-19th century.【答案】the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party【解析】辉格党（Whigs）和托利党（Tories）源于光荣革命。
辉格党后来发展成为自由党，托利党后来发展成为保守党。
Ⅱ.Answer the following questions.1.Why did the Industrial Revolution first take place in Britain?【答案】Because Britain had some special conditions which no other country could match. These conditions are:the accumulation of capital;the development of capitalistic farming;the appearance of a labor reserve;and the expansion of markets,domestic and foreign.2.How did the Industrial Revolution exert a great influence on both British society and the world?【答案】The Industrial Revolution was not only a technological revolution but also a great social upheaval.It exerted a great influence on both British society and the world. The Industrial Revolution promoted the development of production.It began to produce large quantity of low-priced goods in a more efficient manner.New cities came into being;population increased;the home market was enlarged.The British goods almost achieved a monopoly situation in the world market.A factory system was established.Workers were employed and managers became capitalists.Two conflicting classes were born.3.How would you contrast the British Liberal and Conservative parties between 1860and1890?（对外经贸大学2001研）【答案】In Britain,two-party system has been practiced over a long period of time.In the 17th century,there emerged the Whig Party and the Tory Party.These two parties developed into the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party respectively in the mid-19th century.Then the two new parties took turns in office until the early20th century.Both of them stood for the interests of the capitalist class.However,the Liberal Party abided by liberalism and asked for free trade as well as free government,while the Conservative Party stuck to conservatism in order to meet the needs of political and economic development.4.Explain and analyze Britain’s foreign policy principles after World WarⅡ.（北外2009研）【答案】Its foreign policy is largely shaped by its participation in a number of important international institutions.More important to Britain in the day to day running of its affairs is its membership in the EU.Britain joined the European Economic Community in1973,which is now called the EU.Britain’s participation in the EU remains controversial.At the center of the controversy is the fact that it is not clear about what the EU is and what it will become.The UK has always been interested in encouraging free trade between countries and is therefore very supportive of the EU as a free trade area.Britain likes to regard the EU as a place where economic cooperation is possible and where a flow of trained personnel and goods are possible.But Britain has always been less enthusiastic about giving up its nationalsovereignty to a European government.The British foreign policy is also affected by its relationship with the United States.During World War Two,the two countries were closely allied and continued to work together closely in the postwar years,because they had many things in common about the past and the world situation.Even today,British and American policy-makers share the general ideas in many respects.However,Britain’s special