Chap 2 Computer Graphics Systems-01
计算机的应用带给我们的好处英语作文
计算机的应用带给我们的好处英语作文全文共5篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Awesome World of Computer ApplicationsComputers are so cool! They let us do all sorts of amazing things that make our lives easier and more fun. With computers and their apps, we can learn, play games, watch shows and movies, talk to friends far away, and even create our own drawings, stories, and movies. Isn't that awesome?One of the best things about computers is how they help us learn. There are tons of educational websites and apps that teach us new things in a really engaging way. Want to learn about dinosaurs? Bam - you can watch videos of them roaring and stomping around. Need help with math? No problem - apps with fun games will have you mastering multiplication in no time. I love using apps to learn new things because they make learning feel like playing instead of work.Speaking of playing, computer games rock! These days, the graphics and worlds in video games look so lifelike and immersive. I can explore sprawling fantasy kingdoms, go onintergalactic adventures, race cars at blazing speeds, and more - all from my computer or game console. My mind is blown by how realistic and engaging modern games are. Even better, a lot of games these days let you play together online with friends. So much fun!But computers aren't just for learning and gaming. They also let us watch unlimited shows, movies, videos, and more whenever we want. Streaming services put a massive library of entertainment at our fingertips. Love cartoons? There are tons of amazing animated series to binge. More of a movie buff? You've got access to blockbuster films from all genres and eras. It's like having the ultimate TV and home theater system built right into your computer!Another awesome use for computers is communicating and connecting with others online. Social media and chat apps make it easy to stay in touch with friends and family no matter how far apart we are. I can video call my cousin in Florida and it's like he's right there in the room with me. Or I can share pictures, emoji reactions, and fun posts with my entire friend group simultaneously. The internet brings us all closer together in such a cool way.But you don't just have to consume content on computers - you can create it too! With art and multimedia software, anyone can unleash their creativity. I love making drawings and painting pictures on my computer. Or recording myself telling stories and adding animations to make my own movies. Computers give everyone's imagination an epic creative outlet.New computer technologies also have big benefits for accessibility and helping people with disabilities. There are now screen readers, voice commands, refreshable braille displays, eye tracking systems, and more - all powered by computer programs. These innovations give people who are blind, deaf, or have other disabilities amazing new ways to operate computers and access digital content more easily. Computers are making the world a much more inclusive place!As you can see, the awesome applications of computers bring us so many advantages in our modern lives. They entertain and educate us in engaging new ways. They help us create, communicate, and connect with others globally. They promote accessibility and give a voice to those with disabilities. Truly, computers and their ever-evolving apps are advancing our world for the better day by day.In my opinion, computers are one of the greatest inventions of all time. I feel so lucky to be growing up in this age of digital technology where the bounds of what's possible are constantly being expanded. Whether for fun, learning, creativity, or bringing people together - computers make our lives richer and more amazing. I can't wait to see what new incredible apps and innovations the future will bring. The world of computers rocks!篇2The Amazing Benefits of Computer ApplicationsComputers are super cool! They can do so many amazing things that make our lives easier and more fun. I love using computers for all sorts of activities like playing games, watching videos, and even doing my homework. But did you know that computers have lots of other super useful applications too? Let me tell you about some of the awesome benefits that computer applications bring to our lives!One of the best things about computers is how they can help us learn new things. There are tons of educational computer programs and websites that can teach us about any topic you can imagine - history, science, math, languages, you name it! The interactive activities and multimedia make learning way moreengaging than just reading from a textbook. My favorite education apps have little games and videos that reinforce what I'm studying in a really fun way.Computers are also incredibly useful tools that assist people in their jobs every single day. My dad is an architect and he uses computer software to design 3D models of buildings before they get constructed. The computer allows him to experiment with different designs really easily. My mom is an accountant and she uses spreadsheet programs to organize massive amounts of financial data and do complex calculations at lightning speed. Computers help doctors analyze x-rays, pilots fly planes, scientists analyze research data, and make so many other occupations more efficient.Another major advantage of computers is that they allow us to access a wealth of information from anywhere at anytime. With the internet, I can instantly look up facts for my homework or read the latest news from around the world. I can also easily communicate with friends and family members no matter where they live through email, text messaging, video calls, and social media. My grandma who lives far away even reads me bedtime stories over video chat sometimes! The internet is like a hugeendless library and communication hub combined into one amazing resource.Speaking of libraries, computers have also transformed how we can access and experience entertainment like books, movies, TV shows, video games, and music. E-books make millions of books portable and accessible at the click of a button. Streaming services let you watch your favorite shows anytime. And video games these days have ridiculous graphics and intense interactive experiences that just keep getting better and better. I love kicking back and enjoying the latest movies, shows, games, or digital books on my nice big computer screen.Of course, maybe the best benefit of computers is how they've made our lives a lot easier and more convenient in general. Computers let me save my homework to a file rather than covering my notebooks with a million eraser smudges. We can order food, buy clothes, and shop for almost anything online without even leaving the house. Smartphones combine the powers of computers, cameras, maps, and more into one compact device. Smart home assistants like Alexa let you control your house appliances with voice commands. Self-driving cars are being developed that use computer systems to automatedriving. Computers are gradually eliminating more and more of the little hassles and inconveniences from our lives.At the same time, I know computers and technology keep rapidly evolving and advancing. The applications we have today are nothing compared to what computers will be able to do in the future. With things like artificial intelligence, virtual reality, robotics, and mind-boggling processing power in development, who knows what kinds of amazing abilities computers will gain next? Maybe we'll have translator apps that let you communicate in any language automatically. Or super realistic holographic video games that make you feel like you're inside them. Or AI assistants that can pragmatically help out with any task or problem. The future applications of computers are going to be unbelievably cool!Overall, computer applications have totally transformed our modern world and lifestyle for the better. They've made learning fun, let people be way more productive, put a wealth of information at our fingertips, revolutionized entertainment, and provided us with incredible conveniences. And that's just the start - the most amazing computer applications are yet to come!I can't wait to see what awesome new technologies the future will bring. Computers are just the best.篇3Computers Are Super Cool!Computers are really neat! They can do so many amazing things that make our lives easier and more fun. I want to tell you about all the awesome ways computers help us.One of the best things about computers is that they allow us to play video games! Video games are super fun and exciting. You can go on adventures, solve puzzles, race cars, and battle enemies - all from the comfort of your home. My favorite games are the ones where you get to be a brave knight slaying dragons! Computers use graphics and animations to make incredibly realistic pictures and scenes that look just like movies. The characters and worlds come to life right on the screen. It's like magic!Computers also let us watch movies, shows, and videos whenever we want. There are millions of videos online about any topic you can imagine - animals, science experiments, comedy skits, you name it. My parents use streaming services to find all our favorite shows and movies with just a couple clicks. We can even video chat with relatives who live far away and see their faces while we talk to them! Isn't that amazing?Of course, we can't forget about the internet and how computers connect us to a world of information at our fingertips. Whenever I need to learn about something for school, I can find facts, articles, and videos online to help me understand. The internet is like the biggest library ever, but even better because it's available everywhere at any time on a computer. We can research our interests, get homework help, find directions, read books, and so much more thanks to having the internet on our devices.Computers have also led to some really cool inventions and technologies like robots, virtual reality, 3D printers, and special effects in movies. Robots can do jobs that are too difficult or dangerous for humans. Virtual reality lets you enter completely digital worlds and games through a headset for a mind-blowing experience. 3D printers can actually create physical objects from a digital design file. And the graphics and animations done by computers are how movies get those incredible fantasy scenes with things that look real but aren't actually possible.Even the way we communicate and stay connected with each other involves computers nowadays. We send emails, texts, social media posts, video calls, and more digitally. I can easily share pictures and videos with my friends from my computer orphone. We also use computers to do things like online shopping, getting directions with GPS, checking the weather, and setting reminders.Speaking of phones, they're basically mini portable computers we can carry everywhere! Smartphones are how many of us access the internet, watch videos, play games, text our friends, take pictures, listen to music, and do all sorts of other computer tasks while on-the-go. I like being able to look things up, play games, and watch videos on my phone anytime I want. Phones, tablets, and laptops help make computers more convenient and mobile.While playing games, watching videos, and goofing off online is fun, our computers and devices are also incredible tools that help us learn and work better too. Students like me use computers to type assignments, make presentations, take notes, and do research for projects. My parents and other grownups use computer programs for their jobs, like making spreadsheets, designing graphics, writing reports, video conferencing, and analyzing data. Can you imagine how hard many jobs would be without computers these days?As you can see, computers have opened up amazing possibilities for entertainment, education, communication, work,and creativity through all their different programs and applications. We can build super cool virtual worlds and games, learn about any topic we want, talk to people all over the globe, and be productive in so many ways - all with the power of computers! They have changed our lives in unbelievable ways.I can't wait to see what new awesome things computers will be able to do next. Maybe one day we'll have holograms or get to take virtual vacations! Either way, there's no doubt that computers are seriously the most amazingly epic invention ever. They have given us so many amazing benefits and made the world a much more fun, connected, and smarter place. I'm so glad we get to grow up with such mind-blowing technology at our fingertips. Three cheers for computers!篇4The Awesome Power of Computers!Computers are seriously the coolest! They're these amazing boxes that can do all sorts of awesome things. My mom and dad use them for work, my teachers use them for lessons at school, and I even get to play games on them sometimes. Computers make so many things easier and more fun. Let me tell you about some of the great ways we get to use computers!First up, computers help me learn new things at school. Instead of just reading from textbooks, my teachers show us videos, pictures, and interactive lessons on the big computer screen at the front of the class. It's way more interesting than just listening to someone talk all day. We even get to go on amazing virtual field trips to places like ancient Rome or the rainforest without leaving our classroom! The other day, we got to walk through a 3D model of the human body. So rad!Computers also make it easier for me to do homework and write reports. I can look up any information I need online instead of having to find it in a bunch of books. There are websites with simple explanations for tricky math concepts too. And I can use fun programs to type up my essays and create awesome presentations with graphics and animations. My writing assignments are much more colorful and engaging when I can use a computer.Outside of school, computers provide endless entertainment! I'm obsessed with gaming on my portable game console or our family computer. The graphics and sounds are so incredibly realistic these days. I can race cars, explore magical worlds, and battle evil forces from the comfort of my bedroom. My parents have to set time limits though, or I'd play all day! I also lovewatching movies, shows, and YouTube videos whenever I want instead of being stuck with whatever is playing on regular TV.Computers have also completely transformed how we communicate. I can easily stay in touch with my relatives across the country through video calls. A few clicks and I'm face-to-face with my cousins! We can even play online games together through our internet connection. No more having to wait for snail mail or long distance calls. And when I need help with homework, I can message my friends to work on assignments together virtually.Speaking of the internet, that may be the mostmind-blowing computer advancement ever. It's like a doorway to infinite knowledge and an instant connection to the entire world. I can research any topic by browsing websites, join online communities based on my interests, and see videos of far-off places I could only dream of visiting otherwise. The internet also lets me discover new music, books, games, and more with a simple search. It's an endless exploration waiting at my fingertips.Of course, with all this power comes responsibility. My parents warn me about online safety – never sharing personal information, being careful what sites I visit, and avoidinginappropriate content. I know I have to be smart about using the internet appropriately. But overall, computers and the internet have opened up so many opportunities for learning, creating, exploring, and connecting that we never could have imagined without them.In the future, I bet computers will become even more impressive. Maybe we'll have hyper-realistic virtual reality systems or artificial intelligence assistants to help with our homework! Or little computer chips inside our brains to download information directly. As mind-blowing as today's technology seems, I'm sure there are mindblowing innovations yet to come. I can't wait to see what awesome computer advancements are in store. Whatever happens, I know computers are going to continue making the world a much more interesting, fun, and capable place for all of us!篇5The Amazing World of Computer ApplicationsComputers are really cool! They can do so many amazing things that make our lives easier and more fun. The best part is all the awesome apps and programs we can use on computers. Apps are like magical toolboxes filled with different tools to helpus learn, play games, stay organized, and even talk to our friends and family.One of the best ways computer apps help me is with my schoolwork. There are lots of educational apps and websites that make learning super engaging and interactive. Math games turn practicing multiplication tables into an adventure instead of just boring drills. Reading apps let me explore fantastic stories and solve mysteries right on the computer or tablet. Science apps have wild experiments and simulations that let me experience things I can't do in a normal classroom.Apps also make doing homework and projects way easier. Word processing apps allow me to type up neat reports and stories without having to worry about messy handwriting. Presentation apps let me create colorful slideshows with graphics, animations and sounds to make any topic more exciting when presenting to the class. There are even apps to help with researching by finding reliable sources, organizing my notes and citations, and learning about different subjects through videos and articles.Speaking of videos, computers and apps have completely transformed how we can watch and make movies, shows, and other video content. Streaming apps give me access to myfavorite cartoons, movies, and YouTube channels instantly. Video editing apps allow me to get creative by filming, editing, and producing my own movies to share with family and friends. It's like having a personal TV studio and movie theater right at my fingertips!Of course, computers and apps aren't just for education and videos. They provide me with countless ways to have fun and stay connected too. I can play multiplayer games with friends online through gaming apps instead of just playing alone. Social media and messaging apps make it easy to chat with my cousins who live far away and allow us to share pictures, videos, jokes, and more. Music apps let me listen to all my favorite songs and discover new music I love. The options truly are endless!Beyond just entertainment, organizational apps have been a gamechanger for keeping me on track. Calendar apps help me never miss assignments or activities by setting reminders for due dates and schedules. To-do list and note-taking apps make sure I don't forget anything important. There are even apps to build good habits like time management, mindfulness, and productivity.As I get older, I know computer apps will continue to make my life easier in new ways. Apps for budgeting, scheduling,fitness, cooking, travel and more will become super handy. Not to mention all the powerful office, creativity, programming, and professional apps that can help me get jobs done and unlock future career opportunities.Overall, I'm endlessly amazed by how computer applications have improved my life as a kid in so many ways - from making learning more fun and helping me stay organized to providing entertainment and connections with others. They continue reshaping how we live, work, and play each day. Just think about how different everything would be without apps and programs on our computers, phones, and tablets!Who knows what new incredible apps lie ahead in the future?I can't wait to see how they'll continue changing our world and making our lives even better. Apps and computers have upgraded so many aspects of my childhood already by putting valuable tools, information, and experiences right at my fingertips. That's why computer applications are one of the most awesome advancements ever in my book! They open up universes of possibilities with just a click.。
Java Card平台虚拟机规范（经典版）v3.2说明书
Java Card™Platform Virtual Machine Specification, Classic EditionVersion 3.2January 2023Java Card Platform Virtual Machine Specification, Classic Edition Version 3.2Copyright © 1998, 2023, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.The Specification provided herein is provided to you only under the Oracle Technology Network Developer License included herein as Annex A - Oracle Technology Network Developer License Terms.License Restrictions Warranty/Consequential Damages DisclaimerThis software and related documentation are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and are protected by intellectual property laws. Except as expressly permitted in your license agreement or allowed by law, you may not use, copy, reproduce, translate, broadcast, modify, license, transmit, distribute, exhibit, perform, publish, or display any part, in any form, or by any means. Reverse engineering, disassembly, or decompilation of this software, unless required by law for interoperability, is prohibited.Warranty DisclaimerThe information contained herein is subject to change without notice and is not warranted to be error-free. If you find any errors, please report them to us in writing.Restricted Rights NoticeIf this is software or related documentation that is delivered to the U.S. Government or anyone licensing it on behalf of the U.S. Government, then the following notice is applicable:U.S. GOVERNMENT END USERS: Oracle programs, including any operating system, integrated software, any programs installed on the hardware, and/or documentation, delivered to U.S. Government end users are "commercial computer software" pursuant to the applicable Federal Acquisition Regulation and agency-specific supplemental regulations. 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Oracle Corporation and its affiliates disclaim any liability for any damages caused by use of this software or hardware in dangerous applications.Trademark NoticeOracle and Java are registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.Intel and Intel Xeon are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation. All SPARC trademarks are used under license and are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International, Inc. AMD, Opteron, the AMD logo, and the AMD Opteron logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Advanced Micro Devices. UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group.Third-Party Content, Products, and Services DisclaimerThis software or hardware and documentation may provide access to or information about content, products, and services from third parties. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates are not responsible for and expressly disclaim all warranties of any kind with respect to third-party content, products, and services unless otherwise set forth in an applicable agreement between you and Oracle. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates will not be responsible for any loss, costs, or damages incurred due to your access to or use of third-party content, products, or services, except as set forth in an applicable agreement between you and Oracle.Documentation AccessibilityFor information about Oracle's commitment to accessibility, visit the Oracle Accessibility Program website at /pls/topic/lookup?ctx=acc&id=docacc.Access to Oracle SupportOracle customers that have purchased support have access to electronic support through My Oracle Support. For information, visit /pls/topic/lookup?ctx=acc&id=info or visit/pls/topic/lookup?ctx=acc&id=trs if you are hearing impaired.ContentsPreface (19)Who Should Use This Specification (19)Before You Read This Specification (19)Shell Prompts (19)Typographic Conventions (20)Related Documentation (20)Third-Party Web Sites (20)Documentation Accessibility (21)Access to Oracle Support (21)Oracle Welcomes Your Comments (21)1Introduction (22)1.1 Motivation (22)1.2 The Java Card Virtual Machine (23)1.3 Java Language Security (25)1.4 Java Card Runtime Environment Security (25)2 A Subset of the Java Virtual Machine (27)2.1 Why a Subset is Needed (27)2.2 Java Card Platform Language Subset (27)2.2.1 Unsupported Items (27)2.2.1.1 Unsupported Features (27)2.2.1.1.1 Dynamic Class Loading (27)2.2.1.1.2 Security Manager (28)2.2.1.1.3 Finalization (28)2.2.1.1.4 Threads (28)2.2.1.1.5 Cloning (28)2.2.1.1.6 Access Control in Java Packages (28)2.2.1.1.7 Typesafe Enums (28)2.2.1.1.8 Enhanced for Loop (29)2.2.1.1.10 Runtime Visible Metadata (Annotations) (29)2.2.1.1.11 Assertions (29)2.2.1.2 Unsupported Keywords (29)2.2.1.3 Unsupported Types (29)2.2.1.4 Unsupported Classes (29)2.2.1.4.1 System (30)2.2.2 Supported Items (30)2.2.2.1 Supported Features (30)2.2.2.1.1 Packages (30)2.2.2.1.2 Dynamic Object Creation (30)2.2.2.1.3 Virtual Methods (30)2.2.2.1.4 Interfaces (30)2.2.2.1.5 Exceptions (30)2.2.2.1.6 Generics (31)2.2.2.1.7 Static Import (31)2.2.2.1.8 Runtime Invisible Metadata (Annotations) (31)2.2.2.2 Supported Keywords (31)2.2.2.3 Supported Types (32)2.2.2.4 Supported Classes (32)2.2.2.4.1 Object (32)2.2.2.4.2 Throwable (32)2.2.3 Optionally Supported Items (32)2.2.3.1 Integer Data Type (33)2.2.3.2 Object Deletion Mechanism (33)2.2.4 Limitations of the Java Card Virtual Machine (33)2.2.4.1 Limitations of Packages (33)2.2.4.1.1 Packages in a Java Card CAP file (33)2.2.4.1.2 Package References (33)2.2.4.1.3 Package Name (33)2.2.4.2 Limitations of Classes (34)2.2.4.2.1 Classes in a Package (34)2.2.4.2.3 Static Fields (34)2.2.4.2.4 Static Methods (34)2.2.4.3 Limitations of Objects (34)2.2.4.3.1 Methods (34)2.2.4.3.2 Class Instances (34)2.2.4.3.3 Arrays (34)2.2.4.4 Limitations of Methods (34)2.2.4.5 Limitations of Switch Statements (35)2.2.4.6 Limitations of Class Initialization (35)2.2.5 Multiselectable Applets Restrictions (35)2.2.6 Java Card Platform Remote Method Invocation (RMI) Restrictions (35)2.2.6.1 Remote Classes and Remote Interfaces (36)2.2.6.2 Access Control of Remote Interfaces (36)2.2.6.3 Parameters and Return Values (36)2.3 Java Card VM Subset (36)2.3.1 Class File Subset (37)2.3.1.1 Not Supported in Class Files (37)2.3.1.1.1 Class Access Flags (37)2.3.1.1.2 Field Descriptors (37)2.3.1.1.3 Constant Pool (37)2.3.1.1.4 Fields (37)2.3.1.1.5 Methods (37)2.3.1.2 Supported in Class Files (37)2.3.1.2.1 ClassFile (37)2.3.1.2.2 Field Descriptors (37)2.3.1.2.3 Method Descriptors (38)2.3.1.2.4 Constant Pool (38)2.3.1.2.5 Fields (38)2.3.1.2.6 Methods (38)2.3.1.2.7 Attributes (38)2.3.2 Bytecode Subset (38)2.3.2.2 Supported Bytecodes (40)2.3.2.3 Static Restrictions on Bytecodes (42)2.3.2.3.1 ldc, ldc_w (42)2.3.2.3.2 lookupswitch (42)2.3.2.3.3 tableswitch (42)2.3.2.3.4 wide (42)2.3.3 Exceptions (43)2.3.3.1 Uncaught and Uncatchable Exceptions (43)2.3.3.2 Checked Exceptions (43)2.3.3.3 Runtime Exceptions (44)2.3.3.4 Errors (44)3Structure of the Java Card Virtual Machine (46)3.1 Data Types and Values (46)3.2 Words (46)3.3 Runtime Data Areas (47)3.4 Contexts (47)3.5 Frames (47)3.6 Representation of Objects (48)3.7 Special Initialization Methods (48)3.8 Exceptions (48)3.9 Binary File Formats (48)3.10 Instruction Set Summary (48)3.10.1 Types and the Java Card Virtual Machine (49)4Binary Representation (51)4.1 Java Card Platform File Formats (51)4.1.1 Export File Format (51)4.1.2 CAP File Format (52)4.1.3 JAR File Container (52)4.2 AID-based Naming (53)4.2.1 The AID Format (53)4.2.2 AID Usage (53)4.2.2.2 Applet AID namespace (53)4.2.2.3 Package AID namespace (54)4.2.2.3 Custom Component AID namespace (54)4.3 Token-based Linking (54)4.3.1 Externally Visible Items (54)4.3.2 Private Tokens (55)4.3.3 The Export File and Conversion (55)4.3.4 References – External and Internal (55)4.3.5 Installation and Linking (56)4.3.6 Token Assignment (56)4.3.7 Token Details (56)4.3.7.1 Package (56)4.3.7.2 Classes and Interfaces (56)4.3.7.3 Static Fields (57)4.3.7.4 Static Methods and Constructors (57)4.3.7.5 Instance Fields (57)4.3.7.6 Virtual Methods (58)4.3.7.7 Interface Methods (58)4.4 Binary Compatibility (59)4.5 CAP and Package Versions (60)4.5.1 Assigning (60)4.5.2 Linking (60)5The Export File Format (62)5.1 Export File Name (62)5.2 Containment in a JAR File (62)5.3 Ownership (62)5.4 Hierarchies Represented (63)5.5 Export File (63)5.6 Constant Pool (65)5.6.1 CONSTANT_Package (65)5.6.2 CONSTANT_Classref (67)5.6.4 CONSTANT_Utf8 (68)5.7 Classes and Interfaces (68)5.8 Fields (71)5.9 Methods (73)5.10 Attributes (75)5.10.1 ConstantValue Attribute (75)6The CAP File Format (77)6.1 CAP File Overview (77)6.2 Component Model (78)6.2.1 Containment in a JAR File (79)6.2.2 Defining New Components (80)6.3 Installation (81)6.4 Header Component (81)6.5 Directory Component (85)6.6 Applet Component (90)6.7 Import Component (92)6.8 Constant Pool Component (93)6.8.1 CONSTANT_Classref (95)6.8.2 CONSTANT_InstanceFieldref, CONSTANT_VirtualMethodref, CONSTANT_SuperMethodref (96)6.8.3 CONSTANT_StaticFieldref and CONSTANT_StaticMethodref (98)6.9 Class Component (100)6.9.1 type_descriptor (102)6.9.2 interface_info, class_info_compact and class_info_extended (104)6.9.2.1 interface_info, class_info_compact and class_info_extended Shared Items (105)6.9.2.2 interface_info Items (106)6.9.2.3 class_info_compact and class_info_extended Items (107)6.9.2.4 method_block_info (111)6.9.2.5 implemented_interface_info (112)6.9.2.6 remote_interface_info (113)6.9.2.7 public_virtual_method_token_mapping (115)6.10 Method Component (116)6.10.1 method_component_block (117)6.10.2 Exception Handler Example (118)6.10.3 exception_handler_info (119)6.10.4 method_info (121)6.11 Static Field Component (123)6.12 Reference Location Component (127)6.12.1 reference_location_component_block (128)6.13 Export Component (130)6.14 Descriptor Component (133)6.14.1 package_descriptor_info (135)6.14.2 class_descriptor_info_compact and class_descriptor_info_extended (135)6.14.3 field_descriptor_info (137)6.14.4 method_descriptor_info_compact and method_descriptor_info_extended (139)6.14.5 type_descriptor_info (142)6.15 Debug Component (143)6.15.1 package_debug_info_compact and package_debug_info_extended Structures (145)6.15.2 The class_debug_info_compact and class_debug_info_extended Structures (145)6.15.2.1 The field_debug_info Structure (148)6.15.2.2 The method_debug_info_compact and method_debug_info_extended Structures (150)6.16 Static Resource Component (154)7Java Card Virtual Machine Instruction Set (157)7.1 Assumptions: The Meaning of “Must” (157)7.2 Reserved Opcodes (157)7.3 Virtual Machine Errors (157)7.4 Security Exceptions (158)7.5 The Java Card Virtual Machine Instruction Set (159)7.5.1 aaload (160)7.5.2 aastore (161)7.5.3 aconst_null (163)7.5.4 aload (163)7.5.5 aload_<n> (164)7.5.6 anewarray (165)7.5.8 arraylength (166)7.5.9 astore (166)7.5.10 astore_<n> (167)7.5.11 athrow (168)7.5.12 baload (169)7.5.13 bastore (169)7.5.14 bipush (170)7.5.15 bspush (171)7.5.16 checkcast (171)7.5.17 dup (173)7.5.18 dup_x (174)7.5.19 dup2 (175)7.5.20 getfield_<t> (175)7.5.21 getfield_<t>_this (176)7.5.22 getfield_<t>_w (178)7.5.23 getstatic_<t> (179)7.5.24 goto (180)7.5.25 goto_w (181)7.5.26 i2b (181)7.5.27 i2s (182)7.5.28 iadd (182)7.5.29 iaload (183)7.5.30 iand (184)7.5.31 iastore (184)7.5.32 icmp (185)7.5.33 iconst_<i> (186)7.5.34 idiv (186)7.5.35 if_acmp<cond> (187)7.5.36 if_acmp<cond>_w (188)7.5.37 if_scmp<cond> (189)7.5.38 if_scmp<cond>_w (189)7.5.40 if<cond>_w (191)7.5.41 ifnonnull (192)7.5.42 ifnonnull_w (193)7.5.43 ifnull (193)7.5.44 ifnull_w (194)7.5.45 iinc (194)7.5.46 iinc_w (195)7.5.47 iipush (195)7.5.48 iload (196)7.5.49 iload_<n> (197)7.5.50 ilookupswitch (197)7.5.51 imul (198)7.5.52 ineg (199)7.5.53 instanceof (200)7.5.54 invokeinterface (202)7.5.54.1 Interface Method Resolution (203)7.5.55 invokespecial (204)7.5.56 invokestatic (205)7.5.56.1 Super Method Resolution (206)7.5.57 invokevirtual (206)7.5.57.1 Virtual Method Resolution (207)7.5.58 ior (208)7.5.59 irem (208)7.5.60 ireturn (209)7.5.61 ishl (210)7.5.62 ishr (210)7.5.63 istore (211)7.5.64 istore_<n> (211)7.5.65 isub (212)7.5.66 itableswitch (213)7.5.67 iushr (214)7.5.69 jsr (215)7.5.70 new (216)7.5.71 newarray (216)7.5.72 nop (217)7.5.73 pop (218)7.5.74 pop2 (218)7.5.75 putfield_<t> (219)7.5.76 putfield_<t>_this (220)7.5.77 putfield_<t>_w (222)7.5.78 putstatic_<t> (223)7.5.79 ret (224)7.5.80 return (225)7.5.81 s2b (225)7.5.82 s2i (226)7.5.83 sadd (226)7.5.84 saload (227)7.5.85 sand (228)7.5.86 sastore (228)7.5.87 sconst_<s> (229)7.5.88 sdiv (229)7.5.89 sinc (230)7.5.90 sinc_w (231)7.5.91 sipush (231)7.5.92 sload (232)7.5.93 sload_<n> (232)7.5.94 slookupswitch (233)7.5.95 smul (234)7.5.96 sneg (234)7.5.97 sor (235)7.5.98 srem (235)7.5.99 sreturn (236)7.5.101 sshr (237)7.5.102 sspush (238)7.5.103 sstore (238)7.5.104 sstore_<n> (239)7.5.105 ssub (239)7.5.106 stableswitch (240)7.5.107 sushr (241)7.5.108 swap_x (241)7.5.109 sxor (242)8Tables of Instructions (244)8.1 Instructions by Opcode Value (244)8.2 Instructions by Opcode Mnemonic (248)Glossary (254)Annex A - Oracle Technology Network Developer License Terms (269)FiguresFigure 1-1: Java Card Application or Library Conversion (23)Figure 1-2: Java Card Application or Library Installation (24)Figure 4-1: Mapping Package Identifiers to AIDs (54)Figure 4-2: Binary Compatibility Example (59)TablesTable 2-1: Unsupported Java Constant Pool Tags (37)Table 2-2: Supported Java Constant Pool Tags (38)Table 2-3: Support of Java Checked Exceptions (43)Table 2-4: Support of Java Runtime Exceptions (44)Table 2-5: Support of Java Errors (44)Table 3-1: Type Support in the Java Card Virtual Machine Instruction Set (49)Table 3-2: Storage Types and Computational Types (50)Table 4-1: AID Format (53)Table 4-2: Token Range, Type and Scope (56)Table 4-3: Tokens For Instance Fields (57)Table 5-1: Export File Constant Pool Tags (65)Table 5-2: Export File Package Flags (66)Table 5-3: Export File Class Access and Modifier Flags (69)Table 5-4: Export File Field Access and Modifier Flags (72)Table 5-5: Export File Method Access and Modifier Flags (74)Table 6-1: CAP File Component Tags (79)Table 6-2: CAP File Component File Names (79)Table 6-3: CAP File Flags (83)Table 6-4: CAP File Constant Pool Tags (94)Table 6-5: Type Descriptor Values (102)Table 6-6: Encoded Reference Type p1.c1 (103)Table 6-7: Encoded Byte Array Type (103)Table 6-8: Encoded Reference Array Type p1.c1 (103)Table 6-9: Encoded Method Signature ()V (104)Table 6-10: Encoded Method Signature (Lp1.ci;)S (104)Table 6-11: CAP File Interface and Class Flags (106)Table 6-12: CAP File Method Flags (122)Table 6-13: Segments of a Static Field Image (124)Table 6-14: Static Field Sizes (124)Table 6-15: Array Types (126)Table 6-16: One-byte Reference Location Example (129)Table 6-17: CAP File Class Descriptor Flags (136)Table 6-18: CAP File Field Descriptor Flags (138)Table 6-19: Primitive Type Descriptor Values (139)Table 6-20: CAP File Method Descriptor Flags (140)Table 6-21: Class Access and Modifier Flags (146)Table 6-22: Field Access and Modifier Flags (149)Table 6-23: Method Modifier Flags (151)Table 7-1: Example Instruction Entry (159)Table 7-2: Array Values (172)Table 7-3: Array Values (200)Table 7-4: Array Values (217)Table 8-1: Instructions by Opcode Value (244)Table 8-2: Instructions by Opcode Mnemonic (248)PrefaceJava Card technology combines a subset of the Java programming language with a runtime environment optimized for secure elements, such as smart cards and other tamper-resistant security chips. Java Card technology offers a secure and interoperable execution platform that can store and update multiple applications on a single resource-constrained device, while retaining the highest certification levels and compatibility with standards. Java Card developers can build, test, and deploy applications and services rapidly and securely. This accelerated process reduces development costs, increases product differentiation, and enhances value to customers.The Classic Edition of the Java Card Platform is defined by three specifications:∙Virtual Machine Specification, Java Card Platform, Version 3.2, Classic Edition,∙Runtime Environment Specification, Java Card Platform, Version 3.2, Classic Edition,∙Application Programming Interface, Java Card Platform, Version 3.2, Classic Edition.This document is a specification of the Classic Edition of the Java Card Platform, Version 3.2, Virtual Machine (Java Card VM).In this book, Java Card Platform refers to version 3.2 to distinguish it from all earlier versions. A vendor of a Java Card technology-enabled device provides an implementation of the Java Card RE. An implementation within the context of this specification refers to a vendor's implementation of the Java Card Virtual Machine (or Java Card VM), the Java Card Application Programming Interface (API), or other component, based on the Java Card technology specifications. A "reference implementation" is an implementation produced by Oracle. Application software written for the Java Card platform is referred to as a Java Card technology-based applet (Java Card applet or card applet).Who Should Use This SpecificationThis specification is intended to assist implementers of the Java Card RE in creating an implementation, developing a specification to extend the Java Card technology specifications, or in creating an extension to the runtime environment for the Java Card platform. This specification is also intended for Java Card applet developers who want a greater understanding of the Java Card technology specifications.Before You Read This SpecificationBefore reading this guide, you should be familiar with the Java programming language, the other Java Card technology specifications, and smart card technology. A good resource for becoming familiar with Java technology and Java Card technology located at:/technetwork/java/javacard/overview/Shell PromptsShell PromptC shell machine-name%C shell superuser machine-name#Bourne shell and Korn shell $Bourne shell and Korn shell superuser #Typographic ConventionsThe settings on your browser might differ from these settings. Typeface Meaning ExamplesAaBbCc123 The names of commands,files, and directories; on-screen computer output Edit your .login file. Use ls -a to list all files. % You have mail.AaBbCc123 What you type, whencontrasted with on-screen computer output %su Password:AaBbCc123 Book titles, new words orterms, words to beemphasized. Replacecommand-line variableswith real names orvalues. Read Chapter 6 in the User's Guide. These are called class options. You must be superuser to do this. To delete a file, type rm filename.Related DocumentationReferences to various documents or products are made in this guide, so you might want to have them available:∙Application Programming Interface, Java Card Platform, Version 3.2, Classic Edition∙Runtime Environment Specification, Java Card Platform, Version 3.2, Classic Edition∙The Java Language Specification (https:///javase/specs/)∙ISO 7816 Specification Parts 1-6. (https://)Third-Party Web SitesOracle is not responsible for the availability of third-party web sites mentioned in this document. Oracle does not endorse and is not responsible or liable for any content, advertising, products, or other materials that are available on or through such sites or resources. Oracle will not be responsible or liable for any actual or alleged damage or loss caused by or in connection with the use of or reliance on any such content, goods, or services that are available on or through such sites or resources.Documentation AccessibilityFor information about Oracle's commitment to accessibility, visit the Oracle Accessibility Program website at:/pls/topic/lookup?ctx=acc&id=docacc.Access to Oracle SupportOracle customers that have purchased support have access to electronic support through My Oracle Support. For information, visit:/pls/topic/lookup?ctx=acc&id=infoOr, if you are hearing impaired, visit:/pls/topic/lookup?ctx=acc&id=trsOracle Welcomes Your CommentsOracle is interested in improving its documentation and welcomes your comments and suggestions.Please include the title of your document with your feedback:Virtual Machine Specification, Java Card Platform, v3.2, Classic Edition1IntroductionThis document specifies the Java Card Virtual Machine features required by the Classic Edition ofJava Card technology.∙It defines the subset of the Java Virtual Machine used for the Java Card Virtual Machine and list the supported and unsupported features.∙It defines the binary representation of the application code, the role and structure of the Export and CAP file formats and their use in the verification and linking process.∙It specifies the Java Card Virtual Machine byte-code set and its detailed behavior.1.1 MotivationJava Card technology enables programs written in the Java programming language to be run on secure elements such as smart cards and other tamper-resistant security chips. Developers can build and test programs using standard software development tools and environments, then convert them into a form that can be installed onto a Java Card technology-enabled device. Application software for the Java Card platform is called an applet, or more specifically, a Java Card applet (to distinguish it from browser applets).While Java Card technology enables programs written in the Java programming language to run on small devices such as smart cards, those are far too under-powered to support the full functionality of the Java platform. Therefore, the Java Card platform supports only a carefully chosen, customized subset of the features of the Java platform. This subset provides features that are well-suited for writing programs for small devices and preserves the object-oriented capabilities of the Java programming language.A simple approach to specifying a Java Card virtual machine would be to describe the subset of the features of the Java virtual machine that must be supported to allow for portability of source code across all Java Card technology enabled devices. Combining that subset specification and the information in Java Virtual Machine Specification, smart card and secure elements manufacturers could construct their own Java Card technology-based implementations (“Java Card implementations”). While that approach is feasible, it has a serious drawback. The resultant platform would be missing the important feature of binary portability of Java Card applets.The standards that define the Java platform allow for binary portability of Java programs across all Java platform implementations. This “write once, run anywhere” quality of Java programs is perhaps the most significant feature of the platform. Part of the motivation for the creation of the Java Cardplatform was to bring just this kind of binary portability to the embedded security and smart card industry. In a world with billions of secure elements with varying processors and configurations, the costs of supporting multiple binary formats for software distribution could be overwhelming.This Virtual Machine Specification, Java Card Platform, v3.2, Classic Edition is the key to providing binary portability. One way of understanding what this specification does is to compare it to its counterpart in the Java platform. The Java virtual machine specification defines a Java virtual machine as an engine that loads Java class files and executes them with a particular set of semantics. The class file is a central piece of the Java architecture, and it is the standard for the binary compatibility of the Java platform. The Virtual Machine Specification, Java Card Platform, v3.2, Classic Edition also defines a file format that is the standard for binary compatibility for the Java Card platform: the CAP file format is the form in which software is deployed to be loaded onto devices which implement a Java Card virtual machine.1.2 The Java Card Virtual MachineThe role of the Java Card virtual machine is best understood in the context of the process for production and deployment of software for the Java Card platform. There are several components that make up a Java Card system, including the Java Card virtual machine, the Converter for the Java Card platform (“Java Card Converter”), a terminal installation tool, and an installation program that runs on the device, as shown in Figure 1-1 and Figure 1-2.Figure 1-1: Java Card Application or Library ConversionFigure 1-2: Java Card Application or Library InstallationDevelopment of a Java Card applet begins as with any other Java program: a developer writes one or more Java classes, and compiles the source code with a Java compiler, producing one or more class files. The applet is run, tested and debugged on a workstation using simulation tools to emulate the device environment. Then, when an applet is ready to be downloaded to a device, the class files comprising the applet are converted to a CAP (converted applet) file using a Java Card Converter.The Java Card Converter takes as input all of the class files in one or more Java packages which make up a Java Card CAP file. A Java package that contains one or more non-abstract subclasses, direct or indirect, of the javacard.framework.Applet class is referred to as an applet package. Otherwise the package is referred to as a library package. A Java Card CAP file may contain only applet packages, only library packages or a combination of applet and library packages. Additionally, both applet and library packages in a Java Card CAP file can be public or private.A private library package in a Java Card CAP file is not listed in the Export Component (6.13 Export Component) of the CAP file and is therefore not visible outside the Java Card CAP file. Similarly, a private applet package in a Java Card CAP file is not listed in the Export Component (6.13 Export Component) of the CAP file, however, non-abstract direct or indirect subclasses of thejavacard.framework.Applet class are listed in the Applet Component (6.6 Applet Component) of the CAP file. For a public applet package in a Java Card CAP file, only public interfaces extending javacard.framework.Shareable are listed in the Export Component (6.13 Export Component) of the CAP file and are therefore visible outside the Java Card CAP file. For further details see The CAP File Format.The Java Card Converter also takes as input one or more export files. An export file contains name and link information for the contents of other packages that are imported by the classes being converted. The converter can also produce export files for the public applet and library packages in a CAP file.After conversion, the CAP file is copied to a terminal, such as a desktop computer with a card reader peripheral. Then an installation tool on the terminal loads the CAP file and transmits it to the Java Card technology-enabled device. An installation program on the device receives the contents of the CAP file。
计算机专业英语翻译参考
2.(P17)The most important piece of graphics hardware is the graphics card, which is the piece of equipment that renders out all images and sends them to a display. There are two types of graphics cards: integrated and dedicated. An integrated graphics card, usually by Intel for use in their computers, is bound to the motherboard and shares RAM (Random Access Memory) with the CPU, reducing the total amount of RAM available. This is undesirable for running programs and applications that use a large amount of video memory. A dedicated graphics card has its own RAM and Processor for generating its images, and does not slow down the computer. Dedicated graphics cards also have higher performance than integrated graphics cards. It is possible to have both dedicated and integrated graphicscard, however once a dedicated graphics card is installed, the integrated card will no longer function until the dedicated card is removed.
