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The French revolution

The French RevolutionThe French revolution started at 1789 and ended at 1794, which forced France to get rid of the absolute monarchy as well as the theocracy while giving way to the institution of republic and democracy. Additionally, this revolution affected not only the France but also the whole of Europe. It is indeed one of most significant and important events in the history of human civilization.There are three causes of the beginning of the French Revolution. The first reason is the financial crisis, which aggravate the conflict and dispute among the three social classes directly. Because of the droughts in 1788 as well as the poor grain harvest, the third estate, especially peasants, can not afford the expensive taxes any more. Besides, both the king, Louis XVI and the queen, Mary had extravagant and luxurious lifestyles, which are always indifferent to the miserable common people. In addition, after the Seven Year’s War and the American Revolutionary War, the French government was deeply in debt and nearly bankruptcy. In my perspective, the financial crisis is the main reason for the French Revolution. The second reason is the conflict among three estates. The third estates could not pay for the taxes. Then the second estates, mainly made up of noble, were a new target for government to collect taxes. However, the second estates preferred to keep their former lifestyle and did not tend to be the scapegoat for second estates. The third reason is the enlightenment. There were many enlightenment thinkers who rejected authority and upheld the freedom of individuals to think for themselves. They also stressed that people most have rights to say in their government.The process of French Revolution is a shadow of dramatic. To begin with, owing to the financial crisis, Louis XVI was compelled to hold the estates-General of 1789, which aimed to collect new taxes from the third estate and the second estate to rescue the government from the financial crisis. But the second estate wanted to keep the tradition that taxes were just collected from the third estate. In other words, they wantto change nothing. The third estate, such as peasants, longed to change everything, especially a new better government like English Democracy. It is obviously that the three estates differed in their view. So in the estate general, the king can not control the meeting any more, and the meeting became a mess and like a bomb exploded. People abolished the tradition of Estates General that gave way to Nation Assemble. Then the Nation Assemble was renamed as the National Constituent Assemble July 9th 1789, which claimed the limitation of the king’s power and have the constitution reformed. Then the king, Louis XVI, realized the threat of the National Constituent Assemble, and borrowed the army troops from other countries to suppress Parisians and abolish the Nation Assemble by force. As far as I am concerned, the people are more important than the ruler. In history, any king or queen who lost the support from person must step down. So did France. French citizens flamed into revolt and took possession of the Bastille in July 14th, which indicated the initial victory of the French revolution. This also was a signal which leads to the French revolution. Besides, July 14th was established as French National Day formally in 1880. By the way, the Bastille had been used as a prison, although it lost that function for a long time. But the Storming of the Bastille became the symbol of French feudal monarchy. As is known to all, the Storming of the Bastille is that an important event in French history. The feudalism was abolished and the Declaration of the Rights of Man was passed, which came out with some ideas of “equality, liberty and humanism” in August 26th. Louis XVI tried to flee from the Paris to seek help from other countries. Unfortunately his flight didn’t succeed. He was arrested and compelled to accept the constitution in September 1781, which made France become a constitutional monarchy. But this new government didn’t solve the problem of the third estate absolutely. So the second revolution started and beheaded the king, Louis XVI. Then the First Republic of France was founded, which is the symbol ofHave said the dramatic process, there are still some main political factions who play an essential role during the French Revolution. The first one is Girondins club, who voted to behead the king, Louis XVI. Additionally, they founded First Republic ofFrance. During the French Revolution, Girondins introduced a series of policies promoting the development of economic and fighted against foreign interference. However, it was overthrowed by the Jacobin club in 1973. And the second one is the Jacobin club. As we all know, Robespierre is a well-known and influential figure in this political faction who executed a large amount of opposition. The Themidorean Reaction ended the rule of Jacobin.In short, it can be said that the French Revolution promoted the history of human civilization in spite of its fluctuated progress.。

(完整版)英语泛读(1)

rationally-----------------------in a way based on reason rather than emotions 理性地，讲道理地established--------------------------------accepted ;recognized 确定的。

已制定的。

已建立的various ------------------------------------different 各种各样的，多方面的panic ---------------------------------------sudden fear 惊慌的，没有理由的；恐慌，惊慌consolidate --------------------------------strengthen 巩固，使固定。