relationship with the United States has gone through many ups and downs.The British are beginning to realize that their own foreign policy actions can be limited by the United States.What’s more,the contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits.Perhaps the most important single factor which influences British policy makers is its history.Because British lost its empire so recently,British policy makers frequently forget that Britain is not as influential as it used to be in world affairs.They tend to retain very conservative and traditional views of Britain’s role as a world power.The Britain is still tightly tied with the Commonwealth,which was set up as a forum for continued cooperation and as a sort of support network.Most of Britain’s foreign aid goes to the Commonwealth members.Another influence upon the British foreign policy is geopolitical factor.Britain is an island state,and this is considered an important psychological factor which has influenced Britain’s economic and military development.It also created a sense of psychological isolation in its inhabitants.。
主要英语国家概况chapter 5
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英语国家概况(中英)(57页)
英语国家概况（An Overview ofEnglishSpeaking Countries）一、英国（United Kingdom）1. 地理位置：英国位于欧洲大陆的西北边缘，由大不列颠岛、北爱尔兰和若干小岛组成。
2. 首都：伦敦（London），是英国的政治、经济、文化和交通中心。
3. 官方语言：英语4. 人口：约6600万，其中英格兰占最大比例。
5. 国旗：英国国旗被称为“米字旗”，由蓝、白、红三种颜色组成。
6. 经济：英国是世界上发达国家之一，拥有强大的金融、工业和科技实力。
7. 教育体系：英国教育体系享誉世界，牛津、剑桥等世界知名学府坐落于此。
8. 文化特色：英国有着丰富的历史文化底蕴，如莎士比亚、牛顿、披头士乐队等均诞生于此。
同时，英国也是现代足球的发源地。
二、美国（United States of America）1. 地理位置：美国位于北美洲，东临大西洋，西濒太平洋，南接墨西哥湾和加勒比海，北邻加拿大。
2. 首都：华盛顿特区（Washington, D.C.），是美国政治中心。
3. 官方语言：英语4. 人口：约3.3亿，是世界上第三人口大国。
5. 国旗：美国国旗被称为“星条旗”，由红、白、蓝三种颜色组成。
6. 经济：美国是全球最大的经济体，拥有强大的科技创新能力和金融市场。
7. 教育体系：美国教育资源丰富，世界顶尖大学如哈佛、斯坦福等均位于此。
8. 文化特色：美国文化多元化，涵盖了欧洲、亚洲、非洲等多种文化元素。
好莱坞电影、NBA篮球、美式足球等在全球具有广泛影响力。
三、加拿大（Canada）1. 地理位置：加拿大位于北美洲北部，东临大西洋，西濒太平洋，北接北冰洋，南邻美国。
2. 首都：渥太华（Ottawa），是加拿大的政治中心。
3. 官方语言：英语和法语4. 人口：约3800万，是世界上面积第二大国家。
5. 国旗：加拿大国旗被称为“枫叶旗”，由红、白两色组成。
6. 经济：加拿大经济发达，资源丰富，特别是石油、天然气和矿产资源。
英语国家概况中文版 part5澳大利亚
第五部分澳大利亚第二十七章国土与人民澳大利亚的位置在世界地图上很容易找到。
澳大利亚在南半球，换句话说，它处于赤道以南。
对欧洲人来说，澳大利亚是在地球的另一端。
这就是为什么在西方，澳大利亚被普遍认为是"在下面的国家"。
澳大利亚从南纬10°延伸到南纬44°，从东经113°延伸到东经154°。
澳大利亚面积770万平方公里，是世界上最小的一个大洲。
但澳大利亚是一个大国，是俄国，加拿大，中国，巴西和美国之后的世界上第六大国。
澳大利亚是唯一的只包含有一个国家的大洲。
澳大利亚东面被塔斯曼海和太平洋包围，西面是印度洋，北面是珊湖海，阿拉弗拉海和帝汶海，南面是南印度洋和大澳大利亚湾。
澳大利亚有着三亿年以上的地质史，是世界上最老的大陆之一。
在世界上几个大洲中，它是最平坦、最低的并且是唯一的一个人们能开着汽车到达最高山顶的大洲。
一半以上的土地海拔不到300米，只有5%的土地超过海拔600米，平均海拔高度为330米。
所以，澳大利亚没有很高的山，最高的山峰是科修斯科山，海拔2255米。
Ⅰ.地理结构澳大利亚的地理结构相当简单。
它一般按地形被划为三个地理区，西部大高原，东部山地，以及被称为中东部低地的大低地带。
依照传统，人们使用一些不精确的名称来表示这个国家的各个地区。
"远内地"通常指内地、西部高原的中部及其北部平原，红色中心指的是澳大利亚中部有红色和棕黄色土壤的地区。
1.西部大高原西部高原是由古代岩石构成的广阔高地，几乎占了整个大洲的三分之二。
它从澳大利亚西部的海岸平原突起，覆盖了几乎整个西澳大利亚洲、北方领土的较大部分、南澳大利亚的很大一部分，以及西昆士兰的部分地区。
这里的土地非常平坦，海拔大约只有300米。
高原的大部分地区非常干燥。
河流很少，大部分地区只有在雨季才有水。
高原的腹地由大沙沙漠、吉布森沙漠，维多利亚大沙漠以及纳勒博平原构成。
2.东部山地东部山地更为人所知的名称叫大分水岭，从北昆击兰北部起，沿着东海岸向南，直到南塔斯马尼亚岛。
《英语国家概况》Unit 5 American Economy课件
American Economy General Survey
Deficit
American economy is deficit financing. 1. $23 billion during WWⅠ 2. $13 billion more during the 1930s 3. $200 billion more during WWⅡ 4. By 1998 the gross federal debt has reached $ 2 trillion 5. Interest on the federal debt is over $ 150 billion a year.