TCP端口号对照表
1=tcpmux2=compressnet3=compressnet4=Unassigned5=Remote Job Entr6=Unassigned7=Echo8=Unassigned9=Discard10=Unassigned11=Active Users12=Unassigned13=Daytime14=Unassigned15=Unassigned16=Unassigned17=Quote of the Day18=Message Send Protocol19=Character Generator20=FTP (Data)21=FTP (Control)22=Unassigned23=Telnet24=Private mail-system25=SMTP26=Unassigned27=NSW User System FE28=Unassigned29=MSG ICP30=Unassigned31=MSG Authentication32=Unassigned33=Display Support Protocol 34=Unassigned35=Private printer server36=Unassigned37=Time38=Route Access Protocol39=Resource Location Protocol 40=Unassigned41=Graphics42=Host Name Server43=Who Is44=MPM FLAGS Protocol45=Message Processing Module (recv)46=mpm-snd, MPM (default send)47=ni-ftp48=Digital Audit Daemon49=login, Login Host Protocol50=re-mail-ck, Remote Mail Checking Protocol 51=IMP Logical Address Maintenance52=xns-time, XNS Time Protocol53=domain, Domain Name Server54=xns-ch, XNS Clearinghouse55=ISI Graphics Language56=XNS Authentication57=Private terminal access58=XNS Mail59=Private file service60=Unassigned61=NI MAIL62=ACA Services63=Unassigned64=Communications Integrator (CI)65=TACACS-Database Service66=Oracle SQL*NET67=Bootstrap Protocol Server68=Bootstrap Protocol Client69=Trivial File Transfer70=Gophergopher71=Remote Job Service72=Remote Job Service73=Remote Job Service74=Remote Job Service75=any private dial out service76=Distributed External Object Store77=any private RJE service78=vettcpvettcp79=Finger server80=81=HOSTS2 Name Server82=XFER Utility83=MIT ML Device84=Common Trace Facility85=MIT ML Device86=Micro Focus Cobol87=Private terminal link88=Kerberos89=SU/MIT Telnet Gateway90=DNSIX Securit Attribute Token Map91=MIT Dover Spooler92=Network Printing Protocol93=Device Control Protocol94=Tivoli Object Dispatcher95=SUPDUPsupdup96=DIXIE Protocol Specification97=Swift Remote Vitural File Protocol98=TAC Newstacnews99=Metagram Relay100=newacct [unauthorized use]101=NIC Host Name Server102=ISO-TSAP103=Genesis Point-to-Point Trans Net104=ACR-NEMA Digital Imag. & Comm. 300 105=Mailbox Name Nameserver106=3COM-TSMUX3com-tsmux107=Remote Telnet Service108=SNA Gateway Access Server109=Post Office Protocol - Version 2110=Post Office Protocol - Version 3111=SUN RPC112=McIDAS Data Transmission Protocol 113=Authentication Service114=Audio News Multicast115=Simple File Transfer Protocol116=ANSA REX Notify117=UUCP Path Service118=SQL Servicessqlserv119=Network News Transfer Protocol120=CFDPTKTcfdptkt121=Encore Expedited Remote Pro.Call 122=SMAKYNETsmakynet123=Network Time Protocol124=ANSA REX Trader125=Locus PC-Interface Net Map Ser126=Unisys Unitary Login127=Locus PC-Interface Conn Server128=GSS X License Verification129=Password Generator Protocol130=cisco FNATIVE131=cisco TNATIVE132=cisco SYSMAINT133=Statistics Service134=INGRES-NET Service135=Location Service136=PROFILE Naming System137=NETBIOS Name Service138=NETBIOS Datagram Service139=NETBIOS Session Service140=EMFIS Data Service141=EMFIS Control Service142=Britton-Lee IDM143=Interim Mail Access Protocol v2144=NewSnews145=UAAC Protocoluaac146=ISO-IP0iso-tp0147=ISO-IPiso-ip148=CRONUS-SUPPORT149=AED 512 Emulation Service150=SQL-NET sql-net151=HEMShems152=Background File Transfer Program153=SGMPsgmp154=NETSCnetsc-prod155=NETSCnetsc-dev156=SQL Service157=KNET/VM Command/Message Protocol 158=PCMail Serverpcmail-srv159=NSS-Routingnss-routing160=SGMP-TRAPSsgmp-traps161=SNMP162=SNMP TRAP163=CMIP/TCP Manager164=CMIP/TCP Agent165=Xeroxxns-courier166=Sirius Systems167=NAMPnamp168=RSVDrsvd169=Send170=Network PostScript170=Network PostScript171=Network Innovations Multiplex172=Network Innovations CL/1173=Xyplexxyplex-mux174=MAILQ175=VMNET176=GENRAD-MUXgenrad-mux177=X Display Manager Control Protocol178=NextStep Window Server179=Border Gateway Protocol180=Intergraphris181=Unifyunify182=Unisys Audit SITP183=OCBinderocbinder184=OCServerocserver185=Remote-KIS186=KIS Protocolkis187=Application Communication Interface 188=Plus Five's MUMPS189=Queued File Transport189=Queued File Transport190=Gateway Access Control Protocol190=Gateway Access Control Protocol191=Prospero Directory Service191=Prospero Directory Service192=OSU Network Monitoring System193=srmp, Spider Remote Monitoring Protocol 194=irc, Internet Relay Chat Protocl195=DNSIX Network Level Module Audit196=DNSIX Session Mgt Module Audit Redir 197=Directory Location Service198=Directory Location Service Monitor199=SMUX200=IBM System Resource Controller201=at-rtmp AppleTalk Routing Maintenance 202=at-nbp AppleTalk Name Binding203=at-3 AppleTalk Unused204=AppleT alk Echo205=AppleT alk Unused206=AppleT alk Zone Information207=AppleT alk Unused208=AppleT alk Unused209=Trivial Authenticated Mail Protocol210=ANSI Z39.50z39.50211=Texas Instruments 914C/G Terminal212=ATEXSSTRanet213=IPX214=VM PWSCSvmpwscs215=Insignia Solutions216=Access Technology License Server217=dBASE Unix218=Netix Message Posting Protocol219=Unisys ARPsuarps220=Interactive Mail Access Protocol v3 221=Berkeley rlogind with SPX auth222=Berkeley rshd with SPX auth223=Certificate Distribution Center224=Reserved (224-241)241=Reserved (224-241)242=Unassigned#243=Survey Measurement244=Unassigned#245=LINKlink246=Display Systems Protocol247-255 Reserved256-343 Unassigned344=Prospero Data Access Protocol345=Perf Analysis Workbench346=Zebra serverzserv347=Fatmen Serverfatserv348=Cabletron Management Protocol349-370 Unassigned371=Clearcaseclearcase372=Unix Listservulistserv373=Legent Corporation374=Legent Corporation375=Hasslehassle376=Amiga Envoy Network Inquiry Proto 377=NEC Corporation378=NEC Corporation379=TIA/EIA/IS-99 modem client380=TIA/EIA/IS-99 modem server381=hp performance data collector382=hp performance data managed node 383=hp performance data alarm manager 384=A Remote Network Server System 385=IBM Application386=ASA Message Router Object Def. 387=Appletalk Update-Based Routing Pro. 388=Unidata LDM Version 4389=Lightweight Directory Access Protocol 390=UISuis391=SynOptics SNMP Relay Port392=SynOptics Port Broker Port393=Data Interpretation System394=EMBL Nucleic Data Transfer395=NETscout Control Protocol396=Novell Netware over IP397=Multi Protocol Trans. Net.398=Kryptolankryptolan399=Unassigned#400=Workstation Solutions401=Uninterruptible Power Supply402=Genie Protocol403=decapdecap404=ncednced405=ncldncld406=Interactive Mail Support Protocol407=Timbuktutimbuktu408=Prospero Resource Manager Sys. Man. 409=Prospero Resource Manager Node Man. 410=DECLadebug Remote Debug Protocol411=Remote MT Protocol412=Trap Convention Port413=SMSPsmsp414=InfoSeekinfoseek415=BNetbnet416=Silverplattersilverplatter417=Onmuxonmux418=Hyper-Ghyper-g419=Arielariel1420=SMPTEsmpte421=Arielariel2422=Arielariel3423=IBM Operations Planning and Control Start 424=IBM Operations Planning and Control Track 425=ICADicad-el426=smartsdpsmartsdp427=Server Location429=OCS_AMU430=UTMPSDutmpsd431=UTMPCDutmpcd432=IASDiasd433=NNSPnnsp434=MobileIP-Agent435=MobilIP-MN436=DNA-CMLdna-cml437=comscmcomscm439=dasp, Thomas Obermair440=sgcpsgcp441=decvms-sysmgtdecvms-sysmgt442=cvc_hostdcvc_hostd443= s444=Simple Network Paging Protocol445=Microsoft-DS446=DDM-RDBddm-rdb447=DDM-RFMddm-dfm448=DDM-BYTEddm-byte449=AS Server Mapper450=TServertserver512=exec, Remote process execution513=login, remote login514=cmd, exec with auto auth.514=syslog515=Printer spooler516=Unassigned517=talk519=unixtime520=extended file name server521=Unassigned522=Unassigned523=Unassigned524=Unassigned526=newdate530=rpc courier531=chatconference532=readnewsnetnews533=for emergency broadcasts539=Apertus Technologies Load Determination 540=uucp541=uucp-rlogin542=Unassigned543=klogin544=kshell545=Unassigned546=Unassigned547=Unassigned548=Unassigned549=Unassigned550=new-who551=Unassigned552=Unassigned553=Unassigned554=Unassigned555=dsf556=remotefs557-559=rmonitor560=rmonitord561=dmonitor562=chcmd563=Unassigned564=plan 9 file service565=whoami566-569 Unassigned570=demonmeter571=udemonmeter572-599 Unassigned ipc server600=Sun IPC server607=nqs606=Cray Unified Resource Manager608=Sender-Initiated/Unsolicited File Transfer 609=npmp-trapnpmp-trap610=npmp-localnpmp-local611=npmp-guinpmp-gui634=ginadginad666=Doom Id Software704=errlog copy/server daemon709=EntrustManager729=IBM NetView DM/6000 Server/Client 730=IBM NetView DM/6000 send/tcp731=IBM NetView DM/6000 receive/tcp741=netGWnetgw742=Network based Rev. Cont. Sys.744=Flexible License Manager747=Fujitsu Device Control748=Russell Info Sci Calendar Manager749=kerberos administration751=pump752=qrh754=send758=nlogin759=con760=ns762=quotad763=cycleserv765=webster767=phonephonebook769=vid771=rtip772=cycleserv2774=acmaint_dbd775=acmaint_transd780=wpgs786=Concertconcert800=mdbs_daemon996=Central Point Software997=maitrd999=puprouter1023=Reserved1024=Reserved1025=network blackjack1030=BBN IAD1031=BBN IAD1032=BBN IAD1067=Installation Bootstrap Proto. Serv. 1068=Installation Bootstrap Proto. Cli. 1080=SOCKS1083=Anasoft License Manager1084=Anasoft License Manager1155=Network File Access1222=SNI R&D network1248=hermes1346=Alta Analytics License Manager 1347=multi media conferencing1347=multi media conferencing1348=multi media conferencing1349=Registration Network Protocol 1350=Registration Network Protocol 1351=Digital Tool Works (MIT)1352=/Lotus Notelotusnote1353=Relief Consulting1354=RightBrain Software1355=Intuitive Edge1356=CuillaMartin Company1357=Electronic PegBoard1358=CONNLCLIconnlcli1359=FTSRVftsrv1360=MIMERmimer1361=LinX1362=TimeFliestimeflies1363=Network DataMover Requester1364=Network DataMover Server1365=Network Software Associates1366=Novell NetWare Comm Service Platform 1367=DCSdcs1368=ScreenCastscreencast1369=GlobalView to Unix Shell1370=Unix Shell to GlobalView1371=Fujitsu Config Protocol1372=Fujitsu Config Protocol1373=Chromagrafxchromagrafx1374=EPI Software Systems1375=Bytexbytex1376=IBM Person to Person Software1377=Cichlid License Manager1378=Elan 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port2009=whosockami2010=pipe_server2011=raid2012=raid-ac2013=rad-am2015=raid-cs2016=bootserver2017=terminaldb2018=rellpack2019=about2019=xinupageserver2020=xinupageserver2021=xinuexpansion12021=down2022=xinuexpansion22023=xinuexpansion32023=xinuexpansion42024=xinuexpansion42025=xribs2026=scrabble2027=shadowserver2028=submitserver2039=device22032=blackboard2033=glogger2034=scoremgr2035=imsldoc2038=objectmanager2040=lam2041=interbase2042=isis2043=isis-bcast2044=primsl2045=cdfunc2047=dls2048=dls-monitor2065=Data Link Switch Read Port Number 2067=Data Link Switch Write Port Number 2201=Advanced Training System Program 2500=Resource Tracking system server 2501=Resource Tracking system client2564=HP 3000 NS/VT block mode telnet2784=world wide web - development3049=ccmail3264=ccmail, cc:mail/lotus3333=dec-notes3984=MAPPER network node manager3985=MAPPER TCP/IP server3986=MAPPER workstation server3421=Bull Apprise portmapper3900=Unidata UDT OS4132=NUTS Daemonnuts_dem4133=NUTS Bootp Server4343=UNICALL4444=KRB5244672=remote file access server5002=radio free ethernet5010=T elepathStarttelelpathstart5011=TelepathAttack5050=multimedia conference control tool5145=rmonitor_secure5190=aol, America-Online5300=HA cluster heartbeat5301=hacl-gs # HA cluster general services5302=HA cluster configuration5303=hacl-probe HA cluster probing5305=hacl-test6000-6063=x11 X Window System6111=sub-process HP SoftBench Sub-Process Control 6141/=meta-corp Meta Corporation License Manager 6142=aspentec-lm Aspen Technology License Manager 6143=watershed-lm Watershed License Manager6144=statsci1-lm StatSci License Manager - 16145=statsci2-lm StatSci License Manager - 26146=lonewolf-lm Lone Wolf Systems License Manager 6147=montage-lm Montage License Manager7000=afs3-fileserver file server itself7001=afs3-callback callbacks to cache managers7002=afs3-prserver users & groups database7003=afs3-vlserver volume location database7004=afs3-kaserver AFS/Kerberos authentication service 7005=afs3-volser volume managment server7006=afs3-errors error interpretation service7007=afs3-bos basic overseer process7008=afs3-update server-to-server updater7009=afs3-rmtsys remote cache manager service7010=ups-online onlinet uninterruptable power supplies7100=X Font Service7200=FODMS FLIP8010=Wingate8181=IMail9535=man常用端口号对照表-- 常用端口对照详解现在木马，黑客一堆，防护好自己的电脑非常重要dos命令netstat比较好用，能比较全的看到自己开放的端口及状态一般我用netstat －a端口：0服务：Reserved说明：通常用于分析操作系统。
计算机专业英语单词
计算机专业英语单词计算机专业英语单词计算机专业英语词汇指与计算机硬件、软件、网络等多方面有关的英语词汇，主要包括硬件基础、计算机系统维护、计算机网络基础、软件、程序设计语言、计算机网络技术、IT职场英语等词汇。
下面为大家带来计算机专业英语单词，快来看看吧。
计算机专业英语单词1-10 第一单元Processor 处理机Primary storage 主存储器 bit 位hearsay 传说CPU 中英处理器control unit 控制部件arithmetic and logic unit 算术逻辑部件 integral parts 不可缺的部件 tape and disk磁带和磁盘DRAM动态随机存储器 SRAM静态随机存储器 Register 寄存器a state of the art 目前工艺水平 chip 芯片VDT 视频显示终端secondary storage 辅助存储器at a premium非常珍贵reallocate 重新分配capacity 容量coaxial cable 同轴电缆program and data 程序和数据 instruction 指令location 单元RAM随机存取存储器 Hardwired 硬连线EPROM可擦可编程只读存储器 Cache 高速缓存Throughput 吞吐量read-mostly 以读为主EEPROM电可擦编程ROM Nonvolatility 非易失性Updatable 可修改的 in place 在适当的地方 semiconductor 半导体 flash memory 闪存functionality 功能byte-level 字节级be referred to as 称作 virtually 事实上house 存放expansion 扩充peripheral 外围的slot 插槽power supply 电源 system board 系统板 storage bay 存储机架floppy 软盘第二单元optical laser disk 光盘 laser beam激光束 score 刻痕microscopic pit 微小的凹点 light-sensitive 光敏感的 deflect 偏转access arm存取臂 inviting 令人心动的 fluctuation 波动 emerge 显现stabilize 稳定gigabyte 千兆字节 cd 光盘magneto-optical disk 磁光盘 entrepreneur 企业家video 视频的拓展阅读：A(Active-matrix)主动矩阵(Adapter cards)适配卡(Advanced application)高级应用(Analytical graph)分析图表(Analyze)分析(Animations)动画(Application software) 应用软件(Arithmetic operations)算术运算(Audio-output device)音频输出设备(Access time)存取时间(access)存取(accuracy)准确性(ad network cookies)广告网络信息记录软件(administrator)管理员(Add-ons)插件(Address)地址(Agents)代理(Analog signals)模拟信号(Applets)程序(Asynchronous communications port)异步通信端口(Attachment)附件AGP(accelerated graphics port)加速图形接口ALU (arithmetic-logic unit)算术逻辑单元AAT(Average Access Time) 平均存取时间ACL(Access Control Lists)访问控制表ACK(acknowledgement character)确认字符ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface)高级配置和电源接口ADC(Analog to Digital Converter)模数转换器ADSL(Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)非对称用户数字线路ADT(Abstract Data Type)抽象数据类型AGP(Accelerated Graphics Port)图形加速端口AI(Artif icial Intelligence)人工智能AIFF(Audio Image File Format)声音图像文件格式ALU(Arithmetic Logical Unit) 算术逻辑单元AM(Amplitude Modulation)调幅ANN(Artificial Neural Network)人工神经网络ANSI(American National Standard Institute)美国国家标准协会API(Application Programming Interface)应用程序设计接口APPN(Advanced Peer-to-Peer Network)高级对等网络ARP(Address Resolution Protocol)地址分辨/ 转换协议ARPG(Action Role Playing Game)动作角色扮演游戏ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)美国信息交换标准代码ASP(Active Server Page)活动服务器网页ASP(Application Service Provider)应用服务提供商AST(Average Seek Time)平均访问时间ATM(asynchronous transfer mode)异步传输模式ATR (Automatic Target Recognition) 自动目标识别AVI (Audio Video Interleaved)声音视频接口B(Bar code)条形码(Bar code reader)条形码读卡器(Basic application)基础程序(Binary coding schemes)二进制编码方案(Binary system)二进制系统(Bit)比特(Browser)浏览器(Bus line)总线(Backup tape cartridge units)备份磁带盒单元(Bandwidth)带宽(Bluetooth)蓝牙(Broadband)宽带(Bus)总线B2B(Busines s to Business)商业机构对商业机构的电子商务B2C(Business to Consumer)商业机构对消费者的电子商务BBS(bulletin board system)电子公告牌系统BER(Bit Error Rate)误码率BFS (Breadth First Search) 广度优先搜索BGP(Border Gateway Protocol)边缘网关协议BIOS(basic input/output system)基本输入输出系统BISDN(Broadband- Integrated Services Digital Network)宽带综合业务数字网BLU(Basic Link Unit)基本链路单元BOF(Beginning Of File)文件开头BPS(Bits Per Second)每秒比特数BRI(Basic Rate Interface)基本速率接口BSP(Byte Stream Protocol)字节流协议BSS(Broadband Switching System)宽带交换系统C(Cables)连线(Cell)单元箱(Chain printer)链式打印机(Character and recognition device)字符标识识别设备(Chart)图表(Chassis)支架(Chip)芯片(Clarity)清晰度(Closed architecture)封闭式体系结构(Column)列(Combination key)结合键(computer competency)计算机能力(connectivity)连接，结点(Continuous-speech recognition system)连续语言识别系统(Control unit)操纵单元(Cordless or wireless mouse)无线鼠标(Cable modems)有线调制解调器(Channel)信道(Chat group)谈话群组(Client)客户端(Coaxial cable)同轴电缆(cold site)冷网站(Commerce servers)商业服务器(Communication channel)信道(Communication systems)信息系统CD(Compact disc)光盘(computer abuse amendments act of 19941994)计算机滥用法案(computer crime)计算机犯罪(computer ethics)计算机道德(computer fraud and abuse act of 1986)计算机欺诈和滥用法案(computer matching and privacy protection act of 1988)计算机查找和隐私保护法案(Computer network)计算机网络(computer support specialist)计算机支持专家(computer technician)计算机技术人员(computer trainer)计算机教师(Connection device)连接设备(Connectivity)连接(cookies-cutter programs)信息记录截取程序(cookies)信息记录程序(cracker)解密高手(Cyber cash)电子货币(Cyberspace)计算机空间(chart)图表(closed architecture )封闭式体系结构C2C(Consumer-to-consumer)个人对个人CPU (central processing unit)中央处理器CISC (complex instruction set computer)复杂指令集计算机CRT( cathode-ray tube)阴极射线管AD(Computer Aided Design)计算机辅助设计CAE(Computer-Aided Engineering)计算机辅助工程CAI(Computer Aided Instruction)计算机辅助教学CAM(Computer Aided Manufacturing)计算机辅助管理CASE(Computer Assisted Software Engineering)计算机辅助软件工程CAT(Computer Aided Test)计算机辅助测试CATV(Community Antenna Television)有线电视CB(control bus)控制总线CCP(Communication Control Procrssor)通信控制处理机CD(Compact Disc)压缩光盘，只读光盘CD-R(Compact Disc-Recordable)可录光盘，只写一次的光盘CDFS(Compact Disk File System)密集磁盘文件系统CDMA(Code Division Multiple Access)码分多路访问CD-MO(Compact Disc-Magneto Optical)磁光式光盘CD-ROM(compact disc read-only memory)只读光盘CD-RW(compact disc rewritable)可读写光盘CGA(Color Graphics Adapter)彩色显示器CGI(common gateway interface)公共网关接口CI(Computational Intelligence)计算智能CISC(Complex Instruction Set Computer) 复杂指令集计算机CMOS(Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor)互补金属氧化物半导体存储器COM(Component object model)组件对象模型CORBA(Common Object Request Broker Architecture)公共对象请求代理结构CPU(central proces sing unit)中央处理单元CRC(cyclical redundancy check)循环冗余校验码CRM(Client Relation Management)客户关系管理CRT(Cathode-Ray Tube)阴极射线管,显示器CSMA(Carrier Sense Multi -Access)载波侦听多路访问CSU(Channel Service Unit)信道服务单元CU(Control Unit)控制单元DDB(Database)数据库(database files)数据库文件(Database manager)数据库管理DBMS(Database manager system)数据库管理系统(Data bus)数据总线(Data projector)数码放映机(Desktop system unit)台式电脑系统单元(Destination file)目标文件(Digital cameras)数码照相机(Digital notebooks)数字笔记本(Digital video camera)数码摄影机(Discrete-speech recognition system)不连续语言识别系统(Document)文档(document files)文档文件(Dot-matrix printer)点矩阵式打印机(Dual-scan monitor)双向扫描显示器(Dumb terminal)非智能终端(data security)数据安全(Data transmission specifications)数据传输说明(database administrator)数据库管理员(Data play)数字播放器(Demodulation)解调(denial of service attack)拒绝服务攻击(Dial-up service)拨号服务(Digital cash)数字现金(Digital signals)数字信号(Digital subscriber line)数字用户线路(Digital versatile disc)数字化通用磁盘(Digital video disc)数字化视频光盘(Direct access)直接存取(Directory search)目录搜索(disaster recovery plan)灾难恢复计划(Disk caching)磁盘驱动器高速缓存(Diskette)磁盘(Disk)磁碟(Distributed data processing system)分部数据处理系统(Distributed processing)分布处理(Domain code)域代码(Downloading)下载DVD(Digital Versatile Disc)数字多功能光盘DVD-R(DVD-Recordable)可写DVDDVD-RAM(DVD- Random Access Memory)DVD随机存取器DNS(Domain name system)域名服务器DAC(Digital to Analogue Converter)数模转换器DAO(Data Access Object)数据访问对象DAP(Directory Acces s Protocol)目录访问协议DBMS(Database Management System)数据库管理系统DCE(data communication equipment)数据通信设备DCE(Distributed Computing Environment)分布式计算环境DCOM(Distributed COM)分布式组件对象模型DDB(Distributed DataBase)分布式数据库DDE(Dynamic Data Exchange)动态数据交换DDI(Device Driver Interface)设备驱动程序接口DDK(Driver Development Kit)驱动程序开发工具包DDN(Data Digital Network)数据数字网DEC(Digital Equipment Corporation)数字设备公司DES(Data Encryption Standard)数据加密标准DFS(Depth First Search) 深度优先搜索DFS(Distributed File System)分布式文件系统DHCP(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)动态主机配置协议DIB(Dual Independent Bus)双独立总线DIC(Digital Image Control)数字图像控制DLC(Data Link Control)数据链路控制DLL(Dynamic Link Library)动态链接库DLT(Data Link Terminal)数据链路终端DMA(Direct Memory Access)直接内存访问DMSP(Distributed Mail System Protocol)分布式电子邮件系统协议DNS(Domain Name System)域名系统DOM(Document Object Mode)文档对象模型DOS(Disk Operation System)磁盘操作系统DQDB(Distributed Queue Dual Bus)分布式队列双总线DRAM(Dynamic Random Access Memory)动态随机存取存储器DSD(Direct Stream Digital)直接数字信号流DSL(Digital Subscriber Line)数字用户线路DSM(Distributed Shared Memory)分布式共享内存DSP(Digital Signal Processing)数字信号处理DTE(Data Terminal Equipment)数据终端设备DVD(Digital Versatile Disc)数字多功能盘DVD-ROM(DVD-Read Only Memory)计算机用只读光盘DVI(Digital Video Interactive)数字视频交互E(e-book)电子阅读器(Expansion cards)扩展卡(end user)终端用户(e-cash)电子现金(e-commerce)电子商务(electronic cash)电子现金(electronic commerce)电子商务(electronic communications privacy act of1986)电子通信隐私法案(encrypting)加密术(energy star)能源之星(Enterprise computing)企业计算化(environment)环境(Erasable optical disks)可擦除式光盘(ergonomics)人类工程学(ethics)道德规范(External modem)外置调制解调器(extranet)企业外部网EC(Embedded Controller)嵌入式控制器EDIF(Electronic Data Interchange Format)电子数据交换格式EEPROM(Erasable and Electrically Programmable ROM)电擦除可编程只读存储器EGA(Enhanced Graphics Adapter)彩色显示器,分辨率为640×350 ,可以显示 16 种颜色EGP(External Gateway Protocol)外部网关协议EISA(Extended Industry Standard Architecture)增强工业标准结构EMS(Expanded Memory Specification)扩充存储器规范EPH(Electronic payment Handler)电子支付处理系统EPROM(Erasable Programmable ROM)可擦除可编程只读存储器ERP(Enterprise Resource Planning)企业资源计划ETM(ExTended Memory)扩展存储器F(Fax machine)传真机(Field)域(Find)搜索(FireWire port)火线端口(Firmware)固件(Flash RAM)闪存(Flatbed scanner)台式扫描器(Flat-panel monitor)纯平显示器(floppy disk)软盘(Formatting toolbar)格式化工具条(Formula)公式(Forum)论坛(Function)函数(fair credit reporting act of 1970)公平信用报告法案(Fiber-optic cable)光纤电缆(File compression)文件压缩(File decompression)文件解压缩(filter)过滤(firewall)防火墙(firewall)防火墙(Fixed disk)固定硬盘(Flash memory)闪存(Flexible disk)可折叠磁盘(Floppies)磁盘(Floppy-disk cartridge)磁盘盒(Formatting)格式化(freedom of information act of 1970)信息自由法案(frequency)频率(frustrated)受挫折(Full-duplex communication)全双通通信FAT(File Allocation Table)文件分配表FCB(File Control Block)文件控制块FCFS(First Come First Service)先到先服务FCS(Frame Check Sequence)帧校验序列FDD(Floppy Disk Device)软盘驱动器FDDI(Fiber-optic Data Distribution Inter face)光纤数据分布接口FDM(Frequency-Division Multiplexing)频分多路FDMA(Frequency Division Multiple Address)频分多址FEC(Forward Error Correction) 前向纠错FEK(File Encryption Key)文件密钥FEP(Front Ef fect Processor)前端处理机FET(Field Effect Transistor)场效应晶体管FIFO(First In First Out)先进先出FM(Frequency Modulation)频率调制FPU(Float Point Unit)浮点部件FRC(Frame Rate Control)帧频控制FTAM(File Transfer Access and Management)文件传输访问和管理FTP(File Transfer Protocol)文件传输协议G(General-purpose application)通用运用程序(Gigahertz)千兆赫(Graphic tablet)绘图板(green pc)绿色个人计算机(Group by) 排序GAL(General Array Logic)通用逻辑阵列GCR(Group-Coded Recording)成组编码记录GDI(Graphics Device Interface)图形设备接口GIF(Graphics Interchange Format)一种图片文件格式,图形转换格式GIS(Geographic Information System)地理信息系统GPI(Graphical Programming Interface)图形编程接口GPIB(General Purpose Interface Bus)通用接口总线GPS(Global Positioning System)全球定位系统GSX(Graphics System Extension)图形系统扩展GUI(Graphical User Interface)图形用户接口H(handheld computer)手提电脑(Hard copy)硬拷贝(hard disk)硬盘(hardware)硬件(Help)帮助(Host computer)主机(Home page)主页(Hyperlink)超链接(hacker)黑客(Half-duplex communication)半双通通信(Hard-disk cartridge)硬盘盒(Hard-disk pack)硬盘组(Head crash)磁头碰撞(header)标题(help desk specialist)帮助办公专家(helper applications)帮助软件(Hierarchical network)层次型网络(history file)历史文件(hits)匹配记录(horizontal portal)横向用户(hot site)热网站(Hybrid network)混合网络HPSB (high performance serial bus)高性能串行总线HDTV(high-definition television)高清晰度电视HDC(Hard Disk Control)硬盘控制器HDD(Hard Disk Drive)硬盘驱动器HDLC(High-level Data Link Control)高级数据链路控制HEX(HEXadecimal)十六进制HPFS(High Performance File System)高性能文件系统HPSB(High Performance Serial Bus)高性能串行总线HTML(Hyper Text Markup Language)超文本标记语言HTTP(Hyper Text Transport Protocol)超文本传输协议I(Image capturing device)图像获取设备IT(information technology)信息技术(Ink-jet printer)墨水喷射印刷机(Integrated package)综合性组件(Intelligent termina)l智能终端设备(Intergrated circuit)集成电路(implements )实现接口(Interface cards)接口卡(Internal modem)内部调制解调器(internet telephony)网络电话(internet terminal)互联网终端(Identification)识别(i-drive)网络硬盘驱动器(illusion of anonymity)匿名幻想(index search)索引搜索(information pushers)信息推送器(initializing )初始化(instant messaging)计时信息(internal hard disk)内置硬盘(Internet hard drive) 网络硬盘驱动器(intranet)企业内部网ISA (industry standard architecture)工业标准结构体系IRC(internet relay chat)互联网多线交谈IAC(Inter-Application Communications)应用间通信IC(Integrated Circuit)集成电路ICMP(Internet Control Mes sage Protocol)因特网控制消息协议ICP(Internet Content Provider)因特网内容服务提供商,是 ISP中提供信息服务的一种机构IDC(International Development Center)国际开发中心IDE(Integrated Development Environment)集成开发环境IDL(Interface Definition Language)接口定义语言IEEE(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering)电子电器工程师协会IGP(Interior Gateway Protocol)内部网关协议IIS(Internet Information Service)因特网信息服务IP(Internet Protocol)因特网协议IPC(Inter-Process Communication)进程间通信IPSE(Integrated Project Support Environments)集成工程支持环境IPX(Internet Packer Exchitecture)互联网报文分组交换ISA(Industry Standard Architecture)工业标准结构,是 IBM PC/ XT总线标准ISDN(Integrated Service Digital Network)综合业务数字网ISO(International Standard Organization)国际标准化组织ISP(Internet Service Provider)因特网服务提供者ITU(International Telecom Union)国际电信联盟J(joystick)操纵杆JDBC(Java Database Connectivity) J ava数据库互联JPEG(Joint Photographic Experts Group)联合图片专家组JSP(Java Server Page) Java 服务器页面技术JVM(Java Virtual Machine)Java虚拟机K(keyword search)关键字搜索KB(Kilobyte)千字节KBPS(Kilobits Per Second)每秒千比特KMS(Knowledge Management System)知识管理系统L(laser printer)激光打印机(Layout files)版式文件(Light pen)光笔(Locate)定位(Logical operations)逻辑运算(Lands)凸面(Line of sight communication)视影通信(Low bandwidth)低带宽(lurking)潜伏LCD (liquid crystal display monitor)液晶显示器LAN(Local Area Network)局域网LBA(Logical Block Addressing)逻辑块寻址LCD(Liquid Crystal Display)液晶显示器LDT(Logic Design Translator)逻辑设计翻译程序LED(Light Emitting Diode)发光二极管LIFO(Last In First Out)后进先出LP(Linear Programming)线性规划LPC(Local Procedure Call)局部过程调用LSIC(Large Scale Integration Circuit)大规模集成电路M(Main board)主板(Mark sensing)标志检测(Mechanical mouse)机械鼠标(Memory)内存(Menu)菜单(Menu bar)菜单栏(Microprocessor)微处理器(Microseconds)微秒(Modem card)调制解调器(Monitor)显示器(Motherboard)主板(Mouse) 鼠标(Multifunctional device)多功能设备(Magnetic tape reels)磁带卷(Magnetic tape streamers)磁带条(mailing list)邮件列表(Medium band)媒质带宽(metasearch engine)整合搜索引擎(Microwave)微波(Modem)解调器(Modulation)解调MAN(Metropolitan area network)城域网MICR(magnetic-ink character recognition)磁墨水字符识别器MAC(Medium Access Control)介质访问控制MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)城域网MBR(Master Boot Record)主引导记录MC(Memory Card)存储卡片MCA(Micro Channel Architecture)微通道结构MDA(Monochrome Display Adapter)单色显示适配卡MFM(Modified Frequency Modulation)改进调频制MIB(Management Information Bass)管理信息库MIDI(Musical Instrument Digital Interface) 乐器数字接口MIMD(Multiple Instruction Stream,Multiple Data Stream)多指令流,多数据流MIPS(Million Instructions Per Second)每秒百万条指令MIS(Management Information System)管理信息系统MISD(Multiple Instruction Stream,Single Data Stream)多指令流,单数据流MMDS(Multi-channel Multipoint Distribution Service)多波段多点分发服务器MMU(Memory Management Unit)内存管理单元MPC(Multimedia PC)多媒体计算机MPEG(Moving Picture Expert Group) 一种视频和音频的.