加强assignment---------------------------------homework 分配；任务，功课，作业biological-----------------------------------of living thing 生物的；物理学的flexible-------------------------------------not fixed 灵活的；柔韧的；易弯曲的strenuous----------------------------------stressful;requiring effort and energy 紧张的，费力的，奋发的，艰苦master--------------------------------------overall 主人的；主要的；熟练的；硕士；教师；控制；精通recreation---------------------------------way of spending free time 娱乐，消遣；休养estimate-----------------------------------calculate roughly 估计，估价；判断，看法；估量；评价routine-------------------------------------regular;usual 日常的；例行的priority-------------------------------------first concern 优先；优先权，优先考虑的事情relaxation------------------------------------rest 放松，缓和，消遣1\Before playing the new game,________yourself with the rules.[familiar]2\Can you ________how big this company will be in ten years' time?[visual]3\She did not have to be so angry; I________asked her name.[mere]4\Don't ________the situation.[ideal]5\I don't know whether we still need to revise the plan; our boss is going to___it tonight.[final]6\Most people think that we have more natural resources than we need,but it is not________true[necessary]7\There are people who are ________strong but mentally weak.[physical]8\Tom is a good student; all his teachers speak ________of him.[high]Unit2exaggerate --------------------------------say more than the truth about something 夸大，夸张slang---------------------------------------nonstandard vocabulary 俚语的，行话；用粗话说adapt--------------------------------------make or become suitable 使适应；改编insecure----------------------------------weak;uncertain;unprotected 不安全的；不稳定的；不牢靠的distinct-----------------------------------different;separate 明显的；独特的；清楚地；有区别的challenging--------------------------------difficult,but in an interesting way 挑战的；要求；质疑；有挑战性的range--------------------------------------vary within limits 范围，幅度；山脉；归类于adjust----------------------------------change slightly in order to make suitable 调整，使适应；校准；aggressive--------------------------------ready for conflict 侵略性的；好斗的；cope with---------------------------------deal with 应付，成功应对，妥善处置；竞争；接近occur-------------------------------------happen 发生，出现；存在identity-------------------------------the distinguishing character or personality of an individual 身份automatic-------------------------------self-acting;under its own power 自动的；无意识的；必然的distortion -------------------------------twist; changing shape 变形；失真；扭曲reverse ----------------------------------opposite; contrary 背面；相反；倒退；失败；1\ 45 is ________by 5.[divide]2\ You must carry out your plan with________.[determine]3\ Xiao Li is a ________friend. If he can help you, he will do his best. [friend]4\ He smiled in ________Obviously he was very pleased with what he had done.[satisfy]5\ The ________ of compositions took a large part of the teacher's time.[correct]6\ The ________between mother and child is the closest in the world. [relate]7\ Although the black-and-white TV set is old-fashioned, it is still ________.[use]8\ The picture is faded, but the people in it are still ________.[recognize]nominee------------------------------------------candidate 被任命者；被提名的人；代名人create--------------------------------------------make; invent 创造；造成stare---------------------------------------------look at for a long time 凝视；注视；盯着看reduce-------------------------------------------decrease; make less 减少，降低；把分解overhear-----------------------------------------accidentally hear what others are saying 无意中听到的；偷听impress-------------------------------------------fill someone with admiration 印象；印记；特征；痕迹expense------------------------------------------cost 损失，代价；消费；开支victim--------------------------------------------one who is harmed or killed 受害人；牺牲者float--------------------------------------------stay on the surface of the water 漂流物、浮舟；浮萍cynicism----------------------------------------distrust【不信任】玩世不恭；愤世嫉俗；冷嘲热讽；miniature--------------------------------------small; tiny 微型的；小规模的；substitute------------------------------------something/somebody that takes the place of another 代用品；替代grateful----------------------------------------thankful 感谢的；令人愉快的scrape-------------------------------------------scratch away 刮掉；illusion-------------------------------------------false impression 幻觉；错觉；错误的观念或信仰1\ You will be able to overcome the difficulties if you do not lose_______in yourself.[confident]2\In zoos, we should keep our________from the animals such as bears,tigers,and lions.[distant]3\ They made a ________ plot to kidnap the little girl and then kill her when they got the money. [ devil]4\ We shall be very glad to have your ________ at the annual meeting.[ present]5\ Now more and more people have realized the ________of clean air.[important]6\ It is a ________idea that you can travel across the desert alone. [child]7\ It takes a lot of ________to learn to type. [patient]8\ The sudden________of the fairy made the children in the cinema break into cheers.[appear]Unit 4flavor -------------------------------------------taste 情味；风味；香料；滋味compliment--------------------------------------praise 【称赞赞扬；崇拜】恭维；称赞；问候；只以vegetarian---------------------------------------one who does not eat meat 素食的；dairy---------------------------------------------relating to milk or milk product 乳品的；奶牛的；产乳的ingredient---------------------------------------any of the things that are formed into a mixture 原料；要素；dessert------------------------------------------sweet food served after the main part of a meal 餐后甜点diet----------------------------------------------food and drink usually taken by a person 饮食；规定饮食barbecue-----------------------------------------cook food on a metal frame outdoors 烤肉；烧烤cuisine-------------------------------------------food cooked in a particular style 烹饪appetizer---------------------------------------food or drink taken to increase the desire for food 开胃食品courteous----------------------------------------polite and kind 有礼貌的；谦恭的；staple--------------------------------------------basic food 主食，主要的Portion ------------------------------------------part of something larger 部分；一份；dough---------------------------------------------flour mixed with water ready for baking 生面团；sufficient----------------------------------------enough 足够的；充分的；1\ His conduct ________with his words, so now nobody believes in him. [agree]2\ He complains that his wife often ________him. [understand]3\ We were puzzled by the ________of our guide. [appear]4\ The ________ news caused a lot of panic in the public. [lead]5\ It is to his ________ that he lacks initiative .[advantage]6\ Though he was in poverty, he bore his ________ bravely. [fortunate]7\ His advice was meant to ________ her from trying again, but she made two more attempts anyway. [ courage]8\ He ________ her silence as giving consent. [ interpret]dispute----------------------------------------an argument or disagreement 辩论；争吵；怀疑enterprise-------------------------------------business company 企业；事业；进取心；事业心；authentic--------------------------------------real; true 真正的；真实的；可信的；enlightened----------------------------------showing true and deep understanding 文明的；进步的；开明的successor-----------------------------------a person or thing that follows another 继承者；后续的事物facility---------------------------------------equipment 设备设施；negotiation--------------------------------discussion aimed at reaching an agreement 谈判；转让measure-------------------------------------a method for dealing with a situation 测量；措施；程度；尺寸serial--------------------------------------in or forming a series 连续的；连载的；capture------------------------------------seize by force 捕获；战利品；俘虏multilateral--------------------------------involving more than two groups or countries 多边的；多国的；staff-------------------------------------the group of people who work for an organization 职员的，行政工作的annual-----------------------------------happening once every year 年度的；每年的infrastructure--------------------basic systems and services, such as transport an power supplies 基础设施Commitment----------------------------a promise or decision to do something 承诺；保证；委托1\ The news report tried to ________ the damage of the accident. [ minimum]2\ I am so ________to hear the news of your success. [ delight]3\ The ________Revolution in the 18th and early 19th century and changed the human history process greatly. [ industry]4\ I ________ that this man wasn't going to hurt me. [ real ]5\ I was so ________ at the sight of a snake crawling in the grass near my feet. [frighten]6\ A demonstration was ________ to protest the racial discrimination. [ organization ]7\ This is only a ________list of the books needed. [ part ]8\ George is not only a skillful painter, but also a ________writer. [talent ]Unit 6boulevard----------------------------------a wide road in a city with lined trees along it 林荫大道fervent------------------------------------passionate 热心的；强烈的；炽热的conquer------------------------------------win; defeat 战胜；得胜；攻克propose------------------------------------make an offer of marriage 建议；打算；计划；求婚messenger--------------------------------a person who brings messages 报信者；送信者embrace----------------------------------clasp in the arms; hug 包括；围绕；拥抱pop----------------------------------------burst open with a short, quick, explosive sound 流行的；通俗的；热门motto-------------------------------------a short expression of a guiding principle 座右铭；格言；箴言millennium-------------------------------a period of 1000 years 千年期；千年纪念bribery -----------------------------giving or taking a gift in order to do something dishonest 贿赂；受贿行贿exhausted--------------------------------very tired 疲惫的；耗尽的stadium----------------------------------a large sports-ground with seats for spectators体育场，大型露天运动场committee---------------------------------a group of people selected to do something special 委员会medal--------------------------------------a piece of metal given to a person as an honor 勋章；纪念章athlete------------------------------------a person who is good at sport 运动员；体育家1\ Nobody knows how the ancient ________people built the pyramids without the help of modern technology.