1. Manufacturing 2. High Technology 3. Heavy Industry 4. Aviation 5. Car Industry
American Economy Industries ------Sectors
Manufacturing
The US manufacturing industry is the largest in the world, almost 3 times the size of Japan.
3. The conference also set up the IMF (International Monetary Fund), the World Bank, and GATT( the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), later known as WTO, it is a world trading system.
英语国家概况第五章知识点
Chapter 5 The Rise and Fall of the British Empire（1688-Present）第01 The Industrial RevolutionI. The Industrial Revolution1. Whigs（辉格党）and Tories（托利党）1）Whigs – first leader was First Earl of Shaftsbury （沙夫茨伯雷第一伯爵）– cattle drivers（牧牛人）– for parliamentary reform – liberal party:① reduce Crown patronage;② sympathy for Nonconformists;③ care for merchants and bankers.【译文】第五章英帝国的兴衰（1688—现在）Ⅰ.工业革命1.辉格党和托利党1）辉格党——首任领袖是沙夫茨伯雷第一伯爵——牧牛人——议会改革——自由党：①削弱王权；②同情非国教教徒；③保护商人和银行家的利益。
2）Tories – thugs（暴徒）– against parliamentary reform – conservative party:① preserve king & church of England;② dislike nonconformists;③ afraid of mod riot;④ obey law.【译文】托利党——暴徒——反对议会改革——保守党①保留君主和英格兰教会；②喜欢非国教教徒；③害怕下层阶级造反；④遵守法律。
Whigs and Tories（辉格党和托利党）（名词解释）★★① These two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution （1688）.② Both were known by nicknames: Whigs was a derogatory name for cattle drivers, Tories an Irish word meaning thugs. ③ The Whigs opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists.④ The Whigs became known as the Liberal Party in 19th century.⑤ The Tories supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. ⑥ The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.【译文】辉格党和托利党①这两个政党名称皆起源于1688年的光荣革命。
英语国家概况自考题-5_真题-无答案
英语国家概况自考题-5(总分100,考试时间90分钟)PART ONEⅠ.Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefullyFor each unfinished statement or question, four suggested answers marked are given. Choose the one that you think **pletes the statement or answers the question.1. Among the three tribes of the **ing to Britain, the most industrious and vigorous of the Celtic tribes was the ______.A. Gaels B. Brythons C. Belgae D. Vikings2. ______ laid the foundations of the English state.A. Roman B. The Celts C. The Anglo-Saxons D. The Viking and Danish Invasions3. At the bottom of the English feudal scale were ______.A. slaves B. free peasants C. villeins D. freemen4. William Ⅱwas known as ______ because of his **plexion.A. Rufus B. the Conqueror C. the Confessor D. the Unready5. The Hundred Years' War between England and France lasted from ______.A. 1066 to 1215 B. 1215 to 1266 C. 1337 to 1453 D. 1066 to 13816. Black Death reduced England's population from ______ million to ______ million by the end of the 14th century.A. 5, 3 B. 4.5, 3 C. 4, 3 D. 4, 27. ______ was above all responsible for the religious reform in England.A. Alfred the Great B. Edward Ⅰ C. Henry Ⅷ D. William the Conqueror8. Which of the following statements about Elizabeth Ⅰ(1558—1603) is true?A. Elizabeth was 35 when she came to the throne. B. Elizabeth remained single. C. Elizabeth was not able to work with Parliament. D. Her reign was a time of diminishing English nationalism.9. In 1603, ______ became the first of the Stuarts to take the throne.A. Edward Ⅰ B. Henry Ⅶ C. James Ⅵ D. James Ⅱ10. In December 1653. by an Instrument of Government, Oliver Cromwell became ______ of the Commonwealth of England.A. Prime Minister B. King C. Lord Protector D. Emperor11. The age of constitutional monarchy began with the accession of ______ to the throne.A. Charles Ⅱ B. James Ⅱ C. William and Mary D. Oliver Cromwell12. ______ led the U.K. to final victory in the Second World War.A. Winston Churchill B. Neville Chamberlain C. Tony Blair D. William Gladstone13. King George Ⅲ was nicknamed "______" because he was so enthusiastic