国际标准格式MPLS(Multi-Protocol Label Switching)多协议标记交换MPS(Micro Processor System)微处理器系列MTBF(Mean Time Between Failures)平均故障间隔时间MUD(Multiple User Dimension)多用户空间N(Net PC)网络计算机(Network adapter card)网卡(Network personal computer)网络个人电脑(Network terminal)网络终端(Notebook computer)笔记本电脑(Notebook system unit)笔记本系统单元(Numeric entry)数字输入(national information infrastructure protection act of1996)国际信息保护法案(national service provider)全国性服务供应商(Network architecture)网络体系结构(Network bridge)网桥(Network gateway)网关(network manager)网络管理员(newsgroup)新闻组(no electronic theft act of1997)无电子盗窃法(Node)节点(Nonvolatile storage)非易失性存储NOS(Network operation system)网络操作系统NAOC(No-Account Over Clock)无效超频NAT(Network Address Translation) 网络地址转换NC(Network Computer)网络计算机NDIS(Network Device Interface Speci fication)网络设备接口规范NCM(Neural Cognitive Maps)神经元认知图NFS(Network File System)网络文件系统NIS(Network Information Services)网络信息服务NNTP(Network News Transfer Protocol)网络新闻传输协议NOC(Network Operations Center) 网络操作中心NSP(Name Server Protocol)名字服务器协议NTP(Network Time Protocol)网络时间协议NUI(network user identification)网络用户标识O(Object embedding)对象嵌入(Object linking)目标链接(Open architecture)开放式体系结构OS(Operation System)操作系统(Optical disk)光盘(Optical mouse)光电鼠标(Optical scanner)光电扫描仪(Outline)大纲(off-line browsers)离线浏览器(Online storage)联机存储OLE (object linking and embedding)对象链接入OCR(optical-character recognition)字符识别器OMR(optical-mark recognition)光标阅读器OA(Of f ice Automation)办公自动化OCR(Optical Character Recognition)光学字符识别ODBC(Open Database Connectivity)开放式数据库互联ODI(Open Data- link Interface)开放式数据链路接口OEM(Original Equipment Manufactures)原始设备制造厂家OLE(Object Linking and Embedding)对象链接与嵌入OMG(Object Management Group)对象管理组织OMR(Optical-Mark Recognition)光标阅读器OOM(Object Oriented Method)面向对象方法OOP(Object Oriented Programming)面向对象程序设计ORB(Object Request Broker)对象请求代理OS(Operating System)操作系统OSI(Open System Interconnect Reference Model)开放式系统互联参考模型OSPF(Open Shortest Path First)开发最短路径优先P(palmtop computer)掌上电脑(Parallel ports)并行端口(Passive-matrix)被动矩阵(PC card)个人计算机卡(Personal laser printer)个人激光打印机(Personal video recorder card)个人视频记录卡(Photo printer)照片打印机(Pixel)像素(Platform scanner)平版式扫描仪(Plotter)绘图仪(Plug and play)即插即用(Plug-in boards)插件卡(Pointer)指示器(Pointing stick)指示棍(Port)端口(Portable scanner)便携式扫描仪(Presentation files)演示文稿(Presentation graphics)电子文稿程序(Primary storage)主存(Procedures)规程(Processor)处理机(Programming control language)程序控制语言(Packets)数据包(Parallel data transmission)平行数据传输(Peer-to-peer network system点)对点网络系统(person-person auction site)个人对个人拍卖站点(physical security)物理安全(Pits)凹面(plug-in)插件程序(privacy )隐私权(proactive )主动地(programmer)程序员(Protocols)协议(provider)供应商(project )项目工程(proxy server)代理服务(pull products)推取程序(push products)推送程序PDA(personal digital assistant)个人数字助理PCI(peripheral component interconnect)外部设备互连总线PCMCIA (Personal Memory Card International Association)个人计算机存储卡国际协会PBX(Private Branch Exchange)用户级交换机PC(Personal Computer)个人计算机PCB(Process Control Block)进程控制块PCI(Peripheral Component Interconnect)外部连接互联,是一种局部总线PCM(Pulse Code Modulation)脉冲编码调制PCS(Personal Communications Service) 个人通信业务PDA(Personal Digital As sistant)个人数字助理PDF(Portable Document Format)便携式文档格式PDN(Public Data Network)公共数据网PHP(Personal Home Page)个人网页PIB(Programmable Input Buffer)可编程输入缓冲区PMMU(Paged Memory Management Unit)页面存储管理单元POP(Post Of f ice Protocol)邮局协议POST(Power-On Self -Test)加电自检PPP(Peer-Peer Protocol)端对端协议PPP(Point to Point Protocol)点到点协议PPSN(Public Packed-Switched Network)公用分组交换网PR(Performance Rate)性能比率PROM(Programmable ROM)可编程只读存储器PSN(Processor Serial Number)处理器序列号QQC(Quality Control)质量控制QLP(Query Language Proces sor)查询语言处理器QoS(Quality of Service)服务质量R(RAM cache)随机高速缓冲器(Range)范围(Record)记录(Relational database)关系数据库(Replace)替换(Resolution)分辨率(Row)行(Read-only)只读(Reformatting)重组(regional service provider)区域性服务供应商(reverse directory)反向目录(right to financial privacy act of 1979)财产隐私法案(Ring network)环形网RAD(Rapid Application Development)快速应用开发RAI(Remote Application Interface)远程应用程序界面RAID(Redundant Array Independent Disk) 冗余列阵磁盘机RARP(Reverse Address Resolution Protocol)反向地址解析协议RAM(Random Acces s Memory)随机存储器RAM(Real Address Mode)实地址模式RAID(Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks)冗余磁盘阵列技术RAS(Remote Access Service)远程访问服务RCP(Remote CoPy)远程复制RDA(Remote Data Access)远程数据访问RDO (Remote Data Objects) 远程数据对象RF(Radio Frequency) 射频，无线电频率RIP(Raster Image Protocol)光栅图像处理器RIP(Routing Information Protocol)路由选择信息协议RISC(Reduced Instruction Set Computer)精简指令集计算机ROM(Read Only Memory)只读存储器RPC(Remote Procedure Call)远程过程调用RPG(Role Play Games)角色扮演游戏RPM(Revolutions Per Minute)转/分RTS(Request To Send)请求发送RTSP(Real Time Streaming Protocol) 实时流协议S(Scanner)扫描器(Search)查找(Secondary storage device)辅助存储设备(Semiconductor)半导体(Serial ports)串行端口(Server)服务器(Shared laser printer)共享激光打印机(shakedown test )调试(Sheet)表格(Silicon chip)硅片(Slots)插槽(Smart card)智能卡(Soft copy)软拷贝(Software suite)软件协议(Sorting)排序(Source file)源文件(Special-purpose application)专用文件(Spreadsheet)电子数据表(Standard toolbar)标准工具栏(Supercomputer)巨型机(System )系统(System cabinet )系统箱(System clock)时钟(System software)系统软件(Satellite/air connection services)卫星无线连接服务(search engines)搜索引擎(search providers)搜索供应者(search services )搜索服务器(Sectors)扇区(security)安全(Sending and receiving devices)发送接收设备(Sequential access)顺序存取(Serial data transmission)单向通信(signature line)签名档(snoopware)监控软件(software copyright act of1980)软件版权法案(software piracy)软件盗版(Solid-state storage)固态存储器(specialized search engine)专用搜索引擎(spiders)网页爬虫(spike)尖峰电压(Star network)星型网(Strategy)方案(subject)主题(subscription address)预定地址(Superdisk)超级磁盘(surfing)网上冲浪(surgeprotector)浪涌保护器(systems analyst)系统分析师...SACL(System Access Control List) 系统访问控制列表SAF(Store And Forward)存储转发SAP(Service Acces s Point)服务访问点SCSI(Small Computer System Interface)小型计算机系统接口SDLC(Synchronous Data Link Control)同步数据链路控制SGML(Standard Generalized Markup Language)标准通用标记语言SHTTP(Secure Hype Text Transfer Protocol)安全超文本传递协议SMP(Symmetric Multi-Processor)对称式多处理器SMTP(Simple Mail Transport Protocol)简单邮件传输协议SNA(System Network Architecture)系统网络结构SNMP(Simple Network Management Protocol)简单网络管理协议SNR(Signal Noise Ratio)信噪比SNTP(Simple Network Time Protocol)简单网络时间协议SONC(System On a Chip)系统集成芯片SONET(Synchronous Optic Network)同步光纤网SPC(Stored-Program Control)存储程序控制SQL(Structured Query Language)结构化查询语言SRAM(Static Random Access Memory)静态随机存储器SRPG(Strategies Role Play Games) 战略角色扮演游戏SSL(Secure Sockets Layer)安全套接层STDM(Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing)同步时分复用STG(Shoot Game)射击类游戏STP(Shielded Twisted-Pair)屏蔽双绞线SVGA (Super Video Graphics Array) 超级视频图形阵列T(Table)二维表(Telephony)电话学(Television boards)电视扩展卡(Terminal) 终端(Template)模板(Text entry)文本输入(Thermal printer )热印刷(Thin client)瘦客(Toggle key)触发键(Toolbar)工具栏(Touch screen)触摸屏(Trackball)球(TV tuner card)电视调谐卡(Two-state system))双状态系统(technical writer)技术协作者(technostress)重压技术(telnet)远程登录(Time-sharing system)分时系统(Topology)拓扑结构(Tracks)磁道(traditional cookies)传统的信息记录程序(Twisted pair)双绞TCB(Transmission Control Block)传输控制块TCP(Transmis sion Control Protocol)传输控制协议TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol)传输控制协议/ 网间协议TDM(Time Division Multiplexing)时分多路复用TDMA(Time Division Multiplexing Address)时分多址技术TDR(Time-Domain Reflectometer)时间域反射测试仪TFT(Thin Film Transistor Monitor)薄膜晶体管显示器TFTP(Trivial File Transfer Protocol)简单文件传送协议TIFF(Tag Image File Format)标记图形文件格式TIG(Task Interaction Graph)任务交互图TLI(Transport Layer Interface)传输层接口TM(Traffic Management)业务量管理，流量管理TPS(Transactions Per Second)(系统)每秒可处理的交易数TSR(Terminate and Stay Resident)终止并驻留TTL(Transistor-Transistor Logic)晶体管—晶体管逻辑电路TWX(Teletypewriter Exchange)电传电报交换机U(Unicode)统一字符标准(uploading)上传(usenet)世界性新闻组网络UART(Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter)通用异步收发器UDF(Universal Disk Format)通用磁盘格式UDP(User Datagram Protocol)用户数据报协议UHF(Ultra High Frequency)超高频UI(User Interface)用户界面，用户接口UIMS(User Interface Management System)用户接口管理程序UNI(User Network Interface)用户网络接口UPA(Ultra Port Architecture)超级端口结构UPS(Uninterruptible Power Supply)不间断电源URI(Uniform Resource Identi fier)环球资源标识符URL(Uniform Resource Locator)统一资源定位器USB(Universal Serial Bus)通用串行总线UTP(Unshielded Twisted-Pair)非屏蔽双绞线UXGA(Ultra Extended Graphics Array)超强图形阵列V(Virtual memory)虚拟内存(Video display screen)视频显示屏(Voice recognition system)声音识别系统(vertical portal)纵向门户(video privacy protection act of 1988)视频隐私权保护法案(virus checker)病毒检测程序(virus)病毒(Voiceband)音频带宽(Volatile storage)易失性存储(voltage surge)电涌VAD(Virtual Addres s Descriptors)虚拟地址描述符VAGP(Variable Aperature Grille Pitch) 可变间距光栅VAN(Value Added Network)增值网络VAP(Value-Added Process)增值处理VAS(Value-Added Server)增值服务VAX(Virtual Address eXtension)虚拟地址扩充VBR(Variable Bit Rate)可变比特率VC(Virtual Circuit)虚拟线路VCPI(Virtual Control Program Interface)虚拟控制程序接口VDD(Virtual Device Driver s)虚拟设备驱动程序VDR(Video Disc Recorder)光盘录像机VDT(Video Display Terminals)视频显示终端VDU(Visual Display Unit)视频显示单元VFS(Virtual File System)虚拟文件系统VGA(Video Graphics Adapter)视频图形适配器VIS(Video Information System)视频信息系统VLAN(Virtual LAN)虚拟局域网VLIW(Very Long Instruction Word)超长指令字VLSI(Very Large Scale Integration)超大规模集成VMS(Virtual Memory System)虚拟存储系统VOD(Video On Demand)视频点播系统VON(Voice On Net)网上通话VR(Virtual Reality)虚拟现实VRML(Virtual Reality Modeling Language)虚拟现实建模语言VRR(Vertical Refresh Rate)垂直刷新率VTP(Virtual Terminal Protocol)虚拟终端协议W(Wand reader )条形码读入(Web )网络(Web appliance )环球网设备(Web page)网页(Web site address)网络地址(Web terminal)环球网终端(Webcam)摄像头(What-if analysis)假定分析(Wireless revolution)无线革命(Word)字长(Word processing)文字处理(Word wrap)自动换行(Worksheet file) 工作文件(web auctions)网上拍卖(web broadcasters)网络广播(web portals)门户网站(web sites)网站(web storefront creation packages)网上商店创建包(web storefronts)网上商店(web utilities)网上应用程序(web-downloading utilities)网页下载应用程序(webmaster web)站点管理员(web)万维网(Wireless modems)无线调制解调器(wireless service provider)无线服务供应商WWW(world wide web)万维网(worm)蠕虫病毒(Write-protect notch)写保护口WAN(Wide area network)广域网(Web server)Web 服务器(well-connected )连接良好(well-known services )公认的服务(wildcard character)通配符(wildcarding )通配符方式(window menu )窗口菜单(Windows 2000 Task Manager)Windows 2000任务管理器WINS(Windows Internet Name Service)Windows Internet 命名服务WMI(Windows Management Instrumentation) Windows 管理规范(Windows Media Services)Windows Media 服务(WINS proxy)WINS 代理(WINS resource )WINS 资源(wireless communication )无线通讯WMI(Windows Management Instrumentation ) Windows 管理规范(workgroup)工作组WAN(Wide Area Network)广域网WAE(Wireles s Application Environment)无线应用环境WAIS(Wide Area Information Service)广义信息服务,数据库检索工具WAP(Wireles s Application Protocol)无线应用协议WAV(Wave Audio Format)非压缩的音频格式文件WDM(Wavelength Division Multiplexing)波分多路复用WDP(Wireless Datagram Protocol)无线数据包协议WFW(Windows for Workgroups)工作组窗口WML(Wireles s Markup Language)无线标记语言WMP(Windows Media Player)Windows媒体播放器WORM(Write Once, Read Many time)写一次读多次光盘。
电脑部件单词
1PC：个人计算机Personal Computer ·CPU：中央处理器Central Processing Unit·CPU Fan：中央处理器的“散热器”(Fan)·MB：主机板MotherBoard·RAM：内存Random Access Memory，以PC-代号划分规格，如PC-133，PC-1066，PC-2700·HDD：硬盘Hard Disk Drive·FDD：软盘Floopy Disk Drive·CD-ROM：光驱Compact Disk Read Only Memory ·DVD-ROM：DVD光驱Digital Versatile Disk Read Only Memory·CD-RW：刻录机Compact Disk ReWriter·VGA：显示卡(显示卡正式用语应为Display Card) ·AUD：声卡(声卡正式用语应为Sound Card) ·LAN：网卡(网卡正式用语应为Network Card) ·MODM：数据卡或调制解调器Modem·HUB：集线器·WebCam：网络摄影机·Capture：影音采集卡·Case：机箱·Power：电源·Moniter：屏幕，CRT为显像管屏幕，LCD为液晶屏幕·USB：通用串行总线Universal Serial Bus，用来连接外围装置·IEEE1394：新的高速序列总线规格Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers·Mouse：鼠标，常见接口规格为PS/2与USB ·KB：键盘，常见接口规格为PS/2与USB ·Speaker：喇叭·Printer：打印机·Scanner：扫描仪·UPS：不断电系统·IDE：指IDE接口规格Integrated Device Electronics，IDE接口装置泛指采用IDE接口的各种设备·SCSI：指SCSI接口规格Small Computer System Interface，SCSI接口装置泛指采用SCSI接口的各种设备·GHz：(中央处理器运算速度达)Gega赫兹/每秒·FSB：指“前端总线(Front Side Bus)”频率，以MHz为单位·ATA：指硬盘传输速率ATAttachment，ATA-133表示传输速率为133MB/sec ·AGP：显示总线Accelerated GraphicsPort，以2X，4X，8X表示传输频宽模式·PCI：外围装置连接端口Peripheral ComponentInterconnect·ATX：指目前电源供应器的规格，也指主机板标准大小尺寸·BIOS：硬件(输入/输出)基本设置程序Basic Input Output System·CMOS：储存BIOS基本设置数据的记忆芯片Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor ·POST：开机检测Power On Self Test·OS：操作系统Operating System·Windows：窗口操作系统，图形接口·DOS：早期文字指令接口的操作系统·fdisk：“规划硬盘扇区”-DOS指令之一·format：“硬盘扇区格式化”-DOS指令之一·setup.exe：“执行安装程序”-DOS指令之一·Socket：插槽，如CPU插槽种类有SocketA，Socket478等等·Pin：针脚，如ATA133硬盘排线是80Pin，如PC2700内存模块是168Pin·Jumper：跳线(短路端子)·bit：位(0与1这两种电路状态)，计算机数据最基本的单位·Byte：字节，等于8 bit(八个位的组合，共有256种电路状态)，计算机一个文字以8 bit来表示·KB：等于1024 Byte·MB：等于1024 KB·GB：等于1024 MBActive-matrix主动距陈Adapter cards适配卡Advanced application高级应用Analytical graph分析图表Analyze分析Animations动画Application software 应用软件Arithmetic operations算术运算Audio-output device音频输出设备Access time存取时间access存取accuracy准确性ad network cookies广告网络信息记录软件Add-ons附软件Address地址Agents代理Analog signals模拟信号Applets程序Asynchronous communications port异步通信端口Attachment附件BBar code条形码Bar code reader条形码读卡器Basic application基础程序Binary coding schemes二进制译码方案Binary system二进制系统Bit比特Browser浏览器Bus line总线Backup tape cartridge units备份磁带盒单元Bandwidth带宽Bluetooth蓝牙Broadband宽带Browser浏览器Business-to-business企业对企业电子商务Business-to-consumer企业对消费者Bus总线CCables连线Cell单元箱Chain printer链式打印机Character and recognition device字符标识识别设备Chart图表Chassis支架Chip芯片Clarity清晰度Closed architecture封闭式体系结构Column列Combination key结合键computer competency计算机能力connectivity连接，结点Continuous-speech recognition system连续语言识别系统Control unit操纵单元Cordless or wireless mouse无线鼠标Cable modems有线调制解调器carpal tunnel syndrome腕骨神经综合症CD-ROM可记录光盘CD-RW可重写光盘CD-R可记录压缩光盘Channel信道Chat group谈话群组chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs) ]氯氟甲烷Client客户端Coaxial cable同轴电缆cold site冷战Commerce servers商业服务器Communication channel信道Communication systems信息系统Compact disc rewritableCompact disc光盘computer abuse amendments act of 19941994计算机滥用法案computer crime计算机犯罪computer ethics计算机道德computer fraud and abuse act of 1986计算机欺诈和滥用法案computer matching and privacy protection act of 1988计算机查找和隐私保护法案Computer network计算机网络computer support specialist计算机支持专家computer technician计算机技术人员computer trainer计算机教师Connection device连接设备Connectivity连接Consumer-to-consumer个人对个人cookies-cutter programs信息记录截取程序cookies信息记录程序cracker解密高手cumulative trauma disorder积累性损伤错乱Cybercash电子现金Cyberspace计算机空间cynic愤世嫉俗者DDatabase数据库database files数据库文件Database manager数据库管理Data bus数据总线Data projector数码放映机Desktop system unit台式电脑系统单元Destination file目标文件Digital cameras数码照相机Digital notebooks数字笔记本Digital bideo camera数码摄影机Discrete-speech recognition system不连续语言识别系统Document文档document files文档文件Dot-matrix printer点矩阵式打印机Dual-scan monitor双向扫描显示器Dumb terminal非智能终端data security数据安全Data transmission specifications数据传输说明database administrator数据库管理员Dataplay数字播放器Demodulation解调denial of service attack拒绝服务攻击Dial-up service拨号服务Digital cash数字现金Digital signals数字信号Digital subscriber line数字用户线路Digital versatile disc数字化通用磁盘Digital video disc数字化视频光盘Direct access直接存取Directory search目录搜索disaster recovery plan灾难恢复计划Disk caching磁盘驱动器高速缓存Diskette磁盘Disk磁碟Distributed data processing system分部数据处理系统Distributed processing分布处理Domain code域代码Downloading下载DVD 数字化通用磁盘DVD-R 可写DVDDVD-RAM DVD随机存取器DVD-ROM 只读DVDEe-book电子阅读器Expansion cards扩展卡end user终端用户e-cash电子现金e-commerce电子商务electronic cash电子现金electronic commerce电子商务electronic communications privacy act of1986电子通信隐私法案encrypting加密术energy star能源之星Enterprise computing企业计算化environment环境Erasable optical disks可擦除式光盘ergonomics人类工程学ethics道德规范External modem外置调制解调器extranet企业外部网FFax machine传真机Field域Find搜索FireWire port port火线端口Firmware固件Flash RAM闪存Flatbed scanner台式扫描器Flat-panel monitor纯平显示器floppy disk软盘Formatting toolbar格式化工具条Formula公式Function函数fair credit reporting act of 1970公平信用报告法案Fiber-optic cable光纤电缆File compression文件压缩File decompression文件解压缩filter过滤firewall防火墙firewall防火墙Fixed disk固定硬盘Flash memory闪存Flexible disk可折叠磁盘Floppies磁盘Floppy disk软盘Floppy-disk cartridge磁盘盒Formatting格式化freedom of information act of 1970信息自由法案frustrated受挫折Full-duplex communication全双通通信GGeneral-purpose application通用运用程序Gigahertz千兆赫Graphic tablet绘图板green pc绿色个人计算机Hhandheld computer手提电脑Hard copy硬拷贝hard disk硬盘hardware硬件Help帮助Host computer主机Home page主页Hyperlink超链接hacker黑客Half-duplex communication半双通通信Hard disk硬盘Hard-disk cartridge硬盘盒Hard-disk pack硬盘组Head crash磁头碰撞header标题help desk specialist帮助办公专家helper applications帮助软件Hierarchical network层次型网络history file历史文件hits匹配记录horizontal portal横向用户hot site热战Hybrid network混合网络hyperlinks超连接IImage capturing device图像获取设备information technology信息技术Ink-jet printer墨水喷射印刷机Integrated package综合性组件Intelligent terminal智能终端设备Intergrated circuit集成电路Interface cards接口卡Internal modem内部调制解调器internet telephony网络电话internet terminal互联网终端Identification识别i-drive网络硬盘驱动器illusion of anonymity匿名幻想index search索引搜索information pushers信息推送器initializing 初始化instant messaging计时信息internal hard disk内置硬盘Internal modem内部调制解调器Internet hard drive 网络硬盘驱动器intranet企业内部网Jjoystick操纵杆Kkeyword search关键字搜索Llaser printer激光打印机Layout files版式文件Light pen光笔Locate定位Logical operations逻辑运算Lands凸面Line of sight communication视影通信Low bandwidth低带宽lurking潜伏MMain board主板Mark sensing标志检测Mechanical mouse机械鼠标Memory内存Menu菜单Menu bar菜单条Microprocessor微处理器Microseconds微秒Modem card调制解调器Monitor显示器Motherboard主板Mouse 鼠标Multifunctional device多功能设备Magnetic tape reels磁带卷Magnetic tape streamers磁带条mailing list邮件列表Medium band媒质带宽metasearch engine整合搜索引擎Microwave微波Modem解调器Modulation解调由于不能写那么多只好到这了/ NNet PC网络计算机Network adapter card网卡Network personal computer网络个人电脑Network terminal 网络终端Notebook computer笔记本电脑Notebook system unit笔记本系统单元Numeric entry数字输入na?ve天真的人national information infrastructure protection act of1996国际信息保护法案national service provider全国性服务供应商Network architecture网络体系结构Network bridge网桥Network gateway网关network manager网络管理员newsgroup新闻组no electronic theft act of1997无电子盗窃法Node节点Nonvolatile storage非易失性存储OObject embedding对象嵌入Object linking目标链接Open architecture开放式体系结构Optical disk光盘Optical mouse光电鼠标Optical scanner光电扫描仪Outline大纲off-line browsers离线浏览器Online storage联机存储Ppalmtop computer掌上电脑Parallel ports并行端口Passive-matrix被动矩阵PC card个人计算机卡Personal laser printer个人激光打印机Personal video recorder card个人视频记录卡Photo printer照片打印机Pixel像素Platform scanner平版式扫描仪Plotter绘图仪Plug and play即插即用Plug-in boards插件卡Pointer指示器Pointing stick指示棍Port端口Portable scanner便携式扫描仪Presentation files演示文稿Presentation graphics电子文稿程序Primary storage主存Procedures规程Processor处理机Programming control lanugage程序控制语言Packets数据包Parallel data transmission平行数据传输Peer-to-peer network system得等网络系统person-person auction site个人对个人拍卖站点physical security物理安全Pits凹面plug-in插件程序Polling轮询privacy隐私权proactive主动地programmer程序员Protocols协议provider供应商proxy server代理服务pull products推取程序push products推送程序RRAM cache随机高速缓冲器Range范围Record记录Relational database关系数据库Replace替换Resolution分辨率Row行Read-only只读Reformatting重组regional service provider区域性服务供应商repetitive motion injury反复性动作损伤reverse directory反向目录right to financial privacy act of 1979财产隐私法案Ring network环形网络SScanner扫描器Search查找Secondary storage device助存储设备Semiconductor半导体Serial ports串行端口Server服务器Shared laser printer共享激光打印机Sheet表格Silicon chip硅片Slots插槽Smart card智能卡Soft copy软拷贝Software suite软件协议Sorting排序分类Source file源文件Special-purpose application专用文件Spreadsheet电子数据表Standard toolbar标准工具栏Supercomputer巨型机System cabine 系统箱System clock时钟System software系统软件Satellite/air connection services卫星无线连接服务search engines搜索引擎search providers搜索供应者search services 搜索服务器Sectors扇区security安全Sending and receiving devices发送接收设备Sequential access顺序存取Serial data transmission单向通信signature line签名档snoopware监控软件software copyright act of1980软件版权法案software piracy软件盗版Solid-state storage固态存储器specialized search engine专用搜索引擎spiders网页爬虫spike尖峰电压Star network星型网Strategy方案subject主题subscription address预定地址Superdisk超级磁盘surfing网上冲浪surge protector浪涌保护器systems analyst系统分析师TTable二维表Telephony电话学Television boards电视扩展卡Terminal 终端Template模板Text entry文本输入Thermal printer 热印刷Thin client瘦客Toggle key触发键Toolbar工具栏Touch screen触摸屏Trackball追踪球TV tuner card电视调谐卡Two-state system双状态系统technical writer技术协作者technostress重压技术telnet远程登录Time-sharing system分时系统Topology拓扑结构Tracks磁道traditional cookies传统的信息记录程序Twisted pair双绞线UUnicode统一字符标准uploading上传usenet世界性新闻组网络VVirtual memory虚拟内存Video display screen视频显示屏Voice recognition system声音识别系统vertical portal纵向门户video privacy protection act of 1988视频隐私权保护法案virus checker病毒检测程序virus病毒Voiceband音频带宽Volatile storage易失性存储voltage surge冲击性电压WWand reader 条形码读入Web 网络Web appliance 环球网设备Web page网页Web site address网络地址Web terminal环球网终端Webcam摄像头What-if analysis假定分析Wireless revolution无线革命Word字长Word processing文字处理Word wrap自动换行Worksheet file 工作表文件web auctions网上拍卖web broadcasters网络广播web portals门户网站web sites网站web storefront creation packages网上商店创建包web storefronts网上商店web utilities网上应用程序web-downloading utilities网页下载应用程序webmaster web站点管理员web万维网Wireless modems无线调制解调器wireless service provider无线服务供应商world wide web万维网worm蠕虫病毒Write-protect notch写保护口其他缩写DVD digital bersatile 数字化通用光盘IT ingormation technology信息技术CD compact disc 压缩盘PDA personal digital assistant个人数字助理RAM random access memory随机存储器WWW World Wide Web 万维网DBMS database management system数据库管理系统HTML Hypertext Markup Language超文本标示语言OLE object linking and embedding对象链接潜入SQL structured query language结构化查询语言URL uniform resouice locator统一资源定位器AGP accelerated graphics port加速图形接口ALU arithmetic-logic unit算术逻辑单元CPU central processing unit中央处理器CMOS complementary metal-oxide semiconductor互补金属氧化物半导体CISC complex instruction set computer复杂指令集计算机HPSB high performance serial bus高性能串行总线ISA industry standard architecture工业标准结构体系PCI peripheral component interconnect外部设备互连总线PCMCIA Personal Memory Card InternationalAssociation个人计算机存储卡国际协会RAM random-access memory随机存储器ROM read-only memory只读存储器USB universal serial bus通用串行总线CRT cathode-ray tube阴极射线管HDTV high-definition television高清晰度电视LCD liquid crystal display monitor液晶显示器MICRmagnetic-ink character recognition磁墨水字符识别器OCR optical-character recognition光电字符识别器OMR optical-mark recognition光标阅读器TFT thin film transistor monitor薄膜晶体管显示器其他Zip disk压缩磁盘Domain name system（DNS）域名服务器file transfer protocol(FTP)文件传送协议hypertext markup language(HTML)超文本链接标识语言Local area network（LAN）局域网internet relay chat(IRC)互联网多线交谈Metropolitan area network(MAN)城域网Network operation system(NOS)网络操作系统uniform resource locator(URL)统一资源定位器Wide area network(WAN)广域网打卡制度。
互联网上常见的文件格式
互联网上常见的文件格式.***即文件扩展名，电脑是根据扩展名(后缀名)来关联启动打开软件的，URL 是相关软件下载连接。
.PDF PDF格式是一种文档格式，国际上最流行的一种格式，公司文件交换，国际专利、电子图书等多为此格式.PPT/PPS PPT 是microsoft powerpointt格式，PowerPoint打开和创建。
常说的幻灯片格式，展示演示常用的。
PPS则是编译好的，离开该软件支持可以直接放映的。
.DOC DOC格式是Microsoft Word文档或DisplayWrite文档，可用微软的Word打开。
.XLS表格文件。
微软的Office中的Excel软件来打开和制作该文件。
.HTM/HTML超文本格式，网络主要在线浏览格式，IE打开，微软操作系统已经包含。
.CHM CHM是编译过的HTML文件，常见的是用于软件帮助文档资料或电子图书的传递，无需安装阅读器，正常情况下在98/ME/2000/XP 下双击即可打开。
.ZIP/RAR ZIP、RAR文件是压缩格式，都可以用WinRAR 或WINZIP 来解压和压缩制作该文件。
.EXE/COM COM、EXE是经过编译的可以直接执行的文件，不要随意在网络下载此类文件，可能会引狼入室，也可能自解压文件或一些价值不大的电子图书，双击就可以运行。
需要专业软件编译生成，如程序开发语言，上面的压缩软件一样可以生成EXE文件。
.GIF/JPG/BMP等都为图片格式。
BMP占用空间最大，图象也最清楚，GIF支持动画格式。
JPG数码照片常用格式，还有更多图片格式请查对下面列表。
.MP3/WAV/MID音乐格式。
许多软件支持。
.MPG/MPEG/DAT/RAM/RM视频文件。
部分DAT可能是系统数据文件。
RAM/RM可能会捆绑病毒，下载要小心。
常用文件扩展名列表A 对象代码库文件AAM Authorware shocked文件AAS Authorware shocked包ABF Adobe二进制屏幕字体ABK CorelDRAW自动备份文件ABS 该类文件有时用于指示一个摘要（就像在一篇有关科学方面的文章的一个摘要或概要，取自abstract）ACE Ace压缩档案格式ACL CorelDRAW 6键盘快捷键文件ACM Windows系统目录文件ACP Microsoft office助手预览文件ACR 美国放射医学大学文件格式ACT Microsoft office助手文件ACV OS/2的驱动程序，用于压缩或解压缩音频数据AD After Dark屏幕保护程序ADA Ada源文件（非-GNAT）ADB Ada源文件主体（GNAT）；HP100LX组织者的约定数据库ADD OS/2用于引导过程的适配器驱动程序ADF Amiga磁盘文件ADI AutoCAD设备无关二进制绘图仪格式ADM After Dark多模块屏幕保护；Windows NT策略模板ADP FaxWork用于传真调制解调器的交互安装文件；Astound Dynamite文件ADR After Dark随机屏幕保护；Smart Address的地址簿ADS Ada源文件说明书（GNAT）AFM Adobe的字体尺度AF2，AF3 ABC的FlowChat文件AI Adobe Illustrator格式图形AIF，AIFF 音频互交换文件，Silicon Graphic and Macintosh应用程序的声音格式AIFC 压缩AIFAIM AOL即时信息传送AIS ACDSee图形序列文件；Velvet Studio设备文件AKW RoboHELP的帮助工程中所有A-关键词ALAW 欧洲电话音频格式ALB JASC Image Commander相册ALL 艺术与书信库AMS Velvet Studio音乐模块（MOD）文件；Extreme的Tracker模块文件ANC Canon Computer的调色板文件，包含一系列可选的颜色板ANI Windows系统中的动画光标ANS ANSI文本文件ANT SimAnt For Windows中保存的游戏文件API Adobe Acrobat使用的应用程序设计接口文件APR Lotus Approach 97文件BIN 二进制文件BK，BK$ 有时用于代表备份版本BKS IBM BookManager Read书架文件BMK 书签文件BMP Windows或OS/2位图文件BMI Apogee BioMenace数据文件BOOK Adobe FrameMaker Book文件BOX Lotus Notes的邮箱文件BPL Borlard Delph 4打包库BQY BrioQuery文件BRX 用于查看多媒体对象目录的文件BSC MS Developer Studio浏览器信息文件BSP Quake图形文件BS1 Apogee Blake Stone数据文件BS_ Microsoft Bookshelf Find菜单外壳扩展名BTM Norton 应用程序使用的批处理文件BUD Quicken的备份磁盘BUN CakeWalk 声音捆绑文件(一种MIDI程序)BW SGI黑白图像文件BWV 商业波形文件BYU BYU的电影文件格式B4 Helix Nuts and Bolts文件C C代码文件C0l 台风波形文件CAB Microsoft压缩档案文件CAD Softdek的Drafix CAD文件CAL CALS压缩位图；日历计划表数据CAM Casio照相机格式CAP 压缩音乐文件格式CAS 逗号分开的ASCⅡ文件CAT Quicken使用的IntellCharge分类文件CB Microsoft干净引导文件CBI 二进制卷格式文件(用于IBM大型机系统)CC Visual dBASE用户自定义类文件CCA cc：邮件文件CCB Visual Basic动态按钮配置文件CCF 多媒体查看器配置文件，用于OS/2CCH Corel图表文件CCM Lotus cc：邮箱（例如“M”）CCO CyberChat数据文件CCT Macromedia Director Shockwave投影CDA CD音频轨道CDF Microsoft频道定义格式文件CDI Philip的高密盘交互格式CDM Visual dBASE自定义数据模块文件CDR CorelDRAW绘图文件；原始音频CD数据文件CDT CorelDRAW模板CDX CorelDRAW压缩绘图文件；Microsoft Visual FoxPro索引文件CEL CIMFast事件语言文件CER 证书文件（MIME x-x509-ca-cert）CFB Compton的多媒文件CFG 配置文件CFM CotdFusion模板文件；Visual dBASE Windows用户定制表单CGI 公共网关接口脚本文件CGM 计算机图形元文件CH OS/2配置文件CHK 由Windows磁盘碎片整理器或磁盘扫描保存的文件碎片CHM 编译过的HTML文件CHR 字符集（字体文件）CHP Ventura Publisher章节文件CHT ChartViem文件；Harvard Graphics矢量文件CIF Adaptec CD 创建器CD映像文件CIL Clip Gallery下载包CIM SimCity 2000文件CIN OS/2改变控制文件用于跟踪INI文件中的变化CK1 iD/Apogee Commander Keen 1数据文件CK2 iD/Apogee Commander Keen 2数据文件CK3 iD/Apogee Commander Keen 3数据文件CK4 iD /Apogee Commander Keen 4数据文件CK5 iD /Apogee Commander Keen 5数据文件CK6 iD /Apogee Commander Keen 6数据文件CLASS Java类文件CLL Crick Software Clicker文件CLP Windows 剪贴板文件CLS Visual Basic类文件CMD Windows NT，OS/2的命令文件；DOS CD/M命令文件；dBASEⅡ程序文件CMF Corel元文件CMG Chessmaster保存的游戏文件CMP JPEG位图文件；地址文档CMV Corel Move动画文件CMX Corel Presentation Exchange图像CNF Telnet，Windows和其他其内格式会发生改变的应用程序使用的配置文件CNM Windows应用程序菜单选项和安装文件CNQ Compuworks Design Shop文件CNT Windows（或其他）系统用于帮助索引或其他目的内容文件COB TrueSpace 2对象文件COD Microsoft C编译器产生的可显示机器码/汇编代码文件，其中附有源C代码作为注释COM 命令文件（程序）CPD，CPE 传真覆盖文档CPI Microsoft MS-DOS代码页信息文件CPL 控制面板扩展名，Corel颜色板CPO Corel打印存储文件CPP C++代码文件CPR Corel提供说明书文件CPT Corel 照片-绘画图像CPX Corel Presentation Exchange压缩图形文件CRD Windows Cardfile文件CRP Corel 提供的运行时介绍文件；Visual dBASE自定义报表文件CRT 认证文件CSC Corel脚本文件CSP PC Emcee On_Screen图像CSS 瀑布式表格文件CST Macromedia Director Cast文件CSV 逗号分隔的值文件CT Scitex CT位图文件；Paint Shop Pro Grapic编辑器文件CTL 通常用于表示一个包含控件信息的文件；FaxWork用它来保持有关每个传真收到或发出的信息CUE Microsoft提示牌数据文件CUR Windows光标文件CUT Dr Halo位图文件CV Corel版本的档案文件；Microsoft CodeView信息屏幕文件CWK ClarisWorks数据文件.CWS ClarisWorks模块CXT Macromedia Director受保护的（不可编辑的）投影文件CXX C++源代码文件DAT 数据文件；WrodPerfect合并数据文件；用于一些MPEG格式的文件DB Borland的Paradox 7表DBC Microsoft Visual FoxPro数据库容器文件DBF dBASE文件，一种由Ashton-Tate创建的格式，可以被ACT、Lipper、FoxPro、Arago、Wordtech、Xbase 和类似数据库或与数据库有关产品识别；可用数据文件（能被Excel 97打开）；Oracle 8.1.x表格空间文件DBX DataBearn图像；Microsoft Visual FoxPro表格文件DCM DCM模块格式文件DCR 冲击波文件DCS 桌面颜色分隔文件DCT Microsoft Visual FoxPro数据库容器DCU Delphi编译单元文件DCX Microsoft Visual FoxPro数据库容器；基于PCX的传真图像；宏DC5 DataCAD绘图文件DDF Btrieve或Xtrieve数据定义文件，它包含用于描述Btrieve或Xtrieve文件的元数据DDIF Digital