[ Egypt]2\ ______bullfight is a famous sport which attracts many tourists to Spain each year.[Spain]3\Now more and more people in China speak American English rather than ____English. [ Britain]4\ Xiao Li is a top student in his class. Last year he won a ________of 1000 yuan.[ scholar]5\ In the fifth century B.C,the Greeks were conquered by the Romans and Greece became part of the ________Empire. [ Rome ]6\ According to sociologists, there is a certain________between crime and poverty.[relation]7\ Many people in South America are of ________origin. [ Portugal]8\ Lincoln had many of the qualities of ________that Americans admire. [ lead]stumble---------------------------------------speak in an uncertain way 绊倒；蹒跚而行tentative-------------------------------------no certain 试验性的；暂定的；踌躇的spouse----------------------------------------husband or wife 配偶signal-----------------------------------------a sound or action intended to give a message 显著地；作为信号的brood-----------------------------------------spend time thinking sadly about something 沉思intelligent------------------------------------having powers of learning reasoning or understanding 智能的；聪明potential--------------------------------------possibility for development 潜在的；可能的；潜能wander---------------------------------------move about without a fixed purpose 游荡；漫游；徘徊scold------------------------------------------criticize in an angry way 责骂；爱责骂的人tyrant-----------------------------------------a person who uses power cruelly and unjustly 暴君stride------------------------------------------walk with quick, long steps 大步；步幅；进展；大踏步跨过intimidate--------------------------------------threaten; frighten 恐吓；威胁；胁迫committed--------------------------------------having made a firm promise 坚定地；效忠的；承诺；委托inherit-----------------------------------------receive something from one's parents 继承；遗传而得personality-------------------------------------character; individuality 个性；品格1\ He was given a medal for the brave act by the local ________. [govern]2\ I want my children to be brought up in a ________world. [ peace]3\ The president issued an official ________ about next year's budget last night. [state]4\ The ________ of John to Mary was announced in the newspapers yesterday. [engage]5\ It was one-of the most ________storms in 30 years. [ destroy]6\ Though they are old classmates and close friends, they often had ________.[ agree]7\ The ________ power of an engine can be measured by a dynamometer. [ effect]8\ To read more good books is ________to teenagers. [ help]Unit 8implement ---------------------------tool 工具sophisticated------------------------not simple; complicated 复杂的；精致的；久经世故的internal ------------------------------inside; domestic 内部的；内在的；国内的diplomatic--------------------------related to the relations between nations 外交的；老练的；dismiss-----------------------------refuse to consider 驳回；解散；解雇objective--------------------------aim; goal 客观的；目标的；manual------------------------------done by hand; of physical, rather than mental, work 手工的；体力的；survive-----------------------------continue to live or exist 幸存；生还；幸免于bark---------------------------------the strong outer covering of a tree 吠声；树皮；茎皮offensive----------------------------unpleasant 攻击的；冒犯的；无礼的；讨厌的community----------------------all the people living in a particular district,or such a district itself 社区；群落utensil---------------------------a tool or container for practical use 用具；器皿sacred--------------------------holy; connected with religion 神的；神圣的；宗教的；庄严的preserve------------------------a special area in which certain animals or plants are protected 保护区；禁猎区aborigine-----------------------a member of a group native to a place 土著；土著居民1\ The ________was drunk. He was stopped by the police when he was speeding.[ drive]2\ It's a ________dress, but it's too small for me. [ love]3\The________who killed the woman for her money was arrested by the police yesterday.[murder ]4\ I love this movie because the ________is my favorite. [ act]5\ To run away at the first sight of danger is a ________action. [ coward]6\ The ________ behavior of the big boy frightened Little Tom into crying.[ beast]7\ The works of this famous ________are now exhibited in leading European and American galleries. [ paint]8\ The ________ was awarded by the government for his useful inventions. [ invention ]Unit 9cunning--------------------------------clever in deceiving 狡猾的；巧妙地authority-----------------------------the right or ability to control 权威；权力bridegroom---------------------------a man about to be married 新郎scatter-------------------------------separate and drive in many directions 分散；散播；使散开container-----------------------------a box, bottle or any other object used for holding something 集装箱；容器disciple-------------------------------a follower 门徒；信徒；disgrace------------------------------bring shame or dishonor to 耻辱；丢脸的事或人；给丢脸sin ------------------------------------the breaking of a religious or moral law 罪恶罪孽；过失prophet-------------------------------a person who foretells the future 先知；预言者；提倡者upset ---------------------------------worried; not calm 心烦的；混乱的；弄翻的repent---------------------------------be sorry for and wish one hasn't done[something bad] 对，，，感到后悔mortar----------------------mixture of cement and water used to join bricks and stones together 用灰泥涂抹withhold-----------------------------hold back; keep back; refuse 保留；不给；隐瞒；忍住；克制conceive------------------------------become pregnant 怀孕；构思；持有worship------------------------------show great respect to 崇拜；尊敬；爱慕；做礼拜1\ A ________ driver is a danger to the public. [ care]2\ Thee medicine is ________if taken in large quantities. [ poison]3\ Adolf Hitler is a ________ dictator and tyrant. [ pity]4\ What she said exposed her ________thoughts.[ inner]5\ It is ________to walk on railway lines. [ danger]6\ The young man has a ________future before him. [ glory]7\ ________ to say, this absent-minded professor left his umbrella in the classroom again.[need]8\ I'm fed up with your ________complaining. [ end]Unit 10origin-----------------------------------starting point 起源；原点；出身；开端immigrant------------------------------someone coming into a country from abroad to settle there 移民的；迁入legal------------------------------------allowed by law 法律的；合法的；holy -------------------------------------connected with god and religion 圣洁的；神圣的；至善的corresponding---------------------------matching ; similar 相当的；相应的；一致的；相配bonfire-----------------------------------a large fire built in the open air as a celebration 篝火；营火costume----------------------------------clothes typical of a certain period, country or profession 服装；戏装；porch--------------------------------------roofed entrance 门廊；走廊垂直的；头顶的vertical-----------------------------------upright;forming an angle of 90°w diversion---------------------------------entertainment 转移；消遣；分散注意力couplet------------------------------------two successive lines of poetry 对联；对句donate-------------------------------------give something for the benefit of other 捐赠；捐献preceding----------------------------------happening or existing ahead or in from of 在前的；前述的；delicacy-----------------------------------something good to eat 微妙；精密；佳肴socialize ------------------------------spend the time with friends or other people to enjoy oneself 交际；社交quicken straighten leaden shorten deepen deafen brighten tighten1\ Mary's dress is too long. She decides to ________it.2\ I cannot bear that ________ noise any more .3\ We must ________our pace, otherwise we cannot catch the 8 o'clock train.4\ I'm sure the sky will ________ after the storm.5\ With a ________hear, she reluctantly opened her school report.6\ In order to solve the traffic problems. The city government decided to ________those bends in the streets.7\ This well has to be ________, otherwise no water comes out of it .8\ The ropes of the tent needed to be ________up.Unit 11campaign-----------------------------a series of activities for a particular aim 活动；运动；战役transmission-------------------------passing something from one person or place to another 变速器；传送传播；substantial---------------------------large in size, value or importance 大量的；实质的；内容充实的；vacuum-------------------------------a space with nothing at all in it 真实的；真空的；空间；literacy-------------------------------the ability to read and write 读写能力；精通文学stimulate-------------------------------make something stronger 刺激；鼓舞；激励tune-up----------------------------------adjust [ an engine] to improve performance 发动机的调整。

