chapter1-4

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小学朗文英语四年级上Chapter1-4复习

小学朗文英语四年级上Chapter1-4复习

四年级上学期朗文 1-4 课复习题班级_______________ 姓名________________1.Look and write.看图写单词。

____________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________ _______________2.Choose the correct answers.选择填空。

1. ( ) _____ did people pay for things? They paid with silver.A: How B: What C: Where2. ( ) _______ did people live? They lived in villages.A: How B: What C: Where3. ( ) _____ did people travel? They traveled by sedan chair.A: How B: What C: Where4. ( ) ___did people go to school? They went to school on foot.A: How B: What C: Where5. ( ) _______ did people wear?A: How B: What C: Where3.Choose and write. 根据下列解释,把单词序号填在括号内。

A: firewood B: trainers C: letterD: camera E: credit card F: rickshaw1. ( )We use it to take photos.2. ( )People cooked with it five hundred years ago.3. ( )We use it like money to buy things.4. ( )They are in pairs. We wear them when we go jogging.5. ( )People write it and send it to our friends by post.6. ( ) People rode in it.4.Ask and answer the questions.选择正确的疑问词填空,并回答。

国际酒店服务英语 Chapter 1 Unit 4 Information service

国际酒店服务英语 Chapter 1 Unit 4 Information service
Unit 4 Information Service
General Knowledge Conversation Text
Exercises
General Knowledge
What role does the information desk
play in a hotel?
<BACK
ral Knowledge
• What role does the information desk play in a hotel?
The hotel information desk plays an important part in the hotel. It is generally located near the hotel entrance or faces the entrance. As soon as the customer enters the main lobby, he/she can see it. Its goal is to provide more convenient service to guests.
<BACK
HOME
NEXT>
General Knowledge
• What role does the information desk
play in a hotel?
• messaging and credit card services
• 8 hours per day foreign currency exchanging
<BACK
HOME
NEXT>
Conversation
• Scene: A Guest Asks for Service Information • R: Receptionist G: Guest

Chapter 1 命题逻辑 - 4--证明理论

Chapter 1 命题逻辑 - 4--证明理论

“I will study discrete math.”
“Therefore, I will study discrete math or I will visit Las Vegas.”
Simplification
Corresponding Tautology: (p∧q) →p
Example: Let p be “I will study discrete math.” Let q be “I will study English literature.” “I will study discrete math and English literature”
正确的结论:是在正确的前提下,经过有效的证明或推理
所得到有效结论。
形式证明的形成
为了证明C是前提H1,H2,…,Hn的结论, 即需证明:
当前提H1,H2,…,Hn均为真时,C必为真。
通过构造一个命题序列,来描述这一推理过程。
例如:
H1,Q1,H2,Q2,Hi ,Q3 ,…,C 其中的Qi就是推理过程中的中间结论
Disjunctive Syllogism(析取三段论)
Corresponding Tautology: (¬ p∧(p ∨q))→q
Example: Let p be “I will study discrete math.” Let q be “I will study English literature.” “I will study discrete math or I will study English literature.” “I will not study discrete math.” “Therefore , I will study English literature.”

会计学原理 19版 怀尔德 复习提纲 Chapter 1~4

会计学原理 19版 怀尔德 复习提纲 Chapter 1~4
Limited Liability Proprietorship Partnership Corporation × × √ One owner allowed √ × √
Accounting Equation
Assets = Liabilities + Equity Be proficient in 11 transactions from P11~13 Be proficient in 3 statements Income statement, Statement of Owner’s Equity & Balance Sheet
Accounting Байду номын сангаасrocess
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Source documents Journal Ledger Adjusting Adjusted trial balance Statements Closing
Adjusting
*Depreciation
Dr. Depreciation Expenses; Cr. Accumulated Depreciation Accumulated Depreciation is a contra account
e-mail me if necessary samj525@ 1/2
Principles of Accounting 19 Edition
th
Sam.J @ NJAudit
Chapter 2 Analyzing and Recording Transactions Chapter 3 Adjusting Accounts and Preparing Financial Statements Chatper 4 Completing the Accounting Cycle

CHAPTER 1-4

CHAPTER 1-4

MeV 168 7 5 7 8 12 ~207
裂变中放出的能量
4%
80%
3%
4%
4% 5% neutrinos
燃料裂变时能量的释放 (MeV)
易裂变燃料
233U 235U 239Pu 241Pu
可裂变燃料
232Th 234U 236U 238U 237Np
190.0+/-0.5 190.0+/192.9+/-0.5 192.9+/198.5+/-0.8 198.5+/200.3+/-0.8 200.3+/-
Pressurized water reactor (PWR)
1 Reactor vessel 5 Pressurizer heater 2 Fuel elements 6 Steam generator 3 Control rods 7 Main circulating pump 4 Control rod drive 8 Fresh steam
η −燃 每 吸 一 热 子 生 平 裂 中 数 料 次 收 个 中 产 的 均 变 子
k: 六因子公式
k =ηfεpP P s d
P −慢 过 中 泄 概 化 程 不 漏 率 s P −热 子 扩 过 中 泄 概 中 在 散 程 不 漏 率 d
典型的一个热中子反应堆六因子的数值 Six factor formula for a typical thermal reactor
缓发中子与瞬发中子的区别
缓发中子与瞬发中子的产生机理不同; 缓发中子与瞬发中子的产生机理不同; 缓发中子与瞬发中子的产生时间不同; 缓发中子与瞬发中子的产生时间不同; 缓发中子与瞬发中子能量不同; 缓发中子与瞬发中子能量不同;