about changes in agriculture.A. Farmer George B. peasant George C. Agricultural George D. Enthusiastic King14. The British policy of ______ of German aggression was no longer tenable after Germany invaded Poland.A. non-interference B. appeasement C. mutual friendship D. containment15. In Canada, Australia and New Zealand, ______ is the official head of state.A. Prime Minster B. Governor-General C. President D. Queen in Britain16. The two parties that have held power in Britain since 1945 are ______.A. the Democratic Party and the Republican Party B. the Conservative Party and the Labor Party C. the Labor Party and the Social Democratic Party D. the Labor Party and the Democratic Party17. There are ______ police forces in England and Wales, 8 in Scotland and one in Northern Ireland.A. 40 B. 41 C. 42 D. 4318. The Two established churches in Britain are ______.A. Church of England and Church of Wales B. Church of Ireland and Church of England C. Church of Ireland and Church of Scotland D. Church of England and Church of Scotland19. Which of the following holidays is not celebrated in Scotland?A. Bank Holiday. B. Summer Bank Holiday. C. Christmas Day. D. Good Friday.20. There are about ______ daily and Sunday newspapers published in Britain.A. 180 B. 150 C. 130 D. 10021. ______, the most popular sport in England as well as in Europe, has its traditional home in England where it was developed in the 19th century.A. Basketball B. Tennis C. Football D. Baseball22. The Republic of Ireland is bounded by all the following but ______.A. the EnglishChannel B. the Irish Sea C. St George Channel D. the Atlantic Ocean23. Migration in Ireland declined sharply ______.A. during WWⅠ B. in recent years C. in the early decades of the 20th century D. after the establishment of the Irish Free State24. What is Ireland called in Irish?A. Irea. B. Aire. C. Eare. D. Eire.25. The slave system in the United States was formally ended by ______.A. The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution B. President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation C. the Declaration of Independence D. Both A and B26. Three weeks after the battles at Lexington and Concord, the ______ was held at Philadelphia.A. Peace meeting B. Second Continental Congress C. negotiation with Britain D. meeting for independence27. President Jefferson bought the ______ from France for 15 million dollars.A. Mississippi B. Louisiana territory C. New Mexico D. California28. Abraham Lincoln belonged to ______.A. the Federalist Party B. the Whig Party C. the Republican Party D. the Democratic Party29. New Freedom was the program of ______.A. Woodrow Wilson B. Theodore Roosevelt C. Franklin Roosevelt D. Henry Truman30. The most important features in the growth of the American economy in the early 20th century were ______.A. the use of steam and electricity as chief energy, the use of machines and the development of railway B. the appearance of airplane, the use of electricity on a large scale and urbanization C. the development of large corporation, urbanization and the application in production of new technology D. the development of industry and large cities, the expansion of railroad network31. In 1932, in the depth of the depression, the American people chose ______ as their next president who promised to get America out of the depression.A. Theodore Roosevelt B. Franklin D. Roosevelt C. Woodrow Wilson D. Herbert C. Hoover32. The real purpose of the Marshal Plan is to ______.A. prevent Greece and Turkey from falling into the hands of the Soviet Union B. support any country which said it was fighting against Communism C. help Western Europe recover from the disrupted industrial production D. prevent Western Europe from possible Soviet expansion33. Under