口译笔记符号74474精编版

所有国家
所有人，人民群众
主权和领土完整 sovereignty and territorial integrity
⊙
会议
meeting, forum, session, seminar,
conference, symposium, committee,
association, parliament, council
进口 import 出口 export 进出口 import & export 飞行员 pilot 飞机场 airport 中国人 Chinese people
广场 square, plaze 经济实体 economic entity
金融机构 financial institution
boss, leader, chairman, ruler, chief, manager, president, majesty, governor, director, supervisor, monitor 国家领导人，政府首脑 state leader
the most important
1. 特点，特色，特征 mark, feature, character, symbol, sign, characteristic, speciality peculiarity, attribute
2. 代表 represent, symbolize, typify, stand for, on behalf of
一、做口译笔记时的注意事项 1.口译笔记应记要点，切忌求记“全”。口译笔记是记忆的延伸或补充，不应也不必取代记忆。口译笔记的主要内容是概念、命题、名称、数字、组织机构和逻辑关系（如大小、先后、正反、上下、升降、因果关系等），笔记单位以表达意群的词语和符号为主。 2.口译笔记求快求精，但不可潦草。 3.口译笔记可使用来源语，也可使用目标语，也可以双语兼用。只要有利于口译的准确性和流利性，不必拘泥于某种文字或符号。例如，“联合国大会” 可笔录为“UN”或“联大”。 4.口译笔记使用大量常见略语，例如： cf(compare), Co(company), eg(for example), etc(and so on), esp(especially), ie(that is), max(maximum), min(minimum), ref(reference), std(standard), usu(usually),等。

学生矛盾纠纷台账内容范文

学生矛盾纠纷台账内容范文The student conflict and dispute ledger is a crucial tool for documenting and managing conflicts that arise among students. 学生矛盾纠纷台账是记录和管理学生之间发生的矛盾的重要工具。

It allows school administrators to track patterns, identify underlying issues, and develop strategies to address conflicts effectively. 它使学校管理者能够跟踪模式，确定潜在问题，并制定有效解决矛盾冲突的策略。

By keeping a detailed record of conflicts, schools can intervene earlyand prevent situations from escalating. 通过详细记录矛盾冲突，学校可以及早干预，防止情况扩大化。

Moreover, the ledger promotes accountability and transparency in conflict resolution processes. 此外，台账促进了解决矛盾冲突过程的问责和透明度。

In order for the student conflict and dispute ledger to be effective, it is essential to have clear guidelines on what incidents should be documented and how they should be recorded. 为了使学生矛盾纠纷台账发挥作用，有必要明确指导哪些事件应该被记录及如何记录。

职场英语：如何成为职场中最有吸引力的人

职场英语：如何成为职场中最有吸引力的人To be sure, I'm not referring to the silver fox from the Dos Equis beer commercials, who once ran a marathon just because it was on his way, whose organ donor card lists his beard and who speaks fluent French — in Russian.要说明的是，我不是指双X啤酒广告里那个头发花白的老男人。

在广告里，因为正好遇见，他就跑了一场马拉松。

他的器官捐赠卡上把胡子也列在了其中。

他还能讲流畅的法语——用俄语口音。

The bar doesn't have to be that high.其实标准用不着定的这么高。

In a noisy world where personal branding is a professional imperative and where we constantly compete with equally qualified rivals for clients, jobs, promotions, assignments, or funding, not to mention admiration and affection, being just a little more interesting and memorable can be the deciding factor in our favor.在那个喧闹的世界，在职业中塑造个人品牌是必需的。

咱们常常和相同水平的对手竞争客户、工作、升职、任务或是赞助。

更不用说在魅力和吸引力方面，有趣难忘能成为对咱们有利的关键因素。

The following list of seven rules should yield some promising results for those who want to up their game with some new skills and behaviors:希望通过新技术和行为方式提升自己的人能够学习下面这7个法那么，它们会给你带来成效。

组织冲突与谈判(英文)

18
Style fit to situations:
• Accommodating – other party has more power or cares more than you
• Compromising – little hope for mutual gain, time pressure, equal power
techniques
2
Conflict
process in which one party perceives that its interests are being opposed or negatively affected by another party.
3
The Conflict Process
• Conflicts are objective, impersonal • Increase team cohesiveness or
avoidance may lead to group think
8
Sources of Conflict
• Incompatible goals:
– Departmental goals that conflict or interfere – Eg. Financial department rewarded for
12
Sources of Conflict
• Ambiguity
– Anarchic competition to win – no rules to guide processes
13
Sources of Conflict
• Communication problems:
– Lack of opportunity – – reliance on stereotypes – Lack of ability – – arrogant communication heightens conflict

9.Conflict negotiation 冲突管理与沟通

The following are some cause of conflict in the workplace that require negotiation to resolve
3. Different value, beliefs and cultural differences. Businesses have policies prohibiting bully, racism and intolerance to encourage a more harmonious workplace.
5.Scarce Resources
– Managers can come into conflict over the allocation of scare resources.
1.2 Sources of Conflict
1.3 If conflict is not resolved it can lead to
1.1 Types of Conflict
1.1 Types of Conflict
Interpersonal Conflict
– Conflict between individuals due to
differences in their goals or values.
Intragroup Conflict
Staff
Issues that require negotiation include work hours and conditions, flexible work Arrangement, deadline and conflict resolution Customers Issues that require negotiation include payment terms, sale prices and delivery details.

