Traveling theory： The dissemination and transformation of educational narrative inquiry in Chin
The_Dissemination_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_
Cultural and Religious Studies, May 2023, Vol. 11, No. 5, 241-245doi: 10.17265/2328-2177/2023.05.005 The Dissemination of Intangible Cultural Heritage AlongBeijing-Hangzhou Canal Based on Encoding/Decoding Theory *TAN Hao, XIANYU JingBeijing Union University, Beijing, ChinaThe Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal carries a wealth of Chinese cultural symbols, showing the lifestyle and wisdomof working people through ages. The preservation and inheritance of its intangible cultural heritage can help to evokecultural memories and cultural identification of the Canal and build cultural confidence. This paper applies StuartHall’s encoding/decoding theory to analyze the dissemination of intangible heritage tourism culture. On the basis ofa practical study of the villages along the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, this paper analyses the problems in thetransmission of its intangible cultural heritage and proposes specific methods to solve them in four processes,encoding, decoding, communication, and secondary encoding, in order to propose references for the transmission ofintangible heritage culture at home and abroad.Keywords: dissemination, encoding, decoding, intangible cultural heritageIntroductionThe Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal was built during the Spring and Autumn Period, and it has a history of more than 2,500 years. With a total length of about 1,797 kilometers, it is a historical treasure that is closely related to the lifestyle of working people and traditional Chinese culture, including traditional music, traditional dance, traditional painting, traditional skills, etc. For many reasons, the Canal’s intangible cultural heritage (ICH) has not yet been effectively inherited and disseminated, and it is also in danger of being lost. Stuart Ha ll’s encoding/decoding theory model is able to break away from the shackles of subject-object linear transmission of culture communication, and view the process of ICH transmission from the perspective of encoding-communication-decoding. The study of the ICH tourism culture circulation through encoding and decoding theory has both practical and historical significance.Method for StudyStuart Hall argues that discourse is like a commodity that goes through the four stages of production, circulation, consumption, and reproduction described by Marxism (Chen & Lin, 2014), and suggests that individuals may resist or negotiate on the dissemination of an ideology (Evan, 2015). China is rich in ICH, but if it is not disseminated, the preservation of heritage would become completely impotent. As Foucault put it, “criticism” is one of the circulation mechanisms for knowledge to release its power (Claudia & Donna, 2021). * This paper is supported by the National Social Science Fund Project (No. 20BH151).TAN Hao, post-graduate student, College of Applied Science and Technology of Beijing Union University, Beijing, China. XIANYU Jing (corresponding author), Ph.D., Associate Professor, Tourism College of Beijing Union University, Beijing, China.DA VID PUBLISHINGDTHE DISSEMINATION OF INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE242Wu (2007) points out that cultural communication is both a social phenomenon and a fundamental part of tourism destination marketing, and the transmission of information is also an important form of tourism service.The transmission of ICH tourism culture goes through three stages: encoding, communication, and decoding. The encoding process refers to the production of ICH tourism products, which emphasizes modern artistic processing while preserving the authenticity of ICH and presenting in a way that is pleasing to the audience. The Grand Canal ICH is not only an indispensable part of canal cultural heritage, but also a potential tourism resource for tourist destination development (Zhang, 2020). The communication process of ICH is to disseminate the encoded ICH information to the audience via various forms. In this process, the discourse of ICH is not a closed system, but consists of topics, treatments, issues, and events (Zou, 2014). The decoding process of ICH means that after the audience receives the ICH discourse, they decode the ICH elements in it according to their own cognition. In view of the decoders’different attitudes when they are decoding the symbolic meanings, Hall applies three scenarios to describe the three positions of the audience in the decoding process, namely, the dominant position, the negotiated position, and the confrontational position. The decoding process of ICH requires mutual feedback between encoding and decoding processes, in order to achieve good communication effects, and the secondary encoding is needed when necessary.FindingsLack of EncoderAt present, most of villages of the Grand Canal have not paid much attention to the cultivation of the ICH inheritors, and some masters of art have passed away, the problem of their aging being serious, and some kinds of ICH are facing the dilemma of no one to encode it, such as Work Song of Boatmen, Woodcut New Year Pictures. Fewer ICH tourism products are encoded for international tourists, resulting in the weakness of international dissemination. In encoding stage, important issues that need to be solved are how to keep the authenticity of traditional ICH while keeping up with the times, and how to extract potential ICH in each section of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal that can show the geographical characteristics and highlight the uniqueness of the Grand Canal ICH.Being Poor in Communication EffectThe current dissemination of the Canal ICH is facing the problems of monotonous communication channel and weak interaction with the audience. According to the investigation, three reasons lead to these problems: Firstly, there is a lack of derivative products from the reprocessing and re-creation of ICH elements in tourism products or tourist attractions, resulting in tourists’ unclear concept of intangible cultural heritage (Haleh, Mohammad, & Neda, 2019) and lack of proper ways to deeply understand ICH elements. Secondly, most of the ICH products are not targeted for different groups or through various channels when they are sold or exhibited, resulting in the weakness of dissemination. Third, there are few channels for communication and interaction between the