词汇学考试精简笔记-Charter1-4

词汇学考试精简笔记-Charter1-4

词汇学考试精简笔记-Charter1-4Introduction0.1 The Nature and Domain of English LexicologyThe definition of Lexicology: (P1)Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words (WNWD), the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. 0.2 The Relation to Other DisciplinesThe definition of Morphology: (P1)Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of morpheme construct.The definition of Etymology: (P2)Etymology is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words.The definition of Semantics: (P2)Semantics is the study of meanings of different linguistic levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc.The definition of Stylistics: (P2)Stylistics is the study of style.The definition of Lexicography: (P2)Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form, meaning, origins and usages of words.The difference of Lexicography and Lexicology: (P2)A lexicographer’s task is to record the language as it is used so as to present the genuine picture of words to the reader, providing authoritative reference, whereas the student of lexicology is to acquire the knowledge and information of lexis so as to increase their lexical awareness and capacity of language use.Chapter 1Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1.1 What is a WordIn visual terms, a word can be defined as a meaningful group; according to semanticists, a word is a unit of meaning. (P6) 选择、填空The definition of Word: (P7) 名词解释A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.A word comprises the following points:1. A minimal free form of a language;2. A sound unity;3. A unit of meaning;4. A form that can function alone in a sentence.1.2 Sound and MeaningThe connection of Sound and Meaning两者之间的关系: (P7) 选择、填空The symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary, and there is no logical relationship, the relationship is conventional.Woman, for example, becomes ‘Frau’ in German, ‘Fremme’ in French and ‘Funu’ in Chinese.:体现了sound,meaning的关系1.3 Sound and FormThe reasons caused the difference between Sound and Form: 读⾳和拼写不⼀致的原因(P8-9 具体例⼦看书本) 简答题1. The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does nothave a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.2. Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and insome cases the two have drawn far apart.3. A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes.4. Finally comes the borrowing, which do not conform to the rules of English pronunciation and spelling.*Printing印刷术was established in the late 1500.Sound and form is imperfect: (P10)The written form of English is, therefore, an imperfect representation of the spoken form.1.5 Classification of Words*Three classifications of words: (P11) 选择、填空Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion, and into native words and borrowed words by origin.1.5.1 Basic Word Stock and Nonbasic VocabularyThe difference between BW and NBW: (P11)BW is in use in a high frequency; and NBW is not.The features of Basic Word (P11-12) 简答题●All national character 全民通⽤性●Stability 相对稳定性●Productivity 多产性●Polysemy ⼀词多义●Collocability 搭配性Therefore, ‘all national character’is the most important of all features that may differentiate words of common use from all others.The definition of Productivity: (P12)They can each be used alone, and at the same time can form new words with other roots and affixes.The definition of Polysemy: (P12)Words belonging to the basic word stock often possess more than one meaning because most of them have undergone semantic changes in the course of use and become polysemous.The definition of Collocability: (P12)Many words of the basic word stock enter quite a number of set expressions, idiomatic usages, proverbial sayings and the like.The types of Nonbasic word vocabulary (P13-15) 简答题●Terminology 专业术语●Jargon ⾏话●Slang 俚语●Argot ⿊话●Dialectal words ⽅⾔●Archaisms 古词语●Neologisms 新词语The definition of Terminology: (P13)It consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine.●例⼦有:mathematics, music, education.The definition of Jargon: (P13)It refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves such as in business.●例⼦有:bottom line, bargaining chipsThe definition of Slang: (P14)Slang belongs to the sub-standard language亚标准语⾔, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words.Slang is created by changing or extending the meaning of existing words.The definition of Argot ⿊话: (P15)Argot generally refers to the jargon of criminals.The definition of Dialectal words: (P15)Dialectal words are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question.The definition of Archaisms: (P15)Archaisms are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.The definition of Neologisms: (P15)Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.1.5.2 Content Words and Functional WordsThe difference between Content words and Functional words: (P16) 简答题●Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words.●Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called empty words. As theirchief function is to express the relation between notions, the relation between words as well as between sentences, they are known as form words.1.5.3 Native Words and Borrowed WordsThe definition of Native Words: (P17)Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes (⽇⽿曼部落).The 2 features of Native Words: (P17)1. Neutral in style (French or Latin are literary and in formal style) ⽂体中⽴,即任何场所可⽤2. Frequent in use使⽤频繁The definition of Borrowed Words: (P18)Words taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowed words or loan words or borrowing in simple terms. 三个⿊体字同义Four classes of Borrowed Words: (P19)1. Denizens 同化词Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now well assimilated into the English language.2. Aliens ⾮同化词Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling.3. Translation-loans 译借词、外来词Translation-loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.4. Semantic-loans借义词Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form.Chapter 2The Development of the English vocabulary2.1 The Indo-European Language FamilyThe Indo-European Language has approximately 3000languages and group into roughly 300language families on the basis of Basic Word and Grammar. It is made up of most of language of Europe, the Near East, and India.印欧三⼤语系(P23) Germanic family = Scandinavian languages斯堪的纳维亚语的;北北欧⽇⽿曼语系(P24)The Germanic family consists of the four Northern European languages: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages.In western set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic(希腊语的). (P24)2.2.1 Old English (450 – 1150) (P25)The Germanic tribes are the earliest.The introduction of Christianity had a great impact on the English vocabulary. It brought many new ideas and customs and also many religious terms such as abbot, candle, alter, amen, apostle.The common practice was to create new words by combining two native words, e.g. handbook. (P26)Old English is a highly inflected language.Skirt, skill, window, leg, grasp, birth, they, their, them, egg, these words are from Scandinavian origin.2.2.2 Middle English (1150 – 1500) (P26)Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English. 诺曼⼤帝带来了⼤量的法语词。