谈判与冲突(英文)

• Depletes resources (e.g., time, money) • Diverts employees’ attentபைடு நூலகம்on away from
goals • Leads to resentment, tension, and anxiety
7
Balanced Attitude Towards Conflict
– Increased productivity/quality – Heightened sensitivity of others’ feelings – Willingness to accept change
6
Negative Attitude Towards Conflict
• Can affect psychological well being of employees
– Assertive and cooperative
• Compromising Style (fox)
– Intermediate level of assertive and cooperative behaviors
12
Conflict Management Styles
High Assertiveness
– Conflict may even benefit a group’s performance
• Interactionist view – encourages conflict to keep group alive, self-critical, and creative
– Current view
time and energy for collaboration.

涉外合同英语争议点

涉外合同英语争议点Dispute Points in International Contracts.International contracts, by their nature, are complex and often fraught with potential disputes. These disputes can arise from a wide range of issues, including but not limited to language barriers, differences in legal systems, cultural misunderstandings, and varying interpretations of contract terms. In this article, we will explore some of the key dispute points that commonly arise in international contracts.1. Language Barriers.One of the most significant dispute points in international contracts is language barriers. When parties to a contract come from different countries, they may use different languages as their primary mode of communication. This can lead to misunderstandings and misinterpretations of contract terms, which can, in turn, lead to disputes.To address this issue, it is crucial for parties to ensure that the contract is drafted in a language that is mutually understood by all parties. If necessary, they should consider using a neutral language such as English, which is widely spoken and understood internationally. Additionally, parties should ensure that any translations of the contract are accurate and complete, to avoid any potential misunderstandings.2. Differences in Legal Systems.Another common dispute point in international contracts arises from differences in legal systems. Each country has its own unique legal system, with its own rules, regulations, and interpretations of the law. This can lead to differences in how contract terms are interpreted and enforced by the courts of different countries.To mitigate this risk, parties should conduct thorough research on the legal systems of the countries involved in the contract. They should also consider including disputeresolution clauses in the contract, such as arbitration clauses or choice of law clauses, which can help to resolve disputes in a more efficient and cost-effective manner.3. Cultural Misunderstandings.Cultural misunderstandings can also be a significant dispute point in international contracts. Differences in culture, values, and business practices can lead to misunderstandings and conflicts between parties. For example, certain cultural norms may consider certain business practices acceptable, while others may consider them unethical or illegal.To avoid these misunderstandings, parties should make an effort to understand the cultures and business practices of the other party involved in the contract. They should also ensure that the contract is drafted in a way that is culturally sensitive and respectful of the other party's values and norms.4. Varying Interpretations of Contract Terms.Finally, varying interpretations of contract terms can also lead to disputes. Different parties may interpret the same contract term differently, depending on their own understanding and interpretation of the law and business practices. This can lead to conflict and disputes over the meaning and intent of the contract.To address this issue, parties should ensure that the contract is drafted in a clear and unambiguous manner. They should also consider including definitions andclarifications of key terms to help avoid any potential misunderstandings. Additionally, parties should strive to negotiate and agree on a common interpretation of the contract terms before signing the contract.In conclusion, international contracts can be complex and fraught with potential disputes. To avoid these disputes, parties should take the necessary steps to ensure that the contract is drafted in a clear, unambiguous, and culturally sensitive manner. They should also conduct thorough research on the legal systems and cultures of thecountries involved in the contract, and strive to negotiate and agree on a common interpretation of the contract terms. By doing so, they can help to minimize the risk of disputes and ensure a successful and beneficial outcome for all parties involved.。

矛盾纠纷排查化解新闻稿范文

矛盾纠纷排查化解新闻稿范文英文回答：Conflict and Dispute Resolution (CDR) is a proactive and collaborative process designed to identify, address, and resolve conflicts and disputes in a timely andeffective manner. It involves multiple stakeholders working together to understand the underlying causes of conflict, develop mutually acceptable solutions, and build productive relationships.A comprehensive CDR program typically includes the following steps:1. Identification and Assessment: This involves identifying conflicts and disputes, assessing their potential impact, and determining the appropriate course of action.2. Facilitation and Mediation: Facilitators andmediators provide a neutral and supportive environment for stakeholders to engage in constructive dialogue, explore different perspectives, and work towards common ground.3. Negotiation and Agreement: Stakeholders engage in negotiations to develop mutually acceptable solutions that address the underlying interests and concerns of all parties involved.4. Implementation and Monitoring: Once an agreement is reached, it is essential to implement the agreed-upon actions and monitor progress to ensure that the desired outcomes are achieved.5. Evaluation and Continuous Improvement: The CDR program should be regularly evaluated to assess its effectiveness and identify areas for improvement.The benefits of an effective CDR program are numerous. It can:Improve communication and understanding amongstakeholders.Reduce the likelihood of conflicts and disputes escalating.Foster a more collaborative and productive work environment.Strengthen relationships and build trust.Enhance organizational performance and outcomes.中文回答：矛盾纠纷排查化解新闻稿范文。