the pressure of the Anti-war Movement, ______ decided not to run for the presidency for a second term.A. Truman B. Nixon C. Johnson D. Kennedy34. Among the following, ______ is not automobile giant.A. Chrysler B. the International Business Machines C. Ford D. General Motors35. The writers of the Constitution worked out the "checks and balances" in order to ______.A. prevent the government from being too strong B. prevent the government from being separated C. prevent the government from misusing its power D. prevent the government from losing power36. To be successful, a candidate for the U.S. Presidency must receive at least ______ electoral votes.A. 260 B. 180 C. 270 D. 53837. In the U.S., ______ stood mainly for **mercial and industrial interests and opposed Jackson's economic policies.A. Parliament B. the Democratic Party C. the Republic Party D. the Whig party38. Recently, ______ are emphasized in the U.S. elementary schools.A. socialization skills B. values education C. foreign languages D. visual arts39. ______ is not written by Theodore Dreiser.A. Sister Carrie B. Trilogy of Desire C. An American Tragedy D. The Scarlet Letter40. Valentine's Day is on ______.A. April 1st B. November 20th C. February 14th D. May 4th41. ______ is an ice-free harbour and the major Canadian outlet to the Pacific Ocean and the largest cargo port on the pacific.A. Ontario B. Vancouver C. Montreal D. Saskatchewan42. In ______, Canada was formally declared to be partner nations with Britain and became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.A. 1919 B. 1927 C. 1940 D. 193143. ______ are the two official languages in Canada.A. French and Indian B. English and French C. English and Italian D. Italian and French44. In recent years there has been a decline in European applications to immigration to Canada and an increase in those from Asia, the Caribbean and ______.A. the U.S. B. New Zealand C. Australia D. North America45. The highest peak in Australia is ______ which is 2,255 metres above sea level.A. the Outback B. the Plateau C. the Eastern Highlands D. Mount Kosciusko46. Western Australia is known as ______.A. the garden states B. the sunshine state C. the state of excitement D. the holiday isle47. Australia is politically divided into ______.A. ten states and three territories B. six provinces and two counties C. six states and two territories D. seven states and four districts48. The sunniest city in Australia is ______.A. Sydney B. Melbourne C. Adelaide D. Darwin49. The following are the volcanic mountain in North Island except ______.A. Tongariro B. Mt. Cook C. Ngaurohoe D. Ruapehu50. The only native mammals in New Zealand are ______.A. rabbits B. bats C. opossums D. goatsPART TWOⅡ.Give a one-sentence answer to each of the following questions1. What was William Ⅰ's policy towards the church?2. How did Elizabeth Ⅰ manage to maintain a friendly relationship with France?3. What did the English Industrial Revolution begin with?4. What is the main function of the House of Lords?5. What are the geographical features of Ireland?6. What was the turning point of the Civil War?7. What was the postwar strategy of the United States?8. What are the two serious weakness of the Article of Confederation?9. What is Emerson's view of man and nature in his hook Nature?10. How many main islands does New Zealand have?Ⅲ.Explain each of the following terms in English1. the Glorious Revolution of 16882. Anglo-Irish Treaty3. Isolationist4. the Seven Years' War。
英语国家概况_第五课_美国概况_The_United_States_of_America
Ireland
70, 280
4, 156, 000
65%
204, 164 (42rd)
10, 084, 369 2rd
38, 816 (12nd)
7, 518 (93rd)
China
9, 597, 000
1,330,045,000
46.6%