encoders and decoders, and the weak interaction between decoders and encoders may lead to the insufficient understanding of ICH elements by decoders. The communication channel of ICH for the international public still remains in the traditional way of TV media, so it is difficult for the international public to receive the symbols containing Chinese ICH.Decoders’ Hardness to Stand in Dominant PositionFrom the perspective of decoding effect, the decoding of ICH in tourism products or tourism performancesTHE DISSEMINATION OF INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE243in China generally suffers from the problem that the audience decoding the ICH is difficult to be in a dominant position (Guo & Wang, 2019). The main reason is that most kinds of ICH have its unique regional characteristics, but the audience lacks a certain understanding of ICH with local characteristics due to the limitations of geographic space and decoders’ background knowledge. This will lead to deviations in their understanding of the connotations and values expressed by ICH elements in tourism products or performances. Secondly, the encoder will artistically create the ICH elements in tourism products or performances, while the decoder has a subjective understanding of the ICH elements in tourism products or performances due to their prior knowledge level and acceptability, which would lead to unsatisfactory communication effect. Thirdly, the audience’s understanding of ICH is not fed back to the encoder through effective channels, or the encoder does not pay enough attention to the feedback and lacks targeted secondary encoding, which makes it difficult for the audience to be in a dominant position in the decoding process.SolutionsEncoding: Inherit and Innovate Encoding Models, Educating EncoderIn this process, we should enhance the innovation of the encoding mode for ICH tourism products.The first is to innovate the expression of the theme symbol of tourism products. Although ICH itself is intangible, it can be transmitted by means of physical ICH cultural products, which requires the encoder to have an objective and accurate understanding of the ICH involved in the product and avoid the subjective elements being blindly planted into it by the encoder.Second, we should use symbols carrying meaning to transmit these codes innovatively. In the encoding process of ICH tourism products, the encoder should first clarify the thematic direction of the products, combine various carriers for transmitting symbols such as visual transmission or audio transmission, incorporate emerging technologies and equipment into the encoding process, and encode ICH suitable for different types of people, so as to achieve the best effect when transmitting symbols. Focusing on the excavation of potential ICH, the production process of ICH products can help to awaken the non-physical cultural memory of tourists and evoke their cultural memory and cultural identity. In this process, it is more important to excavate the discourse of potential ICH than simply disseminate the textual symbols.In addition, there is a need to focus on the cultivation and education of intangible heritage inheritors. Most living ICH masters are old, and if their skills are not inherited, it will cause irreparable loss of intangible cultural heritage (Qi, 2006). The cooperation with local secondary schools or universities to set up special courses on intangible heritage culture will promote the inheritance of ICH.In addition to hiring traditional talents of ICH, attention should be paid to finding modern talents who master emerging technologies and understand the frontiers of culture so as to achieve the integration of traditional culture and modern technology at the encoding process. It can systematically cultivate multi-talented ICH encoders who are dialectically unified between tradition and modernity, thus highlighting the core of ICH at the encoding stage. Communication: Broaden Communication Channels & Refine Communication Content The ways for ICH dissemination are still traditional and backward at present, and we should try to present and spread brilliant ICH of the Canal. Performing a series of arts activities and festivals in tourist destinations and uploading them to the Internet platform can surely evoke people’s cultural memories and make them identify with the ICH. In this process, attention should be paid to breaking the barrier between different regions, andTHE DISSEMINATION OF INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE244harmonizing the relationship between regional characteristics of ICH and internationalization of its content to disseminate ICH abroad. We can also make documentary or online videos, spread coded cultural symbols on media platforms for foreigners, and concentrate on the follow-up work after the dissemination. To avoid aberrant decoding, it is important to consider what is missed or may misguide people in the description of ICH during dissemination, as mass travelers mainly rely on advertisements or brochures to learn about their tourist destinations, and they do not realize that they may subvert the stereotypes. Therefore, the description of ICH is equally crucial in this context (Ira, 1993).Decoding: Increase the Depth of Traveler Participation & Prevent Decoding Mismatches In order to achieve a better circulation effect, the audience’s decoding of the ICH should be oriented to the dominant position. In the dominant position, the decoder can accurately understand the meaning expressed by the Grand Canal ICH performance encoder and can maintain the same understanding of ICH with the encoder. The authenticity of the ICH performance connects encoder and tourists in their spirit, thus seeking deep integration and promoting the cultural identification of the tourists (Miguel, 2008). Experiential ICH tourism allows decoders to participate in ICH tourism actively, shifting decoders in negotiated position or confrontational position to the dominant position. At present, the participatory and experiential aspects of canal ICH tourism products are generally not well enough, tourists basically appreciating them passively. Therefore, we should promote the development of experiential ICH tourism products to integrate touring, entertainment, experience, and learning through engagement, connection, and creation, so as to enhance the participation, interaction, knowledge, and fun of the Grand Canal ICH tourism process and enter into a shared ritualized field (Han, 2014). Secondary Encoding: Collect Feedback & Enhance Consumer StickinessSecondary encoding seems to be a feedback process that may be neglected by the encoders at the end of the circulation, but it is actually significant. In the ICH tourism circulation, some traditional customs of the Canal like Fisherman’s Wedding Ceremony or Sacrifice to the River God are quite ritualistic but it may bring a sense of distance and strangeness to the decoder at the same time. ICH tourism should not only focus on the mode of transmission, but also on the interaction and the feedback of audience (Zhou & Zhang, 2022). Encoders need to focus on post-communication feedback when facing mismatch that occurs between the encoder and the decoder, so as to improve the quality of secondary encoding. In the late stage of circulation, establishing a reasonable feedback mechanism is an urgent issue to be solved, and only when the feedback is really received by the encoder can the secondary encoding be improved. Before the ICH performance, the encoder can design a questionnaire according to its theme, and when the audience enters, the staff distributes the questionnaire to them and collects the feedback from the audience, and then carefully sorts out the feedback. Then the encoders reflect on the results and transform the feedback into the ideas of secondary encoding. Through some new and popular ways such as social media, surveys, or prize quizzes, to keep abreast of the audience’s thoughts and preferences for ICH products. In this way, it is possible to verify the dissemination of encoder’s pre-determined meaning of the ICH symbols after the communication process. So that the understanding of the decoder will be consistent with the encoder’s original intention, and the decoder is always in the dominant position, and thus the dissemination effect can be maximized. The secondary encoding experience of other cultural products also can be used for reference in the development of derivatives and enhancement of consumers’ stickiness. On the basis of catering to decoders’preferences, combining with aspects of decoders’ daily life and online platforms, we can disseminate the encoded ICH symbols into all aspects of decoder’s life.THE DISSEMINATION OF INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE245ConclusionThe Grand Canal culture has a long history, and various kinds of ICH with regional characteristics record the way of Chinese lifestyle for thousands of years. By analyzing the dissemination of ICH along the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal with Stuart Hall’s encoding/decoding theory, we can find that the transmission of its ICH is suffering from the lack of encoder, poor communication effect, and the decoders’ hardness to stand in the dominant position. In the encoding stage, ICH circulation should focus on the inheritance, the cultivation of ICH encoders, and the encoding of tourism cultural products. In the communication stage, it should broaden the dissemination channels and refine the contents. In the decoding stage, it should increase the participation of decoders to prevent decoding mismatch and collect feedback from decoders to improve the secondary encoding quality. We should improve the universality and accuracy of ICH in terms of encoding, communication, decoding, and secondary encoding with the help of its immaterial attributes, use modern technology and diversified ways to inherit ICH with its historical connotation, so that decoders are in the dominant position to make ICH of the Canal better inherited and developed.ReferencesChen, L. D., & Lin, Y. F. (2014). Inheritance and innovation: A study of Stuart Hall’s masterpiece Encoding/Decoding. Journalism & Communication, 21(8), 99-112.Claudia, M., & Donna, D. (2021). The construction of intangible cultural heritage: A Foucauldian critique. Annals of Tourism Research, 89(1), 1-11.Evan, L. K. (2015). Using social scientific criteria to evaluate cultural theories: Encoding/decoding theory. KOME, 22(1), 10-26. Guo, X. R., & Wang, N. (2019). Research on the strategy for video transmission of intangible cultural heritage in China from the perspective of coding and decoding theory—Case study of the story of Yanxi Palace. Cultural Industry Research, 2(1), 123-134.Haleh, M., Mohammad, M., & Neda, T. F. (2019). A study on t ourists’ tendency toward intangible cultural heritage as an attraction (Case study: Isfahan, Iran). City, Culture and Society, 17(1), 54-60.Han, B. Y. (2014). The development model of Rizhao intangible cultural heritage from the perspective of tourism. China Journal of Commerce, 20(1), 184-185.Ira, S. (1993). Marketing authenticity in third world countries. Annals of Tourism Research, 20(1), 302-318.Miguel, V. G. (2008). Intangible heritage tourism and identity. Tourism Management, 39(1), 807-810.Qi, Q. F. (2006). Study on the transmission and inheritors in the protection of intangible cultural heritage. Journal of Northwestern Ethnic Studies, 3(1), 114-123.Wu, N. (2007). Information dissemination: A key link in the marketing and service of tourist destinations. Tourism Tribune, 10(1), 67-70.Zhang, B. F. (2020). Study on the interactive model of intangible cultural heritage protection and tourism development in Beijing-Hangzhou Canal. Gansu Theory Research, 1(1), 103-109.Zhou, K., & Zhang, Y. (2022). The function and path of culture communication of intangible cultural heritage tourism: A perspective from the ritual view. Journal of Shandong University (Philosophy and Social Sciences), 4(1), 40-46.Zou, W. H. (2014). A study of Stuart Hall’s theory of culture. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press.。
李四光的英文作品