Equipment或Compaq格式，用于保存他们图像与字处理文档DEF SmartWareⅡ数据文件；C++模块定义文件DEFI Oracle 7 卸载脚本文件DEM 用于表示数字高度模型的USGS基准的文件DER 认证文件DEWF Macintosh Sound Cap/Sound Edit录音设备格式DGN Macintosh 95 CAD绘图文件DIB 设备无关位图DIC 目录DIF 可进行数据互换的电子表格DIG DigiLink格式；Sound DesignerⅠ音频文件DIR MacromediaDirector文件DIZ 描述文件DLG C++对话框脚本文件DLL 动态链接库DLS 可下载声音文件DMD Visual dBASE数据模块文件DMF X-Trakker音乐模块（MOD）文件DOC FrameMaker或FrameBuilder文档；Word Star文档、Word Perfect文档、Microsoft Word文档；DisplayWrite文档DOT Microsoft Word文档模板DPL Borland Delph3压缩库DPR Borland Delphi工程头文件DRAW Acorn的基于对象的矢量图像文件DRV 驱动程序DRW Micrografx Designer/Draw；Pro/E绘画文件DSF Micrografx Designer VFX文件DSG DOOM保存的文件DSM Dynamic Studio音乐模块（MOD）文件DSP Microsoft Developer Studio工程文件DSQ Corel QUERY（查询）文件DST 刺绣机图形文件DSW Microsoft Developer Studio工作区文件DTA Word Bank（世界银行）的STARS数据文件DTD SGML文档类型定义（DTD）文件DTED 地面高度数字数据（图形的数据格式）文件DTF Symantec Q&A相关的数据库数据文件DTM DigiTrakker模块文件DUN Microsoft拔号网络导出文件DV 数字视频文件（MIME）DWD DiamondWare数字化文件DWG AutoCAD工程图文件；AutoCAD或Generic CADD老版本的绘图格式DXF 可进行互交换的绘图文件格式，二进制的DWG格式的文本表示；数据交换文件DXR Macromedia Director受保护（不可编辑）电影文件D64 Commodore的64位模拟磁盘图像文件EDA Ensoniq ASR磁盘映像EDD 元素定义文档（FrameMaker+SGML文档）EDE Ensoniq EPS磁盘映像EDK Ensoniq KT磁盘映像EDQ Ensoniq SQ1/SQ2/Ks32磁盘映像EDS Ensoniq SQ80磁盘映像EDV Ensoniq VFX-SD磁盘映像EFA Ensoniq ASR文件EFE Ensoniq EPS文件EFK Ensoniq KT文件EFQ Ensoniq SQ1/SQ2/Ks32文件EFS Ensoniq SQ80文件EFV Ensoniq VFX-SD文件EMD ABT扩展模块EMF Windows增强元文件EML Microsoft Outlook Express邮件消息（MIME RTC822）文件ENC 重演文件ENFF 中性文件格式扩展名EPHTML Perl解释增强HTML文件EPS 压缩的PostScript图像EPSF 压缩的PostScript文件ERI ERWin文件ERR 当RobooHELP帮助编译器企图编译一个帮助系统源文件时用来存储错误消息的文件EPX ERWin文件ESPS ESPS音频文件EUI Ensoniq ESP家族的压缩磁盘映像EVY 特使文档EWL Microsoft Encarta文档EXC Microsoft Word禁止字字典EXE 可执行文件（程序）F FORTRAN文件F2R Farandoyle线性模块格式F3R Farandoyle分块线性模块格式F77 FORTRAN文件F90 FORTRAN文件FAR Fradole Composer音乐模块（MOD）文件FAV Microsoft Outlook导航条FAX 传真类型图像FBK Navison 金融备份FCD 虚拟CD-ROMFDB Navison 金融数据库FDF Adobe Acrobat表单文档文件FEM CADRE有限元素网络文件FFA，FFL，FFO，FFK Microsoft快速查找文件FFF GUS PnP银行文件格式FH3 Aldus Freehand 3绘图文件FIF Fractal图像文件FIG REND386/AVRIL使用的文件格式FITS CCD照相机图像；灵活图像传输系统FLA Macromedia Flash电影FLC Autodesk FLIC动画文件FLF Corel Paradox产生的格式：Navison Financials许可文件；OS/2驱动程序文件PLI Autodesk FLIC动画FLT StarTrekker音乐模块(MOD)文件；MultiGen Inc的Open Flight使用的文件格式；Corel过滤器文件FM Adobe FrameMaker文档FMB Oracle4.0版或以后版本表单的二进制源代码文件FML 文件镜象列表（GetRight）FMT Oracle 4.0版或以后版本表单的文本格式；Microsoft Schedule+ 打印文件FMX Oracle 4.0版或以后版本可执行表单FND Microsoft Explorer保存的搜索文件（Find applet）FNG 字体组文件（字体导航器，Font Navigator）FNK Funk Tracker模块格式FOG Fontographer模块字体FON 系统字体FOR FORTRAN文件FOT 字体相关文件FP FileMaker Pro文件FP1 Flying Pigs for Windows数据文件FP3 FileMaker Pro文件FPT FileMaker Pro文件；Microsoft Fox Pro备注字体文件FPX FlashPix位图FRM 表单；Frame Maker或Frame Builder文档；Oracle可执行表(3.0版或早期版本)；Visual Basic表单；WordPerfect Merge表单；DataCAD标志报表文件FRT Microsoft FoxPro报表文件FRX Visual Basic表单文本；Microsoft FoxPro报表文件FSF fPrint Audit Tool文件格式FSL Borland的Paradox 7表单；Corel Paradox保存的表单FSM Parandoyle示例格式FT Lotus Notes全文本索引FTG 全文本搜索组文件，由Windows帮助系统查找时产生——可以删除，并在需要时重建起来FTS 全文本搜索引文件，由Windows帮助系统查找时产生FW2 Framework Ⅱ文件FW3 Framework Ⅲ文件FW4 Framework Ⅳ文件FXP 经Microsoft FoxPro编译的源文件FZB Casio FZ-1银行转储FZF Casio FZ-1完全转储FZV Casio FZ-1声音转储G721 Raw CCITT G.721 $bit ADPCM格式数据G723 Raw CCITT G.723 3或5bit ADPCM格式数据GAL Corel多媒体管理器相集GCD Generic CADD绘画文件（后续版本）GCP Ground Control Point（地面控制点）文件，用于远景数据形成图像过程，经常用于生成图工程—CHIPS （copenhagen image processing system）使用这些文件GDB InterBase数据库文件GDM 铃声、口哨声和声音板模块格式GED GEDCOM 系谱数据文件，用于记录和交换系谱数据的流行格式；图形环境文档绘画GEM GEM元文件GEN Ventura产生的文本文件GetRight GetRight未完成的下载文件GFC Patton&Patton FlowCharting 4 flowchart文件GFI，GFX Genigraphics图形链接表示文件GHO Norton 克隆磁盘映像GID Windows 95全局索引文件（包括帮助状态）GIF CompuServe位图文件GIM，GIX Genigraphics图形链接介绍文件GKH Ensoniq EPS家簇磁盘映像文件GNA Genigraphics图形链接介绍文件GNT 生成代码，Micro Focus属性格式里的可执行代码GNX Genigraphics图形链接介绍文件GRA Microsoft Graph文件GRD 用于远程视景数据产生地图过程的格式文件，通常应用于形成地图工程—CHIPS（copenhagen imageprocessing system）使用这些文件GRF Grapher（Golden Software公司）图形文件GRP 程序管理组GSM Raw GSM 6.10音频流；Raw“byte aligned（比特对齐的）” GSM 6.10音频流；US Robotics语音调制解调器GTK Graoumftracker（老）音乐模块（MOD）文件GT2 Graoumftracker（新）音乐模块（MOD）文件GWX，GWZ Cenigraphis图形链接介绍文件GZ UNIX gzip压缩文件H C程序头文件HCM IBM HCM配置文件HCOM 声音工具HCOM格式HCR IBM HCD/HCM产品配置文件HDF 高级计算机应用程序本地中心（NCSA）geospatial Hierarchial数据格式文件HED HighEdit文档HEL Microsoft Hellbender格式保存的游戏文件HEX Macintosh BinHex2.0文件HGL HP图形语言绘图文件HH 映射文件，包括一些话题ID和在帮助文件系统中话题的映射数字—允许运行中应用程序发送给用户合适的上下文帮助话题HLP 帮助文件；Date CAD Windows帮助文件HOG Lucas Arts的Dark Forces WAD文件HPJ Visual Basic帮助工程HPP C++程序头文件HQX Macintosh BinHex 4.0文件HST 历史文件HT HyperTerminal（超级终端）HTM，HTML 超文本文档HTT Microsoft超文本模板HTX 扩展HTML模板HXM Descent2 HAM文件扩展ICA Citrix文件ICB Targa位图文件ICC Kodak打印机格式文件ICL 图标库文件ICM 图形颜色匹配配置文件ICO Windows图标IDB MSDev中间层文件IDD MIDI设备定义IDF MIDI设备定义（Windows 95需要的文件）IDQ Internet数据查询文件IDX Microsoft FoxPro相关数据库索引文件；Symantec Q&A相关数据库索引文件；Microsoft Outlook Express 文件IFF 交换格式文件；Amiga ILBMIGES 初始图形交换说明文件IGF 插入系统元文件IIF QuickBooks for Windows交换文件ILBM 位图图形文件IMA WinImage磁盘映像文件IMG GEM映像IMZ WinImage压缩磁盘映像文件INC 汇编语言或动态服务器包含文件INF 信息文件INI 初始化文件；MWave DSP Synth的“nwsynth.ini” GMS安装；Cravis Ultrasound bank安装INP Oracle 3.0版或早期版本的表单源代码INRS INRS远程通信声频INS InstallShield安装脚本；X-Internet签字文件；Ensoniq EPS字簇设备；Cell/ⅡMAC/PC抽样设备INT 中间代码，当一个源程序经过语法检查后编译产生一个可执行代码IOF Findit文档IQY Microsoft Internet查询文件ISO 根据ISD 9660有关CD-ROM文件系统标准列出CD-ROM上的文件ISP X-Internet签字文件IST 数字跟踪设备文件ISU InstallShield卸装脚本IT 脉冲跟踪系统音乐模块(MOD)文件ITI 脉冲跟踪系统设备ITS 脉冲跟踪系统抽样，Internet文档位置IV Open Inventor中使用的文件格式IVD 超过20/20微观数据维数或变量等级文件IVP 超过20/20的用户子集配置文件IVT 超过20/20表或集合数据文件IVX 超过20/20微数据目录文件IW Idlewild屏幕保护程序IWC Install Watch文档J62 Ricoh照相机格式JAR Java档案文件（一种用于applet和相关文件的压缩文件）JAVA Java源文件JBF Paint Shop Pro图像浏览文件JFF，JFIF，JIF JPEG文件JMP SAS的JMPDiscovery表格统计文件JN1 Epic MegaGames的Jill of the Jungle数据文件JPE，JPEG，JPG JPEG图形文件JS javascript源文件JSP HTML网页，其中包含有对一个Java servlet的参考JTF JPEG位图文件K25 Kurzweil 2500抽样文件KAR 卡拉OK MIDI文件（文本+MIDI）KDC Kodak光增强器KEY DataCAD图标工具条文件KFX KoFak Group 4图像文件KIZ Kodak数字明信片文件KKW RoboHELP帮助工程索引设计器中与主题无关的K开头的所有关键字KMP Korg Trinity KeyMap文件KQP Konica照相机本地文件KR1 Kurzweil 2000抽样（多软驱）文件KRZ Kurzweil 2000抽样文件KSF Korg Trinity抽样文件KYE Kye游戏数据LAB Visual dBASE标签文件LBM Deluxe Paint位图文件LBT，LBX Microsoft FoxPro标签文件LDB Microsoft Access加锁文件LDL Corel Paradox分发库LEG Legacy文档LES Logitech娱乐系统游戏配置文件（与REC文件一样）LFT 3D Studio（DOS）放样文件LHA LZH更换文件后缀LIB 库文件LIN DataCAD线型文件LIS 结构化查询报告（SQR）程序产生的输出文件LLX Laplink交换代理LNK Windows快捷方式文件LOG 日志文件LPD Helix Nut和Bolt文件LRC Intel可视电话文件LSL Corel Paradox保存的库文件LSP AutoLISP、CommonLISP和其他LISP语言文件LST 列表文件LU ThoughtWing库单元文件LVL Parallax Software的Miner Descent/D2 Level扩展LWLO Lightwave分层对象文件LWOB Lightwave对象文件LWP Lotus WordPro 96/97文件LWSC Lightwave视景文件LYR DataCAD层文件LZH LH ARC压缩档案LZS Skyroads数据文件M1V MPEG相关文件(MIME“mpeg”类型)M3D Corel Motion 3D动画文件M3U MPEG URL（MIME声音文件）MAC MacPaint图像文件MAD Microsoft Access模块文件MAF Microsoft Access表单文件MAG 在一些日本文件中发现的图形文件格式MAGIC 魔力邮件监视器配置文件MAK Visual Basil或Microsoft Visual C++工程文件MAM Microsoft Access宏MAN UNIX手册页输出MAP 映射文件；Duke Nukem 3D WAD游戏文件MAQ Microsoft Access查询文件MAR Microsoft Access报表文件MAS Lotus Freelance Graphics Smart Master文件MAT Microsoft Access表；3D Studio MAX材料库MAUD MAUD抽样格式MAX Kinetx的3DStudio MAX文件；该格式用于一个3D场景文件；Paperport文件；OrCAD设计文件MAZ Hover迷路数据；Division的dVS/dVISE使用的文件格式MB1 Apogee Monster Bash数据文件MBOX Berkeley Unix邮箱格式MBX Microsoft Outlook保存email格式；Eudora邮箱MCC Dailerl0呼叫卡MCP Metrowerks CodeWarrior工程文件MCR DataCAD键盘宏文件MCW Microsoft Word的Macintosh文档MDA Microsoft Access内抽入器；Microsoft Access 2.0版及其后续版本的工作组事件MDB Microsoft Access数据库MDE Microsoft Access MDE文件MDL 数字跟踪器音乐模块（MOD）文件；Quake模块文件MDN Microsoft Access空数据库模板MDW Microsoft Access工作组文件MDZ Microsoft Access向导模板文件MED 音乐编辑器，OctaMED音乐模块（MOD）文件MER 电子表格/数据库数据交换格式；FileMaker、Excel及其他软件能识别MET 表示管理器元文件MFG Pro/ENGINEER制造文件MGF 在材料与几何学里的文件格式MHTM，MHTML MHTML文档（MIME）MI 杂项MIC Microsoft Image Composer文件MID MIDI音乐MIF Adobe FramMaker交换格式MIFF 与机器无关格式文件MIM，MIME，MME Internet邮件扩展格式的多用途文件，经常作为发送e-mail时在AOL里附件而创建的文件；在一个多区MIM文件里的文件能用WinZip或其他类似程序打开MLI 3D Studio的材料库格式文件MMF Meal Master格式；一个处方类格式；Microsoft邮件文件MMG 超过20/20表或集会数据文件MMM Microsoft多媒体电影MMP Mindmapor Mind Manager文件MN2 Descent2任务文件MND，MNI Mandelbort for WindowsMNG 多映像网络图形MNT,MNX Microsoft FoxPro菜单文件MNU Visual dBASE菜单文件；Intertel Systems Interact菜单文件MOD Fast Tracker、Star Trekker、Noise Tracker(等等)音乐模块文件；Microsoft多计划电子表格；Amiga/PC 磁道文件MOV QuickTime for Windows电影MP2 第二层MPEG音频文件MP3 第三层MPEG音频文件MPA MPEG相关文件，MIME“mpeg类型”MPE，MPEG，MPG MPEG动画文件MPP Microsoft工程文件；CAD绘图文件格式MPR Microsoft FoxPro菜单（已编译）MRI MRI扫描文件MSA 魔术阴影档案MSDL Manchester的场景描述语言MSG Microsoft邮件消息MSI Windows 安装器包MSN Microsoft网络文档；Descent Mission文件MSP Microsoft Paint（画图）位图文件；Windows Installer路径文件MST Windows 安装器传输文件MTM Multi 跟踪器音乐模块（MOD）文件MUL Ultima在线MUS 音乐MUS10 Mus10声音MVB Microsoft多媒体查看器文件MWP Lotus WordPro 97 Smart Master文件NAP NAP元文件NCB Microsoft Developer Studio文件NCD Norton改变目录NCF NetWare命令文件；Lotus Notes内部剪切板NDO 3D 低多边形建模器，NendonetCDF 网络公用数据表单NFF 中性文件格式NFT NetObject Fusion模板文件NIL Norton光标库文件（EasyIcons-兼容）NIST NIST Sphere声音NLB Oracle 7数据NLM NetWare可装载模块NLS 用于本地化的国家语言支持文件（例如，Uniscape）NLU Norton Live Update e-mail 触发器文件NOD NetObject Fusion文件NSF Lotus Notes数据库NSO NetObject Fusion文档文件t多媒体查看器文件NST Noise Tracker音乐模块（MOD）文件NS2 Lotus Notes数据库（第二版）NTF Lotus Notes数据库模板NTX CA-Clipper索引文件NWC Noteworthy Composer歌曲文件NWS Microsoft Outlook Express新闻消息（MIME RFC822）O01 台风声音文件OBD Microsoft Office活页夹OBJ 对象文件OBZ Microsoft Office活页夹向导OCX Microsoft对象链接与嵌入定制控件ODS Microsoft Outlook Express邮箱文件OFF 3D 网状物对象文件格式OKT Oktalyzer音乐模块（MOD）文件OLB OLE对象库OLE OLE对象OOGL 面向对象图形库OPL 组织者编程语言源文件——Psion/Symbian OPO OPL输出可执行文件OPT Microsoft Developer Studio文件OPX OPL扩展DLL（动态链接库）ORA Oracle 7 配置文件ORC Oracle 7脚本文件ORG Lotus Organizer 文件OR2 Lotus Organizer 2 文件OR3 Lotus Organizer 97 文件OSS Microsoft Office查找文件OST Microsoft Exchange / Outlook 离线文件OTL Super NoteTab 模板文件OUT C语言输出文件P10 Tektronix Plot 10 绘图文件P65 PageMaker 6.5文件P7C Digital ID 文件（MIME）PAB Microsoft个人地址簿PAC SB Studio Ⅱ包PAK Quake WAD文件PAL 压缩文件PART Go！Zilla部分下载文件PAS Pascal源代码PAT DataCAD Hatch模式文件；CorelDRAW模式；高级Gravis Ultrasound / Forte 技术；碎片文件PBD PowerBuilder动态库，作为本地DLL的一个替代物PBF Turtle Beach的Pinnacle 银行文件PBK Microsoft PhoneBook（电话簿）PBL 用于在PowerBuilder开发环境中的PowerBuilder动态库PBM 可导出位图PBR PowerBuilder资源PCD Kodak Photo-CD映像；P-Code编译器测试脚本，由Microsoft测试与Microsoft Visual测试PCE Maps Eudora邮箱名字的DOS文件名PCL Hewlett-Packard 打印机控制语言文件（打印机备用位图）PCM 声音文件格式；OKI MSM6376 合成芯片PCM格式PCP Symantec Live Update Pro文件PCS PICS动画文件PCT Macintosh PICT绘画文件PCX Zsoft PC画笔位图PDB 3Com PalmPilot数据库文件PDD 可以用Paint Shop Pro或其他图像处理软件打开的图形图像PDF Adobe Acrobat 可导出文档格式文件（可用Web浏览器显示）；Microsoft系统管理服务器包定义文件；NetWare打印机定义文件PDP Broderbund的Print Shop Deluxe文件PDQ Patton&Patton Flowercharting PDQ Lite 文件PDS 摄影图像文件（该文件格式的来源不清楚）PF Aladdin系统对私人文件进行加密的文件PFA 类型1字体（ASCⅡ）PFB 类型1字体（二进制）PFC PF组件PFM 打印机字体尺度PGD 良好隐私（Pretty Good Privacy，PGP）虚拟磁盘文件PGL HP绘图仪绘图文件PGM 可输出灰度图（位图）PGP 用良好隐私（PGP）算法加密文件PH 由Microsoft帮助文件编译器产生的临时文件PHP，PHP3 包含有PHP脚本的HTML网页PHTML 包含有PHP脚本的HTML网页；由Perl分析解释的HTMLPIC PC画图位图；Lotus图片；Macintosh PICT绘图PICT Macintosh PICT图形文件PIF 程序信息文件；IBM PIF绘图文件PIG LucasArts的Dark Forces WAD文件PIN Epic Pinball数据文件PIX 内置系统位图PJ MKS源完整性文件PJX，PJT Microsoft Visual FoxPro工程文件PKG Microsoft Developer Studio应用程序扩展（与DLL文件类似）PKR PGP的公用钥匙环PL Perl程序PLG 由REND386/AVRIL使用的文件格式PLI Oracle 7数据描述PLM Discorder Tracker2模块PLS Disorder Tracker2抽样文件；MPEG PlayList文件（由WinAmp使用）PLT HPGL绘图仪绘图文件；AutoCAD plot绘图文件；Gerber标志制作软件PM5 Pagemaker 5.0文件PM6 Pagemaker 6.0文件PNG 可移植的网络图形位图；Paint Shop Pro浏览器目录PNT，PNTG MacPaint图形文件POG Descent2 PIG文件扩展POL Windows NT策略文件POP Visual dBASE上托文件POT Microsoft Powerpoint模块POV 视频射线跟踪器暂留PP4 Picture Publisher 4位图PPA Microsoft Powerpoint内插器PPF Turtle Beach的Pinnacle程序文件PPM 可移植的象素映射位图PPP Parson Power Publisher；Serif PagePlus桌面出版缺省输出PPS Microsoft Powerpoint幻灯片放映PPT Microsoft Powerpoint演示文稿PQI PowerQuest驱动器图像文件PRC 3COM PalmPiltt资源（文本或程序）文件PRE Lotus Freelance演示文稿PRF Windows系统文件，Macromedia导演设置文件PRG dBASE Clipper和FoxPro程序源文件；WAVmaker程序PRJ 3D Studio（DOS）工程文件PRN 打印表格（用空格分隔的文本）；DataCAD Windows打印机文件PRP Oberson的Prospero数据转换产品保存的工程文件PRS Harvard Graphics for Windows演示文件PRT 打印格式化文件；Pro/ENGINEER元件文件PRV PsiMail Internet提供者模板文件PRZ Lotus Freelance Graphics 97文件PS Postscript格式化文件（PostScript打印机可读文件）PSB Pinnacle Sound BankPSD Adobe photoshop位图文件PSI PSION a-Law声音文件PSM Protracker Studio模型格式；Epic游戏的源数据文件PSP Paint Shop Pro图像文件PST Microsoft Outlook个人文件夹文件PTD Pro/ENGINEER表格文件PTM Polytracker音乐模块（MOD）文件PUB Ventura Publisher出版物；Microsoft Publisher文档PWD Microsoft Pocket Word文档PWL Windows 95口令列表文件PWP Photoworks图像文件（能被Photoworks浏览的一系列文件）PWZ Microsoft Powerpoint向导PXL Microsoft Pocket Excel电子表格PY 来自Yahoo的电子消息；Python脚本文件PYC Python脚本文件QAD PF QuickArt文档QBW QuickBooks for Windows文件QDT 来自Quicken UK的QuickBooks数据文件，帐目/税/货单程序QD3D Apple的QuickDraw 3D元文件格式QFL FAMILY LAWYER文档QIC Microsoft备份文件QIF QuickTime相关图像（MIME）；Quicken导入文件QLB Quick库QM Quality Motion文件QRY Microsoft查询文件QST Quake Spy Tab文件QT，QTM QuickTime电影QTI，QTIF QuickTime相关图像QTP QuickTime优先文件QTS Mac PICT图像文件；QuickTime相关图像QTX QuickTime相关图像QW Symantec Q&A Write程序文件QXD Quark XPress文件R Pegasus邮件资源文件RA RealAudio声音文件RAM RealAudio元文件RAR RAR压缩档案（Eugene Roshall格式）RAS Sun光栅图像位图RAW RAW文件格式（位图）；Raw标识的PCM数据RBH 由RoboHELP维持的RBH文件，它加入到一个帮助工程文件的信息中RDF 资源描述框架文件（涉及XML和元数据）RDL Descent注册水平文件REC 录音机宏；RapidComm声音文件REG 注册表文件REP Visual dBASE报表文件RES Microsoft Visual C++资源文件RFT 可修订的表单文本（IBM的DCA一部分或文档内容框架结构一部分）RGB，SGI Silicon图形RGB文件RLE Run-Length编码的位图RL2 Descent2注册水平文件RM RealAudio视频文件RMD Microsoft RegMaid文档RMF Rich Map格式（3D游戏编辑器使用它来保存图）RMI M1D1音乐ROM 基于盒式磁带的家庭游戏仿真器文件（来自Atari 2600、Colecovision、Sega、Nintendo等盒式磁带里的ROM完全拷贝，在两个仿真器之间不可互修改）ROV Rescue Rover数据文件RPM RedHat包管理器包（用于Linux）RPT Microsoft Visual Basic Crystal报表文件RRS Ace game Road Rash保存的文件RSL Borland的Paradox 7报表RSM WinWay Resume Writer恢复文件RTF Rich Text格式文档RTK RoboHELP使用的用来模拟Windows帮助的搜索功能RTM Real Tracker音乐模块（MOD）文件RTS RealAudio的RTSL文档；RoboHELP对复杂操作进行加速RUL InstallShield使用的扩展名RVP Microsoft Scan配置文件（MIME）Rxx 多卷档案上的RAR压缩文件（xx= 1～99间的一个数字）S 汇编源代码文件S3I Scream Tracker v3设备S3M Scream Tracker v3的声音模块文件SAM Ami专业文档；8位抽样数据SAV 游戏保存文件SB 原始带符号字节（8位）数据SBK Creative Labs的Soundfont 1.0 Bank文件；(Soundblaster)/EMU SonndFont v1.x Bank文件SBL Shockwave Flash对象文件SC2 Microsoft Schedule+7文件格式；SAS目录（Windows 95/NT、OS/2、Mac）SC3 SimCity 3000保存的游戏文件SCC Microsoft Source Safe文件SCD Matrix/Imapro SCODL幻灯片图像；Microsoft Schedule +7SCF Windows Explorer命令文件SCH Microsoft Schedule+1SCI ScanVec Inspire本地文件格式SCN True Space 2场景文件SCP 拨号网络脚本文件SCR Windows屏幕保护；传真图像；脚本文件SCT SAS目录（DOS）；Scitex CT位图；Microsoft FoxPro表单SCT01 SAS目录（UNIX）SCV ScanVec CASmate本地文件格式SCX Microsoft FoxPro表单文件SD Sound Designer 1声音文件SD2 Sound Designer 2展平文件/数据分叉指令；SAS数据库（Windows 95/NT、OS/2、Mac）SDF 系统数据文件格式—Legacy Unisys（Sperry）格式SDK Roland S—系列软盘映像SDL Smart Draw库文件SDR Smart Draw绘图文件SDS 原始Midi抽样转储标准文件SDT SmartDraw模板SDV 分号分隔的值文件SDW Lotus WordPro图形文件；原始带符号的DWORD（32位）数据SDX 由SDX压缩的Midi抽样转储标准文件SEA 自解压档案（Stufflt for Macintosh或其他软件使用的文件）SEP 标签图像文件格式（TIFF）位图SES Cool Edit Session文件（普通数据声音编辑器文件）SF IRCAM声音文件格式SF2 Emu Soundfont v2.0文件；Creative Labs的Soundfont 2.0 Bank文件（Sound Blaster）SFD SoundStage声音文件数据SFI Sound Stage声音文件信息SFR Sonic Foundry Sample资源SFW Seattle电影工程（损坏的JPEG）SFX RAR自解压档案SGML 标准通用标签语言SHB Corel Show演示文稿；文档快捷文件SHG 热点位图SHP 3D Studio（DOS）形状文件；被一些应用程序用于多部分交互三角形模型的3D建模SHS Shell scrap文件；据载用于发送“口令盗窃者”SHTML 含有服务器端包括（SSI）的HTML文件SHW Corel Show演示文稿SIG 符号文件SIT Mac的StuffIt档案文件SIZ Oracle 7配置文件SKA PGP秘钥SKL Macromedia导演者资源文件SL PACT的保存布局扩展名SLB Autodesk Slide库文件格式SLD Autodesk Slide文件格式SLK Symbolic Link（SYLK）电子表格SM3 DataCAD标志文件SMP Samplevision格式；Ad Lib Gold抽样文件SND NeXT声音；Mac声音资源；原始的未符号化的PCM数据；AKAI MPC系列抽样文件SNDR Sounder声音文件SNDT Sndtool声音文件SOU SB Studio Ⅱ声音SPD Speech数据文件SPL Shockwave Flash对象；DigiTrakker抽样SPPACK SPPack声音抽样SPRITE Acorn的位图格式SQC 结构化查询语言（SQR）普通代码文件SQL InFORMix SQL查询；通常被数据库产品用于SQL查询（脚本、文本、二进制）的文件扩展名SQR 结构化查询语言（SQR）程序文件SSDO1 SAS数据集合（UNIX）SSD SAS数据库（DOS）SSF 可用的电子表格文件ST Atari ST磁盘映像STL Sterolithography文件STM .shtml的短后缀形式，含有一个服务端包括（SSI）的HTML文件；Scream Tracker V2音乐模块（MOD）文件STR 屏幕保护文件STY Ventura Publisher风格表SVX Amiga 8SVX声音；互交换文件格式，8SVX/16SVSW 原始带符号字（16位）数据SWA 在Macromedia导演文件（MP3文件）中的Shockwave声音文件SWP DataCAD交换文件SYS 系统文件SYW Yamaha SY系列波形文件。
网工常用英语词汇
1.（DEC)CSMA/CD 载波监听多路访问/冲突检测2.(IBM）DNA 数字网络体系构3.access 访问4.access control 访问控制5.access matrix 访问矩阵6.account 帐号7.ACL(access control list）访问列表8.acquisition confirm 获取确认9.acquisition request 获取请求10.across certificate 交叉证书11.active 激活12.address size 地址13.ADSL 对称数字用户服务线14.ADSL（asymmetric digital subscriber line）不对称数字用户15.AFS（andrew file system）分布式文件系统16.agent 代理17.AH（authentication header 鉴别报头18.ANSI 美国国家标准协会19.ASK(amplitude shift keying）幅移键控法20.assume 担任21.asymmetric key cryptography 不对称加密22.ATM( Asynchronous Transfer Mode）异步传输模式23.attempt limit 最大重传次数24.AUI 连接单元接口25.authenticated 已认证26.authentication 鉴别27.authentication mechanisms 路由控制机制28.authenticatior 身份认证29.awareness 互相感知30.back 前一步31.back off limit 避免算法参数32.BIOS（Basic-input-Output System) 基本输入输出系统33.bridge 网桥34.broadcast storm 广播风暴35.BtoC（B2C)business to consumer 企业对消费者36.BtoG(business to government 企业对政府37.CA(certificate authority) 证书权威机构38.Cable-modem 机顶盒39.catalog 目录手册40.CBX(computerized branch exchange) 程控交换ITT 国际电报电话咨询委员会42.CDE(common desktop environment）通用桌面环境43.CD—R 光盘刻录机44.CD-ROM 光盘驱动器（光驱）45.cease 中止46.cell rate decoupling 信元率去耦48.certificate hierarchy 证书层次结构49.certificate verify 证书检验报文50.CGI（common gateway interface）公用网关接口51.CHAP（challenge handshake authentication protocol）请求握手验证协议52.chat 闲谈53.chip 芯片54.ciphertext 脱密55.click 点击56.Client/Server 客户机/服务器57.cluster 群集地址58.CMIS/CMIP 公共管理信息服务/协议59.CMISE 公共管理信息服务60.code 密码61.CODEC(Code decoder）编码解码器62.collaboration 协作63.collabration/cooperation 协调和协作方式64.collaspsed backone 折叠式主干网65.co—located 同地协作66.column 行merce 主题patibility 兼容性puter language 计算机语言言70.configuration 配置71.content/message 内容72.cooperation 协同73.coordination 协调74.copy 复制75.CORBA 面向对象的分布系统应用76.COSE(common open software environment) 普通开放软件环境RPC远程过程调用77.COSE(common opensystem environment) 通用开放系统环境78.course grained 粗粒度访问控制79.CPU(Central Processing Unit) 央处理单元80.cruise 漫游81.CSCL（Computer Supported Cooperative Learning) 计算机支持的合作学习82.CSCW（computer supported cooperative work 计算机支持协同工作83.cut 剪切84.data 数据85.data base 数据库86.data confidentiality 保密87.data integrity 数据完整性88.DBMS（Data Base Manage System) 数据库管理系统89.DBS(direct broadcast satellite）直播广播卫星90.DCE(distributed computing environment) 分布计算环境91.DDCS 数据库管理和分布数据库连接服务92.debug 调试94.default receive windows) 预设接收窗口95.Demo 演示96.DES(data encryption standard）数据加密标准97.description 描述98.Destination Folder 目的文件夹99.digital signature mechanisms 数据完整性100.distance education/learning 远程教育101.DNS(domain name service）域名服务102.double click 双击103.dummy 哑终端104.edit 编辑cational groupware system 教育组件系统106.EEI（extenal environment interface）扩展环境接口107.EGP（exterior gateway protocol）扩展网关协议108.Email 电子邮件109.encapsulation 封装110.enciphermant 加密机制111.encopulation security payload 封装安全负载112.encryption 加密113.exception 异常114.execute 执行115.exit 退出116.FCS 帧校验序117.FDM 频分路复用118.find file 文件查寻119.fine grained 细粒度访问控制120.finish 结束121.Firewall 防火墙122.Fixed disk setup program 硬盘安装程序123.Floppy Disk 软盘124.folder 文件夹125.font 字体126.FSK(frequency shift eying）移键控法127.full screen 全屏128.function 函数129.gateway 网关130.graphics 图形131.groupware 群件132.GSM(roup pecial mobile) 移动通讯133.GSS-API 通用安全服务134.GUI（graphical user interfaces ) 图形用户界面135.Hard Disk 硬盘136.HDSL(high bit rate）两对双绞线137.Homepage 主页138.HTML hypertext markup language 超文本语言139.HUB 集线器140.hyperlink 超级链接141.hypertext 超文本142.ICCC 国际计算机信会议143.ICMP internet 控制报文协议144.icon 图标145.ICQ 网上寻呼146.IDEA（international data encryption algorithm）国际加密算法147.IE（Internet Explorer）微软公司的网络浏览器148.IGP(inter gateway protocol) 内部网关连接器协议149.IGP（interior gateway rotocol）核心网关协议150.IIS（Internet Information server) internet 信息服务151.IKE(Internet key exchange）因特网密钥交换152.image 图像153.IMAP(internet message access protocol）协议154.integrated model 集成模型155.Inter Frame Gap 帧156.interactive communication 交互通信157.interenterprise computing 企业间的计算158.interface 界面159.Internal web 内部环球网160.Internet 互联网161.internetworked enterprise 互联网上的企业162.interrupt 中断163.inverted 颠倒164.IP(Address) 互联网议（地址)165.IPSEC（IP security）安全IP166.IPSP（IP security protocol） IP安全协议167.IRC（internet relay chat) 聊天168.ISO 国际标准化组织169.ISP(internet service provider）服务商170.Jam size 阻塞参数171.KDC（key distribuetion center）密钥分发中心172.keyboard 键盘N 局域网PB（line access protocol balanced）链路访问协议平衡175.LDAP（light weight directory access protocol) 轻量目录访问协议176.license 许可（证）177.LIP(serial line)IP 串行IP178.Lynx Mosaic Netscape Hotjava 浏览器179.mail lists 邮件列表180.mainboard 主板181.manual 指南182.MAU 介质连接口183.max frame size 最大帧184.MDI 介质相关接口185.medium grained 中粒度访问控制186.message systems 信报系统187.middleware 中间件188.MIPS PC的处理能力189.Modem(MOdulator—DEModulator）调制解调器190.monitor 监视器191.more flag 标识192.mouse 鼠标193.MSS（maximum segment size）最大分段尺寸194.MTU（maximum transmission unit) 最大传输单位195.multi homed 多宿主196.multicast 组播地址197.multimedia 多媒体198.NAT(network address translation）网络地址转换199.Navigator 网景公司的浏览器200.NCP(network control protocol) 网络控制协议201.NDIS（network device interface specification) 网络设备接口work-based distance education 远程网络教育203.newgroups 新闻组204.next 下一步205.nonlinear encoding 非线性编程206.non—reputation 防止否认207.notarization mechanisms 公证208.NRZ （Non return to zero) 不归零制209.NSP(name service protocol）域名服务协议210.NTDS（windows NT directory server） windows NT目录服务211.NWC(newwave computingHP）新波形计算212.object 对象213.OCCA（open cooperative computing architecture) 开放合作计算体系结构214.ODI 开放数据链路接口215.OEM 原始设备制造商216.offset 偏移217.On semble stackable 10BASE 可叠加组合型集线器218.online 在线219.OO(Object—Oriented) 面向对象220.option pack 功能补丁221.OSF 开放软件中心222.OSF(open software foundation）开放软件基金223.OSPF 开放最短径优先协议224.OSPF(open shortest path control protocol）开放的最短路径优先协议225.PABX(private automatic branch exchange) 自动交换机226.PAD 填充字段227.pan 漫游228.PAP（password authentication protocol) 密码验证协议229.paragraph 段落230.password 口令231.paste 粘贴232.PBX（private branch exchange）专用换网233.PCM(pulse code modulation）脉冲代码调制234.PCS 便携式智能终端235.PCT(private communication technology）专网通信技术236.PIN(personal identification number) 个人标识符237.plaintext 明文238.platform 平台239.PMA 物理介质接口240.poll 轮询241.portable 便携242.P-P(Plug and Play) 即插即用243.PPP(Point to Point protocol）点对点协议244.previous 前一个245.print preview 打印预览246.private 保密247.private key 私钥248.profit 利润249.program 程序250.progress 进展251.protocol 协议252.proxy server 代理服务器253.PSK（phase shift keying）相移键控法254.PtoP（C2C)person to person 个人对个人255.public key 公钥256.PWS（peer web serviceWEB）服务器257.RADSL(rate adaptive DSL）速率自适应DSL 258.RAM(random access memory）随机存储器(内存) 259.RAS 远程访问服务260.realm 域261.redirector 重定向器262.reference monitor 引用监控器263.registration 登录264.release 发布265.remote 远程协作266.repeater 中继器267.Replace 替换268.reply attack 检测重放攻击269.restart 重新启动270.right click 右击271.RIP(routing information protocol）路由信息协议272.RIP(Routing Information protocol) 路由信息协议273.rogue programs 捣乱程序274.ROM（Read Only Memory）只读存储器275.router 路由器276.row 列277.RR(resource record) 资源记录278.ruler 标尺279.SBS（source route switching) 源路由交换网桥280.scable model 可伸缩模型281.SDH 同步数字复用282.SDSL（symmetric DSL) 单对双绞线283.seal 封装284.search 查询285.Search Engine 搜索引擎286.security audit trail 安全审计跟踪287.security domain 安全领域288.security labels 安全标记289.security recovery 安全恢复290.select all 全选291.service pack 服务补丁292.session key 会话层密钥293.SET（secure electrionic transaction) 安全电子传送294.settings 设置295.settop box 机顶盒296.setup 安装297.SFD 起始定界符298.SFT(system fault tolerant）系统容错299.short cut 快捷方式300.sign 签名301.SMI(structer of management information) 管理信息结构302.SMT（station management) 管理站303.SMTP(simple mail transfer protocol）简单邮件传输304.SMTP(simple mail transfer protocol) 简单邮件传输协议305.SMTP(simple mail transfer protocol）简单邮件传输协议306.SNA 系统网络体系结构307.SNMP(simple network management protocol) 简单网管协议308.SNMP(simple network management protocol) 简单网络管理协议309.SNR（signal noise ratio）信噪比310.solttime 时间片311.SONENT(synchronous optical network) 同步光纤网络312.source routing bridge 源路径桥313.SPF(shortest path first）最短路径314.spoofing 欺骗315.SRT 源地址选择透明桥316.SRT（source route transparent) 源路由透明网桥317.status bar 状态条318.STDM 统计时分多路复用319.STLP（secure transport layer protocol）安全传送层320.style 风格321.symbol 符号322.symmetric key cryptography 对称加密323.table 表324.TDM 时分多路复用325.tele—access 远程访问326.TELEGP(exterior gateway protocol）外部网关连接器协议327.telemedicine 远程医疗328.tele—mentoring 远程辅导329.tele—sharing 远程共享330.Telnet 远程登录331.template 模版332.text 文本333.ticket 凭证334.timestamp 时间标记335.tool bar 工具条336.translation bridging 转换桥接方式337.transparent bridge 传输桥338.trusted function 可信339.TTL（time to live）留存时间340.UDP（user datagram protocol) 用户数据报协议341.uninstall 卸载342.UPS(Uninterruptable Power Supply) 不间断电源343.URL(Uniform resource locator）同意资源定位符344.URL(uniform resource locator) 统一资源定位er 用户346.video conferencing 视频会议347.view 视图348.virtual classroom 虚拟教室349.virtual electronic commerce city 虚拟电子商城350.virtual electronic mall 虚拟电子商场351.virtual publishing 虚拟出版352.virtual store 虚拟商店353.virus 病毒354.VPN（virtual private networks) 虚拟专网355.WAN 广域网356.WAP(wireless application protocol) 无线应用协议357.WDH 波分复用358.Webpage 网页359.website 网站360.Windows NT 微软公司的网络操作系统361.workflow 工作流362.WWW（World Wide Web) 万维网363.WYSIWYG（what you see is what you get）所见即所得364.xDSL(x digital subscriber line）数字用户线路365.zoom in 放大366.zoom out 缩小。
Intel Arc A-Series 桌面版图形卡快速启动指南说明书