矛盾冲突的英文作文

矛盾冲突的英文作文英文：Conflict and contradiction are common in our daily life. It can occur between individuals, within a group or even between countries. As a human being, it is impossible to avoid all conflicts, but how we handle them is what matters.In my opinion, the key to resolving conflicts is effective communication. We need to listen to each other's perspectives and try to understand where the other personis coming from. It is important to express our own thoughts and feelings in a respectful and clear manner. When we communicate effectively, we can find common ground and work towards a solution that benefits everyone.However, sometimes conflicts can escalate, and it maybe necessary to involve a third party to mediate. Thiscould be a professional mediator or a trusted friend whocan help us see the situation from a different perspective.It is important to approach mediation with an open mind and a willingness to compromise.Another important aspect of resolving conflicts is to avoid making assumptions. We often assume that we know what the other person is thinking or feeling, but this can leadto misunderstandings and further conflicts. It is important to ask questions and clarify any misunderstandings toensure that we are on the same page.In conclusion, conflicts and contradictions are inevitable in life, but how we handle them is what matters. Effective communication, mediation and avoiding assumptions are all important tools in resolving conflicts.中文：矛盾和冲突在我们日常生活中很常见。

矛盾纠纷经典案例范文

矛盾纠纷经典案例范文Conflicts and disputes are inevitable in life, and sometimes they can escalate into serious problems that affect multiple parties. 矛盾纠纷经典案例中，常常展现出人与人之间的矛盾冲突，有时甚至会演变成严重的问题，影响到多个当事方。

One classic case of conflict and dispute is that of neighbors quarreling over property boundaries. 在一个家庭购买新房后，邻居之间常常会因为界限问题而产生争执。

这种纠纷涉及到土地所有权和使用权等法律问题，若双方不能妥善处理，可能会导致长期纠纷。

Another common scenario is conflicts arising in the workplace, especially between colleagues or between employees and employers. 职场中的冲突可能源自于内部同事之间的磨擦，也可能是员工与雇主之间的不满情绪。

工作压力、薪酬待遇、晋升机会等问题都可能成为冲突的导火索。

Moreover, disputes in families, such as those between parents and children, spouses, or siblings, are also prevalent. 家庭纠纷往往更加纠缠复杂，牵涉到亲情、责任和信任等方面。

为了家庭和睦，成员间需要妥善解决矛盾，共同面对问题。

On a larger scale, conflicts between different groups within society, such as political parties, ethnicities, or social classes, can lead to social unrest and even violence. 社会矛盾可能涉及更广泛的范围，例如政治派别、族群冲突、社会阶层对立等。

争论争吵的英语谐音梗

争论争吵的英语谐音梗引言概述：争论和争吵是人们在沟通和交流中常见的现象。

而英语中有一些谐音梗，以幽默的方式表达了争论和争吵的含义。

本文将介绍争论争吵的英语谐音梗，并分为五个大点详细阐述。

正文内容：1. 大点："Argument"与"Argh, you meant!"的谐音梗1.1 "Argument"（争论）与"Argh, you meant!"（啊，你是这个意思！）的谐音梗表达了争论时的惊讶和无奈。

1.2 这个谐音梗常被用于表达在争论中突然明白对方的意思，或者对方的观点让自己感到惊讶。

2. 大点："Debate"与"Da bait"的谐音梗2.1 "Debate"（辩论）与"Da bait"（那个鱼饵）的谐音梗暗示了辩论时的引诱和诱饵。

2.2 这个谐音梗常被用于形容辩论中各方试图引诱对方上钩，或者使用各种策略来诱使对方接受自己的观点。

3. 大点："Quarrel"与"Squirrel"的谐音梗3.1 "Quarrel"（争吵）与"Squirrel"（松鼠）的谐音梗揭示了争吵时的混乱和不可预测性。

3.2 这个谐音梗常被用于形容争吵中的双方像松鼠一样在场景中跳来跳去，争吵的内容也可能因此变得混乱而不可预测。

4. 大点："Conflict"与"Con flicked"的谐音梗4.1 "Conflict"（冲突）与"Con flicked"（骗了）的谐音梗暗示了冲突中的欺骗和诡计。

4.2 这个谐音梗常被用于形容冲突中的一方使用欺骗手段来获得优势，或者冲突中的某种骗局。

5. 大点："Dispute"与"Dis put"的谐音梗5.1 "Dispute"（争议）与"Dis put"（不放）的谐音梗表达了争议中的固执和坚持。

社区矛盾纠纷命案防范工作总结

社区矛盾纠纷命案防范工作总结英文版Summary of Work on Preventing Community Conflict and Dispute-Related HomicidesIn recent years, with the rapid development of society, community conflicts and disputes have become more frequent. These conflicts not only harm the harmony of the community but also sometimes escalate into serious incidents, such as homicides. In order to prevent such tragedies from happening, it is crucial to actively address the root causes of community conflicts and disputes.First and foremost, it is important to promote communication and dialogue among community members. By fostering a culture of open communication and mutual understanding, misunderstandings and tensions can be reduced. Community leaders and organizations should play a key role in facilitating dialogue and mediation between conflicting parties.Secondly, it is essential to provide adequate support and resources to address the underlying issues that contribute to community conflicts. This may include access to mental health services, conflict resolution training, and economic opportunities for disadvantaged community members.Furthermore, law enforcement agencies should work closely with community members to identify and address potential sources of conflict before they escalate. By building trust and cooperation between law enforcement and the community, incidents of violence can be prevented.In conclusion, preventing community conflict and dispute-related homicides requires a multi-faceted approach that addresses the root causes of conflict, promotes dialogue and communication, and provides support to vulnerable community members. By working together, we can create safer and more harmonious communities for all.中文版社区矛盾纠纷命案防范工作总结近年来，随着社会的快速发展，社区矛盾纠纷变得更加频繁。