李四光的英文作品Li Siguang was a renowned Chinese geologist and one of the pioneers in the field of tectonic plate theory. Throughout his illustrious career, he made significant contributions to the understanding of the Earth's geological processes and the formation of various geological features. While Li Siguang is widely recognized for his groundbreaking scientific work in Chinese, his English writings and publications have often been overlooked. In this essay, we will explore the depth and breadth of Li Siguang's English works and their lasting impact on the global scientific community.One of Li Siguang's earliest and most notable English publications was his 1937 paper titled "The Tectonic Evolution of China," which was published in the prestigious Bulletin of the Geological Society of America. In this seminal work, Li Siguang presented his comprehensive theory on the tectonic evolution of the Chinese landmass, drawing upon his extensive field observations and geological data. The paper not only provided a detailed account of the complex tectonic history of China but also offered a broader understanding of the plate tectonics and continental drift processesthat shaped the entire Asian region. The clarity of his writing, the depth of his analysis, and the far-reaching implications of his findings made this paper a landmark contribution to the field of global tectonics.Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, Li Siguang continued to publish a series of English-language articles in leading international journals, further refining and expanding his theories on plate tectonics and continental drift. His 1949 paper "The Tectonic Principles of China" in the Bulletin of the Geological Society of America and his 1955 work "The Tectonic Evolution of China and Its Bearing on the Geology of the Pacific Basin" in the Proceedings of the Eighth Pacific Science Congress were particularly influential, as they presented a comprehensive synthesis of Li's groundbreaking research and its global significance.In addition to his scientific publications, Li Siguang also made significant contributions to the dissemination of Chinese geological knowledge to the international community through his English-language writings. His 1956 book "The Geological History of China," published in English, provided a comprehensive overview of the geological evolution of the Chinese landmass, drawing upon Li's extensive field research and expertise. The book was widely praised for its clear and accessible writing, as well as its ability to bridge the gap between Chinese and Western geological traditions.Li Siguang's English writings also extended beyond the realm of pure scientific research. In the later stages of his career, he began to engage in more philosophical and historical reflections on the development of geology as a discipline, both in China and globally. His 1963 essay "The Development of Geological Thought in China" in the journal Earth Science, for instance, offered a insightful analysis of the unique trajectory of geological research in China, tracing its roots back to ancient Chinese natural philosophy and highlighting the contributions of Chinese scholars to the evolution of modern geological theories.Perhaps one of the most remarkable aspects of Li Siguang's English works was their ability to transcend linguistic and cultural barriers, effectively communicating the significance of Chinese geological research to the international scientific community. By publishing in English, Li Siguang ensured that his groundbreaking theories and findings were accessible to a global audience, fostering a deeper understanding and appreciation of the contributions of Chinese geologists to the broader field of Earth sciences.The impact of Li Siguang's English writings can be seen in the widespread recognition and acclaim he received from the international scientific community. His papers were widely cited and his theories were extensively discussed and debated by geologistsaround the world. Furthermore, Li Siguang's English publications played a crucial role in establishing China's presence and influence in the global scientific discourse, paving the way for future generations of Chinese scientists to engage with their international counterparts on an equal footing.In conclusion, the English works of Li Siguang represent a significant and often overlooked aspect of his remarkable scientific legacy. Through his clear and insightful writing, his groundbreaking theories, and his ability to bridge cultural and linguistic divides, Li Siguang made an indelible mark on the global geological community. His English publications not only advanced our understanding of the Earth's tectonic processes but also served as a testament to the depth and breadth of Chinese geological research. As we continue to explore the frontiers of Earth sciences, the enduring significance of Li Siguang's English works will undoubtedly continue to inspire and guide future generations of geologists around the world.。
认识一致见解独到英语作文题目
认识一致见解独到英语作文题目英文回答：In the intricate tapestry of human knowledge and understanding, the concept of consensus has emerged as a crucial thread. It represents the convergence of perspectives, the alignment of ideas, and the shared recognition of a particular belief or conclusion. Consensus building is a complex and multifaceted process, often involving negotiation, compromise, and a willingness to consider alternative viewpoints.Within the realm of academia, consensus plays a pivotal role in the dissemination of knowledge. When researchersand scholars reach a consensus on a particular theory, concept, or methodology, it becomes a benchmark for further research and a foundation for future advancements in the field. Consensus serves as a form of quality control, ensuring the reliability and validity of information. It allows researchers to build upon a shared body of knowledge,avoiding unnecessary duplication of effort and promoting scientific progress.Furthermore, consensus is essential for effective decision-making in various domains. In the political arena, for instance, consensus building is often sought after to ensure the legitimacy and stability of policies. By involving diverse stakeholders and soliciting their input, decision-makers can develop policies that are broadly supported and have a higher chance of successful implementation. In business, consensus can foster collaboration, innovation, and collective problem-solving. When team members share a common understanding and vision, they can work together more effectively to achieve shared goals.However, it is important to note that consensus is not always attainable or desirable. In certain instances, it may be necessary to make decisions without unanimous agreement, particularly in situations where timeconstraints or other factors preclude exhaustive deliberation. Moreover, pursuing consensus at all costs canstifle creativity and innovation. By encouraging the exploration of diverse viewpoints and respectfully acknowledging dissent, we can broaden our understanding and make more informed choices.In conclusion, consensus is a powerful tool that facilitates the dissemination of knowledge, enhances decision-making, and promotes collaboration. While consensus is not always possible or appropriate, it remains an important aspiration that contributes to the advancement of human understanding and the pursuit of common goals. By embracing the principles of consensus building, we can foster a more informed, inclusive, and harmonious society.中文回答：认识一致见解独到。