Review_Chapters_1-4_students

Review_Chapters_1-4_students
• Risk of financial security and near-term spending needs
Chapter 2
• Factors that cause the demand of fund curve to shift
– Shift down and to the left when the factor increases
• Which one has the highest interest rate risk?
Chapter 3
CFs Period 1 2 3 4 5 Year 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 8% 80 80 80 80 1080 Coupon 10% 100 100 100 100 1100 12% 120 120 120 120 1120
PVs Period Total 1 2 3 4 5
Year 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 Duration
8% 1,000.00 74.07 68.59 63.51 58.80 735.03 4.312
Coupon 10% 1,079.85 92.59 85.73 79.38 73.50 748.64 4.204
– Shift down and to the right when these factors increase
• Total wealth, monetary expansion, and economic conditions
– Shift up and to the left when these factors increase
• Restrictiveness of nonprice conditions

英文讲义,《管理学》,1-4章,斯蒂芬

英文讲义,《管理学》,1-4章,斯蒂芬

英⽂讲义,《管理学》,1-4章,斯蒂芬•P•罗宾斯,中国⼈民⼤学出版社说明:1、此资料为《管理学》课程的全部英⽂讲义资料。

2、资料来源于罗宾斯的教材,仅⽤于教学,请勿另作它⽤侵犯作者版权。

3、因博客有上传字数限制,分成⼏篇上传,请注意章节序号。

Chapter 1 introduction to management and organizationsWho Are Managers?• ManagerØ Someone who works with and through other people by coordinating and integrating their work activities in order to accomplish organizational goals.Classifying Managers• First-line ManagersØ Are at the lowest level of management and manage the work of non-managerial employees.• Middle ManagersØ Manage the work of first-line managers.• Top ManagersØ Are responsible for making organization-wide decisions and establishing plans and goals that affect the entire organization.What Is Management?• Managerial ConcernsØ Efficiencyv “Doing things right”– Getting the most output for the least inputsØ Effectivenessv “Doing the right things”– Attaining organizational goalsWhat Do Managers Do?• Functional ApproachØ Planningv Defining goals, establishing strategies to achieve goals, developing plans to integrate and coordinate activitiesØ Organizingv Arranging work to accomplish organizational goalsØ Leadingv Working with and through people to accomplish goals.Ø Controllingv Monitoring, comparing, and correcting the work• Management Roles ApproachØ Interpersonal rolesv Figurehead, leader, liaisonØ Informational rolesv Monitor, disseminator, spokespersonØ Decisional rolesv Disturbance handler, resource allocator, negotiator• Skills ApproachØ Technical skillsv Knowledge and proficiency in a specific fieldØ Human skillsv The ability to work well with other peopleØ Conceptual skillsv The ability to think and conceptualize about abstract and complex situations concerning the organization How The Manager’s Job Is Changing• The Increasing Importance of CustomersØ Customers: the reason that organizations existv Managing customer relationships is the responsibility of all managers and employees.v Consistent high quality customer service is essential for survival.• InnovationØ Doing things differently, exploring new territory, and taking risksv Managers should encourage employees to be aware of and act on opportunities for innovation.What Is An Organization?• An Organization DefinedØ A deliberate arrangement of people to accomplish some specific purpose• Common Characteristics of OrganizationsØ Have a distinct purpose (goal)Ø Composed of peopleØ Have a deliberate structureWhy Study Management?• The Value of Studying ManagementØ The universality of managementv Good management is needed in all organizations.Ø The reality of workv Employees either manage or are managed.Ø Rewards and challenges of being a managerv Management offers challenging, exciting and creative opportunities for meaningful and fulfilling work. v Successful managers receive significant monetary rewards for their efforts.Chapter 2 management yesterday and todayHistorical Background of Management• Ancient ManagementØ Egypt (pyramids) and China (Great Wall)Ø Venetians (floating warship assembly lines)• Adam SmithØ Published “The Wealth of Nations” in 1776v Advocated the division of labor (job specialization) to increase the productivity of workers• Industrial RevolutionØ Substituted machine power for human laborØ Created large organizations in need of managementMajor Approaches to Management• Scientific Management• General Administrative Theory• Quantitative Management• Organizational Behavior• Systems Approach• Contingency ApproachScientific Management• Fredrick Winslow TaylorØ The “father” of scientific managementØ Published Principles of Scientific Management (1911)v The theory of scientific management:– Using scientific methods to define the “one best way” for a job to be done• Putting the right person on the job with the correct tools and equipment• Having a standardized method of doing the job• Providing an economic incentive to the worker• Frank and Lillian GilbrethØ Focused on increasing worker productivity through the reduction of wasted motionØ Developed the microchronometer to time worker motions and optimize performance.• How Do Today’s Managers Use Scientific Management?Ø Use time and motion studies to increase productivityØ Hire the best qualified employeesØ Design incentive systems based on outputGeneral Administrative Theorists• Henri FayolØ Believed that the practice of management was distinct from other organizational functionsØ Developed fourteen principles of management that applied to all organizational situations• Max WeberØ Developed a theory of authority based on an ideal type of organization (bureaucracy)v Emphasized rationality, predictability, impersonality, technical competence, and authoritarianism. Quantitative Approach to Management• Quantitative ApproachØ Also called operations research or management scienceØ Evolved from mathematical and statistical methods developed to solve WWII military logistics and quality control problemsØ Focuses on improving managerial decision making by applying:v Statistics, optimization models, information models, and computer simulationsUnderstanding Organizational Behavior• Organizational Behavior (OB)Ø The study of the actions of people at work; people are the most important asset of an organization• Early OB AdvocatesØ Robert OwenØ Hugo MunsterbergØ Mary Parker FollettØ Chester BarnardThe Hawthorne Studies• A series of productivity experiments conducted at Western Electric from 1927 to 1932.• Experimental findingsØ Productivity unexpectedly increased under imposed adverse working conditions.Ø The effect of incentive plans was less than expected.• Research conclusionØ Social norms, group standards and attitudes more strongly influence individual output and work behavior than domonetary incentives.The Systems Approach• System DefinedØ A set of interrelated and interdependent parts arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole.• Basic Types of SystemsØ Closed systemsv Are not influenced by and do not interact with their environment (all system input and output is internal)Ø Open systemsv Dynamically interact to their environments by taking in inputs and transforming them into outputs that are distributed into their environmentsImplications of the Systems Approach• Coordination of the organization’s parts is essential for proper functioning of the entire organization.• Decisions and actions taken in one area of the organization will have an effect in other areas of the organization.• Organizations are not self-contained and, therefore, must adapt to changes in their external environment.The Contingency Approach• Contingency Approach DefinedØ Also sometimes called the situational approach.Ø There is no one universally applicable set of management principles (rules) by which to manage organizations.Ø Organizations are individually different, face different situations (contingency variables), and require different ways of managing.Current Trends and Issues• Globalization• Ethics• Workforce Diversity• Entrepreneurship• E-business• Knowledge Management• Learning Organizations• Quality Management• Globalization• Management in international organizations• Political and cultural challenges of operating in a global market• Ethics• Increased emphasis on ethics education in college curriculums• Increased creation and use of codes of ethics by businesses• Workforce Diversity• Increasing heterogeneity in the workforce• More gender, minority, ethnic, and other forms of diversity in employees• Aging workforce• Older employees who work longer and not retire• The cost of public and private benefits for older workers will increase• Increased demand for products and services related to aging• Entrepreneurship Defined• The process whereby an individual or group of individuals use organized efforts to create value and grow by fulfilling wants and needs through innovation and uniqueness.• Entrepreneurship process• Pursuit of opportunities• Innovation in products, services, or business methods• Desire for continual growth of the organization• E-Business (Electronic Business)• The work preformed by an organization using electronic linkages to its key constituencies• E-commerce: the sales and marketing component of an e-business• Categories of E-Businesses• E-business enhanced organization• E-business enabled organization• Total e-business organization• Knowledge Management• The cultivation of a learning culture where organizational members systematically gather and share knowledge with others in order to achieve better performance.• Learning Organization• An organization that has developed the capacity to continuously learn, adapt, and change.• Quality Management• A philosophy of management driven by continual improvement in the quality of work processes and responding to customer needs and expectations• Inspired by the total quality management (TQM) ideas of Deming and Juran• Quality is not directly related to cost.Chapter 3 organizational culture and the environment : the constraintsThe Manager: Omnipotent or Symbolic?• Omnipotent View of ManagementØ Managers are directly responsible for an organization’s success or failure.Ø The quality of the organization is determined by the quality of its managers.Ø Managers are held most accountablefor an organization’s performanceyet it is difficult to attributegood or poor performancedirectly to their influenceon the organization.• Symbolic View of ManagementØ Much of an organization’s success or failure is due to external forces outside of managers’ control.Ø The ability of managers to affect outcomes is influenced and constrained by external factors.• The economy, customers, governmental policies, competitors, industry conditions,technology, and the actions ofprevious managersØ Managers symbolize control andinfluence through their actionThe Organization’s Culture• Organizational CultureØ A system of shared meanings and common beliefs held by organizational members that determines, in a large degree, how they act towards each other.Ø “The way we do things around here.”v Values, symbols, rituals, myths, and practicesØ Implications:v Culture is a perception.v Culture is shared.v Culture is descriptiveStrong versus Weak Cultures• Strong CulturesØ Are cultures in which key values are deeply held and widely held.Ø Have a strong influence on organizational members.• Factors Influencing the Strength of CultureØ Size of the organizationØ Age of the organizationØ Rate of employee turnoverØ Strength of the original cultureØ Clarity of cultural values and beliefsBenefits of a Strong Culture• Creates a stronger employee commitment to the organization.• Aids in the recruitment and socialization of new employees.• Fosters higher organizationalperformance by instilling andpromoting employee initiativeOrganizational Culture• Sources of Organizational CultureØ The organization’s founderv Vision and missionØ Past practices of the organizationv The way things have been doneØ The behavior of top management• Continuation of the Organizational CultureØ Recruitment of like-minded employees who “fit.”Ø Socialization of new employees to help them adapt to the cultureHow Employees Learn Culture• StoriesØ Narratives of significant events or actions of people that convey the spirit of the organization • RitualsØ Repetitive sequences of activities that express and reinforce the values of the organization • Material SymbolsØ Physical assets distinguishing the organization• LanguageØ Acronyms and jargon of terms, phrases, and word meanings specific to an organization How Culture Affects Managers• Cultural Constraints on ManagersØ Whatever managerial actions the organization recognizes as proper or improper on its behalf Ø Whatever organizational activities the organization values and encouragesØ The overall strength or weakness of the organizational cultureSimple rule for getting ahead in an organization:Find out what the organization rewards and do those things.Organization Culture Issues• Creating an Ethical CultureØ High in risk toleranceØ Low to moderate aggressivenessØ Focus on means as well as outcomes• Creating an Innovative CultureØ Challenge and involvementØ FreedomØ Trust and opennessØ Idea timeØ Playfulness/humorØ Conflict resolutionØ DebatesØ Risk-taking• Creating a Customer-Responsive CultureØ Hiring the right type of employees (ones with a strong interest in serving customers)Ø Having few rigid rules, procedures, and regulationsØ Using widespread empowerment of employeesØ Having good listening skills in relating to customers’ messagesØ Providing role clarity to employees to reduce ambiguity and conflict and increase job satisfactionØ Having conscientious, caring employees willing to take initiativeSpirituality and Organizational Culture• Workplace SpiritualityØ The recognition that people have an inner life that nourishes and is nourished by meaningful work that takes place in the context of community.