通过法律去约束我们英语作文

通过法律去约束我们英语作文Title: The Role of Law in Regulating SocietyLaw serves as the cornerstone of civilization, shaping societal norms, values, and behaviors. Its significance transcends mere regulation; it symbolizes order, justice, and the collective will of a community. In this discourse, wedelve into the multifaceted role of law in regulating society.Firstly, law establishes a framework for governance and maintains social order. Through statutes, regulations, and legal precedents, it delineates acceptable conduct and delineates the consequences of deviation. By defining rights and obligations, law fosters stability and predictability, essential for societal cohesion and progress.Secondly, law safeguards individual liberties andpromotes justice. Constitutional guarantees and human rights laws protect citizens from governmental abuse and ensureequal treatment under the law. Legal mechanisms such as due process and fair trial standards uphold the principles of justice, offering recourse to those wronged and holding wrongdoers accountable.Moreover, law serves as a tool for conflict resolutionand dispute settlement. Courts, arbitrators, and mediators interpret and apply legal principles to resolve disagreements and reconcile conflicting interests. Alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, such as negotiation and mediation,offer efficient and amicable solutions, reducing the burdenon formal legal institutions.Additionally, law regulates economic activities and promotes market efficiency. Business laws govern transactions, contracts, and property rights, fostering trust andfacilitating economic exchange. Antitrust regulations, consumer protection laws, and competition policies mitigatemarket distortions and promote fair competition, safeguarding the interests of consumers and businesses alike.Furthermore, law plays a crucial role in environmental protection and sustainable development. Environmental laws prescribe standards for pollution control, resource management, and conservation efforts. By imposing liability for environmental harm and incentivizing eco-friendly practices, law strives to mitigate the adverse impact of human activities on the planet and preserve natural ecosystems for future generations.In conclusion, law is the bedrock of societal organization, serving as a bulwark against chaos and injustice. Its functions extend beyond regulation to encompass justice, conflict resolution, economic prosperity, and environmental sustainability. As guardians of the legal order, we must uphold the rule of law and harness itstransformative power to build a more just, equitable, and harmonious society.。

处理冲突的英文作文初中

处理冲突的英文作文初中英文：Conflict is a common phenomenon in our daily life, and it can happen in various situations. It could be a disagreement with a family member, a dispute with a friend, or a conflict with a colleague at work. Dealing with conflict is not an easy task, and it requires some skills and strategies.Firstly, I think it is essential to remain calm and composed when facing a conflict. Losing one's temper and reacting impulsively will only escalate the situation and make it worse. Instead, it is better to take a deep breath, listen carefully to the other person's point of view, and try to understand their perspective.Secondly, I believe it is crucial to communicate effectively during a conflict. Expressing oneself clearly and respectfully can help avoid misunderstandings andresolve the conflict more efficiently. It is also important to be an active listener and show empathy towards the other person's feelings and concerns.Lastly, finding a compromise or a win-win solution is the ultimate goal of conflict resolution. It means thatboth parties can benefit from the outcome and feelsatisfied with the result. It may require some negotiation and flexibility, but it is worth it to maintain a healthy relationship with the other person.中文：冲突是我们日常生活中常见的现象，在各种情况下都可能发生。

与同学发生争吵英语作文

与同学发生争吵的英语作文1One day, I had a fierce argument with my classmate during a class discussion. We were talking about a very controversial topic, and both of us held strong opinions. I insisted on my viewpoint, believing it was the most reasonable and logical one. However, my classmate had a completely different perspective and was equally determined to prove me wrong.We started raising our voices, trying to convince each other. The atmosphere became tense and the other classmates in the class fell silent, looking at us in astonishment. I could feel my face getting hot and my heart beating fast. I was so focused on defending my position that I forgot about the importance of respecting my classmate's opinion.After the class, when I calmed down and thought about it carefully, I realized that our argument was unnecessary. We could have listened to each other more patiently and tried to understand each other's viewpoints instead of being so stubborn. This incident made me understand that in a friendship, communication and mutual understanding are far more important than insisting on being right.In another instance, during a sports competition, there was a dispute between me and a classmate due to a problem with team coordination. We both blamed each other for the failure of our team. But later, when we satdown and analyzed the situation together, we found that it was not about who was to blame but how we could improve our teamwork in the future.These experiences have taught me that conflicts and quarrels are inevitable in our lives, but it's how we handle them that determines the quality of our relationships. True friendship lies in the ability to overcome differences through open and honest communication.2One day, a fierce argument broke out between me and my classmate, Tom. It all started when we both reached for the same book during our library period. The book was a newly arrived masterpiece that we were both eager to read. I insisted that I had spotted it first, while Tom claimed that he needed it more urgently for a project. Our voices grew louder and louder, and tempers flared. We were so caught up in the heat of the moment that we forgot about friendship and respect.After the quarrel, I felt extremely bad. I reflected on my behavior and realized how impulsive I had been. The book was not worth ruining our friendship over. I understood that I should have been more rational and tried to find a compromise instead of insisting stubbornly on my own claim.Another time, a similar situation occurred when it was our turn to do the duty. We had different opinions on the division of tasks. I thought I should take on the easier ones, but Tom disagreed. We started arguing again, and this time, it seemed even more intense. However, after calming down,I began to think from Tom's perspective. I realized that a fair distribution was important for both of us. Eventually, I learned to compromise and understand his point of view. Through these experiences, I have come to understand that conflicts are inevitable in life, but it's our attitude and actions after the conflict that determine our growth. I have learned to control my emotions, be more understanding and find solutions through communication rather than arguments.3One day, during the class leader election, I had a fierce argument with one of my classmates. We both had strong desires to become the class leader and presented our own ideas passionately. Our voices grew louder and louder, and the atmosphere became tense and uncomfortable.After the argument, I was still filled with anger and frustration. However, as time passed and I calmed down, I began to reflect on my behavior. I realized that we were both too stubborn and failed to respect each other's opinions and choices.The purpose of this experience was not to prove who was right or wrong, but to teach me the significance of mutual respect. Everyone has their own strengths and weaknesses, and everyone's ideas and dreams should be respected.Another time, when organizing an activity, I had a different opinion from a classmate. We couldn't reach an agreement and ended up having abig quarrel. But later, I understood that respecting differences was crucial. We should listen to others' viewpoints and try to find a compromise.From these incidents, I've learned that respect is the foundation of good relationships. Only by respecting each other can we create a harmonious and pleasant learning environment.4One day, a quarrel broke out between my classmate Tom and me. It was after the announcement of the exam results. I had done well and ranked higher than him, and he seemed quite unhappy about it. He accused me of not helping him study before the exam, which made me feel very frustrated. We had a fierce argument, and our voices grew louder and louder.However, after calming down, I realized that this quarrel was unnecessary. So, I decided to talk to him sincerely. I told him that I had been willing to help but maybe didn't express it clearly. We exchanged our thoughts and feelings, and gradually, the misunderstanding between us disappeared.Another time, we quarreled because of the seat arrangement. Both of us wanted a particular seat, and neither was willing to give in. This led to a tense situation. Fortunately, our teacher noticed and mediated between us. She patiently listened to our demands and finally found a solution that satisfied both of us. Through this incident, I understood that communication and compromise are crucial in resolving conflicts.In conclusion, quarrels are inevitable among classmates, but as long as we are willing to communicate, understand each other, and make compromises, we can always turn conflicts into opportunities to enhance our friendship.5One day, I had a fierce argument with my classmate during a group project. The main point of contention was the division of labor and responsibility. We both had our own ideas and refused to compromise.I insisted that I had taken on more tasks and should have less responsibility for the final outcome. My classmate, on the other hand, thought that everyone should share equal responsibility regardless of the amount of work done. The atmosphere became tense, and our voices grew louder and louder.Looking back on this incident, I deeply reflected on my behavior and the problems in interpersonal communication. I realized that in a team, we should listen to each other's opinions with an open mind and try to find a common ground instead of stubbornly insisting on our own viewpoints. We also need to clearly define roles and responsibilities at the beginning to avoid subsequent disputes.Another time, I had a quarrel with a classmate because I borrowed his stationery without asking for permission. He was angry that I didn't respect his belongings. This made me think about how to build good relationshipsamong classmates. We should always ask for permission when using others' things and respect their property rights.In conclusion, these quarrels have taught me valuable lessons. I understand that in interpersonal communication, we need to be more understanding, respectful, and cooperative to maintain harmonious relationships with classmates.。