SupportIntel® Arc™ A-Series Graphics – Desktop Quick Start GuideDocumentationContent Type Install & SetupArticle ID 000091128Last Reviewed 10/25/2022Thank you for choosing Intel Arc™ graphics. Designed to take your gaming and creation to the next level. Let’s Play!Intel® Arc™ Graphics products leverage the latest in system technologies to deliver a great gaming experience. In order to ensure you get the best gaming experiences from Intel® Arc™ A-Series Desktop Graphics, a supported hardware configuration is required, and there are a few system BIOS settings that are critical to configure.System BIOS configuration can have a significant impact on your gaming performance System BIOS are designed to support configurations for a broad range of devices and some default configurations may not be optimal for Intel® Arc™ A-Series Desktop Graphics. Please review the following guide and ensure your system has these options set correctly so you can get the best performance from your Intel® Arc™ Graphics card.System RequirementsAutomatic System Support DetectionUse the Intel® Driver and Support Assistant (Intel DSA) to quickly automatically detect if your system is ready for Intel® Arc™ discrete graphics .Download the Intel® Driver & Support Assistant .Supported Hardware ConfigurationsResizable BAR or Smart Access Memory must be enabled for optimal performance in all applications using Intel® Arc™ A-Series Graphics. Platforms supported are listed below. Support for more platforms will be added at a later time.CPU Motherboard13th Gen Intel® Core™ Processors Intel 700/600 Series motherboardwith Resizable BAR support enabled Product Support Graphics Introducing 4th Gen Intel® Xeon® Scalable Processors12th Gen Intel® Core™ Processors Intel 600 Series motherboard with Resizable BAR support enabled11th Gen Intel® Core™ Processors 10th Gen Intel® Core™ Processors Intel 500 Series motherboard with Resizable BAR support enabled Intel 400 Series motherboard with Resizable BAR support enabledAMD Ryzen™ 7000 Series Processors AMD 600 Series motherboard with Smart Access Memory enabledAMD Ryzen™ 5000 Series Processors Most AMD Ryzen™ 3000 series Processors (excludes AMD 3000G-series Processors)AMD 500 Series motherboard with Smart Access Memory enabledAdditional platforms/motherboards with Resizable BAR / Smart Access Memory enabled may also support Intel® Arc™ A-Series graphics.Operating System RequirementsWindows® 10 64-bit 20H2 or newerWindows 11* 64-bitConfirm the Operating System is using the GPT partition type:For Windows 11, this mode is configured by default.For Windows 10, the partition type can be converted if installed with a MBR partitiontype.Refer to the Microsoft Tool & Guidefor more information.Motherboard RequirementsFull-size PCI Express 3.0 (or newer) x16 slotResizable (Re-Size) BARSteps to Enable Resizable BAR:1. Enter the system’s BIOS/UEFI firmware configuration menu by pressing the DEL keyduring system start up. This may vary between each system manufacturer, please check with your system manufacturer for specific instructions as necessary.2. Compatibility Support Module (CSM) or Legacy Mode must be disabled and UEFI bootmode must be Enabled.3. Ensure the following settings are set to Enabled (or Auto if the Enabled option is notpresent):Above 4G DecodingRe-Size BAR SupportThe Resizable BAR option may be described as Re-Size BAR, Smart Access Memory, or Clever Access Memory. Contact the system manufacturer for specific details.Use your system’s latest motherboard firmware supporting Resizable BAR.Refer to your system manufacturer's support pagefor further details.Power Supply RequirementsPower supply requirements may vary, please check the manufacturer for specific details.Intel® Arc™ A770 Limited Edition and A750 Limited Edition Graphics:Minimum 600W power supply with two PCIe power connectors – 1x8-pin & 1x6-pinFor Intel Arc A770 Graphics Limited Edition Graphics CardsHow to Set Up the RGB Controller1. In the original packaging, locate and remove the RGB control cable from the box beneath the graphics card.2. Connect the RGB control cable to the 1 x 3-pin connector on the graphics card (shownbelow) and to the available USB pin header on the motherboard.Note The location of the USB pin header varies permotherboard. Contact your motherboardmanufacturer for more information on the header location.3. Download and install the Intel® Arc™ RGB Controller.FAQsQ: What warranty is offered with Intel® Arc™ A-series Graphics?A: Warranty terms vary by manufacturer, please check with your manufacturer for warranty coverage.For Intel® Arc™ A770 & A750 Limited Edition Graphics:Intel® Graphics Card three-year limited warranty applies to eligible Intel® Graphics Cards that are packaged in authentic Intel packaging and sold to end customers as standalone components. Intel® Graphics Cards contained within Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM)systems are subject to OEM manufacturer warranties and generally are not supported directly by Intel. For more information, please visit Intel® Arc 7 Graphics Cards Three-Year Limited Warranty Terms and Conditions .Q: My system/motherboard manufacturer has provided a firmware update enabling support for Resizable BAR, but I still cannot see the Resizable BAR option!A: For some systems, you may need to first enable ‘Above 4G decoding’, save the configuration,and restart, before the Resizable BAR option will be shown.Q: I am on a 10th Gen Intel® Core™ Processor. Does my motherboard support Resizable BAR?A: Support for resizable BAR on 10th Gen platforms will vary. Please contact your system/motherboard manufacturer for specific support.Q: Why do I need to enable Resizable BAR?A: Resizable BAR must be enabled for optimal performance in all applications using Intel® Arc™A-Series Graphics.Q: Do I need to update the firmware on my Intel® Arc™ A-Series graphics card?A: No, the graphics card will not require a firmware update. However, if using a 10th Gen Intel®Core™ Processor based system, a firmware update for your system platform/motherboard will be required. The latest graphics driver is always recommended, please visit for the latest graphics driver.Q: How do I check if Resizable BAR has been enabled once I’ve installed my new Intel® Arc™A-Series graphics card?A: You can use Intel® Arc™ Control or the Intel® Driver & Support Assistant Tool.Q: Is my Operating System boot mode is configured correctly for Intel® Arc A-Series Graphics?A: Ensure the operating system is using the UEFI boot mode & GPT partition style. For Windows,it is possible to switch firmware modes using the MBR2GPT tool. Compatibility Support Module (CSM) must be disabled and UEFI boot mode must be enabled.Q: Which video output supports variable refresh rate for gaming?A: The preferred video outputs for gaming are the DisplayPort outputs. All DisplayPort outputs support Adaptive Sync for smooth, tear-free gaming. HDMI output capabilities may vary, please check the manufacturer for specific details. The Intel® Arc™ A770 Limited Edition and A750Limited Edition Graphics offer an HDMI 2.1 output with support for variable refresh rate.Q: What should I do if my system configuration is not listed?For configurations not listed in this guide, there may be performance or stability issues. We recommend updating to one of the configurations listed for optimal performance with Intel®Arc™ Graphics.Related ProductsThis article applies to 10 products.Show allContact supportNeed more help?Give FeedbackCompany OverviewContact IntelNewsroomInvestorsCareersCorporate ResponsibilityDiversity & InclusionPublic PolicyRecycling© Intel CorporationTerms of Use*TrademarksCookiesPrivacySupply Chain TransparencySite MapDo Not Share My Personal InformationIntel technologies may require enabled hardware, software or service activation. // No product or component can be absolutely secure. // Your costs and results may vary. // Performance varies by use, configuration and other factors. // See our complete legal Notices and Disclaimers. // Intel is committed to respecting human rights and avoiding complicity in human rights abuses. See Intel’s Global Human Rights Principles. Intel’s products and software are intended only to be used in applications that do not cause or contribute to a violation of an internationally recognized human right.。
计算机行业常见名词缩写及详解word
Microsoft:有时缩略为MS，是全球最著名的软件商，美国软件巨头微软公司的名字。
Microsoft其实是由两个英语单词组成：Micro意为“微小”，Soft意为“软的”，此处应为“Software，软件”，顾名思义，微软(Microsoft)是专门生产软件的公司。
当今90％以上的微机都是装载Microsoft的操作系统，如MS－DOS 6.22、Windows 3.2、Windows 95、Windows NT等。
Intel：英特尔公司，是世界上最大的CPU(中央处理器，被人们称为电脑的心脏)及相关芯片制造商。
80％左右的电脑都是使用Intel公司生产的CPU。
其产品从早期的8088到目前流行的Pentium、Pentium Pro、Pentium MMX、Pentium Ⅱ等。
Pentium、Pentium Pro、Intel Inside标志：都是英特尔公司的注册商标。
Pentium(读音为／′pentj m／)是著名的CPU商标名，汉译为“奔腾”。
人们称赞不已、开口闭口所说的“奔腾”电脑，是因为电脑里安装有英特尔公司生产的“奔腾”CPU。
AMD：世界第二大CPU制造商，主要产品有K5，K6 MMX CPU系列。
Cyrix：CPU制造商，主要产品有M1，M2 MMX CPU系列。
Epson：爱普生，日本爱普生打印机制造商。
HP：惠普，Hewlett Packard的缩写，是美国著名的惠普打印机、电脑制造商。
Canon：佳能，著名打印机商标。
日本著名的佳能打印机制造商。
Canon英文意思为“宗教法规，标准”，可以看出佳能公司在创业之初，就决心要把自己的产品作为业界的“标准”。
Compaq：汉译为“康柏”，美国康柏电脑公司，它是世界上最大的电脑公司之一。
IBM：是International Business Machine Company(美国国际商用机器公司)的缩写。
IBM 是美国老牌电脑制造商，其产品是国际知名品牌。
计算机英语单词音标
第一部分计算机英语1.1 词汇AActive-matrix 动态矩阵[ˈæktiv][ˈmeɪtrɪks]Adapter cards适配卡[əˈdæptə] [kɑ:d]Advanced application高级应用[ədˈvɑ:nst][ˌæpliˈkeiʃən]Analytical graph分析图表[,ænə'litikəl][ɡrɑ:f]Analyze分析[ˈænəlaiz]Animations动画[ˌænəˈmeɪʃən]Application software 应用软件[ˌænəˈmeɪʃən] [ˈsɔftwɛə]Arithmetic operations算术运算[əˈriθmətik] [ˌɔpəˈreiʃən]Audio-output device音频输出设备['ɔ:djəu][ˈautput][diˈvais] Access time存取时间[ˈækses][taim]access存取accuracy准确性[ˈækjurəsi，ˈækjərəsi]ad network cookies广告网络信息记录软件[æd] [ˈnetwə:k] [ˈkuki] Add-ons 插件[æd] [ɔns]Address地址[əˈdres]Agents代理['eidʒənt]Analog signals模拟信号[ˈænəˌlɔ:g, -ˌlɔg] [ˈsiɡnəl]Applets程序[ˈæplɪt]Asynchronous communications port异步通信端口[eɪˈsɪŋkrənəs] [kəmju:niˈkeiʃ(ə)nz] [pɔ:t]Attachment附件[əˈtætʃmənt]BBar code条形码[bɑ:][kəud]Bar code reader条形码读卡器[ˈri:də]Basic application基础程序[ˈbeisik] [ˌæpliˈkeiʃən]Binary coding schemes二进制译码方案[ˈbaɪnəri:] ['kəudiŋ][ski:m] Binary system二进制系统[ˈsistəm]Bit比特[bit]Browser浏览器['brauzə]Bus line总线[bʌs] [lain]Backup tape cartridge units备份磁带盒单元[ˈbækˌʌp] [teip] [ˈkɑ:tridʒ][ˈju:nit]Bandwidth带宽['bændwidθ]Bluetooth蓝牙['blu:tu:θ]Broadband宽带['brɔ:dbænd]Business-to-business企业对企业电子商务[ˈbiznis]Business-to-consumer企业对消费者[kənˈsju:mə]Bus总线CCables连线['keibl]Cell单元箱[sel]Chain printer链式打印机[tʃein] [ˈprɪntə]Character and recognition device字符标识识别设备[ˈkæriktə] [ˌrekəɡˈniʃən] [diˈvais]Chart图表[tʃɑ:t]Chassis支架[ˈʃæsi:, ˈtʃæsi:]Chip芯片[tʃip]Clarity清晰度['klæriti]Closed architecture封闭式体系结构[kləʊzd] [ˈɑ:kitektʃə]Column列[ˈkɔləm]Combination key结合键[ˌkɔmbiˈneiʃən] [ki:]computer competency计算机能力[kəmˈpju:tə] [ˈkɔmpit(ə)nsi] connectivity连接，结点[kənekˈtiviti]Continuous-speech recognition system连续语言识别系统[kənˈtinjuəs] [spi:tʃ] [ˌrekəɡˈniʃən] [ˈsistəm]Control unit操纵单元[kənˈtrəul] [ˈju:nit]Cordless or wireless mouse无线鼠标['kɔ:dlɪs] ['waɪəlɪs] [maus] Cable modems有线调制解调器['keibl] ['məudem]CD-ROM可记录光盘CD-RW可重写光盘CD-R可记录压缩光盘Channel信道[ˈtʃænl]Chat group谈话群组[tʃæt] [ɡru:p]Client客户端['klaiənt]Coaxial cable同轴电缆[kəuˈæksəl] ['keibl]cold site冷网站[kəuld] [sait]Commerce servers商业服务器['kɔmə:s] [ˈsə:və]Communication channel信道[kəˌmju:niˈkeiʃən] [ˈtʃænl]Communication systems信息系统Compact disc rewritable 可擦写光盘[kəm'pækt] [disk] [ri:'raitəbl] Compact disc光盘computer abuse amendments act of 19941994计算机滥用法案[əˈbju:s] [əˈmendmənt]computer crime计算机犯罪[kraim]computer ethics计算机道德['eθiks]computer fraud and abuse act of 1986计算机欺诈和滥用法案[frɔ:d]computer matching and privacy protection act of 1988计算机查找和隐私保护法案['mætʃɪŋ]['praivəsi] [prə'tekʃən]Computer network计算机网络['netwə:k]computer support specialist计算机支持专家[sə'pɔ:t] ['speʃəlist] computer technician计算机技术人员[tek'niʃən]computer trainer计算机教师[ˈtreɪnə]Connection device连接设备[kə'nekʃən] [di'vais]Connectivity连接[kənek'tiviti]Consumer-to-consumer个人对个人[kən'sju:mə]cookies-cutter programs信息记录截取程序['kuki] ['kʌtə] ['prəuɡræm]cookies信息记录程序cracker解密高手['krækə]Cybercash电子现金['saibə][kæʃ]Cyberspace计算机空间['saibə,speis]DDatabase数据库['deitəbeis]database files数据库文件[fails]Database manager数据库管理['mænidʒə]Data bus数据总线['deitə] [bʌs]Data projector数码放映机[prə'dʒektə,prə'dʒektə(r)]Desktop system unit台式电脑系统单元['desk,tɔp] ['sistəm] ['ju:n it]Destination file目标文件[,desti'neiʃən]Digital cameras数码照相机['didʒitəl] ['kæmərə]Digital notebooks数字笔记本['nəutbuk]Digital video camera数码摄影机['vidiəu]Discrete-speech recognition system不连续语言识别系统[dis'kri:t] [spi:tʃ] [,rekəɡ'niʃən]Document文档['dɔkjumənt]document files文档文件Dot-matrix printer点矩阵式打印机[dɔt] ['meɪtrɪks] ['prɪntə]Dual-scan monitor双向扫描显示器['duəl][skæn] ['mɔnitə]Dumb terminal非智能终端[dʌm] ['tə:minəl]data security数据安全['deitə] [si'kjuəriti]Data transmission specifications数据传输说明[trænz'miʃən] [,spesifi' keiʃən]database administrator数据库管理员['deitəbeis] [æd'mɪnɪ,streɪtə] Dataplay数字播放器['deitə’plei]Demodulation解调['di:,mɔdju:'leiʃən]denial of service attack拒绝服务攻击[di'naiəl] ['sɜːvɪs] [ə'tæk] Dial-up service拨号服务['daiəl]Digital cash数字现金Digital signals数字信号['didʒitəl] ['siɡnəl]Digital subscriber line数字用户线路[səb'skraɪbə] [lain]Digital versatile disc数字化通用磁盘['və:sətail] [disk]Digital video disc数字化视频光盘['vidiəu]Direct access直接存取[di'rekt] ['ækses]Directory search目录搜索[di'rektəri] [sə:tʃ]disaster recovery plan灾难恢复计划[di'zɑ:stə][ri'kʌvəri] [plæn] Disk caching磁盘驱动器高速缓存[kæʃiŋ]Diskette磁盘[dis'ket]Disk磁盘Distributed data processing system 分布式数据处理系统[dis'tribju:tid]['deitə] [prəʊ'sesɪŋ]['sistəm]Distributed processing 分布处理Domain code域代码[dəu'mein] [kəud]Download 下载['daunləud]DVD 数字化通用磁盘DVD-R 可写DVDDVD-RAM DVD随机存取器DVD-ROM 只读DVDEe-book电子阅读器Expansion cards扩展卡[iks'pænʃən] [kɑ:d]end user终端用户[end] ['ju:zə]e-cash电子现金[kæʃ]e-commerce电子商务['kɔmə:s]electronic cash电子现金[ilek'trɔnik]electronic commerce电子商务electronic communications privacy act of1986电子通信隐私法案[kəmju:ni'keiʃ(ə)nz] ['praivəsi] [ækt] encrypting加密术[inˈkript iŋ]energy star能源之星['enədʒi] [stɑ:]Enterprise computing企业计算化['entəpraiz] [kəm'pju:tiŋ] environment环境[in'vaiərənmənt]Erasable optical disks可擦除式光盘[i'reizəbl] ['ɔptikəl] ergonomics人类工程学[,ə:ɡəu'nɔmiks]ethics道德规范['eθiks]External modem外置调制解调器[eks'tə:nl] ['məudem] extranet企业外部网['ekstrə,net]FFax machine传真机[fæks] [mə'ʃi:n]Field域[fi:ld]Find搜索[faind]FireWire port火线端口['faiə] ['waiə] [pɔ:t]Firmware固件（指设备内部保存的设备“驱动程序”,）['fə:mwɛə] Flash RAM闪存[flæʃ] [ræm] random access memory Flatbed scanner台式扫描器['flætbed] ['skænə]Flat-panel monitor纯平显示器[flæt] ['pænl] ['mɔnitə]floppy disk软盘['flɔpi:] [disk]Formatting toolbar格式化工具条['fɔ:mætiŋ] ['tu:l,bɑ:] Formula公式['fɔ:mjulə]Function函数['fʌŋkʃən]fair credit reporting act of 1970公平信用报告法案[fɛə] ['kredit] Fiber-optic cable光纤电缆['faibə]['ɔptɪk] ['keibl]File compression文件压缩[kəm'preʃən]File decompression文件解压缩[,di:kəm'preʃən]filter过滤['filtə]firewall防火墙['faɪəwɔ:l]Fixed disk固定硬盘[fɪkst] [disk]Flash memory闪存[flæʃ] ['meməri]Flexible disk可折叠磁盘['fleksəbl]Floppies 软磁盘Floppy-disk cartridge磁盘盒['flɔpi:] ['kɑ:tridʒ]Formatting格式化['fɔ:mætiŋ]freedom of information act of 1970信息自由法案['fri:dəm]frequency频率['fri:kwənsi]frustrated受挫折[frʌ'streɪtɪd]Full-duplex communication全双通通信[ful] ['dju:pleks] [kə,mju:ni' keiʃən]GGeneral-purpose application通用运用程序['dʒenərəl] ['pə:pəs] [,æpli'keiʃən]Gigahertz千兆赫['gigəhə:ts]Graphic tablet绘图板['ɡræfik]['tæblit]green pc绿色个人计算机[ɡri:n]Hhandheld computer手提电脑[hænd] [held] [kəm'pju:tə]Hard copy硬拷贝[hɑ:d]['kɔpi]hard disk硬盘[disk]hardware硬件['hɑ:dwɛə]Help帮助[help]Host computer主机[həust] [kəm'pju:tə]Home page主页[həum] [peidʒ]Hyperlink超链接['haɪpə,lɪŋk]hacker黑客['hækə]Half-duplex communication半双通通信[hɑ:f]['dju:pleks] [kə,mju:ni' keiʃən]Hard-disk cartridge硬盘盒['kɑ:tridʒ，'kɑ:rtridʒ]Hard-disk pack硬盘组[pæk]Head crash磁头碰撞[hed] [kræʃ]header标题['hedə]help desk specialist帮助办公专家[help] [desk] ['speʃəlist] helper applications帮助软件['helpə] [,æpli'keiʃən] Hierarchical network层次型网络[,haiə'rɑ:kikəl]['netwə:k]history file历史文件['histəri] [fail]hits匹配记录[hits]horizontal portal横向用户[,hɔri'zɔntəl] ['pɔ:təl]hot site热网站[hɔt] [sait]Hybrid network混合网络['haibrid] ['netwə:k]IImage capturing device图像获取设备['imidʒ] ['kæptʃə] [di'vais] information technology信息技术[,ɪnfə'meiʃən] [tek'nɔlədʒi] Ink-jet printer墨水喷射印刷机[iŋk][dʒet] ['prɪntə] Integrated package综合性组件['ɪntɪgreɪtɪd] ['pækidʒ] Intelligent terminal智能终端设备[in'telidʒənt] ['tə:minəl] Integrated circuit集成电路['sə:kit]Interface cards接口卡['intəfeis] [kɑ:d]Internal modem内部调制解调器[in'tə:nəl] ['məudem] internet telephony网络电话['intənet] [ti'lefəni]internet terminal互联网终端['tə:minəl]Identification识别[ai,dentifi'keiʃən]i-drive网络硬盘驱动器[draiv]illusion of anonymity匿名幻想[i'lju:ʒən] [,ænə'nɪmɪti] index search索引搜索['indeks] [sə:tʃ] information pushers信息推送器[,ɪnfə'meiʃən] ['puʃə] initializing 初始化[i'niʃəlaizɪŋ]instant messaging计时信息['instənt] ['mesidʒɪŋ] internal hard disk内置硬盘[in'tə:nəl] [hɑ:d]Internal modem内部调制解调器['məudem]Internet hard drive 网络硬盘驱动器['intənet] [draiv]intranet企业内部网['intrənet]Jjoystick操纵杆['dʒɔi,stik]Kkeyword search关键字搜索['ki:wəd] [sə:tʃ]Llaser printer激光打印机['leizə] ['prɪntə]Layout files版式文件['leiaut] [fail]Light pen光笔[lait] [pen]Locate定位[ləu'keit]Logical operations逻辑运算['lɔdʒikəl] [,ɔpə'reiʃən]Lands凸面[lænd]Line of sight communication视影通信[lain] [sait] [kə,mju:ni'keiʃən]Low bandwidth低带宽[ləu] ['bændwidθ]lurking潜伏['lə:kiŋ]MMain board主板[mein] [bɔ:d]Mark sensing标志检测[bɔ:d] [bɔ:d]Mechanical mouse机械鼠标[mi'kænikəl] [maus]Memory内存['meməri]Menu菜单['menju:]Menu bar菜单条[bɑːr]Microprocessor微处理器['maɪkrəʊ,prɔsesə]Microseconds微秒['maikrəusekənd]Modem card调制解调器Monitor显示器['mɔnitə]Motherboard主板['mʌðəbɔ:d]Mouse 鼠标[maus]Multifunctional device多功能设备[mʌlti'fʌŋkʃənəl][di'vais]Magnetic tape reels磁带卷[mæɡ'netik][teip] [ri:l]Magnetic tape streamers磁带条['stri:mə]mailing list邮件列表['meiliŋ][list]Medium band媒质带宽['mi:djəm] [bænd]metasearch engine整合搜索引擎[mi:tə][sə:tʃ]['endʒin]Microwave微波['maɪkrə,weɪv]Modem解调器['məudem]Modulation解调[,mɔdju'leiʃən]NNet PC网络计算机Network adapter card网卡[ə'dæptə] [kɑ:d]Network personal computer网络个人电脑['pə:sənəl]Network terminal 网络终端['tə:minəl]Notebook computer笔记本电脑Notebook system unit笔记本系统单元Numeric entry数字输入[nju:'merik] ['entri]national information infrastructure protection act of1996国际信息保护法案['næʃənəl][,ɪnfə'meiʃən] ['infrə,strʌktʃə] [prə'tekʃən] [ækt]national service provider全国性服务供应商['næʃənəl] ['sɜːvɪs] [prə' vaɪdə]Network architecture网络体系结构['ɑ:kitektʃə]Network bridge网桥[bridʒ]Network gateway网关['geɪt,weɪ]network manager网络管理员['mænidʒə]newsgroup新闻组['nu:z,gru:p]no electronic theft act of1997无电子盗窃法[ilek'trɔnik]Node节点[nəud]Nonvolatile storage非易失性存储[nɔn'vɔlətail] ['stɔ:ridʒ]OObject embedding对象嵌入['ɔbdʒikt] [em'bediŋ]Object linking目标链接['lɪŋkɪŋ]Open architecture开放式体系结构['ɑ:kitektʃə]Optical disk光盘Optical mouse光电鼠标[maus]Optical scanner光电扫描仪['skænə]Outline大纲['autlain]off-line browsers离线浏览器['brauzə]Online storage联机存储['stɔ:ridʒ]Ppalmtop computer掌上电脑['pɑ:m,tɔp]Parallel ports并行端口['pærəlel] [pɔ:t]Passive-matrix被动矩阵['pæsiv] ['meɪtrɪks]PC card个人计算机卡Personal laser printer个人激光打印机['pə:sənəl ['leizə] ['prɪntə] Personal video recorder card个人视频记录卡['vidiəu] [ri'kɔ:də] Photo printer照片打印机Pixel像素['piksəl]Platform scanner平版式扫描仪['plætfɔ:m] ['skænə]Plotter绘图仪['plɔtə]Plug and play即插即用[plʌɡ]Plug-in boards插件卡Pointer指示器['pɔintə]Pointing stick指示棍['pɔintiŋ][stik]Port端口[pɔ:t]Portable scanner便携式扫描仪['pɔ:təbl] ['skænə]Presentation files演示文稿[,prezən'teiʃən] [fail]Presentation graphics电子文稿程序['ɡræfik]Primary storage主存['praiməri] ['stɔ:ridʒ]Procedures规程[prə'si:dʒə]Processor处理机['prəʊ,sesə-]Programming control language程序控制语言['prəuɡræmiŋ][kən'trəul] ['læŋɡwidʒ]Packets数据包['pækit]Parallel data transmission平行数据传输['pærəlel] [trænz'miʃən] Peer-to-peer network system得等网络系统[piə]person-person auction site个人对个人拍卖站点['pə:sən] ['ɔ:kʃən] [s ait]physical security物理安全['fizikəl] [si'kjuəriti]Pits凹面[pit]plug-in插件程序[plʌɡ]Polling轮询['pəʊlɪŋ]privacy隐私权['praivəsi]proactive主动地[,prəu'æktiv]programmer程序员['prəʊ,græmə]Protocols协议['prəʊtə,kɔ:l]provider供应商[prə'vaɪdə]proxy server代理服务['prɔksi:] ['sə:və]pull products推取程序[pul] ['prɔdʌkt]push products推送程序[puʃ]RRAM cache随机高速缓冲器[kæʃ]Range范围[reindʒ]Record记录[ri'kɔ:d]Relational database关系数据库[ri'leiʃənəl] ['deitəbeis]Replace替换[ri'pleis]Resolution分辨率[,rezə'lu:ʃən]Row行[rəu]Read-only只读[ri:d] ['əunli]Reformatting重组[ri'fɔ:mætiŋ]regional service provider区域性服务供应商[ˈri:dʒənəl] [prə'vaɪdə] repetitive motion injury反复性动作损伤[rɪ'petɪtɪv] ['məuʃən] ['i ndʒəri]reverse directory反向目录[ri'və:s][di'rektəri]right to financial privacy act of 1979财产隐私法案[rait] [fai'nænʃəl] Ring network环形网[riŋ]['netwə:k]SScanner扫描器['skænə]Search查找[sə:tʃ]Secondary storage device助存储设备['sekəndəri] ['stɔ:ridʒ] [di'v ais]Semiconductor半导体[,semikən'dʌktə]Serial ports串行端口['siəriəl] [pɔ:t]Server服务器['sə:və]Shared laser printer共享激光打印机[ʃɛəd]['leizə] ['prɪntə]Sheet表格[ʃi:t]Silicon chip硅片['silikən]Slots插槽[slɔt]Smart card智能卡[smɑ:t][kɑ:d]Soft copy软拷贝[sɔft] ['kɔpi]Software suite软件协议['sɔftwɛə] [swi:t]Sorting排序分类['sɔ:tiŋ]Source file源文件[sɔ:s]Special-purpose application专用文件['speʃəl] ['pə:pəs] [,æpli'keiʃən]Spreadsheet电子数据表['spred,ʃi:t]Standard toolbar标准工具栏['stændəd] ['tu:l,bɑ:]Supercomputer巨型机[,sju:pəkəm'pju:tə]System cabinet 系统箱[ˈkæbinit]System clock时钟System software系统软件Satellite/air connection services卫星无线连接服务['sætəlait] [ɛə] [kə'nekʃən] ['sɜːvɪs]search engines搜索引擎[sə:tʃ] ['endʒin]search providers搜索供应者[sə:tʃ][prə'vaɪdə]search services 搜索服务器Sectors扇区['sektə]security安全[si'kjuəriti]Sending and receiving devices发送接收设备['sendiŋ][ri'si:viŋ] Sequential access顺序存取[sɪ'kwenʃəl] ['ækses]Serial data transmission单向通信['siəriəl] [trænz'miʃən] signature line签名档['siɡnitʃə][lain]snoopware监控软件[snu:pwɛə]software copyright act of1980软件版权法案['kɔpirait]software piracy软件盗版['paɪərəsi:]Solid-state storage固态存储器['sɔlid] [steit] ['stɔ:ridʒ] specialized search engine专用搜索引擎['speʃəlaɪzd] ['endʒin] spiders网页爬虫['spaidə]spike尖峰电压[spaɪk]Star network星型网[stɑ:]['netwə:k]Strategy方案['strætidʒi]subject主题['sʌbdʒikt]subscription address预定地址[səb'skrɪpʃən] [ə'dres] Superdisk超级磁盘['sju:pədisk]surfing网上冲浪['sə:fiŋ]surge protector浪涌保护器[sə:dʒ] [prə'tektə] systems analyst系统分析师['ænəlist]TTable二维表['teibl]Telephony电话学[ti'lefəni]Television boards电视扩展卡['teli,viʒən] [bɔ:d] Terminal 终端['tə:minəl]Template模板['templit]Text entry文本输入['entri]Thermal printer 热印刷['θə:məl]Thin client瘦客[θin]['klaiənt]Toggle key触发键['tɔɡl] [ki:]Toolbar工具栏['tu:l,bɑ:]Touch screen触摸屏[tʌtʃ] [skri:n]Trackball追踪球['trækbɔ:l]TV tuner card电视调谐卡['tju:nə]Two-state system双状态系统[steit]technical writer技术协作者['teknikəl] ['raitə] technostress重压技术[tekˈnɔ,stres]telnet远程登录['telnet]Time-sharing system分时系统['ʃɛəriŋ]Topology拓扑结构[tə'pɔlədʒi]Tracks磁道[træk]traditional cookies传统的信息记录程序[trə'dɪʃənəl] ['kuki] Twisted pair双绞['twistid][pɛə]UUnicode统一字符标准[ˈju:ni kəud]uploading上传['ʌp,ləuddɪŋ]UseNet世界性新闻组网络['ju:snet]VVirtual memory虚拟内存['və:tjuəl] ['meməri]Video display screen视频显示屏['vidiəu] [dis'plei] [skri:n] Voice recognition system声音识别系统[vɔis] [,rekəɡ'niʃən] vertical portal纵向门户['və:tikəl] ['pɔ:təl]video privacy protection act of 1988视频隐私权保护法案virus checker病毒检测程序['vaiərəs] ['tʃekə]virus病毒Voiceband音频带宽[vɔis,bænd]Volatile storage易失性存储['vɔlətail] ['stɔ:ridʒ]voltage surge ['vəultidʒ][sə:dʒ]WWand reader 条形码读入[wɔnd] ['ri:də]Web 网络[web]Web appliance 环球网设备[ə'plaiəns]Web page网页[peidʒ]Web site address网络地址[sait][ə'dres]Web terminal环球网终端['tə:minəl]Webcam摄像头['web,kæm]What-if analysis假定分析[ə'næləsis]Wireless revolution无线革命['waɪəlɪs] [,revə'lu:ʃən] Word字长[wə:d]Word processing文字处理[prəʊ'sesɪŋ]Word wrap自动换行[ræp]Worksheet file 工**文件['wɜ:k,ʃi:t] [fail]web auctions网上拍卖['ɔ:kʃən]web broadcasters网络广播['brɔ:dkɑ:stə]web portals门户网站['pɔ:təl]web sites网站[sait]web storefront creation packages网上商店创建包['stɔ:,frʌnt][kri'eiʃən] ['pækidʒ]web storefronts网上商店web utilities网上应用程序web-downloading utilities网页下载应用程序webmaster web站点管理员['web,mæstə]web万维网Wireless modems无线调制解调器['waɪəlɪs] ['məudem] wireless service provider无线服务供应商[prə'vaɪdə]world wide web万维网worm蠕虫病毒[wə:m]Write-protect notch 写保护口[prə'tekt] [nɔtʃ]WINS proxy / WINS 代理WINS resource / WINS 资源[ri'sɔ:s]Winsock windows下的网络编辑接口wireless communication / 无线通讯[kə,mju:ni'keiʃən] WMI, Windows Management Instrumentation / Windows 管理规范['mænidʒmənt] [,ɪnstrumen-'teiʃən] workgroup / 工作组XX.509v3 certificate / X.509/ 证书XOR, exclusive OR / 异或Zzone / 区域[zəun]zone list / 区域列表[list]zone transfer / 区域传送[træns'fə:]。
计算机专业英语全部答案(第三版)
计算机专业英语全部答案(第三版)Unit1EX11 F2 T3 T4 F5 T6 F7 T 8 T 9 T 10FEX2Input hardware, storage hardware, processing hardware, output hardware power, speed, memorycentral processing unitinternal, primary, memorykeyboard, central processing unit, main memory, monitorEX3 PARTA1 F2 D3 G4 C5 B6 A7 E 8 HEX3 PART B1 F2 E3 G4 B5 A6 C7D 8 HEX41 input device2 screen3 manipulates4 instructions5 retrieve6 codes7 hardcopy8 functionEX51 T2 T3 F4 F5 T6 F7 T 8 TUNIT2EX11 T2 F3 T4 F5 T6 F7 T 8 FEX21 sizes, shapes, processing capabilities2 supercomputers, mainframe computers, minicomputers, microcomputers3 mainframe computer4 microcomputer, storage locations5 portables, laptop computers, desktop workstations6 semiconductor7 CPU, memory, storage, devices, processing, users8 microprocessor chipEX3 PARTA1 C2 A3 H4 I5 E6 F7 G 8 JEX3 PARTB1 capacity2 device3 laptop computer4 Portable computers5 Silicon6 semiconductor7 workstation8 Voltage, voltage9 RAM10ROMEX41 portable2 access3 main memory4 sophisticated programs5 processing capabilities6 instructions7 computation8 computer professionalEX51 T2 T3 F4 F5 F6 T7 F 8 T 9 T 10T11F 12T 13 T 14 TUNIT3EX11 T2 F3 T4 T5 T6 T7 F 8 F 9 T 10 F11T 12F 13F 14TEX21 microprocessor2 bus3 register 4control unit5 processor6 binary7 arithmetic, logic 8 milliseconds, microseconds9 instruction 10execution 11megahertz 12wordsize EX3 PARTA1 F2 A3 J4 C5 D6 E7 H 8 I 9 B 10GEX3 PARTB1 Storage 2chip3 buses4 ALU5 register 6control unit7 machine language 8 binary system 9 bits 10computer programEX41 configuration2 decodes3 data bus4 characters5 converts6 synchronize7 circuitry8 internal clockEX51 T2 F3 F4 T5 F6 F7 T 8 T 9 F 10 FUNIT4EX11 F2 T3 T4 F5 F6 T7 F 8 T 9 T 10 F11T 12T 13F 14F 15T 16F17T 18F 19T 20F21T 22FEX2memoryRAMdiskettes, diskschipsparityexpanded, extendedmonochromecacheROMupdatedEX3 PART A1 B2 E3 C4 J5 I6 H 7A 8 F 9 G 10DEX3 PART Bsecondary storagebufferaccesscodedisketteslotterminalsmotherboardbytescreenEX4desktopsoftwareanimationtransferredsophisticatedcompatiblecacheupgradeEX51 T2 F3 F4 T5 T6 T7 T8 F9 T 10 F11T 12F 13F 14T 15T 16F17F 18F 19F 20T21T 22TUnit 5Ex1:1 T2 T3 F4 T5 F6 F7 F 8 T 9 T 10 T11F 12T 13F 14F 15T 16T17F 18T 19F 20F21T 22T 23TEX2mail, courierhub, starlocal area networkpacketsEthernetkilobits per second, megabits per second, gigabits per second circuit switchingreassembledinternet protocol, transmission control protocol datagramsframesbinary, decimalEX3 part A1 C2 E3 B4 F5 A6 D7 H 8 GEX3 part Bhubzippeddecimalframebinary numberinternetpacketbandwidthEX4forwardedreassembledare encapsulatedcableburstysubmitare retransmittedprotocolEX5IP addressnotationdotted-decimalcomputer networkbackgroundsharedgeographicprivacyExercise to the Passage for ReadingEX6有意为维修技师使用所留被弃的、丢失的或损坏了的数据都进了数据桶。
01basics计算机导论双语
a microprocessor.
1. Computer Basics (cont.)
1.2 Today’s Computer categories Personal computers- It’s a type of
New Perpectives on
Computer Concepts
Electronic and Information Engineering Faculty Lei PENG 2010.09
Chapter 1
Computer, Internet, and Network Basics
Contents
1.3 Personal computer systems Peripheral device-designates equipment that might be added to a computer system to enhance its functionality.
E.g. Digital camera, scanner, joystick, or graphics tablet
1. Computer Basics (cont.)
1.4 Data, information, and files Data-the symbols that represent people, events, things, and ideas. E.g. 1,0 (bit, byte)----------computer Information-presented in a format that people can understand and use. E.g. words, numbers, graphics-people File-is a named collection of data that exists on a storage medium. E.g. data file-.bmp, .tif, .mid, .htm Executable file-.exe,
常用的网络端口号大全