• Characteristics of a Spiritual OrganizationØ Strong sense of purposeØ Focus on individual developmentØ Trust and opennessØ Employee empowermentØ Toleration of employees’ expressionBenefits of Spirituality• Improved employee productivity• Reduction of employee turnover• Stronger organizational performance• Increased creativity• Increased employee satisfaction• Increased team performance• Increased organizational performanceDefining the External Environment• External EnvironmentØ The forces and institutions outside the organization that potentially can affect the organization’s performance.• Components of the External EnvironmentØ Specific environment: external forces that have a direct and immediate impact on the organization.Ø General environment: broad economic, socio-cultural, political/legal, demographic, technological, and global conditions that may affect the organization.How the Environment Affects Managers• Environmental UncertaintyØ The extent to which managers have knowledge of and are able to predict change their organization’s external environment is affected by:v Complexity of the environment: the number of components in an organization’s external environment.v Degree of change in environmental components: how dynamic or stable the external environment is. Stakeholder Relationships• StakeholdersØ Any constituencies in the organization’s external environment that are affected by the organization’s decisions and actions• Why Manage Stakeholder Relationships?Ø It can lead to improved organizational performance.Ø It’s the “right” thing to do given the interdependence of the organization and its external stakeholders. Managing Stakeholder Relationships1. Identify the organization’s external stakeholders.2. Determine the particular interests and concerns of the external stakeholders.3. Decide how critical each external stakeholder is to the organization.4. Determine how to manage each individual external stakeholder relationship.Chapter 4 managing in a global environmentManaging in a Global Environment• ChallengesØ Coping with the sudden appearance of new competitorsØ Acknowledging cultural, political, and economic differencesØ Dealing with increased uncertainty, fear, and anxietyØ Adapting to changes in the global environmentØ Avoiding parochialismAdopting a Global Perspective• Ethnocentric AttitudeØ The parochialistic belief that the best work approaches and practices are those of the home country.• Polycentric AttitudeØ The view that the managers in the host country know the best work approaches and practices for running their business.• Geocentric AttitudeØ A world-oriented view that focuses on using the best approaches and people from around the globe.Regional Trading Agreements• The European Union (EU)Ø A unified economic and trade entityv Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, the United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, Finland, and SwedenØ Economic and monetary union (Euro)• North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)Ø Eliminated barriers to free trade (tariffs, import licensing requirements, and customs user fees)v United States, Canada, and Mexico• Free Trade Area of the Americas• Southern Cone Common Market (Mercosur)• Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)Ø Trading alliance of 10 Southeast Asian nations• African UnionThe World Trade Organization (WTO)• Evolved from the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1995.• Functions as the only global organization dealing with the rules of trade among nations.• Has 145 member nations.• Monitors and promotes world trade.Different Types of Global Organizations• Multinational Corporation (MNC)Ø A firm which maintains operations in multiple countries but manages the operations from a base in the home country.• Transnational Corporation (TNC)Ø A firm that maintains operations in several countries but decentralizes management to the local country.• Borderless OrganizationØ A firm that has eliminated structural divisions that impose artificial geographic barriers and is organized along business lines.How Organizations Go Global• Three Stages of GlobalizationØ Stage Iv Exporting products for sale overseas and importing products from overseas to sell in the home country.Ø Stage IIv Committing to directly sell home-country products in overseas markets or contracting for products to be manufactured overseas and sold in the home country.Ø Stage IIIv Licensing manufacturing and franchising services to foreign firms to use the brand name, technology, or product specifications developed by the firm.Other Forms of Globalization• Strategic AlliancesØ Partnerships between and organization and a foreign company in which both share resources and knowledge in developing new products or building new production facilities.• Joint VentureØ A specific type of strategic alliance in which the partners agree to form a separate, independent organization for some business purpose.Managing in A Global Environment• The Legal EnvironmentØ Stability or instability of legal and political systemsv Legal procedures are established and followedv Fair and honest elections held on a regular basisØ Differences in the laws of various nationsv Effects on business activitiesv Effects on delivery of products and servicesThe Economic Environment• Economic SystemsØ Market economyv An economy in which resources are primarily owned and controlled by the private sector.Ø Command economyv An economy in which all economic decisions are planned by a central government.• Monetary and Financial FactorsØ Currency exchange ratesØ Inflation ratesØ Diverse tax policiesThe Cultural Environment• National CultureØ Is the values and attitudes shared by individuals from a specific country that shape their behavior and their beliefs about what is important.Ø May have more influence on an organization than the organization culture.Hofstede’s Framework for Assessing Cultures• Individualism versus Collectivism• Power Distance• Uncertainty Avoidance• Quantity versus Quality of Life• Long-term versus Short-term OrientationØ Individualism: the degree to which people in a country prefer to act as individuals.Ø Collectivism: a social framework in whichThe GLOBE (Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness) Framework for Assessing Cultures• Assertiveness• Future orientation• Gender differentiation • Uncertainty avoidance • Power distance• Individualism/collectivism • In-group collectivism • Performance orientation • Humane orientation。