旅游英语手抄报模板
旅游英语手抄报模板1When it comes to creating a handwritten poster about traveling in English, there are several key elements and layout methods that can make it stand out! Firstly, the top title is of great importance. It should be designed in a bold and eye-catching font to highlight the theme, such as "Amazing Travel Adventures" or "Explore the World". This will immediately draw people's attention and set the tone for the entire poster! Secondly, the sidebar can be very useful. You could arrange common English words and phrases related to traveling there. For instance, words like "destination", "sightseeing", "accommodation", and "souvenir" can be included. This will not only enrich the content but also provide practical language knowledge for viewers.In the middle part of the poster, you can have beautiful pictures of famous tourist attractions from around the world. Alongside each picture, write a brief description in English. For example, "The Eiffel Tower in Paris is a symbol of romance and elegance! How magnificent it is?" or "The Great Wall of China is a wonder of the world. Have you ever been there?"At the bottom of the poster, you can add some travel tips or interesting facts in English. Like "Did you know that in Japan, it's polite to bow whengreeting others?" or "Remember to bring a map when you travel to a new place!"So, with these elements and a creative layout, your travel English handwritten poster will surely be amazing and attractive!2When it comes to creating a fascinating travel English handwritten newspaper, the use of colors and patterns plays a crucial role! How can we make it more attractive? Well, let's think about it. We can choose colors that represent the features of the travel destinations. For instance, blue could stand for the vast ocean, giving people a sense of peace and mystery. Green could symbolize the lush forest, making the viewers feel the freshness and vitality. Isn't that wonderful?Also, inserting some cartoon characters can add a lot of fun! Imagine having Mickey Mouse happily exploring a famous tourist city or Hello Kitty enjoying the beautiful scenery. These cute characters can surely catch people's eyes and make them want to read more.So, with the right combination of colors and interesting characters, our travel English handwritten newspaper will not only be informative but also extremely appealing. Don't you think it's an amazing way to present the charm of traveling?3When it comes to creating a handwritten English newspaper about tourism, it's a wonderful and exciting task! How can we blend different tourism themes effectively? Let's take a look. For a seaside vacation theme, imagine a big picture of a golden sandy beach with blue waves crashing on the shore. You could write "The charming beach and the roaring waves" and describe how relaxing it is to lie on the beach and enjoy the sunshine. Isn't it amazing? As for the historical and cultural tour theme, draw some ancient buildings like palaces or temples. Write something like "The magnificent ancient buildings tell us stories of the past". Isn't that fascinating? We can also add some English words and phrases related to local customs and traditions. For example, when introducing a food tour, write "The delicious local cuisine makes our taste buds dance"! Isn't that inviting? By doing so, our handwritten English newspaper about tourism will be rich and colorful, making people eager to start their own journey. Don't you think so?4When it comes to sharing our travel experiences and insights through a hand-written poster, it's truly an exciting and creative way! Imagine this: you've just returned from an amazing journey abroad. You could tell the story of how you got lost in a charming old town but ended up discoveringa hidden gem of a café. "Oh, what an adventure that was!" you might write. Or perhaps you could describe the mouthwatering local cuisine you tried. For instance, the delicate and sweet taste of the pastries in France that simply melted in your mouth. "How could something be so delicious?" you might exclaim.To make the poster more engaging, you could include colorful pictures of the places you visited, along with detailed descriptions of your feelings at that moment. Was it the breathtaking view from a mountain top that made you feel so small yet so connected to the world? "Can you believe such beauty exists?"Also, don't forget to add some useful tips for fellow travelers. Like where to find the best local markets or the most peaceful spots to enjoy the sunset. "Isn't it wonderful to share these little secrets?"In conclusion, a travel English hand-written poster is not just a piece of paper, but a window into your wonderful journey. It allows others to dream and inspires them to explore the world too!5When it comes to creating a handwritten English poster about traveling, it is not just about putting some words and pictures together. It should have educational and cultural dissemination values! How can we achieve this? Let's take introducing the etiquette cultures of different countries as an example. Imagine a poster that vividly presents the diningetiquette in France, the greeting customs in Japan, and the gift-giving traditions in the UK. This not only enriches our knowledge but also makes us appreciate the diversity of the world. Isn't it amazing?Another important aspect could be showing the significance of traveling for environmental protection. We can elaborate on how tourism can raise people's awareness of environmental issues. For instance, when people visit natural scenic spots, they understand the need to protect these precious resources. This can lead to more efforts in conservation and sustainable development. How wonderful it would be if our travel experiences could contribute to a better planet!In conclusion, a well-crafted travel English handwritten poster has the power to educate and inspire. It can open our eyes to new cultures and make us more conscious of our responsibilities towards the environment. So, let's put our hearts and souls into creating such wonderful posters!。
哥伦布的简介英文介绍