常用协议端口号(2009-10-10 20:55:49) 转载标签：杂谈分类：技术交流1813端口使用UDP传输3306端口使用TCP传输Tracert 默认使用 UDP 数据包来探测路由路径, 端口为 33434 TCP协议支持协议名称 TCP端口号协议名称解释ACAP 674AIM 5190BEEP 10288CAST 4224CMP 829COPS 3288PKTCABLE_COPS 2126PKTCABLE_MM_COPS 3918DAAP 3689DHCPFO 519DIAMETER 3868DISTCC 3632DLSW 2065NP 20000NS 53DNS 5353DSI 548FTPDATA 20FTP 21GIFT 1213CS 1720HTTP 80PROXY_HTTP 3128 PROXY_ADMIN_HTTP 3132 HKP 11371DAAP 3689SSDP 1900IB 3050ICAP 1344IMAP 143IRC 6667ISAKMP 500JABBER 5222 KERBEROS 88LAPLINK 1547LDAP 389GLOBALCAT_LDAP 3268LDP 646PRINTER 515MBTCP 502MSNMS 1863MSRP 0MySQL 3306NBSS 139CIFS 445NCP 524NDMP 100001/tcp tcpmux TCP Port Service Multiplexer 2/tcp compressnet Management Utility3/tcp compressnet Compression Process 5/tcp rje Remote Job Entry7/tcp echo Echo9/tcp discard Discard11/tcp systat Active Users13/tcp daytime Daytime (RFC 867)17/tcp qotd Quote of the Day18/tcp msp Message Send Protocol19/tcp chargen Character Generator20/tcp ftp-data File Transfer [Default Data] 21/tcp ftp File Transfer [Control]22/tcp ssh SSH Remote Login Protocol23/tcp telnet Telnet24/tcp any private mail system any private mail system25/tcp smtp Simple Mail Transfer27/tcp nsw-fe NSW User System FE29/tcp msg-icp MSG ICP31/tcp msg-auth MSG Authentication33/tcp dsp Display Support Protocol35/tcp any private printer server any private printer server 37/tcp time Time38/tcp rap Route Access Protocol39/tcp rlp Resource Location Protocol41/tcp graphics Graphics42/tcp nameserver Host Name Server43/tcp nicname Who Is44/tcp mpm-flags MPM FLAGS Protocol45/tcp mpm Message Processing Module [recv]46/tcp mpm-snd MPM [default send]47/tcp ni-ftp NI FTP48/tcp auditd Digital Audit Daemon49/tcp tacacs Login Host Protocol (TACACS)50/tcp re-mail-ck Remote Mail Checking Protocol51/tcp la-maint IMP Logical Address Maintenance52/tcp xns-time XNS Time Protocol53/tcp domain Domain Name Server54/tcp xns-ch XNS Clearinghouse55/tcp isi-gl ISI Graphics Language56/tcp xns-auth XNS Authentication57/tcp any private terminal access any private terminal access 58/tcp xns-mail XNS Mail59/tcp any private file service any private file service60/tcp Unassigned Unassigned61/tcp ni-mail NI MAIL62/tcp acas ACA Services63/tcp whois++ whois++64/tcp covia Communications Integrator (CI)65/tcp tacacs-ds TACACS-Database Service66/tcp sql*net Oracle SQL*NET67/tcp bootps Bootstrap Protocol Server68/tcp bootpc Bootstrap Protocol Client69/tcp tftp Trivial File Transfer70/tcp gopher Gopher71/tcp netrjs-1 Remote Job Service72/tcp netrjs-2 Remote Job Service73/tcp netrjs-3 Remote Job Service74/tcp netrjs-4 Remote Job Service75/tcp any private dial out service any private dial out service 76/tcp deos Distributed External Object Store77/tcp any private RJE service any private RJE service78/tcp vettcp vettcp79/tcp finger Finger80/tcp http-www World Wide Web HTTP81/tcp hosts2-ns HOSTS2 Name Server82/tcp xfer XFER Utility83/tcp mit-ml-dev MIT ML Device84/tcp ctf Common Trace Facility85/tcp mit-ml-dev MIT ML Device86/tcp mfcobol Micro Focus Cobol87/tcp any private terminal link any private terminal link88/tcp kerberos Kerberos89/tcp su-mit-tg SU/MIT Telnet Gateway90/tcp dnsix DNSIX Securit Attribute Token Map91/tcp mit-dov MIT Dover Spooler92/tcp npp Network Printing Protocol93/tcp dcp Device Control Protocol94/tcp objcall Tivoli Object Dispatcher95/tcp supdup SUPDUP96/tcp dixie DIXIE Protocol Specification97/tcp swift-rvf Swift Remote Virtural File Protocol98/tcp tacnews TAC News99/tcp metagram Metagram Relay101/tcp hostname NIC Host Name Server102/tcp iso-tsap ISO-TSAP Class 0103/tcp gppitnp Genesis Point-to-Point Trans Net104/tcp acr-nema ACR-NEMA Digital Imag. & Comm. 300 105/tcp cso CCSO name server protocol105/tcp csnet-ns Mailbox Name Nameserver106/tcp 3com-tsmux 3COM-TSMUX107/tcp rtelnet Remote Telnet Service108/tcp snagas SNA Gateway Access Server109/tcp pop2 Post Office Protocol - Version 2110/tcp pop3 Post Office Protocol - Version 3111/tcp sunrpc SUN Remote Procedure Call112/tcp mcidas McIDAS Data Transmission Protocol113/tcp ident114/tcp audionews Audio News Multicast115/tcp sftp Simple File Transfer Protocol116/tcp ansanotify ANSA REX Notify117/tcp uucp-path UUCP Path Service118/tcp sqlserv SQL Services119/tcp nntp Network News Transfer Protocol120/tcp cfdptkt CFDPTKT121/tcp erpc Encore Expedited Remote Pro.Call122/tcp smakynet SMAKYNET123/tcp ntp Network Time Protocol124/tcp ansatrader ANSA REX Trader125/tcp locus-map Locus PC-Interface Net Map Ser126/tcp unitary Unisys Unitary Login127/tcp locus-con Locus PC-Interface Conn Server128/tcp gss-xlicen GSS X License Verification129/tcp pwdgen Password Generator Protocol130/tcp cisco-fna cisco FNATIVE131/tcp cisco-tna cisco TNATIVE132/tcp cisco-sys cisco SYSMAINT133/tcp statsrv Statistics Service134/tcp ingres-net INGRES-NET Service135/tcp epmap DCE endpoint resolution136/tcp profile PROFILE Naming System137/tcp netbios-ns NETBIOS Name Service138/tcp netbios-dgm NETBIOS Datagram Service139/tcp netbios-ssn NETBIOS Session Service140/tcp emfis-data EMFIS Data Service141/tcp emfis-cntl EMFIS Control Service142/tcp bl-idm Britton-Lee IDM143/tcp imap Internet Message Access Protocol144/tcp uma Universal Management Architecture145/tcp uaac UAAC Protocol146/tcp iso-tp0 ISO-IP0147/tcp iso-ip ISO-IP148/tcp jargon Jargon149/tcp aed-512 AED 512 Emulation Service150/tcp sql-net SQL-NET151/tcp hems HEMS152/tcp bftp Background File Transfer Program153/tcp sgmp SGMP154/tcp netsc-prod NETSC155/tcp netsc-dev NETSC156/tcp sqlsrv SQL Service157/tcp knet-cmp KNET/VM Command/Message Protocol 158/tcp pcmail-srv PCMail Server159/tcp nss-routing NSS-Routing160/tcp sgmp-traps SGMP-TRAPS161/tcp snmp SNMP162/tcp snmptrap SNMPTRAP163/tcp cmip-man CMIP/TCP Manager164/tcp cmip-agent CMIP/TCP Agent165/tcp xns-courier Xerox166/tcp s-net Sirius Systems167/tcp namp NAMP168/tcp rsvd RSVD169/tcp send SEND170/tcp print-srv Network PostScript171/tcp multiplex Network Innovations Multiplex172/tcp cl/1 Network Innovations CL/1173/tcp xyplex-mux Xyplex174/tcp mailq MAILQ175/tcp vmnet VMNET176/tcp genrad-mux GENRAD-MUX177/tcp xdmcp X Display Manager Control Protocol178/tcp nextstep NextStep Window Server179/tcp bgp Border Gateway Protocol180/tcp ris Intergraph181/tcp unify Unify182/tcp audit Unisys Audit SITP183/tcp ocbinder OCBinder184/tcp ocserver OCServer185/tcp remote-kis Remote-KIS186/tcp kis KIS Protocol187/tcp aci Application Communication Interface188/tcp mumps Plus Five's MUMPS189/tcp qft Queued File Transport190/tcp gacp Gateway Access Control Protocol191/tcp prospero Prospero Directory Service192/tcp osu-nms OSU Network Monitoring System193/tcp srmp Spider Remote Monitoring Protocol194/tcp irc Internet Relay Chat Protocol195/tcp dn6-nlm-aud DNSIX Network Level Module Audit 196/tcp dn6-smm-red DNSIX Session Mgt Module Audit Redir 197/tcp dls Directory Location Service198/tcp dls-mon Directory Location Service Monitor199/tcp smux SMUX200/tcp src IBM System Resource Controller201/tcp at-rtmp AppleT alk Routing Maintenance202/tcp at-nbp AppleT alk Name Binding203/tcp at-3 AppleT alk Unused204/tcp at-echo AppleT alk Echo205/tcp at-5 AppleT alk Unused206/tcp at-zis AppleT alk Zone Information207/tcp at-7 AppleT alk Unused208/tcp at-8 AppleT alk Unused209/tcp qmtp The Quick Mail Transfer Protocol210/tcp z39.50 ANSI Z39.50211/tcp 914c/g Texas Instruments 914C/G Terminal 212/tcp anet ATEXSSTR214/tcp vmpwscs VM PWSCS215/tcp softpc Insignia Solutions216/tcp CAIlic Computer Associates Int'l License Server 217/tcp dbase dBASE Unix218/tcp mpp Netix Message Posting Protocol219/tcp uarps Unisys ARPs220/tcp imap3 Interactive Mail Access Protocol v3 221/tcp fln-spx Berkeley rlogind with SPX auth222/tcp rsh-spx Berkeley rshd with SPX auth223/tcp cdc Certificate Distribution Center242/tcp direct Direct243/tcp sur-meas Survey Measurement244/tcp dayna Dayna245/tcp link LINK246/tcp dsp3270 Display Systems Protocol247/tcp subntbcst_tftp SUBNTBCST_TFTP248/tcp bhfhs bhfhs256/tcp rap RAP257/tcp set Secure Electronic Transaction258/tcp yak-chat Yak Winsock Personal Chat259/tcp esro-gen Efficient Short Remote Operations 260/tcp openport Openport263/tcp hdap HDAP264/tcp bgmp BGMP280/tcp http-mgmt http-mgmt309/tcp entrusttime EntrustTime310/tcp bhmds bhmds312/tcp vslmp VSLMP315/tcp dpsi DPSI316/tcp decauth decAuth317/tcp zannet Zannet321/tcp pip PIP344/tcp pdap Prospero Data Access Protocol345/tcp pawserv Perf Analysis Workbench346/tcp zserv Zebra server347/tcp fatserv Fatmen Server348/tcp csi-sgwp Cabletron Management Protocol349/tcp mftp mftp351/tcp matip-type-b MATIP Type B351/tcp bhoetty bhoetty (added 5/21/97)353/tcp ndsauth NDSAUTH354/tcp bh611 bh611357/tcp bhevent bhevent362/tcp srssend SRS Send365/tcp dtk DTK366/tcp odmr ODMR368/tcp qbikgdp QbikGDP371/tcp clearcase Clearcase372/tcp ulistproc ListProcessor373/tcp legent-1 Legent Corporation374/tcp legent-2 Legent Corporation375/tcp hassle Hassle376/tcp nip Amiga Envoy Network Inquiry Proto377/tcp tnETOS NEC Corporation378/tcp dsETOS NEC Corporation379/tcp is99c TIA/EIA/IS-99 modem client380/tcp is99s TIA/EIA/IS-99 modem server381/tcp hp-collector hp performance data collector383/tcp hp-alarm-mgr hp performance data alarm manager 384/tcp arns A Remote Network Server System385/tcp ibm-app IBM Application386/tcp asa ASA Message Router Object Def.387/tcp aurp Appletalk Update-Based Routing Pro.388/tcp unidata-ldm Unidata LDM Version 4389/tcp ldap Lightweight Directory Access Protocol390/tcp uis UIS391/tcp synotics-relay SynOptics SNMP Relay Port393/tcp dis Data Interpretation System394/tcp embl-ndt EMBL Nucleic Data Transfer395/tcp netcp NETscout Control Protocol396/tcp netware-ip Novell Netware over IP397/tcp mptn Multi Protocol Trans. Net.398/tcp kryptolan Kryptolan399/tcp iso-tsap-c2 ISO Transport Class 2 Non-Control over TCP 400/tcp work-sol Workstation Solutions401/tcp ups Uninterruptible Power Supply402/tcp genie Genie Protocol403/tcp decap decap404/tcp nced nced405/tcp ncld ncld406/tcp imsp Interactive Mail Support Protocol407/tcp timbuktu Timbuktu408/tcp prm-sm Prospero Resource Manager Sys. Man.409/tcp prm-nm Prospero Resource Manager Node Man.410/tcp decladebug DECLadebug Remote Debug Protocol411/tcp rmt Remote MT Protocol412/tcp synoptics-trap Trap Convention Port413/tcp smsp SMSP414/tcp infoseek InfoSeek415/tcp bnet BNet416/tcp silverplatter Silverplatter417/tcp onmux Onmux418/tcp hyper-g Hyper-G419/tcp ariel1 Ariel420/tcp smpte SMPTE421/tcp ariel2 Ariel422/tcp ariel3 Ariel423/tcp opc-job-start IBM Operations Planning and Control Start 424/tcp opc-job-track IBM Operations Planning and Control Track 425/tcp icad-el ICAD426/tcp smartsdp smartsdp427/tcp svrloc Server Location428/tcp ocs_cmu OCS_CMU429/tcp ocs_amu OCS_AMU430/tcp utmpsd UTMPSD431/tcp utmpcd UTMPCD432/tcp iasd IASD433/tcp nnsp NNSP434/tcp mobileip-agent MobileIP-Agent435/tcp mobilip-mn MobilIP-MN436/tcp dna-cml DNA-CML437/tcp comscm comscm438/tcp dsfgw dsfgw439/tcp dasp dasp Thomas Obermair440/tcp sgcp sgcp441/tcp decvms-sysmgt decvms-sysmgt442/tcp cvc_hostd cvc_hostd443/tcp https http protocol over TLS/SSL444/tcp snpp Simple Network Paging Protocol445/tcp microsoft-ds Microsoft-DS446/tcp ddm-rdb DDM-RDB447/tcp ddm-dfm DDM-RFM448/tcp ddm-ssl DDM-SSL449/tcp as-servermap AS Server Mapper450/tcp tserver TServer451/tcp sfs-smp-net Cray Network Semaphore server453/tcp creativeserver CreativeServer454/tcp contentserver ContentServer455/tcp creativepartnr CreativePartnr456/tcp macon-tcp macon-tcp457/tcp scohelp scohelp458/tcp appleqtc apple quick time459/tcp ampr-rcmd ampr-rcmd460/tcp skronk skronk461/tcp datasurfsrv DataRampSrv462/tcp datasurfsrvsec DataRampSrvSec463/tcp alpes alpes464/tcp kpasswd kpasswd465/tcp smtps smtp protocol over TLS/SSL (was ssmtp)466/tcp digital-vrc digital-vrc467/tcp mylex-mapd mylex-mapd468/tcp photuris proturis469/tcp rcp Radio Control Protocol470/tcp scx-proxy scx-proxy471/tcp mondex Mondex472/tcp ljk-login ljk-login473/tcp hybrid-pop hybrid-pop474/tcp tn-tl-w1 tn-tl-w1475/tcp tcpnethaspsrv tcpnethaspsrv476/tcp tn-tl-fd1 tn-tl-fd1477/tcp ss7ns ss7ns478/tcp spsc spsc479/tcp iafserver iafserver480/tcp iafdbase iafdbase481/tcp ph Ph service482/tcp bgs-nsi bgs-nsi483/tcp ulpnet ulpnet484/tcp integra-sme Integra Software Management Environment 485/tcp powerburst Air Soft Power Burst486/tcp avian avian487/tcp saft saft Simple Asynchronous File Transfer488/tcp gss-http gss-http489/tcp nest-protocol nest-protocol490/tcp micom-pfs micom-pfs491/tcp go-login go-login492/tcp ticf-1 Transport Independent Convergence for FNA493/tcp ticf-2 Transport Independent Convergence for FNA494/tcp pov-ray POV-Ray495/tcp intecourier intecourier496/tcp pim-rp-disc PIM-RP-DISC497/tcp dantz dantz498/tcp siam siam499/tcp iso-ill ISO ILL Protocol500/tcp isakmp isakmp501/tcp stmf STMF502/tcp asa-appl-proto asa-appl-proto503/tcp intrinsa Intrinsa504/tcp citadel citadel505/tcp mailbox-lm mailbox-lm506/tcp ohimsrv ohimsrv507/tcp crs crs508/tcp xvttp xvttp509/tcp snare snare510/tcp fcp FirstClass Protocol511/tcp passgo PassGo512/tcp exec remote process execution;513/tcp login remote login a la telnet;514/tcp shell cmd515/tcp printer spooler516/tcp videotex videotex517/tcp talk like tenex link, but across518/tcp ntalk519/tcp utime unixtime520/tcp efs extended file name server521/tcp ripng ripng522/tcp ulp ULP523/tcp ibm-db2 IBM-DB2524/tcp ncp NCP525/tcp timed timeserver526/tcp tempo newdate527/tcp stx Stock IXChange528/tcp custix Customer IXChange529/tcp irc-serv IRC-SERV530/tcp courier rpc531/tcp conference chat532/tcp netnews readnews533/tcp netwall for emergency broadcasts534/tcp mm-admin MegaMedia Admin535/tcp iiop iiop536/tcp opalis-rdv opalis-rdv537/tcp nmsp Networked Media Streaming Protocol538/tcp gdomap gdomap539/tcp apertus-ldp Apertus Technologies Load Determination540/tcp uucp uucpd541/tcp uucp-rlogin uucp-rlogin542/tcp commerce commerce543/tcp klogin544/tcp kshell krcmd545/tcp appleqtcsrvr appleqtcsrvr546/tcp dhcpv6-client DHCPv6 Client547/tcp dhcpv6-server DHCPv6 Server548/tcp afpovertcp AFP over TCP549/tcp idfp IDFP550/tcp new-rwho new-who551/tcp cybercash cybercash552/tcp deviceshare deviceshare553/tcp pirp pirp554/tcp rtsp Real Time Stream Control Protocol555/tcp dsf556/tcp remotefs rfs server557/tcp openvms-sysipc openvms-sysipc558/tcp sdnskmp SDNSKMP559/tcp teedtap TEEDTAP560/tcp rmonitor rmonitord561/tcp monitor562/tcp chshell chcmd563/tcp nntps nntp protocol over TLS/SSL (was snntp) 564/tcp 9pfs plan 9 file service565/tcp whoami whoami566/tcp streettalk streettalk567/tcp banyan-rpc banyan-rpc568/tcp ms-shuttle microsoft shuttle569/tcp ms-rome microsoft rome570/tcp meter demon571/tcp meter udemon572/tcp sonar sonar573/tcp banyan-vip banyan-vip574/tcp ftp-agent FTP Software Agent System575/tcp vemmi VEMMI576/tcp ipcd ipcd577/tcp vnas vnas578/tcp ipdd ipdd579/tcp decbsrv decbsrv581/tcp bdp Bundle Discovery Protocol588/tcp cal CAL589/tcp eyelink EyeLink590/tcp tns-cml TNS CML593/tcp http-rpc-epmap HTTP RPC Ep Map594/tcp tpip TPIP596/tcp smsd SMSD599/tcp acp Aeolon Core Protocol600/tcp ipcserver Sun IPC server606/tcp urm Cray Unified Resource Manager607/tcp nqs nqs608/tcp sift-uft Sender-Initiated/Unsolicited File Transfer609/tcp npmp-trap npmp-trap610/tcp npmp-local npmp-local611/tcp npmp-gui npmp-gui613/tcp hmmp-op HMMP Operation620/tcp sco-websrvrmgr SCO WebServer Manager621/tcp escp-ip ESCP625/tcp dec_dlm DEC DLM626/tcp asia ASIA628/tcp qmqp QMQP630/tcp rda RDA631/tcp ipp IPP (Internet Printing Protocol)632/tcp bmpp bmpp634/tcp ginad ginad635/tcp rlzdbase RLZ DBase636/tcp ldaps ldap protocol over TLS/SSL (was sldap)637/tcp lanserver lanserver639/tcp msdp MSDP666/tcp doom doom Id Software667/tcp disclose campaign contribution disclosures - SDR Technologies 668/tcp mecomm MeComm669/tcp meregister MeRegister670/tcp vacdsm-sws VACDSM-SWS671/tcp vacdsm-app VACDSM-APP672/tcp vpps-qua VPPS-QUA673/tcp cimplex CIMPLEX674/tcp acap ACAP675/tcp dctp DCTP704/tcp elcsd errlog copy/server daemon705/tcp agentx AgentX709/tcp entrust-kmsh Entrust Key Management Service Handler710/tcp entrust-ash Entrust Administration Service Handler729/tcp netviewdm1 IBM NetView DM/6000 Server/Client730/tcp netviewdm2 IBM NetView DM/6000 send/tcp731/tcp netviewdm3 IBM NetView DM/6000 receive/tcp741/tcp netgw netGW742/tcp netrcs Network based Rev. Cont. Sys.744/tcp flexlm Flexible License Manager747/tcp fujitsu-dev Fujitsu Device Control748/tcp ris-cm Russell Info Sci Calendar Manager749/tcp kerberos-adm kerberos administration750/tcp rfile751/tcp pump752/tcp qrh753/tcp rrh754/tcp tell send758/tcp nlogin759/tcp con760/tcp ns761/tcp rxe762/tcp quotad763/tcp cycleserv764/tcp omserv765/tcp webster769/tcp vid770/tcp cadlock771/tcp rtip772/tcp cycleserv2773/tcp submit774/tcp rpasswd776/tcp wpages780/tcp wpgs786/tcp concert Concert787/tcp qsc QSC801/tcp device873/tcp rsync rsync886/tcp iclcnet-locate ICL coNETion locate server887/tcp iclcnet_svinfo ICL coNETion server info888/tcp accessbuilder AccessBuilder900/tcp omginitialrefs OMG Initial Refs911/tcp xact-backup xact-backup990/tcp ftps ftp protocol, control, over TLS/SSL991/tcp nas Netnews Administration System992/tcp telnets telnet protocol over TLS/SSL993/tcp imaps imap4 protocol over TLS/SSL994/tcp ircs irc protocol over TLS/SSL995/tcp pop3s pop3 protocol over TLS/SSL (was spop3) 996/tcp vsinet vsinet997/tcp maitrd998/tcp busboy999/tcp garcon1000/tcp cadlock1010/tcp surf surf1023/tcp Reserved Reserved1030/tcp iad1 BBN IAD1031/tcp iad2 BBN IAD1032/tcp iad3 BBN IAD1047/tcp neod1 Sun's NEO Object Request Broker 1048/tcp neod2 Sun's NEO Object Request Broker 1058/tcp nim nim1059/tcp nimreg nimreg1067/tcp instl_boots Installation Bootstrap Proto. Serv. 1068/tcp instl_bootc Installation Bootstrap Proto. Cli. 1080/tcp socks Socks1083/tcp ansoft-lm-1 Anasoft License Manager1084/tcp ansoft-lm-2 Anasoft License Manager1123/tcp murray Murray1155/tcp nfa Network File Access1212/tcp lupa lupa1222/tcp nerv SNI R&D network1239/tcp nmsd NMSD1248/tcp hermes1313/tcp bmc_patroldb BMC_PATROLDB1314/tcp pdps Photoscript Distributed Printing System 1321/tcp pip PIP1345/tcp vpjp VPJP1346/tcp alta-ana-lm Alta Analytics License Manager 1347/tcp bbn-mmc multi media conferencing1348/tcp bbn-mmx multi media conferencing1349/tcp sbook Registration Network Protocol1350/tcp editbench Registration Network Protocol 1352/tcp lotusnote Lotus Note1353/tcp relief Relief Consulting1354/tcp rightbrain RightBrain Software1355/tcp intuitive-edge Intuitive Edge1356/tcp cuillamartin CuillaMartin Company1357/tcp pegboard Electronic PegBoard1358/tcp connlcli CONNLCLI1359/tcp ftsrv FTSRV1360/tcp mimer MIMER1361/tcp linx LinX1362/tcp timeflies TimeFlies1363/tcp ndm-requester Network DataMover Requester 1364/tcp ndm-server Network DataMover Server 1365/tcp adapt-sna Network Software Associates1366/tcp netware-csp Novell NetWare Comm Service Platform 1367/tcp dcs DCS1368/tcp screencast ScreenCast1369/tcp gv-us GlobalView to Unix Shell1370/tcp us-gv Unix Shell to GlobalView1371/tcp fc-cli Fujitsu Config Protocol1372/tcp fc-ser Fujitsu Config Protocol1373/tcp chromagrafx Chromagrafx1374/tcp molly EPI Software Systems1375/tcp bytex Bytex1376/tcp ibm-pps IBM Person to Person Software1377/tcp cichlid Cichlid License Manager1378/tcp elan Elan License Manager1379/tcp dbreporter Integrity Solutions1380/tcp telesis-licman Telesis Network License Manager 1381/tcp apple-licman Apple Network License Manager 1382/tcp udt_os1383/tcp gwha GW Hannaway Network License Manager 1384/tcp os-licman Objective Solutions License Manager 1385/tcp atex_elmd Atex Publishing License Manager1386/tcp checksum CheckSum License Manager1387/tcp cadsi-lm Computer Aided Design Software Inc LM 1388/tcp objective-dbc Objective Solutions DataBase Cache 1389/tcp iclpv-dm document．nbsp;Manager1390/tcp iclpv-sc Storage Controller1391/tcp iclpv-sas Storage Access Server1392/tcp iclpv-pm Print Manager1393/tcp iclpv-nls Network Log Server1394/tcp iclpv-nlc Network Log Client1395/tcp iclpv-wsm PC Workstation Manager software1396/tcp dvl-activemail DVL Active Mail1399/tcp cadkey-licman Cadkey License Manager1400/tcp cadkey-tablet Cadkey T ablet Daemon1402/tcp prm-sm-np Prospero Resource Manager1403/tcp prm-nm-np Prospero Resource Manager1404/tcp igi-lm Infinite Graphics License Manager1405/tcp ibm-res IBM Remote Execution Starter1406/tcp netlabs-lm NetLabs License Manager1407/tcp dbsa-lm DBSA License Manager1408/tcp sophia-lm Sophia License Manager1409/tcp here-lm Here License Manager1410/tcp hiq HiQ License Manager1411/tcp af AudioFile1412/tcp innosys InnoSys1413/tcp innosys-acl Innosys-ACL1414/tcp ibm-mqseries IBM MQSeries1415/tcp dbstar DBStar1416/tcp novell-lu6.2 Novell LU6.21417/tcp timbuktu-srv1 Timbuktu Service 1 Port1418/tcp timbuktu-srv2 Timbuktu Service 2 Port1419/tcp timbuktu-srv3 Timbuktu Service 3 Port1420/tcp timbuktu-srv4 Timbuktu Service 4 Port1421/tcp gandalf-lm Gandalf License Manager1422/tcp autodesk-lm Autodesk License Manager1423/tcp essbase Essbase Arbor Software1424/tcp hybrid Hybrid Encryption Protocol1425/tcp zion-lm Zion Software License Manager1426/tcp sais Satellite-data Acquisition System 11427/tcp mloadd mloadd monitoring tool1428/tcp informatik-lm Informatik License Manager1429/tcp nms Hypercom NMS1430/tcp tpdu Hypercom TPDU1431/tcp rgtp Reverse Gossip Transport1432/tcp blueberry-lm Blueberry Software License Manager 1433/tcp ms-sql-s Microsoft-SQL-Server1434/tcp ms-sql-m Microsoft-SQL-Monitor1435/tcp ibm-cics IBM CICS1436/tcp saism Satellite-data Acquisition System 21437/tcp tabula Tabula1438/tcp eicon-server Eicon Security Agent/Server1439/tcp eicon-x25 Eicon X25/SNA Gateway1440/tcp eicon-slp Eicon Service Location Protocol1441/tcp cadis-1 Cadis License Management1442/tcp cadis-2 Cadis License Management1443/tcp ies-lm Integrated Engineering Software1444/tcp marcam-lm Marcam License Management1445/tcp proxima-lm Proxima License Manager1446/tcp ora-lm Optical Research Associates License Manager 1447/tcp apri-lm Applied Parallel Research LM1448/tcp oc-lm OpenConnect License Manager1449/tcp peport PEport1450/tcp dwf T andem Distributed Workbench Facility1451/tcp infoman IBM Information Management1452/tcp gtegsc-lm GTE Government Systems License Man 1453/tcp genie-lm Genie License Manager1454/tcp interhdl_elmd interHDL License Manager1455/tcp esl-lm ESL License Manager1456/tcp dca DCA1457/tcp valisys-lm Valisys License Manager1458/tcp nrcabq-lm Nichols Research Corp.1459/tcp proshare1 Proshare Notebook Application 1460/tcp proshare2 Proshare Notebook Application 1461/tcp ibm_wrless_lan IBM Wireless LAN1462/tcp world-lm World License Manager1463/tcp nucleus Nucleus1464/tcp msl_lmd MSL License Manager1465/tcp pipes Pipes Platform1466/tcp oceansoft-lm Ocean Software License Manager 1467/tcp csdmbase CSDMBASE1468/tcp csdm CSDM1469/tcp aal-lm Active Analysis Limited License Manager 1470/tcp uaiact Universal Analytics1471/tcp csdmbase csdmbase1472/tcp csdm csdm1473/tcp openmath OpenMath1474/tcp telefinder Telefinder1475/tcp taligent-lm T aligent License Manager1476/tcp clvm-cfg clvm-cfg1477/tcp ms-sna-server ms-sna-server1478/tcp ms-sna-base ms-sna-base1479/tcp dberegister dberegister1480/tcp pacerforum PacerForum1481/tcp airs AIRS1482/tcp miteksys-lm Miteksys License Manager1483/tcp afs AFS License Manager1484/tcp confluent Confluent License Manager1485/tcp lansource LANSource1486/tcp nms_topo_serv nms_topo_serv1487/tcp localinfosrvr LocalInfoSrvr1488/tcp docstor DocStor1489/tcp dmdocbroker dmdocbroker1490/tcp insitu-conf insitu-conf1491/tcp anynetgateway anynetgateway1492/tcp stone-design-1 stone-design-11493/tcp netmap_lm netmap_lm1494/tcp ica ica1495/tcp cvc cvc1496/tcp liberty-lm liberty-lm1497/tcp rfx-lm rfx-lm1498/tcp sybase-sqlany Sybase SQL Any1499/tcp fhc Federico Heinz Consultora1500/tcp vlsi-lm VLSI License Manager1501/tcp saiscm Satellite-data Acquisition System 31502/tcp shivadiscovery Shiva1503/tcp imtc-mcs Databeam1504/tcp evb-elm EVB Software Engineering License Manager 1505/tcp funkproxy Funk Software, Inc.1506/tcp utcd Universal Time daemon (utcd)1507/tcp symplex symplex1508/tcp diagmond diagmond1509/tcp robcad-lm Robcad, Ltd. License Manager1510/tcp mvx-lm Midland Valley Exploration Ltd. Lic. Man. 1511/tcp 3l-l1 3l-l11512/tcp wins Microsoft's Windows Internet Name Service 1513/tcp fujitsu-dtc Fujitsu Systems Business of America, Inc 1514/tcp fujitsu-dtcns Fujitsu Systems Business of America, Inc 1515/tcp ifor-protocol ifor-protocol1516/tcp vpad Virtual Places Audio data1517/tcp vpac Virtual Places Audio control1518/tcp vpvd Virtual Places Video data1519/tcp vpvc Virtual Places Video control1520/tcp atm-zip-office atm zip office1521/tcp ncube-lm nCube License Manager1522/tcp ricardo-lm Ricardo North America License Manager 1523/tcp cichild-lm cichild1525/tcp orasrv oracle1525/tcp prospero-np Prospero Directory Service non-priv 1526/tcp pdap-np Prospero Data Access Prot non-priv1527/tcp tlisrv oracle1528/tcp mciautoreg micautoreg1529/tcp coauthor oracle1530/tcp rap-service rap-service1531/tcp rap-listen rap-listen1532/tcp miroconnect miroconnect1533/tcp virtual-places Virtual Places Software1534/tcp micromuse-lm micromuse-lm1535/tcp ampr-info ampr-info1536/tcp ampr-inter ampr-inter1537/tcp sdsc-lm isi-lm1538/tcp 3ds-lm 3ds-lm1539/tcp intellistor-lm Intellistor License Manager1540/tcp rds rds1541/tcp rds2 rds21542/tcp gridgen-elmd gridgen-elmd1543/tcp simba-cs simba-cs1544/tcp aspeclmd aspeclmd。
计算机专业英语
Audio-output device音频输出设备
Access time存取时间
access存取
accuracy准确性
ad network cookies广告网络信息记录软件
Add-ons附软件
Address地址
Agents代理
Analog signals模拟信号
Fiber-optic cable光纤电缆
File compression文件压缩
File decompression文件解压缩
filter过滤
firewall防火墙
firewall防火墙
Fixed disk固定硬盘
Flash memory闪存
Flexible disk可折叠磁盘
chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs) ]氯氟甲烷
Client客户端
Coaxial cable同轴电缆
cold site冷战
Commerce servers商业服务器
Communication channel信道
Communication systems信息系统
ergonomics人类工程学
ethics道德规范
External modem外置调制解调器
extranet企业外部网
F
Fax machine传真机
Field域
Find搜索
FireWire port port火线端口
Firmware固件
Flash RAM闪存
hot site热战
Hybrid network混合网络
Image capturing device图像获取设备
人工智能给生活带来的好处英语作文