红发会读后感英文一到四章节

红发会读后感英文一到四章节

红发会读后感英文一到四章节Here's my take on the first four chapters of "The Red-Headed League" in an informal and conversational English style:Chapter 1: I started reading "The Red-Headed League" and was immediately intrigued. It's such an unusual story, with this whole red-headed thing being the central theme. I mean, who would ever think of forming a league just for redheads? But there it is, and Holmes is on the case to figure out what's behind it all.Chapter 2: The characters in this story are really interesting. You have the ordinary guy who falls for this seemingly good deal, and then you have Holmes and Watson, who are as sharp as ever. I'm really enjoying watching how they unravel this mystery, piece by piece.Chapter 3: This chapter had me on the edge of my seat. There's this whole mystery surrounding the empty office andthe strange instructions the guy got. It's like a puzzle, and Holmes is the one who's going to solve it. I can't wait to see what happens next.Chapter 4: The twists and turns.。

Cross-Cultural Communication Unit 1-4 跨文化交际

Cross-Cultural Communication Unit 1-4 跨文化交际
• At the core of any culture's deep structure are its social organizations (or social institutions).
➢Lessons about life and ways for living that life ➢It's based on cooperation
CHAPTER 1
Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future
CHAPTER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future
Challenge?
• Societies around the globe have been interwoven into a complex fabric of interdependent economic, technological, political, and social relationships.
CHAPTER 2
The Deep Structure of Culture: Roots of Reality
CHAPTER 2 - The Deep Structure of Culture: Roots of Reality
• The deep structure of culture is the unconscious assumptions about how the world operates. It makes each culture unique, and explains how and why of a culture's collective action.

Mid-term Exam (Chapter 1-4)-答案版

Mid-term Exam (Chapter 1-4)-答案版
Mid-term Exam (Chapter 1-4)
Chapter 1 Ten Principles of Economics
1. Rational people make decisions “at the margin” by comparing a. average costs and benefits.
c.
a market failure caused by equality.
d. There is no market failure in this case. Answer: A
4. The term ______ refers to the size of the economic pie, and the term ______ refers to how the pie is divided. Answer: efficiency equality 5. In the short run, an increase in the money supply is likely to lead to ______ inflation and ______ unemployment. Answer: higher lower
c.
the nation is producing an efficient combination of goods.

d. there will be a large opportunity cost if the nation tries to increase production of any good. ANS: B
3. Air pollution from burning fossil fuels causes damages to crops and public health. This is an example of

审计学__第1章至第4章练习题【答案版】

审计学__第1章至第4章练习题【答案版】

被审计单位违反的认定
与各类交易和事项 相关的认定:截止 与期末余额相关的 认定:计价和分摊
期末少计提累计折旧错误 在销售明细账中记录了并没有 发生的一笔销售业务
不存在某顾客,在应收账款明 细表中却列入了对该顾客的应 收账款
与各类交易和事项 相关的认定:发生 与期末余额相关的 认定:存在
财务报表附注没有分别对原材料、 与列报相关的认定: 在产品和产成品等存货成本核算 准确性和计价 方法做恰当的说明 将不属于被审计单位的债务记入 与期末余额相关的认定: 权利和义务、存在 账内 将出售某经营性固定资产(并非 与各类交易和事项相关 企业的日常交易事项)所得的收 的认定:分类 入记录为营业收入

【答案】A 财务报表审阅业务是有限保证的鉴证业务



13. 注册会计师执行的下列业务中,保证程 度最高的是( )。 A.财务报表审计 B.代编财务信息 C.财务报表审阅 D.对财务信息执行的商定程序 答案A
【例题14·单选题】X公司2009年度生产的 甲产品大部分已经出售,年末库存量约为年产 量的10%。注册会计师在审计中发现,虽然X公 司在财务报表附注中已经披露了甲产品成本的 核算方法,但实际上没有对生产甲产品的专用 设备计提折旧。注册会计师认为X公司的做法 同时违背了下列认定。其中,你不认可的是 ( )。 A.计价和分摊
C.分类和可理解性
B.准确性
D.准确性和计价
【答案】C
二、多项选择题
1.下列情况中,可能会对注册会计师职业道 德的遵循产生威胁的有( ABCD )。 A.接受客户提供的礼品或招待 B.持有被审计单位的股票 C.代为保管客户资金或其他资产 D.与客户的高级管理人员之间存在直系亲 缘关系

Chapter 1_ unit 4 (2)

Chapter 1_ unit 4 (2)

e.g.(1) You’re telling me. You’ (slang: I know that very well./ I knew that long ago.)
e.g.(1) You’re telling me. You’ (slang: I know that very well./ I knew that long ago.) 我早知道了. /还用你告诉我 还用你告诉我! 我早知道了. /还用你告诉我!
e.g. dry goods 纺织品 wet goods 酒类产品 dry state 美国)禁酒洲, (美国)禁酒洲, dry law 美国) (美国)禁酒法令 white wine 白葡萄酒, 白葡萄酒, dry white wine 干白葡萄酒
(3) “三个臭皮匠,合成一个诸葛亮。”这就 三个臭皮匠,合成一个诸葛亮。 是说,群众有伟大的创造力。(毛泽东: 。(毛泽东 是说,群众有伟大的创造力。(毛泽东: 组织起来) 组织起来) “Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Chukeh Liang the mastermind.” In other words, mastermind. the masses have great creative power.
2. Bicultural Competence Cultural competence refers to the knowledge and ability possessed by the translator which permit him to create communicative acts---acts---discourse-----discourse------ which are not only grammatical but socially appropriate.

旅游服务英语Chapter 1 Unit 4 Narrations on Tour

旅游服务英语Chapter 1 Unit 4 Narrations on Tour

3. Do the exercises.

answer?
What will the local guide say 1. when he / she leads the tourists to set off? _______________________________________. 2. when he/she reminds the tourists of collecting time? ________________________________________. 3. when he/she conclude the day? _______________________________________. 4. when he/she reminds the tourists of safety regulation? _______________________________________.
say to your guests when you lead them to the scenic sites? Discuss it with your partner.
Dialogue one:
Learning Steps:
1. Read the dialogue and then answer
3.
1. Read the dialogue and then
answer the following questions.