conflict的同义词和例句

conflict的同义词和例句conflict有冲突;抵触;争执等意思，那么你知道conflict的同义词有哪些吗?下面店铺为大家带来conflict的同义词和例句，欢迎各位同学们学习!conflict同义词：controversy, argument, conflict, debate, dispute, quarrel, strifeconflict同义词辨析：这组名词均有"争执，不和"之意。

controversy 侧重指深刻的意见分歧，多指对引起广泛兴趣或非常重要的问题的辨论。

argument 指辩论双方均以事实或理由来说服对方的辨论。

conflict 指双方坚持已见、互不妥协，怀有敌意的争论，多暗示分歧极为严重，有时用语言无法解决，只得诉诸武力。

debate 通常指经过仔细组织和计划的个人或团体之间的辩论。

dispute 普通用词，侧重指长时间，言词激烈，针锋相对的争辩。

quarrel 普通用词，既可指言词激烈的争吵，也可指温和的言词上的不和。

strife 指因不可缓和的矛盾而引起的争吵或斗殴。

conflict的例句：1. The ethnic populations are so intermingled that there's bound to be conflict.各民族人口如此杂居，肯定会发生冲突。

2. This was a straight conflict of directly opposed aims.这是完全对立的目标之间的正面冲突。

3. The time has come to put an end to the conflict.结束冲突的时候到了。

4. He has attempted to find a peaceful solution to the Ossetian conflict.他试图寻求和平解决奥赛梯冲突的方案。

5. He's looking for a way out from this conflict.他正在想办法摆脱这一纷争。

conflict 词根词缀

conflict 词根词缀（原创实用版）目录1.引言2.conflict 的词根和词缀含义3.conflict 的词源和演变4.conflict 的同义词和反义词5.conflict 在实际应用中的例子6.结论正文【引言】冲突，是社会生活中普遍存在的现象。

在英语中，冲突这个词可以用conflict 来表达。

本文将从词源和词缀的角度，探讨 conflict 这个词的含义及其相关词汇。

【conflict 的词根和词缀含义】conflict 这个词源自拉丁语“conflictus”，意为“冲突、交锋”。

在英语中，词根“conflict”加上不同的词缀，可以衍生出多个相关词汇，例如：- inflict（侵犯、施加）：将冲突加诸于他人- afflict（折磨、痛苦）：内心冲突带来的痛苦- conflict（冲突）：两个或多个力量之间的对抗【conflict 的词源和演变】在拉丁语中，“conflictus”一词源于“con”（表示“一起”）和“flictus”（表示“打击”）。

这表明，在古代，冲突被视为一种力量的对抗。

随着语言的演变，conflict 逐渐成为表示冲突的常用词汇。

【conflict 的同义词和反义词】conflict 的同义词有：clash、dispute、friction、struggle 等。

这些词都表示不同程度和形式的冲突。

conflict 的反义词有：agreement、cooperation、harmony 等。

这些词表示的是合作和和谐，与冲突相对立。

【conflict 在实际应用中的例子】在现实生活中，conflict 可以应用于各种场景，例如：1.国际关系：国家之间的领土争端、贸易战等。

2.社会生活：劳动纠纷、家庭矛盾、网络争议等。

3.心理层面：内心挣扎、焦虑、抑郁等。

【结论】从词源和词缀的角度来看，conflict 这个词反映了人类社会中普遍存在的冲突现象。

通过研究 conflict 的同义词和反义词，我们可以更好地理解冲突的本质，并寻求解决之道。

新教材同步系列2024春高中英语Unit11Period1TopicTalk北师大版选择性必修第四册

in negotiation with… 和……协商中 (4)negotiate还可以表示“成功越过；转让；交涉”。
We tried to negotiate a lower price but they wouldn’t budge an inch.
我们试图把价还低一些，但他们寸步不让。 I negotiated the corner on my motorcycle and pulled to a stop. 我骑着摩托车顺利地绕过弯道并停了下来。
repairs.
()
【答案】4—5 BA
Ⅱ．猜单词拼写 1．negotiate v. 谈判，协商→ __________ n. 协商；谈判 2．resolve vt. 解决→ __________ n. 解决，解决办法；决心，决定 (参考：solve→solution) 3．assign vt. 分配，分派→ __________ n. 分配；任务 (参考：adjust→adjustment) 【答案】1．negotiation 2．resolution 3．assignment
4．I ____________ say that I have made a serious mistake. 我羞于说出我犯了严重的错误。 5．When I taught, I would ____________ to children that they would write about. 教书时，我会给孩子们布置个写作话题。【答案】4．am ashamed to 5．assign a topic
【针对练习】单句语法填空 (1)Recently we _________ (negotiate) for more pay. (2)They agreed to try to settle their dispute by ____________ (negotiate). (3)Western governments have this week urged him _________ (negotiate) and avoid force. 【答案】 (1)have been negotiating (2)negotiation (3)to negotiate