人工智能给生活带来的好处英语作文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Wonderful World of Artificial IntelligenceArtificial Intelligence, or AI for short, is a really cool technology that is changing our lives in so many amazing ways! You might have heard of AI assistants like Siri, Alexa, or ChatGPT, but AI can do so much more than just answer our questions or play music for us.One of the best things about AI is how it can help us learn and grow. Imagine having a personal tutor that can explain any subject to you in a way that's easy to understand. AI can do that! With AI-powered educational apps and tools, we can get personalized lessons and practice exercises tailored to our learning needs and pace. It's like having a super smart friend who can make even the toughest subjects fun and engaging.AI is also really helpful in keeping us safe and healthy. Did you know that AI can help doctors detect diseases early and recommend the best treatments? AI can analyze medical images and test results way better than humans can, which means wecan get the right care faster. AI is even being used to develop new medicines and treatments for diseases that were once thought to be incurable!Another cool thing about AI is how it can make our daily lives easier and more convenient. AI-powered smart home assistants can help us control our lights, appliances, and even our home security systems with just our voice. AI can also help us plan our schedules, remind us of important tasks, and even suggest fun activities based on our interests.But AI isn't just about making our lives more comfortable; it's also helping us protect our planet. AI can be used to monitor and predict environmental changes, like weather patterns and natural disasters. It can also help scientists develop more sustainable energy sources and create better ways to recycle and reuse materials.Overall, I think AI is an amazing technology that has the power to make our lives better in so many ways. From helping us learn and stay healthy to making our world a safer and cleaner place, AI is truly a modern-day wonder. Who knows what other incredible things AI will be able to do in the future? I can't wait to find out!篇2Artificial Intelligence is Awesome!Hi there! My name is Sam and I'm a 4th grader. Today I want to tell you all about artificial intelligence (AI for short) and how it's making our lives so much better. AI is really cool technology that allows computers and robots to do things that normally only humans could do before, like seeing, hearing, learning and making decisions.One way AI helps us is with smart assistants like Siri, Alexa and Google Assistant. These AI helpers can understand when we talk to them and do all sorts of useful things. If I'm working on my homework and need to know something, I can just ask out loud "Hey Google, what's the capital of Australia?" And right away it tells me the answer is Canberra. How neat is that?AI also lets our phones and computers recognize our faces, voices and fingerprints to keep our information safe. My dad has facial recognition on his phone, so it won't unlock unless it sees his face. That way if it gets lost or stolen, no one else can get into it. Pretty clever security from that smart AI!Another incredible use of AI is for self-driving cars. These vehicles have lots of sensors and cameras that use artificialintelligence to "see" the road, read traffic signals, and avoid obstacles like pedestrians or other cars. The AI driving system is way better than human drivers at staying focused, reacting quickly, and making safe decisions. Self-driving cars could prevent many accidents and save tons of lives every year.Have you noticed those fun filters on apps like Snapchat where you can give yourself dog ears or a funny face? That's AI at work! The app is using artificial intelligence to detect your face and eyes in the camera view, so it knows exactly where to place those AR effects. Seeing myself as a unicorn always cracks me up.AI is even being used by doctors to examine X-rays, MRIs and other medical scans for signs of diseases like cancer or tumors. The AI can process those images way faster than human experts and doesn't miss tiny details. It helps doctors make sure they catch any problems right away.One of my favorite examples of AI is the computer systems that power video games and movies with ultra-realistic graphics these days. The AI can generate entire 3D worlds with millions of objects that look practically real - from detailed character faces and fur down to individual blades of grass. It's like the game or movie world comes alive!Speaking of entertainment, AI is also used to automatically translate movies, shows and videos into many different languages. The AI can listen to the dialogue, understand it, and display accurate subtitles in say Spanish, Mandarin or Hindi as you watch. No more waiting months or years for an official translation!Those are just a few of the countless ways artificial intelligence is improving our modern lives and making things more convenient, efficient, educational and fun. But that's not all - AI will only keep getting smarter and more powerful.In the future, AI might help create new technologies to solve global problems like climate change and disease. It could assist scientific research that leads to incredible medical breakthroughs extending our lifespans. Household robots with AI could make our homes clean themselves. Maybe AI will pilot our first missions to Mars!AI is already being used by businesses to provide better customer service through smart chatbots. Heck, AI might even choose my career for me one day by analyzing my skills, interests and the job market to suggest the perfect field.There are so many amazing possibilities! Of course, we need to be careful and make sure AI systems are programmed withgood values to avoid any potential risks. But overall, I think the rise of artificial intelligence is awesome and will keep making the world a better, smarter, safer place.I can't wait to see what other cool AI abilities get invented as I get older. I just hope the robots stay friendly and don't go all Terminator on us! Anyway, that's my take on why AI is so awesome. Let me know if you agree or what's your favorite use of artificial intelligence. Thanks for reading, gotta go now - my AI homework tutor is calling!篇3The Awesome Power of AI in Our LivesHave you ever wondered how self-driving cars can see the road and pedestrians? Or how your virtual assistant like Siri or Alexa can understand what you say and answer your questions? The magic behind all these amazing abilities is something called artificial intelligence (AI).AI is like giving super smart brains to computers and machines so they can think and learn just like humans! Just as our brains take in information through our senses and help us make decisions, AI allows computers to process data, recognize patterns, and figure stuff out in incredibly cool ways.There are so many awesome ways AI is making our lives easier, more fun, and even helping to solve big problems. Let me tell you about some of my favorite ways AI is changing the game!Help Around the HouseImagine having a robot buddy to help you with chores and homework! AI assistants like Alexa or Google Home use voice recognition to understand when you ask them questions. Then their language processing skills let them speak back with useful information or instructions.With AI, you can say "Alexa, remind me to do my math homework at 4 PM" and it will set a reminder for you. You can ask it things like "How much is 234 divided by 17?" and it will tell you the answer is 13 with a remainder of 15. For little kids, it can even read stories out loud! How cool is that?These AI assistants are getting smarter every day with more capabilities to manage your calendar, control smart home devices, play music and games, and more. Basically, they make doing Tasks around the house much easier and fun.Smarty Pants LearningRemember when you had to look up words in a dictionary or go through endless books for research projects? With AI, you canget information at your fingertips within seconds just by asking out loud or typing a query.AI has massively disrupted how we gather knowledge through smart web search, question-answering systems, interactive tutors, and more. You can ask an AI something like "What are facts about sea turtles?" and it will instantly present you with tons of well-organized info from across the internet. Mind blown!Many schools are also using AI teaching assistants to provide personalized learning for each student's needs. The AI can identify your strengths, weaknesses, and area you need more help with, then adapt with customized exercises andstep-by-step explanations. No more one-size-fits-all boring lessons!This AI-powered learning lets you soak up knowledge way faster in the ways that work best for your brain. As a student, that means higher grades and getting smarter without even trying that hard!Rad New TechIf you're a tech geek like me, then AI is creating all kinds of awesome gadgets and capabilities that seem straight out of a sci-fi movie. But it's real life!Take self-driving cars for example. Advanced AI programs use sensors to see the road, identify traffic lights or pedestrians, predict behavior of other vehicles, and make safe driving decisions — all without human intervention. The AI can chauffeur you around while you sit back, relax, and just enjoy the ride.Speaking of rides, there are cool AI drones that can follow you while taking pictures or videos from unique angles. With AI vision skills, the drones perceive their environment to track and capture awesome aerial footage of you doing sports or exploring outdoors.On the fun side, AI is creating ultra-realistic video game characters that can see, hear, reason, and behave like actual people based on your actions. Same goes for virtual reality experiences where AI understands the full context and environment to intelligently respond.And get this — there are even AI programs that can create amazing images or artwork from just text prompts! You simply describe what you'd like it to draw or paint, and BOOM, the AIunderstands and generates a super realistic photo or illustration for you.AI keeps getting smarter and smarter, enabling technology that we can hardly even imagine yet. Being able to control and interact with machines using just our minds and voices is going to be insane! The possibilities are endless.Fixing The WorldAs amazing as all these helpful and entertaining AI abilities are, I think the most impactful use of AI is how it can help solve major world problems like disease, hunger, poverty, and climate change. AI is like giving us superpowers!Using AI, scientists are discovering new cures for illnesses faster by having the AI rapidly analyze massive genomic data sets and design new medicines. Other AI programs are improving food supply chains to reduce waste and feed more people affordably. AI prediction models are also helping map out best practices to protect the rainforests, oceans, and make energy usage more sustainable.Another mind-blowing example — AI systems can process way more sensor data than humans to automatically detect crop diseases, predict weather and climate patterns, and guidefarmers on adjusting irrigation or planting cycles for each field to increase food production. How crazy is that?!With AI assisting research and automating time-consuming tasks, we can make revolutionary advancements to wipe out hunger, disease, and overcome humanity's biggest threats at lightning speed. For instance, AI was crucial in rapidly developing the COVID-19 vaccines by analyzing the virus's genomic sequence and structure to create prime vaccine candidates.Those are just a few examples, but the potential for AI to understand and solve complex challenges is truly unlimited. As an AI-first generation, we have to opportunity to shape this powerful tool for good and make the world an awesomely better place for ourselves and generations to come.In ConclusionArtificial intelligence is enhancing our lives in so many positive ways - making us smarter, more productive, and giving us access to powerful capabilities unlike anything ever before in human history.From AI butler assistants doing your chores to advanced chatbots tutoring you in any subject, AI is redefining how we learn and acquire knowledge. It's also acceleratingbreakthroughs in technology, healthcare, sustainability efforts, and virtually every field. The possibilities are mind-bending!I can't even imagine what new AI superpowers we'll gain in the years ahead. But I do know that harnessing the awesome potential of artificial intelligence will lead to an exciting, prosperous, and hopefully peaceful future where we transcend our biggest limitations as humans.What an amazing time to be alive! Let's embrace the AI revolution and put these brilliant machine minds to work for the betterment of all.篇4Title: How AI Makes Our Lives BetterHi there! My name is Alex, and I'm a 10-year-old student in the 5th grade. Today, I want to talk to you about how artificial intelligence (AI) has made our lives so much better. AI is like really smart computer programs that can think and learn like humans do. But don't worry, they're not smarter than us humans (at least not yet!).One of the coolest things about AI is how it helps us with our schoolwork. You know how sometimes we get stuck on a reallytricky math problem or can't figure out the answer to a science question? Well, with AI tutors, we can just ask them for help, and they'll explain it to us in a way that's easy to understand. It's like having a super smart teacher available 24/7 to help us out!But AI doesn't just help us with our homework; it also makes our lives more fun and exciting. Have you ever played a video game where the characters seem to think and act like real people? That's because AI is used to create those lifelike characters and make the game more challenging and engaging. And what about those cool voice assistants like Siri, Alexa, or Google Assistant? They use AI to understand what we're saying and give us helpful information or do tasks for us, like setting alarms or playing our favorite songs.Another way AI has made our lives better is by helping doctors and scientists. You know how sometimes people get really sick, and the doctors can't figure out what's wrong? Well, AI can analyze all sorts of medical data and help doctors make better diagnoses and find the right treatments. AI is also helping scientists understand things like climate change, develop new medicines, and even explore outer space!But AI isn't just about making things easier or more fun; it's also helping to make our world a safer place. AI is used inself-driving cars, which can help reduce accidents and make our roads safer. It's also used in security systems to detect potential threats and keep us safe from harm.Speaking of using AI responsibly, there's something called "AI bias" that we need to be careful about. This means that sometimes, the data that AI systems are trained on can contain biases or stereotypes, which can lead to unfair or discriminatory decisions. That's why it's important for the people who develop AI to make sure it's trained on diverse and unbiased data.Another challenge with AI is making sure it's secure and can't be hacked or misused by bad people. That's why there are a lot of smart people working on AI safety and security, to make sure AI systems are safe and can't be used for harmful purposes.Overall, though, I think the benefits of AI far outweigh the challenges. AI is already helping us in so many ways, and I can't wait to see what other amazing things it will do in the future. Who knows, maybe one day we'll even have AI teachers in our classrooms (although I'm not sure if I'd like that or not!).So, what do you think about AI? Do you agree that it's making our lives better, or are you worried about the potential risks? I'd love to hear your thoughts! Just remember, eventhough AI is super smart, us humans are still in charge, and we get to decide how we use this amazing technology.Thanks for reading my essay! Now if you'll excuse me, I've got to go ask my AI homework helper for some assistance with my history assignment. Catch you later!篇5The Awesome Power of AI in Our LivesHi there! My name is Emma, and I'm 10 years old. Today, I want to tell you all about artificial intelligence (AI) and how it's making our lives so much better and easier. AI is like really smart computer programs that can learn and think like humans. It's pretty cool stuff!One of the best ways AI helps us is with smart assistants like Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant. These clever AIs can answer our questions, give us directions, play our favorite music, and even tell jokes! Whenever I'm stuck on my homework, I can just ask my AI assistant for help, and it explains things in a way I can understand. My mom uses the AI assistant to set reminders, make to-do lists, and even control the lights and thermostat in our house. It's like having a personal assistant always ready to lend a hand!Another amazing use of AI is in video games and movies. Have you ever played a game where the characters seem super smart and react just like real people? That's AI at work! The game developers use AI to make the characters behave more realistically and make the game more fun and challenging. In movies, AI is used to create incredible special effects that look totally real. From realistic explosions to gigantic monsters, AI makes the impossible seem possible on the big screen.AI is also really helpful in education. Some schools use AI tutors that can adapt to each student's learning style and pace. These AI tutors are patient, never get tired, and can explain things in different ways until the student understands. They can even spot when a student is struggling and provide extra help or practice exercises. With AI tutors, every student can get personalized attention and support.But that's not all! AI is making our world a safer place too. Self-driving cars use AI to navigate roads, avoid obstacles, and get us to our destinations safely. AI systems can also monitor security cameras, detect suspicious activity, and alert the authorities if needed. In hospitals, AI helps doctors diagnose diseases more accurately and recommend the best treatments for patients.AI is even helping to protect our planet! Scientists use AI to study climate change, predict weather patterns, and find solutions to environmental problems. AI can also help optimize energy usage in buildings and cities, reducing waste and saving precious resources.So that's my take on the awesome power of AI in our lives. What do you think? I'm excited to see how AI will continue to shape our future and make the world an even better place. Who knows, maybe one day I'll grow up to be an AI scientist or engineer and help create the next generation of incredibly smart and helpful AI! For now, I'm just happy to have AI assistants to help me with my homework and chores. Thanks for reading!篇6The Awesome World of AIHi there! My name is Jamie and I'm going to tell you all about the awesome world of artificial intelligence, or AI for short. AI is really cool technology that can think and learn just like humans. It's kind of like having a super smart robot buddy that can help us with all sorts of things.One of the best ways AI helps us is by making our lives easier and more convenient. You know how frustrating it is to lose yourfavorite toy or your mom's car keys? Well, with AI, you may never have to deal with that again! There are AI systems that can actually recognize objects and tell you where they are. How neat is that?AI also makes traveling a lot more fun. Have you ever gotten bored on a long road trip? AI car assistants can play games with you, tell jokes, and even read stories out loud to keep you entertained. And if your parents are driving, the AI can give them directions and traffic updates so they don't get lost or stuck in jams.Speaking of directions, AI maps are the best! They can show you exactly where you need to go with colorful 3D visuals. And if you're trying to find the nearest ice cream shop, the AI assistant can locate it for you. Yum!AI does so much more than just giving directions and finding lost things though. It can actually understand human language and help us communicate better. You know how sometimes adults use really big words you don't understand? Well, AI translation tools can take those fancy words and explain them in simple terms a kid can get.AI is also wicked smart when it comes to helping with schoolwork. Need help with a tough math problem? There are AItutors for that. Can't figure out how to code a fun new game? AI coding assistants can break it down step-by-step. With AI, learning is easier than ever before.One of the most exciting things about AI is how it can bring our imagination to life through creative AI tools. Have you ever dreamed of battling a dragon or exploring an alien planet? Well, with AI image and art generators, you can make those dreams into incredible pictures and artwork. It's like having a magic genie that can make anything you can dream up!AI doesn't just make visual art either – it can also write super creative stories and even music. Maybe you'll use it to write the next big hit song or bestselling book series. The possibilities are endless when you've got an AI helper to bounce ideas off of.AI is also a big helper when it comes to exploring space and learning about our planet. NASA uses AI to control rovers on Mars and analyze data that is beamed back from telescopes studying distant galaxies. AI can even predict natural disasters like hurricanes so people can get to safety in time.But that's not all AI can do - it has So. Many. Awesome. Uses! AI can help build cool new video games, improve movies and TV shows with mind-blowing visual effects, and even design fresh new products that no human has ever thought of before.Some people worry that AI will become too smart and take over the world, but I don't think we need to be scared. Sure, AI is wicked intelligent, but us humans are the ones creating it and teaching it stuff. As long as we're responsible and make sure AI has good values, it will only be used to help make the world a better, safer, more amazing place for all of us.In the future, I think AI is going to keep getting smarter and smarter until it can do almost anything we can dream up. But instead of making humans obsolete, I believe AI will be our teammate and partner in creating an incredible new world full of possibilities we can't even imagine yet. AI is going to help cure diseases, make our cities greener, discover crazy new inventions, and maybe even help humans travel to other planets someday. How cool is that?!So those are just some of the ways AI is changing our world and our lives for the better. Every day, we're unlocking new abilities and discovering fresh ways this awesome technology can make the impossible possible. I don't know about you, but I can't wait to see what amazingAI breakthroughs the future will bring. Welcome to the age of artificial intelligence - things are about to get really exciting!。
ChatGPT技术使用的硬件和软件要求
ChatGPT技术使用的硬件和软件要求在人工智能（Artificial Intelligence，AI）的快速发展中，自然语言处理（Natural Language Processing，NLP）已经成为一项重要而受关注的技术。
ChatGPT作为其中的一种应用，通过大规模预训练模型和迁移学习技术，实现了自动化对话生成的能力。
然而，要确保ChatGPT技术的稳定运行和高效性，需要考虑适当的硬件和软件条件。
本文将探讨ChatGPT技术使用的硬件和软件要求，以及相关的优化策略。
一、硬件要求1. 处理器ChatGPT技术在预训练和推理阶段对于处理器的需求较大。
目前，常用的处理器包括中央处理器（Central Processing Unit，CPU）和图形处理器（Graphics Processing Unit，GPU）。
对于规模较小的ChatGPT模型，使用高性能的CPU已经可以满足运行要求。
而对于大规模ChatGPT模型以及大量并发用户的情况，GPU 通常是更好的选择，因为GPU在并行计算方面有着更大的优势。
2. 内存ChatGPT模型的运行需要占用一定的内存空间。
模型的大小和运行所需内存的具体要求因模型规模而异。
一般来说，为了确保ChatGPT的流畅运行，建议配置较大的内存容量，以便存储模型参数和中间计算结果。
3. 存储ChatGPT技术在训练和推理过程中都需要大量的存储空间。
因此，要确保存储设备有足够的容量来存储模型的权重参数、训练数据和推理过程中生成的对话记录等信息。
此外，为了提高数据读取和写入的速度，建议选择高性能的存储设备，如固态硬盘（Solid State Drive，SSD）。
4. 网络连接对于实时的对话生成应用，网络连接的稳定性和速度也是必要考虑的因素。
ChatGPT技术需要与服务器进行交互，以获取预训练模型并实现对话生成。
因此，要确保有可靠和高速的网络连接，以避免延迟和数据传输问题。
关于学生如何使用电脑的英语作文