Where is Jiuzhaigou?
Why is it named Jiuzhaigou?
What is the five wonders?

when is the best time to visit

Cross-Cultural Communication Unit 1-4 跨文化交际(课堂PPT)

Cross-Cultural Communication Unit 1-4 跨文化交际(课堂PPT)

15
CHAPTER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future
Dominant Culture
Co-Cultures
• It's the one in power -
• They are numerous.
control.
• Distinct and unique
• Meanwhile, aging population in more developed countries – Could bring more communication issues between older generations and younger generations (this can be treated as co-culture).
ethnic background, age, sex,
media, monetary systems,
or other factors.
etc.
16
17
• We learn our culture through proverbs
– Offer an important set of instructions
Our goal in this class is to answer some of the following questions: • Why do we often uncomfortable when encountering people who are different from yourself? • Why do people from different cultures behave in ways that seem strange to you? • How do cultural differences influence communication? • Which cultural differences are important and which are inconsequential? • Why is it difficult to understand and appreciate cultural difference?

1-4单元《新编语言学教程》课后答案

1-4单元《新编语言学教程》课后答案

Chapter 1Introduction1. Define the following terms briefly.(1) linguistics语言学: the scientific or systematic study of language.(2) language语言: a system of arbitrary vocal 任意的声音symbols used for human communication.用于人类交流的任意声音符号系统(3) arbitrariness任意性: the absence of similarity betweenthe form of a linguistic sign and what it relates to in reality,语言符号的形式与现实的关系缺乏相似性e.g. the worddog does not look like a dog.(4) duality双重性: the way meaningless elements of languageat one level (sounds and letters) combine to formmeaningful units (words) at another level.在一个层面上(语言和字母)的无意义的语言元素结合在另一个层次上形成有意义的单位(词)(5) competence语言能力: knowledge of the grammar of alanguage as a formal abstraction and distinct from thebehavior of actual language use作为一种形式抽象的语言的语法知识,区别于实际语言使用的行为, i.e.performance.(6) performance语言运用: Chomsky’s term for actuallanguage behavior as distinct from the knowledge thatunderlies it, or competence.乔姆斯基对实际语言行为的术语不同于它的知识,或能力。

Chapter1-4翻译

Chapter1-4翻译

Chapter11. GIS is a system of hardware, software and procedures to facilitate the management, manipulation, analysis, modeling, representation and display of geo-referenced data to solve complex problems regarding planning and management of resources.GIS是一个由硬件,软件和程序组成的系统,便于管理,处理,分析,模拟,表现并显示地理参照数据,从而解决规划和资源管理的复杂问题。

2. GIS technology integrates common database operations such as query and statistical analysis with the unique visualization and geographical analysis benefits offered by maps. These abilities distinguish GIS from other information systems and make it valuable to a wide range of public and private enterprises for explaining events, predicting outcomes, and planning strategies (ESRI)地理信息系统技术将诸如查询和统计分析的常见的数据库操作和地图特有可视化功能和地理分析优势集成起来。

这些功能是区分地理信息系统和其他信息系统的关键,并且对于众多的公共和私营企业用于事件解析,结果预测和战略规划十分有价值3.Projection is a fundamental component of mapmaking. A projection is a mathematical means of transferring information from the earth’s three-dimensional, curved surface to a two –dimensional medium-paper or a computer screen. Mathematically speaking, map projections are transformations of geographic coordinates (latitude, longitude) into the Cartesian (x, y) coordinate space of the map.投影式地图制作的一个基本要素,同时也是将信息从地球三维曲面上传递到纸张或者电视屏幕二维介质上的一种数学手段。

《《莱特兄弟》(1-4章)英汉翻译及翻译报告》范文

《《莱特兄弟》(1-4章)英汉翻译及翻译报告》范文

《《莱特兄弟》(1-4章)英汉翻译及翻译报告》篇一《莱特兄弟》翻译报告第一章:前序在一个不远的时代,有两位年轻的工程师——莱特兄弟,他们的梦想为人类的航空领域打开了一扇新的大门。