哥伦布的简介英文介绍克里斯托弗·哥伦布，探险家、殖民者、航海家，哥伦布的航海带了第一次欧洲与美洲的持续的接触，下面是店铺为你整理的哥伦布的简介英文介绍，希望对你有用!克里斯托弗·哥伦布简介Cristóbal Colón; Italian: Cristoforo Colombo), 1450/1451 Fall - May 20, 1506), explorers, colonizers, navigators, born in the medieval Republic of Genoa (now northwest of Italy) unit). At that time the background was the rise of Western imperialism, the European kingdom began to economic competition, have established trade routes and colonies to expand wealth. Columbus' s westward voyage to the East Indian Islands is supported by the Spanish royal family.In Columbus's first voyage in 1492, he landed in a place called "San Salvador" in the Bahamas, not the planned Japanese. In the next three voyages, Columbus arrived in the Greater Antilles, the small Antilles, the Caribbean coast of Venezuela, and Central America, and announced that they are the territory of the Spanish Empire.Although Columbus was not the first European explorer to reach the Americas (the first European explorer to the Americas was Leif Eriksson), Columbus's sailing took the first contact between Europe and the Americas, and Opened up a few centuries later European adventure and colonial overseas territory of the great era. These have an immeasurable impact on the historical development of the modern Western world.克里斯托弗·哥伦布人物生平Christopher Columbus is a famous navigator in Italy and a pioneer in the discovery of geography (see Conquest of Paradise)(Vangelis). Born in Genoa, Italy in August or October 1451, died May 25, 1506 in Valladolid, Spain. Columbus never admitted that he had arrived at a continent that the Europeans did not know before, rather than the pre-departure goal - the East Indies. He called the inhabitants of the continent "Indians (Indios, Indians, Indians)".Due to the tensions between Columbus and the Spanish royal family and its designated American colony managers, he was arrested in 1500 and lifted the post of Governor of the island of the island o f Épiana. And later led to legal proceedings against Columbus and his successor to the Spanish royal family promised to their interests.Columbus himself believes that his achievements are mainly in the dissemination of the glory of Christ. But for the Native Americans and some human rights activists, the arrival of Columbus means the beginning of the brutal and brutal looting of the Native Americans. Columbus is now regarded as a spiritual symbol of fearlessness of the unknown world in most places today.He traveled across the Atlantic four times between 1492 and 1502 under the auspices of the King of Spain, and reached the American continent, and he became a navigator of the famous history. But there is evidence that earlier the discovery of the American continent, the Vikings Leif Ericson (Leif Ericson), and China's Zhenghe.Columbus is an Italian, since childhood love adventure. In fact, in 1491, no one has ever believed that the earth is a plane, then someone said that he was in order to confirm the "round to say" began to sail, this argument is wrong. On the one hand, the theory of the circle is not very complete, many people do notbelieve that the Columbus as a jungle liar. On the other hand because the Western countries on the East material wealth demand in addition to the traditional silk, porcelain, tea, there are high profits in Asia spice trade.Columbus in order to achieve their own plans, lobbying for more than a decade. It was not until 1492 that the Queen of Spain, Isabella, knew the hero, and she persuaded King Ferdinand II to bring Columbus's plan into practice. Because the Spanish royal family saw the prospect of having a distant but advanced in the competition with the opponents of the highly profitable spice trade in Asia.In fact, the Queen of Spain to support Columbus, it is precisely the lack of necessary geographical knowledge. Before the discovery of the Americas in Columbus, the Portuguese have controlled the route from the Cape of Good Hope to India, the Portuguese through sophisticated calculations found that, in fact, from Europe to Asia, the recent route is their control of the route, which is the Portuguese refused to support Columbus s reason. There is a big coincidence here, the history of the inevitable in this accident happened. Of course, there are views that Columbus is clear that the Portuguese route is the gateway to the East, but the Portuguese have been firmly in control here, and he only re-select a new road.Columbus has been lobbying the United Kingdom, France, Italy and Portugal, but have been rejected, the reasons for rejection In addition to the above mentioned, because Columbus made some excessive demands, such as he asked the "naval commander" title, 10% And demanded that the chief authority of each country he had found was passed on to his offspring. At the beginning of the Spanish Queen Isabella also refused him, butshe designated a royal committee to consider Columbus's plan, and at the same time decided to incorporate Columbus into the royal family. Until six years later that is the following said in 1492 only issued a approval.August 3, 1492, Columbus was sent by the Queen of Spain, with the Indian monarch and the Chinese emperor's credentials, led three hundred tons of sailing, from the Spanish Bay of Barcelona to sail the Atlantic, straight to the West The After seven days and nights of hard sailing, the land was found in the morning of 12 October 1492 (belonging to the Bahamas in the Central American Caribbean, where he named it San Salvador). San Salvador was the savior, and the savior saved The rise of Europe, but perhaps in the history of change, but also to other continents brought disaster.After that, he boarded many of the coasts of the Americas. Until 1506 years of death, he always thought he arrived in India.Later, an Italian scholar named Amerigo, after more study, know that Columbus arrived in these places is not India, but a not the original for the majority of Europeans know the continent. But, on the name of the continent, it was named after the name of the man who confirmed that it was the continent of the continent: Ameri California.Columbus is not the first to discover the American continent, "New World" narrowly on the Columbus and Westerners are "New World", the Native American Indians is not the new continent, as early as 40,000 years ago they have arrived in the American continent, It was about to pass through the Bering Strait from Asia to the Americas, or through the frozen Strait Bridge.Whether it is Columbus or other Westerners on the Americancontinent, are not "first discovered", before they come here not only tens of millions of residents. Native American peoples themselves migrated from Asia in ancient times. China, Oceania's first sailing to reach America is also very likely, but these can not change the significance of Columbus's discovery of the New World. Columbus's