The United States is a varied land - of forests, deserts, mountains, high flat lands and fertile plains. The country lies mostly in the temperate zone but there is a very wide range of climate variations. The continental United States stretches 4,500 kilometers from the Atlantic Ocean on the east to the Pacific Ocean on the west. It borders Canada on the north and reaches south to Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico. Alaska is the largest in area of the 50 states; Texas is the second largest. Appalachian Mountains in the East, Rocky Mountains in the West. Mississippi River and Missouri River Five Lakes: Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie and Ontario
英语国家概况Unit5
Unit 5The UK Economy (英国的经济)一、本单元重点内容1. Absolute decline and relative decline of British economy (英国经济的绝对衰败和相对衰败)2. The privatization in the 1980s (20世纪80年代的私有化)3. The main sectors of the UK economy (英国经济的主要部门):Primary industries (第一产业): Agriculture (农业)& Energy production (能源生产) Secondary industries (第二产业) : The manufacturing industry (制造业)eg. The aerospace industry (航空和航天工业) Tertiary industries / service industries (第三产业/服务业)4. The City of London (伦敦金融城)5. The London Stock Exchange (伦敦证券交易所)二、本单元重、难点辅导1.Absolute and relative decline of the British Economy1) By the 1880s, dominant in the world--- 1/3 of the world’s manufactured goods; 1/2 of the world’s coal, iron and cotton; shipping greater than the sum of the rest of the world.2) By 1900, overtaken by the U.S and Germany.一直到19世纪80年代，英国经济一直在世界上居于主导地位。
《英语国家概况》Unit 5 British judiciary课件
2.3 Scottish court system
Court system in Scotland
Cases are tried in district courts（区法院）, sheriff courts（郡法院） and the High Court of Justiciary. The High Court of Justiciary is the supreme criminal court of Scotland. The main civil courts are the sheriff courts and the Court of Session. 苏格兰高等法院 最高民事法院
Statue of Justice
2.2 The British legal system
What are the sources of law?
The law of the United Kingdom consists of several independent legal systems, which use common law principles, civil law principles, or both. England and Wales as well as Northern Ireland use the common law system, while Scotland uses a hybrid system, which combines elements from the common law and the civil law system. 混合的；习惯法；民法
2.3 The court system
How does the court system function?
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LOGO
• •
大前提 - 小前提 - 结论 演绎推理
LOGO
• 辩证逻辑注重人的主体能动性，始终让人参与其中，在正 反两个方面，或者若干不同的类别中间进行反复比较、鉴 别、综合，从而得出结论。
– 归纳推理 – 辩证逻辑的另一特点是重视检验的价值，但中国传统文化又将经验神秘化的倾向。 西方自古就有“知识都能用语言表达” 的信条；但中国上古思想界普遍有“书不 尽言，言不尽意” 和 “道可道，非常道”。
BrotherBrother-Brother
Man---Ethics The Core Values in Confucianism Zhong (Loyalty) Jie (Chastity)
Xiao (Filial Piety) Li (Rites)
Xin (Faithfulness)
二元对立 • {1:26} And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle,and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth.
Basic Views of Confucianism
LOGO
• Emphasis on the formation of the proper society and the establishment of ethical standards. • Emphasis on self-cultivation (gentlmen; man with good tatste)
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Devote lives to hard work, thrift, business success, accumulating material wealt Bible to be the authority of their doctrine. • Simplicity in worship even did not celebrate worship; traditional holidays. • Believed the Sabbath was still obligatory for Christians. Religious intolerance -They did not believe in religious tolerance. Could not tolerate those who disagreed. SabbathSabbathTen Commandments
Stuart Monarchy
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James I
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James I believed in rule by divine right and dismissed Parliament. He ruled without them for 10 years. Most members of Parliament were Puritans and wanted freedom of worship. They also wanted a say in the way government raised and spent taxes.