这是一段基于他们的经历与挑战而创作的故事,由我们对这个激动人心的历程的记载而构建的起始篇章。

Chapter 1: The PrologueChapter 2: 探索天空随着科技的进步,莱特兄弟的梦想愈发清晰。

他们坚信人类有能力飞翔,于是他们开始了对航空技术的探索。

他们用他们的智慧和努力,逐步解决了飞行中的各种难题,如飞机的稳定性、动力和飞行控制等。

第二章:探索天空的雄心壮志莱特兄弟们深知他们的目标宏大且困难重重,但他们却坚信自己的决心和才能能够达成这一伟大的目标。

他们不仅通过自学获得了航空工程的知识,而且以极大的耐心和坚韧的毅力不断尝试和改进他们的飞行器设计。

他们面对的困难重重,但他们从未放弃过。

他们的每一次失败都成为他们成功的阶梯,每一次的挫折都使他们更加坚定地走向成功。

Chapter 3: 破茧成蝶经过无数次的试验和改进,莱特兄弟终于成功制造出了第一架飞机。

他们面临的挑战和困难仍然不少,但他们对未来的信念从未动摇。

最终,他们的飞机成功地在空中飞翔,引起了全球的震惊和赞赏。

第三章:破茧而出,创造历史这是一次具有里程碑意义的飞行。

虽然只有短暂的飞行距离,但它为人类打开了一个全新的领域。

这架由莱特兄弟倾注心血的飞机在天空中翱翔的那一刻,就预示着他们将会为人类的航空事业作出重大贡献。

每一次的试飞都是他们努力的见证,也是他们决心的体现。

Chapter 4: 翱翔蓝天之上在接下来的日子里,莱特兄弟继续进行飞行器的改进和创新。

他们的飞机越来越稳定,飞行距离也越来越远。

他们的名字开始在全世界范围内广为人知,他们的故事激励着更多的人投身于航空事业。

莱特兄弟不仅成为了航空事业的先驱者,更是人类的英雄。

第四章:翱翔蓝天之上,开创未来他们的努力并未因一次成功的飞行而停止。

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若以等效自由连接链描述分子尺寸,则链愈
柔顺,链段愈短,因此链段长度也可以表征
链的柔顺性。
链段长度b越大,柔性越差。P29 表1-7
小结
• 1.掌握均方末端距和均方旋转半径的含义? • 2.掌握自由连接链、自由旋转链以及旋转受 阻链、等效自由连接链的定义,以及相应 的均方末端距的计算公式。 • 3.理解运用高分子链柔性的表征参数相关的 知识。
1.2.3 高分子链的构象统计
表征高分子链构象尺寸的参数:
(一)线形高分子
末端距(向量)—— 线形高分子链一端到另一端的直线距离 均方末端距——末端距平方的平均值 ;
根均方末端距 ——均方末端距的平方根
(二)支化大分子:均方末端距的概念不适 用,需要另外定义一个表征支化大分子构象 尺寸的参数-----均方旋转半径
cos
Φ —— 内旋转角; u(Φ)—— 内旋转位垒函数; K —— 玻尔兹曼常数; T —— 绝对温度;
三种链的均方末端距比较:
自由连接链的最小;
实际高分子链的最大;
自由旋转链的介于二者之间; 单键的内旋转限制因素越多则分子链柔性越 差。
讨论 高分子链构象统计的应用
• 把实际的高分子链看成是由Z个长度为b的链段连接而成, 链段与链段之间自由连接,无规取向,此时的高分子链可 称为等效自由连接链。 真实大分子链中能够独立运动的单元不是单键,而是链段。 • 高斯链:末端距的分布符合高斯分布函数的高分子链,通 常指等效自由连接链。 • 可以利用等效自由连接链的概念来处理真实高分子链,从 而求得真实高分子链中的链段数目和链段长度(P28)。 。

化学键内旋转时无键角和位垒的限制,完全自由; 分子链中化学键向任何方向取向的几率相同。
自由连接链的均方末端距为:
h
2
f.j
nl
2
在自由连接链中,当大分子完全伸展时:
=n
(2)自由旋转链的均方末端距
分子链中化学键都有键角的限制
i+1 i
θ θ
i-1
7
自由旋转链:
定义:由n个键长l固定;键角固定(109.5度), 内旋转自由的长链分子模型(不存在)
均方旋转半径的定义如下 :
• 假设高分子链中包含许多个链单元,每个链单元的质量都 是 ,设从高分子链的质心到第i个链单元的距离为 ,它 是一个向量,如图所示,则全部链单元的 的质量平均值 为
•对于柔性分子,将S2对分子链所有可能的的构象取平均,即得 到均方旋转半径 S2 。
对于线形大分子,均方旋转半径与均方末端距 在无扰状态下的关系为:
内旋转时有键角限制,无内旋转位垒限制; 化学键向任何方向取向的几率不相同。
自由旋转链的均方末端距:
对于聚烯烃,假定为自由旋转链的条件下, C-C单键的键角是109.5o
1 cos 3
h
2
f .r
2nl
2
讨论:
h
2
f .r
h
2
f.j
哪个链柔性更好?
自由连接链和自由旋转链的伸缩性不 同,自由旋转链中键角限制了链柔性的 结果。
ho 6So
θ条件 P28
2
2
在θ条件 下测得的高分子尺寸为无扰尺寸,只有 无扰尺寸是高分子结构的反映。
1.2.3.1 均方末端距的计算
• • • • •
(I)几何计算法 通过向量运算 (II)统计计算法 通过概率和分布函数运算 (III)结果
以C-C单键组成的碳链高分子为例
(1)自由连接链的均方末端距 自由连接链(自由结合链)定义:即键长l(0.154nm)固定, 键角θ 不固定,内旋转自由的理想化的模型(不存在的)
“等效自由连接链”与自由连接链的区别
• 等效自由连接链和自由连接链的末端距的 分布都符合高斯分布函数,都是高斯链; • 但等效自由连接链是真实存在的,它体现 了大量柔性高分子的共性; • 而自由连接链是不存在的,是高斯链的一 个特例。
1.2.3.3 高分子链柔性的表征参数
(1)空间位阻参数(刚性因子) 实测的无扰均方末端距与自由旋转链的均方末 端距之比值的开方 – 刚性因子,作为分子链柔 顺性的量度。
(3) 实际的高分子链(受阻旋转链)的均方末 端距
定义:由n个键长l固定,键角固定(109.5度),单键内 旋转受阻的高分子链 (实际存在的)
h
2
1 cos 1 cos nl 1 cos 1 cos
2
2 ( ) / kT e cos d 0 2 ( ) / kT e d 0
[h / h ]
2 0
2 1/ 2 f ,r
愈大,柔顺性差; 愈小,柔顺性好。
(2)特征比:无扰链与自由连接链均方末 端距的比值
Cn h / nl
2 0
2
自由连接链
Cn h / nl 1
2 0 2
完全伸直的自由连接链
Cn h / nl n
2 0 2
(3)链段长度 b
Thank you ! 作业: •P329第4题
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