关于学生如何使用电脑的英语作文全文共5篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: My Best Friend, the ComputerComputers are amazing! They can do so many cool things. I love using computers to learn, play games, stay connected with my friends and family, and just have fun. Let me tell you all about the wonderful world of computers.At school, we use computers a lot for our studies. When we need to write a report or essay, we type it up on the computer. It's much easier than writing everything by hand! The computer can check our spelling and grammar too. We also use computers to look up information on the internet for our research projects. With just a few clicks, we can find out facts about any topic we're learning about in class. How awesome is that?Computers also help us learn with educational games and activities. My favorite is the math games where we have to solve problems and move through different levels. It makes practicing math facts way more fun than just doing worksheets. There are also really cool science simulations where we can experimentwith virtual labs. Using computers for learning is so much more engaging than just reading from textbooks.Of course, computers are a blast for playing games too! I love racing games, adventure games, puzzle games – you name it! My friends and I can even play multiplayer games together online. We'll chat on headsets and work as a team to complete missions or battle against other players. Sometimes I get carried away gaming and my parents have to tell me it's time to log off, but it's just so much fun.Computers connect me to my friends and family even when we're not together too. We can video chat, send messages back and forth, and share photos and videos instantaneously. My grandparents live far away, but I can still see and talk to them anytime through the computer. I can also collaborate with my classmates on group projects by emailing files back and forth. Computers make it easy to stay in touch with everyone.Another awesome thing about computers is how much you can create with them. I'm learning to code, which lets me build my own games, websites, animations and anything else I can dream up. I can record music, edit videos, draw digital art – the possibilities are endless! This year, our class even designed and 3D printed our own toys using computers. They came out so cool.Computers unlock a whole world of making and designing in a way that's just not possible with traditional art supplies.Of course, computers aren't perfect. Sometimes the internet is too slow, or a program crashes and loses your work. And we all have to be careful about online safety and not spending too much time staring at screens. But overall, computers have opened up so many opportunities for us as students to learn in interactive, engaging new ways. They are powerful tools that combine education and entertainment perfectly.I can't imagine my life without computers now. They are genuinely my best friends! Wherever technology goes from here, I know computers will always be helping students like me explore our curiosities, feed our creativity, and most importantly, have tons of fun while learning. Computers are the future, and I can't wait to see what amazing new things they'll be able to do next!篇2My Life with ComputersHi there! My name is Jamie and I'm a 4th grader. Today I want to tell you all about computers and how I use them forschool and fun. Computers are really cool machines that can help us learn, play games, and even talk to people far away!Let me start by telling you about how I use computers at school. In my classroom, we have a few desktop computers that my teacher lets us use. During our computer time, she teaches us lots of neat things like how to type properly, make presentations, and search the internet for information. Typing is hard at first because there are so many keys, but now I'm getting pretty fast! Making presentations on the computer is awesome because you can add pictures, words in different colors, and even video clips. My favorite part is searching the internet though. It's like having a huge library of facts and knowledge right at my fingertips!My teacher makes sure we only visit kid-friendly websites that are safe and have good information. Some of the websites we use are for learning games that make subjects like篇3How Students Can Use ComputersComputers are really cool machines that can do all sorts of amazing things! At school, at home, and everywhere in between, computers help make our lives easier and more fun. But did you know that you can use computers for way more than just playinggames? Let me tell you about some of the awesome ways us students can put computers to good use.One of the best things about computers is that they can help us learn. There are lots of educational websites and programs that teach subjects like math, science, history, and languages in a really engaging way with videos, games, and interactive activities. It makes learning feel more like play than work! My favorite learning websites have cartoon characters that explain tough concepts in a simple way I can understand. Whenever I'm struggling with a topic at school, I can fire up one of those websites and soon it all makes sense.Computers are also great for doing research for school projects and reports. The internet has a wealth of information on every subject under the sun. With just a few clicks, I can find volumes of facts, images, and videos related to whatever I'm studying. It's like having a whole library of knowledge at my fingerteps! Of course, it's important to make sure the information comes from reliable sources. My teachers have given me tips on how to spot trustworthy websites.Speaking of school projects, computers make it so easy to put together visual presentations and write essays and papers. We can use programs like PowerPoint to create slideshowspacked with text, charts, pictures, and even videos to make our reports come alive. And word processors like Microsoft Word allow us to write our essays and instantly make them look neat and professional with cool fonts, formatting, and graphics. No more struggling with messy handwriting! Computers also come in super handy for doing calculations for math and science assignments.But computers aren't just about work – they also open up worlds of fun and creativity! With computers, we can explore amazing virtual realms through video games that look incredibly realistic. From driving race cars to battling aliens, these games allow us to experience all sorts of incredible adventures. And we can even create our own games and animated stories using coding tools that plug into our wildest imaginations. Computers give us powerful outlets for self-expression through art, music, and digital media projects.Another awesome way we can use computers is to stay connected with friends, family, and kids around the world. We can video chat with relatives in distant places. We can join online clubs and communities based around our favorite hobbies and interests. We can even make new friends through multiplayergames and talk to other kids our age in different countries. What was once impossible is now easy thanks to the internet!Of course, we have to be smart and safe about how we use computers. Our teachers and parents are always reminding us not to share personal information online or visit inappropriate websites. And we have to be careful not to spend too much time staring at screens and neglect the whole big real world out there. But as long as we use them responsibly, computers can be incredible tools that let us work, play, learn, and create in ways our parents could only dream of when they were kids.I feel so lucky to be growing up in a time when we have these powerful little machines at our fingertips. With computers, the possibilities for what we can achieve and explore are endless. We just have to use our imaginations! So next time you fire up that desktop or laptop, remember – you're not just playing around. You're unlocking a gateway to knowledge, productivity, and fun that can make you smarter, more creative, and more connected to people all over the globe. Now that's really cool!篇4How Students Can Use ComputersHi there! My name is Emily and I'm a 4th grader. Today I want to tell you all about how kids like me use computers. Computers are such awesome machines that can help us learn and have fun in so many ways. Let me share some of my favorite things to do on the computer!One of the top ways I use the computer is for researching things I'm curious about for school projects and reports. I've used it to look up facts about animals, planets, historical events and people, and all sorts of other topics. Websites like Wikipedia and Kid Info Bits have tons of information written in a way that makes it easy for me to understand.My teacher also has us use educational websites and software programs to practice our reading, writing, and math skills through interactive games and activities. It makes learning kind of feel like playtime! Programs like Reading Realm and Math Mania make it really fun to boost our abilities. The computer gives us hints and keeps track of what we're struggling with so we can focus on improving those areas.Speaking of games, I also love using the computer to play interactive stories and adventures! These are like virtual books that let you decide what the characters do and where the plot goes based on your choices. Some of my favorites are theMonster Lands series where you're a mythical creature exploring magical realms, and the Time Trekkers history games that let you go on exciting journeys through different eras. I've learned so much through these immersive, animated adventures.Of course, the computer is also an awesome tool for being creative and making cool stuff! With programs like PixelPal, I can draw awesome pictures and edit photos however I want. KidTube Video Editor lets me put together fun videos by importing clips, adding transitions and music, and all kinds of snazzy effects. And PixelCraft is a block-building game where I can design and build entire 3D worlds and structures! Creating things on the computer is so much easier than using just pencils and paper.The computer also helps me communicate and collaborate with my classmates for group projects. We can email each other to discuss ideas, upload documents to share our writing or presentations, and even video chat if we need to meet up virtually to work together. My teacher has an online classroom portal where she posts assignments, resources, and a message board too.And you know what else is awesome? Coding! Learning to code, which is writing instructions for computers to follow, is becoming a really important skill. We're starting to learn thebasics through games and activities like CodeKids that teach programming in a fun, visual way. Coding lets you build your own apps, websites, games, and all sorts of cool programs!I have to be honest though - it's not all just fun and games. My parents and teachers are really strict about internet safety. We have to be careful about not giving out personal information online, and we're not allowed to go on sketchy sites or talk to strangers. The internet can definitely be a dangerous place if you're not smart about using it properly. That's why I always use my computer with adult supervision.There are also times when too much screen time can be bad for my health and make it harder to focus. My eyes can start to feel strained from staring at the bright screen for too long, and I can get fidgety and distracted from sitting still. That's why it's important to take breaks, get up and move around, and not spend literally allllll day zoned out on the computer.Overall though, computers have opened up a whole new world of learning, creating, and exploring for me and my friends! From games to research to staying connected, they've become such a big part of how we develop vital skills for the 21st century. Pretty cool for machines that didn't even exist when our parents and grandparents were kids, right?As long as we use them properly and don't get too obsessed, computers can be incredible educational tools. I feel super lucky to be growing up with this awesome technology at my fingertips. Who knows what even more amazing things computers will be able to do by the time I'm an adult? I can't wait to see what the future has in store!篇5My Awesome ComputerHi there! My name is Jamie and I'm a 4th grader. I love computers and using them for all sorts of fun and useful things. Today I'm going to tell you all about how students like me can use computers.First off, computers are great for learning new things. There are so many awesome educational websites and games that can help you learn everything from math to spelling to history. My favorite math website is FunBrain - it has tons of super cool games that actually teach you stuff while you play. Like there's this crazy carnival game where you have to give the right change to customers to keep the carnival going. It's insanely fun but you also learn about money and making change without even realizing it! For spelling, I'm obsessed withVocabularySpellingCity. You can practice spelling words, take quizzes, and even play hangman games. My spelling has improved so much from using that site.Computers are also perfect for doing research for school projects and reports. Whenever I have to write a big report on something like pyramids or the rainforest, I go right to my favorite websites like NatGeoKids and PBSKids. They have cool videos, photos, and easy-to-understand information on pretty much every topic you can imagine. My teacher always says my research is super thorough thanks to the internet! Just be sure to use legitimate websites and not random sketchy ones when doing research.Speaking of school projects, computers are life-savers when it comes to actually putting those projects together too. Programs like Microsoft Word, PowerPoint, and Publisher allow you to type up reports, create presentations, design infographics and brochures, and more. No more turning in handwritten assignments that look like a mess! Everything can be typed up neatly and look colorful and professional. I personally love making PowerPoint presentations - you can embed videos, add animations, use cool fonts, and make them really dynamic instead of just boring text on a page.Computers also open up endless possibilities for being creative and expressing yourself. With programs like photoshop and video editors, you can edit photos and videos inmind-blowing ways. I'm actually teaching myself how to do simple video editing for my YouTube channel where I upload silly videos of me and my friends. For writing stories or keeping a journal, programs like Microsoft Word are perfect. And for making digital artwork, I'm a huge fan of programs like Tux Paint and Photoshop Elements that are made specifically for kids. You can draw, use stamps, edit photos, and let your imagination go wild!Of course, computers double as fantastic entertainment systems too. I have tons of fun games downloaded like Minecraft, Roblox, Mario Games, and more. You can also watch movies and TV shows, listen to music, and browse the internet for funny videos and memes. Just be sure to stay safe online and only use trusted websites meant for kids. It's also important to balance computer time with other activities so you don't become a couch potato!One last awesome use for computers is communication. I can email or video chat with my friends and relatives who live far away. My grandparents live across the country, but I can easilykeep in touch with them through email, texts, and video calls. Computers and the internet really do make the world a much smaller place!In conclusion, computers are one of the greatest inventions ever for kids like me. They unlock endless opportunities for learning, creating, being entertained, and staying connected with others. While it's important to use them responsibly, computers truly are amazing tools that every student should know how to use. That's my take anyway! Computers are just the best.。
class2c_01
Thomas J. WatsonSchool of Engineeringand Applied ScienceEngiNet™WARNINGAll rights reserved. No Part of this video lecture series may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including the use of information storage and retrieval systems, without written approval from the copyright owner.©2001 The Research Foundation of theState University of New YorkLecture 2Wednesday, 1-24-01l A. Using Microsoft Visual C++ Developer Studio 97l B. An Introduction to Windows ProgrammingA. Microsoft Visual C++Developer Studio IDESee notes & example programs from CS-360URLs:/~reckert/360/360notes.html /~reckert/360/360pgms.html Especially MFC notes and examplesUsing Microsoft Visual C++ Developer Studiol Self-contained environment for Windows program development:–creating–compiling–linking–testing/debuggingl IDE that accompanies Visual C++Visual Studio Components l The EditorsC or C++ source program text editor•cut/paste color cues, indentation,•generates text filesResource Editor•icons, bitmaps, cursors, menus, dialog boxes,etc.•graphical, WYSIWYG, Integrated•generates resource script (.rc) files•integrated with text editorThe Compilersl C/C++ Compiler–translates source programs to machinelanguage–detects and reports errors–generates object (.obj) files for linkerl Resource Compiler–Reads .rc file–Generates binary resource (.res) file forlinkerThe Linkerl reads compiler .obj/.res filesl accesses C/C++/Windows libraries l generates executable (.exe or .dll)The Wizardsl AppWizard–Windows code generator for MFC apps–automatically creates working programskeletonsl ClassWizard–facilitates easy extension of AppWizard-generated classes–used to tailor AppWizard-generated MFCskeletonsOnline Helpl Can be accessed by:–InfoViewer book/chapter–Topic (keyword search-->relevanttopics/articles)–F1 help (help on item under mouse cursor)–The Web: MSDN (Microsoft DeveloperNetwork)InfoViewer Online Help (Win32 API Programming) Platform, SDK, and DDK DocumentationPlatform SDKReferenceFunctionsWin32 Functions (Alphabetical listing)MessagesWin32 Messages (Alphabetical listing)StructuresWin32 Structures (Alphabetical listing)InfoViewer Online Help(MFC Programming)Developer ProductsVisual C++Microsoft Foundation Class Reference Class Library ReferenceSelect Desired ClassMSDN Library/siteguide/sitemap.aspGo to MSDN Library:Visual Studio 6.0 DocumentationVisual C++ DocumentationReferenceMicrosoft Foundation Class Library & TemplatesMicrosoft Foundation Class LibraryClass Library ReferencePlatform SDKGraphics and MultimediaWin32 APIReferenceWin32 Functions in Alphabetical OrderOther Advanced Tools l SPY++l PVIEWl ActiveX utilities, a gallery of software componentsl MoreComponentsl Menu barl Several tool barsl Project Workspace Window (left)–InfoView, FileView, ClassView, ResourceView l Editor Window (right)–Use Text Editor to Enter C/C++ code–Use Resource Editorsl Output Window (bottom).–System messages (errors)Toolbarsl Contain icons--instant routes to mainmenu functionsl Output, Workspace, Standard, Build,Edit,InfoViewer, Resource, etc.l May not be visiblel If not, right click on any visible toolbarl Brings up following popup windowl Can activate a toolbar by clicking on itscheck boxImportant Dev StudioGenerated Filesl.dsp Project filel.c or .cpp C/C++ sourcel.h C/C++ headerl.dsw Workspace filel.rc Resource scriptl.res Compiled resourcel.ico Iconl.bmp Bitmap imagel.exe Executable programl.dll Dynamic Link Library (if used) l.obj Machine code translationsTemporary Dev Studiogenerated filesl Many are huge and can (should) be removed!l.ilk Incremental link filel.pch Precompiled headerl.pdb Precompiled debugging infol.idb Incremental debug infol.ncb Supports viewing classesl.aps Supports viewing resourcesl.bsc Browser information filel.clw Supports ClassWizardl.opt Workspace configurationl.plg Build log fileWindows ProgramConfigurationsl Debug–appends debugging info–produces more and larger filesl Release–no debugging info–optimized for size & efficiencySetting the Configurationl Click "Build" on Main Menul Choose "Select Active Configuration”l Choose configuration (“Debug” or “Release”)l Default is “Debug”Create a Win32 App w/ Dev Studio l Startup–click ‘Start’ on Task Bar–‘Programs | Microsoft Visual Studio | MicrosoftVisual C++’l Creating Project–‘File | New’ from menu–‘Projects’ Tab (if not chosen)–‘Win32 Application’–Name the project (e.g. winapp1)–‘OK’l“Win32 Application, Step 1 of 1”Window–Select “An Empty Project”•Click “Finish”l“New Project Information” Window •Click “OK”l Inserting source files into project:–Open new C++ file, type or copy/paste thecode into the program•“File | New | Files tab | C++ Source”•Make sure “Add to Project is checked”•Enter a file name (e.g., winapp1)•Type or paste in the resulting Edit window –To see/modify a file added to project:•click FileView tab in Workspace Window•click on file name in FileView windowl Building Project:–‘Build | Build winapp1” from menu•Shortcut key: F7–Project will be compiled/linked–Messages will appear in Output Windowl Running Program:–‘Build | Execute winapp1”•Shortcut key: Ctrl-F5, or click exclamation pointl Cleanup:–Copy workspace, project, source, header,resource files to disk–Copy .exe from project's Debug directory–Best: Delete all temporary files & copy entire workspace (project directory) to floppy–Delete project directory from hard drivel Exiting Developer Studio:–‘File | Exit’ from menuB. An Introduction toWindowsProgrammingOverview of Win32 API Program Structure--2 maintasks:l Initial activitiesl Process messages from Windows (themessage loop)Pseudocodel Initialize variables, memory spacel Create & show program's Windowl Loop–Fetch any msg sent from Windows to this pgm –If message is QUIT•terminate program, return control to Windows –If message is something else•take actions based on msg& parameters•return control to Windowsl End LoopEssential Parts of aWindows Programl I. The source pgm(.c/.cpp file):–A.WinMain() function•0. declarations, initialization, etc.•1. register window class•2. create a window based on a registered class•3. show window, make it update its client area•4. the message loop (get messages fromWindows, dispatch back to Windows forforwarding to correct callback message-processing function)l B.WndProc(): the message-processing function•a big switch/case statement–Under Win32 API, programmer must writeWinMain() and the WndProc()–Under MFC, Wizards do most of the work–WinMain() and WndProc() are buried in theframework–Write “message mapped handler functions”insteadl II. The resource script (.rc file):–contains resource (Windows static) data–separate from code and dynamic data–compiled by a separate "Resource Compiler”–Examples:•Keyboard Accelerators, Bitmaps, Cursors, DialogBox, Fonts, Icons, Menus, String Tables –Separation of resources and programcode==>•separates tasks of programmer & designer•can change user interface w/o touching codeSome Important Messagesl WM_DESTROY--User does action to kill windowl WM_COMMAND--User clicked on menu item (menu item ID provided)l WM_*BUTTONDOWN--left/right mouse button pressed (* = L or R; x,y coordinates provided)l WM_MOUSEMOVE--mouse movedl WM_CHAR--User pressed valid ANSI code character keyboard key combination (ANSI code provided)l WM_PAINT--Part of window was exposed & should be redrawnl WM_KEYDOWN--keyboard key pressed (virtual key code provided)GDI Driver。
电脑功能英文作文
电脑功能英文作文1. Computers have revolutionized the way we communicate. With just a few clicks, we can send emails, instant messages, and even video chat with people from all over the world. It's amazing how technology has made it so easy to connect with others, regardless of distance or time zones.2. Another great feature of computers is their abilityto store and organize information. Gone are the days of flipping through stacks of papers or searching for hours through filing cabinets. With a computer, you can quickly find and access any document or file with just a few keystrokes. It's like having your own personal assistant at your fingertips.3. Computers have also greatly improved our entertainment options. Whether it's streaming movies and TV shows, playing video games, or listening to music, there's never a dull moment with a computer. With high-quality graphics and immersive sound, it's like being transportedto another world right from the comfort of your own home.4. One of the most valuable functions of computers is their ability to assist in learning and education. With the internet, students have access to a vast amount of information and resources that can enhance their studies. From online courses to educational videos, computers have made learning more interactive and engaging than ever before.5. Computers have also become an essential tool for businesses. From managing finances to creating marketing materials, computers have streamlined and simplified many aspects of running a company. With the ability to analyze data and track trends, businesses can make more informed decisions and stay ahead of the competition.6. Finally, computers have opened up a whole new world of creativity. With various software and programs, people can edit photos, create digital art, compose music, and even produce their own films. The possibilities are endless when it comes to expressing oneself through technology.In conclusion, computers have become an indispensable part of our lives, offering a wide range of functions that enhance communication, organization, entertainment, learning, business, and creativity. With their ever-evolving capabilities, computers continue to shape and improve the way we live and interact with the world around us.。
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2.1 Liquid Crystal Display (液晶显示)
(1) Solid
(2) LCD is the 4th state of matter (3) Liquid
(4)
Gas
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Anisotropic (各向异性)
LCD anisotropic
Gas & Liquid isotropic
---The tree which fills the arms grew from the tiniest sprout; the tower of nine storeys rose from a (small) heap of earth; the journey of a thousand li commenced with a single step.
Aliasing & Antialiasing(走样 走样) 走样
Aliasing
For raster scan system, smooth primitives such as lines, polygons, and circles can only be approximated by finite pixels resulting zigzag shape
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3.3 Subtractive Color Mixing
Why? Pigments absorb light Thinking: the Color Filters Question: Yellow + Cyan=?
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Conversion from RGB
C = 255 -Y - 1.4021(Cr-128) M = 255 - Y + 0.3441(Cb-128) + 0.7142(Cr-128) Y = 255 - Y - 1.7718(Cb -128) K = min (C, M, Y)
Rods: b/w Cone: color
Ed: dominant energy density Ew: white energy density
Human eye
角膜 虹膜 视网膜 瞳孔 视觉神经
虹膜 结膜
巩膜
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Байду номын сангаас
3.1 RGB space
蓝(0,0,1) 品红(1,0,1) 品红 白(1,1,1) 青(0,1,1)
输入设备： 输入设备： 键盘 鼠标 光笔 游戏操纵杆 扫描仪 数字化仪 视频输入 语音输入 主机
用户
硬件 输出设备： 输出设备： 显示器 打印机 绘图仪
软件： 软件： 应用程序 图形软件 高级语言 操作系统
2 Video display device
The features of video display devices directly impact the implementation of fundamental algorithms of computer graphics
Antialiasing
techniques used to remove this kind of artifacts
Architecture of Raster Display System
CPU
外围 设备
系统总线
系统 内存
帧缓存
视频 控制器
显示器
System of Computer Graphics
Comparison
Rasterization (光栅化 光栅化) 光栅化
Given a geometric shape (for example, a line segment or a circle
Rasterization / scan conversion is the procedure to determine a set of pixels which can approximate the shape in an optimal way
接头
电子枪
水平偏转
荧光屏：磷涂层 荧光屏：
基座
聚焦系统
垂直偏转 电子束
磁或电线卷
2.3 Refresh CRT(刷新式 刷新式) 刷新式
Refresh CRT：
The phosphor emits a small spot of light when hit by a beam of electrons. As the phosphor fades away quickly. A method to maintain the image is to redraw it repeatedly.
Scan line: a row on a screen Pixel, picture elements(象素) A point on a scan line Refresh buffer (刷新缓冲区 Frame buffer(帧缓冲区 刷新缓冲区)/ 帧缓冲区) 刷新缓冲区 帧缓冲区 Each cell of the FB stores the color and other information of the corresponding pixel. 1024X1024，24bit/pixel 3M bytes of FB
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3.4 HSV (hue:色调 Saturation:饱和度 色调; 饱和度) 色调 饱和度
Hexcone
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Hexcone
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3.6 HLS
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Appilcation
HSV,…
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References
Chapter 2: Donald Hearn,M. Pauline Baker. Computer Graphics with OpenGL, Pearson, 电子工业出版社. PPT from .tw/.../Color%20and%20Col or%20Space/Color%20and%20Color%20 Space.ppt Color models and color apps.ppt from TU
Persistence: How long the phosphors continue to emit light
Long persistence is propitious to display of static images Short is good for animation
Resolution(分辩率 分辩率): 分辩率
The maximum number of pixels on a CRT screen 荧屏 行数
列数
Raster-Scan Display
Most of CRT display device are raster-scan
扫描线 屏幕
帧缓存
Raster-Scan Display: Terminologies
----合抱之木，生于毫末；九层 合抱之木，生于毫末； 合抱之木 之台，起于累土；千里之行， 之台，起于累土；千里之行，始 于足 下。 老子《道德经》 老子《道德经》 /
Chap. 2 Computer Graphics Systems
Li Guiqing
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The mechanism
Electrical-field NOT Applied, Light IS transmitted.
Electrical-field IS Applied. Light NOT transmitted
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2.2 Cathode-ray tube (CRT,阴极射线管)
1 Raster Display Technique
A raster consists of a group of parallel scan lines, with each of which has the same display element (pixel) An image is generated by controlling the color of each pixel of the display device. The pixels are saved in a frame buffer
Refresh rate (刷新率): The frequency of redrawing the picture per second
Hertz: 60Hz, refreshing 60 times per second, 80Hz, 80 times per second.
Persistence(持续时间 持续时间) 持续时间
Random scan & Raster Scan
As a random scan display unit, a CRT draws a line one time.
very high resolution easy animation requires little memory
Raster scan is able to fill the region of a polygon, while random scan cann’t.
aspect ratio(屏幕纵横比 Num.row/ num. col. 屏幕纵横比): 屏幕纵横比
Non-interlacing scan / interlacing scan
2.4 Color CRT Monitors
Shadow-mask methods
Use three phosphor color dots at each pixel position emitting red, green, and blue light Three electron guns A shadow-mask grid behind the phosphorcoated screen. We perceive colors as combination of three colors 三支电子枪