discovery of the world has produced a great impact that people did not expect, has also become an important turning point in the development of human history.The development of the new route is only for Columbus want money, he did not care about what the history of development. Columbus's discovery became a new beginning for the development and colonization of the American continent, a major turning point in history.In a sense, Columbus can be said to be an ancestor of the black slave trade, as a sailor, he is great; but he is also a evil colonial, he was in the colonial America when the things can not imagine. After all, from the beginning, this great navigator sailing is the main reason is gold, which indirectly led to the triangle trade.In the 15th century, when the population of Europe expanded, the Westerners knew the American continent, so that the Europeans have a colonial place, but also can make the European economy to change the land, ore and raw materials, but at the same time, this discovery led to the original The destruction of the civilian civilization of the people. 14-15 century European capitalism began to develop rapidly, the European capitalism demand for raw materials and plunder hope to promote the opening of the new route, after the Europeans began to political control of the Americas, economic exploitation and plunder, religion and culture Of the infiltration, a largenumber of colonial, so that the mainland indigenous land loss, become the sovereign country of the colonies, culture and way of life are gradually dying.。
旅游人类学presen 总1
---旅游人类学专题
张丽娜 程小娟 刘珈伊 王银爱
旅游人类学专题
人类学基本内容介绍（3） 旅游人类学基本内容介绍（7） 东道主与游客关系案例展示 讨论（2） 推荐书目和参考文献
人类学概述
16世纪初“人类学”一词产生于希腊文 anthropos（人）和logia（科学），即人的科 学。
《文化人类学》，2002）
马林诺夫斯基的文化功能说—旅游人类学研究的思想基础 “文化实际是满足人类需要的手段。文化是一种物体、态度和活 动体系；它是一个整体，其中各个部分都是相互依存的；文化在 满足人类需要的过程中创造了新的需要，新的需要又促使新的文 化和手段的出现，这正是人类进步的关键所在。”
文化内涵（2）
因此要求旅游人类学有一个统一的理论与特别的方法论目前看来不太可能而唯一现实的办法是对旅游现象能形成某些一致的观点从而使学科内部或学科之间的学者的研究能够融合起来旅游人类学的三个研究视角人类学视角下的引自赵红梅的旅游人类学理论概谈广西民族研究2008第1期关注目的地社会的人类学者认为旅游引发了当地社会文化的变迁因而把旅游看做一种涵化和发展形从游客出发学者们认为旅游活动的结构功能与人生经历仪式ritespassage相似因而旅游可以看做一种世俗仪式为了弄清楚旅游现象的本质学者到客源地社会寻找答案认为旅游是一种上层建筑是依赖于其他更为根本的社会因素的
旅游人类学的基本内容
对旅游人类学的基本理解 旅游人类学的研究状况（文献综述角度） 旅游人类学的研究的两大主题 旅游人类学的研究视角 旅游人类学几个常见理论 旅游人类学代表人物 旅游人类学与旅游社会学比较
一、对旅游人类学的基本理解
何谓旅游人类学 从国内外现有的各种研究成果来看，旅游人类
“旅游人类学”在中国诞生
《旅游学概论》知识点资料整理总结
《旅游学概论》知识点资料整理总结1.以求知为目的的修学旅游潮流，后来被人称为“大游学”。
2.旅游活动是人们出于移民和就业之外目的，暂时离开自己生活的惯常环境，前往他乡开展的旅行和逗留访问活动。
3.给定时期内入境来访并停留过夜的国际旅游者人次数指入境旅游者人数。
4.从广义上讲，任何一个可供公众参观游览或开展其他消遣活动的场所，皆可被看作旅游景点。
5.旅游收入指某一给定时期内（通常为一年），旅游目的地国家或者地区因接待国内外游客，向其提供各种商品和服务而直接实现的收入额。
6.对于旅游业的定义，世界旅游事理会将其定义为“the travel and tourism industry”。
7.旅游零售商指那些主要从事零售代理业务的旅行社。
8.政府支持发展旅游业的动机有：政治动机、社会动机和经济动机。
9.出境旅游即出国旅游，是指一个国家的居民跨越国家前去其他国家或地区开展的国际旅游活动。
10.“Globe’90”国际大会以及1992年可持续发展世界会议上提出了关于可持续旅游的内容以及发展目标。
11.由于自然的因素或特定人为的因素，人类早期迁徙活动具有求生性和被迫性的特点。
12.新中国的旅游业，当时我国旅游部门的工作主要是根据外交工作的需要，负责来华国际友人的接待任务，是政治性接待而非经济性经营。
13.1949年成立第一家国营旅行社是华侨旅行社。
14.对于一个既是旅游目的地又是旅游客源国的国家或地区来说，旅游人数应分为外来游客的来访旅游人数和本国或本地居民的外来旅游人数这两个指标。
15.按照“三要素”的观点，旅游活动主要由三部分组成，分别是旅游活动的主体、客体、媒介。
16.按照地理范围划分，一般将旅游活动划分为国内旅游和国际旅游。
17.旅游学的研究对象是旅游现象的发生、发展和本质，直接具体对象包括旅游者、旅游资源和旅游业。
18.低碳旅游的核心理念是以更少的旅游发展排碳量来获得更大的旅游经济、社会、环境效益。
19.旅游环境容量又称旅游环境承载力是指当代环境结构不发生对当代人和后代人的有害变化，并且并不降低人旅游质量与旅兴的前提下，在一定时期内所能容纳的最大游客量。
自考旅游英语选读chapter 2
客观条件
Increased leisure time, especially with improved incomes in the developed countries, has led to growing demand for tourism both at home and abroad.（P63） The development of the car, associated road networks, the railways, efficient aircraft offering greater comfort and safety. Bus and coach tours and railway excursions have great impact on those with limited incomes. Long distance, international air travel improvements, especially cheaper fares have increased demand from the higher income groups but also extended possibilities for such holidays to the middle income and less well-off persons.
II.文化型旅游
对文化感兴趣的人，地理位置及是否有文化 活动将决定他们对目的地的选择。膳宿条件 退居其次，文化活动举办地的远近是首选。
III. 求学旅游
无论是为了去了解某些东西还是去学习知识， 都会选择与目的相符的旅游地，膳食条件是次 要的
IV. 猎奇旅游
从目的论分析旅游景点介绍的汉英翻译
上海海事大学SHANGHAI MARITIME UNIVERSITY 硕士学位论文MASTER’S DISSERTATION论文题目：从目的论分析旅游景点介绍的汉英翻译学位专业：外国语言学及应用语言学作者姓名：邹燕指导教师：瞿宗德副教授完成日期：二OO九年六月A Study on English Translation of ChineseScenic-spot Introductionsfrom the Perspective of SkopostheorieA ThesisPresented to the English Departmentof Shanghai Maritime Universityin Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of ArtsBy Zou YanUnder the Supervision ofAssociate Professor Qu ZongdeMay, 2009AcknowledgementsUpon the fulfillment of the dissertation, I feel it highly committed to extend my heartfelt thanks to those who have made unremitting efforts during my study and thesis writing.First and foremost, I would like to thank Prof. Qu Zongde, my supervisor, for his inspiring guidance, insightful comments and unfailing encouragement. His warm-heartedness and patience have helped me out time and again in my course of drafting and accomplishing the dissertation.I owe a particular debt of gratitude to Prof. Han Zhonghua, Prof. Wang Dawei, Prof. Zheng Lixin, Prof. Mao Junchun, and Prof. Weng Fengxiang, whose illuminating lectures on translation theory and practice, on linguistics and stylistics have helped deepen my understanding of translation and have proved to be greatly beneficial to my composition of this dissertation.I am also grateful to my classmates, who were generous in helping me search for the reference books over the past several months and showing me great concerns during my precious period of postgraduate study.A Study of English Translation of Chinese Scenic-spot Introductionsfrom the Perspective of SkopostheorieAbstractWith the development of world economy and the contact among countries, tourism has entered a promising stage. China has become one of the largest tourist destinations in the world, whose breathtaking natural beauty is irresistible appealing to foreigners. The booming of tourism in China calls for extensive research on the translation of tourist texts in general, and landscape descriptions in particular. Tourist materials cover a large scope, including those which introduce China’s tourist industry and tourism resources, with average tourists as readers, such as scenic-spot introductions, tourist advertisements, notices and public signs in scenic spots, tour schedules and couplets hung on the columns of the tourist attractions, etc. Scenic-spot introductions, as one of the most important types of tourist materials, form the hard nut for translation. Therefore, by analyzing scenic-spot introduction materials, the author endeavors to discuss