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• 当西方人和印度人很早就仔细地考虑到形式逻辑的时候， 中国人一直倾向于发展辩证思维。
– 形式逻辑将思维对象乃至思维本身独立出来成为可供观察的对象。它划定明确的 范畴，准确界定事物的实体及性质，并使之形式化和数学化。 – 概念、判断、推理是形式逻辑的三大基本要素。概念的两个方面是外延和内涵， 外延是指概念包含事物的范围大小，内涵是指概念的含义、性质；推理是思维的 最高形式，概念构成判断，判断构成推理，从总体上说人的思维就是由这三大要 素决定的。
Roots in Calvinism
Doctrine of Predestination
God predestined a mass of sinners. God picked the “chosen few”. The damned could do nothing to save themselves. No one knew who was chosen.
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The success of one's work or the prosperity in his calling given by God was the sign of being chosen.
Puritan Values
• Simple pleasures -Shun idleness, extravagance, vanity. Avoid pastimes like dancing, card playing, theatergoing. Emphasis on education education-Read the Bible regularly for moral guidance.
Two Types of Puritans
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Separatists • Thought the Church of England was corrupt and that they must distance themselves from it. • Were persecuted under various monarchies in England. • First fled from England to Holland. • Later, came to found the Plymouth Colony in America in 1620.
The Civil War & Glorious Revolution 2010.10.09
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• The Glorious Revolution is a term used to describe the peaceful way in which Parliament asserted its rights over the monarchy in 1688.
东西方思维之差异
• Jiang Qian, He Gangqiang. A Course in Translation Basics[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2008: 35-43.
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• 东方人与西方人的思想方式有基本分歧，我人重综合，重 归纳，重暗示，重含蓄；西方人则重分析，细微曲折，挖 掘惟恐不尽，描写惟恐不周。- 傅雷 （转引自第36页） • 中华民族的思维表现出明显的空间性，是横向的，阔大的， 它在于空间的舒展与收缩，在于对整个空间的把握，在于 对心灵空间的把握，关乎心胸。西欧民族关乎的是时间、 时刻，是一种偏向一隅的深刻性与紧迫性。这种思维方式 是纵向的，目的是打开物质的深度，逐步深入，结果是越 分析越细 ... (直觉，模糊，变化等特点) -曹世潮
– → Genesis KJV
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• 表现为人与自然的对立，人与他人及社会的对立，人自身 表现为人与自然的对立，人与他人及社会的对立， 的分裂。 的分裂。 • 在人与自然的关系上，西方文化一开始就表现出控制与征 在人与自然的关系上， 服自然的强烈欲望。 服自然的强烈欲望。 • “自然界，外部的感性世界是劳动者用来实现他的劳动， 自然界，外部的感性世界是劳动者用来实现他的劳动， 在其中展开他的劳动活动， 在其中展开他的劳动活动，用它并借助于它来进行生产的 材料。 材料。” — 马克思
• a system of social and ethical philosophy
– “Only when character is cultivated are our families regulated; only when families are regulated are states well governed.”
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天人合一
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• 中国文化的三种平衡：人与自然界的平衡（天人平衡）、 社会内部人与人的平衡（人伦平衡）、人心内部的平衡 （身心平衡）。 • 道（人与自然） • 儒（人与社会以及人与自我） • 释（自我和自我同众生）
Yin Yang Principles and Five Elements 阴阳五行
– 修身、齐家、治国、平天下 修身、齐家、治国、
Man---Ethics The Five Cardinal Human Relations
MonarchMonarch-Subject
HusbandHusbandWife
Self
Father-Son Father-
FriendFriend-Friend
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• 人的存在有理性与动物性，心与物或灵与肉的二元对立。 人的存在有理性与动物性，心与物或灵与肉的二元对立。 理性与动物性 的二元对立
– 宗教徒把人生当作皈依上帝的旅程，将肉体与灵魂、此岸与彼岸、天堂与地狱作 宗教徒把人生当作皈依上帝的旅程，将肉体与灵魂、此岸与彼岸、 绝对的分割。 绝对的分割。 – In Plato’s Phaedo, Socrates argues that the soul is immortal and that we must rise above our physical nature in order to gain true knowledge.
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