the translators’ ability based on the Skopos theory. It is the first and vital step for translators to clarify the translation purpose, and meanwhile, they should be equipped with the quality of dynamic adaptation in dealing with translation problems.The thesis is composed of four chapters:Chapter one reviews the literature related to the present study; introduces the development of tourist industry in China; elaborates on the features of scenic-spot introduction texts and analyzes the differences in tourist texts between English versions and Chinese versions.Chapter two advances the theoretical basis of this thesis---Skopos theory of German Functionalism, including the development of Skopos theory, the important concepts in Skopos theory such as text function, the criteria of evaluating the translation, etc.Chapter three discusses the significance of the Skopos theory in the translation of scenic-spot introductions.Chapter four proposes the translators’ ability based on Skopos theory, and as an additional theoretical support, adaptation theory is adopted to tackle some problems. Tourist material translation, as pragmatic translation, is an emerging and promising field for translation studies. The translators should understand that tourist material translation is ultimately evaluated by its acceptability among tourists, thus promoting tourism products and attracting foreign tourists. What’s more, the translators should be adaptive in choosing strategies depending on specific context in order to succeed in fulfilling the purpose of tourism translation.In conclusion, the present study purports to open a window on new, alternative approaches to the translation of scenic-spot introductions. Since tourism translation lays emphasis on the transmission of information and its publicity effect, what and how much information should be remained mainly depends on translation purpose and target readers’needs. Therefore, the Skopos theory has been confirmed to be applicable and successful in tourism translation. As far as the translators’ability is concerned, to specify the translation purpose is just the basic step for tourism translation. Furthermore, the translators should be adaptive because of the differences in culture background, aesthetic habits of readers and features of English and Chinese，and make proper choice accordingly.Key Words: Scenic-spot introduction translation; Skopos theory; Translator’s ability; Dynamic adaptation摘要世界经济的发展，各国人民之间的交流，带动了旅游事业的蓬勃发展。
《赎罪》的赎罪主题分析
《赎罪》的赎罪主题分析毕业论文论文题目学生姓名：专业班级：英语2011级1班指导教师：教授学院：外国语学院2017年6月《赎罪》的赎罪主题分析摘要伊恩·麦克尤恩是英国当代最负盛名且最具影响力的作家之一。
自上世纪70年代踏入文坛，麦克尤恩笔耕不断，佳作迭出。
他先后四次获得布克奖提名，并最终于1998年以《阿姆斯特丹》折桂。
其代表作《赎罪》(Atonement)自2001年出版问世以来，广受好评，赢得了包括美国国家书评奖在内的多项殊荣。
它不仅成为麦克尤恩最受欢迎的小说，而且被评为近年来最畅销最成功的小说之一。
青少年经常以主人公身份出现在麦克尤恩的小说中，并且青少年的成长也是麦克尤恩作品关注的焦点。
麦克尤恩的第九部小说《赎罪》讲述了一个13岁的小女孩如何通过赎罪而步入成熟的故事。
许多文学评论家从主题、内容、人物和叙述手法等不同角度对小说《赎罪》进行了剖析。
但是综观这些研究成果，至今还没有从成长小说这一独特视角对作品中女主人公进行系统、深入的研究。
因此，本文将运用成长小说理论来研究《赎罪》这部作品，使得对这部作品的研究有了新的探索。
关键词：《赎罪》；伊恩·麦克尤恩；主题分析An Analysis of the Atonement of AtonementAbstractIan McEwan is one of the most prestigious and influential writers of the British contemporary. Since the 1970s into the literary world, Mike Y ouan pen farming constantly, masterpiece again and again. He has four times won the Booker nomination, and finally in 1998 to "Amsterdam" Gui Gui. Its representative "Atonement" (Atonement) since the publication of the year since 2001, widely acclaimed, including the United States won the National Book Review Award, including a number of awards. It has not only become one of the most popular novels of McEwan, but has been named one of the best-selling novels in recent years.Adolescents often appear in the novel as a hero in the story of McEwan, and the growth of young people is also the focus of the work of McEwan. McEwan's ninth novel, Atonement, tells how a 13-year-old girl goes into a mature story through atonement. Many literary critics have analyzed the novel "atonement" from the different perspectives of subject, content, characters and narrative techniques. But an overview of these research results, so far has not from the growth of this unique perspective on the heroine in the work system, in-depth study. Therefore, this article will use the theory of growing fiction to study the "atonement" of this work, making the study of this work has a new exploration. Keywords"atonement"; Ian McEwan; theme analysisContents摘要Abstract1 Introduction 01.1 Author introduction 01.2 Studies by Overseas and Chinese Scholars 0Studies by Overseas Scholars 0Studies by Chinese Scholars (1)2 Theoretical basis (2)2.1 Multi-perspective narrative (2)2.2 Multi-perspective narrative ethical significance (2)3 An Analysis of the Theme of Atonement (4)3.1 The reason for atonement (4)Atonement opens (4)Reason for atonement (5)3.2 The process of atonement (6)Brion View (7)Robbie perspective (8)3.3 The Ethical Value of Atonement (9)Conclusion (11)Bibliography (12)Acknowledgements (16)1 Introduction1.1 Author introductionAs one of the outstanding British novelists, Ian McEwan (1948) in 1975 by virtue of short stories "initial love and the final ceremony" in the British literary world cut a striking figure. In 2001, Mike Youan published the novel "Atonement". This novel not only won the critics of the widely recognized, but also won the favor of many ordinary readers. To achieve such a result, Ian McEwan has his own unique. The purpose of this paper is to explore the interaction between the author and the reader in the famous novel "Atonement" of McEwan, with the help of James Fellen's theory of narrative judgment and the narrative technique of multi-perspective narrative To analyze.1.2 Studies by Overseas and Chinese Scholars1.2.1 Studies by Overseas ScholarsIan McEwan's works have been in great graces of the critics since the very publication of his first story collection First Love, Last Rite. After almost twenty-years systematical study, British scholars have gained extraordinary progress in the studies of Ian McEwan himself and all his world-astonishing works. Atonement, published in 2001, is regarded as the most prominent and successful novel in the literature time of Ian McEwan. Therefore, abundant and exhaustive studies and researches have been launched by many eminent literary critics, scholars and book reviewers in the light of different methodologies on various subjects. All things considered, it's more helpful for us to understand the researches that have been done on Atonement from the following four aspects, namely thematic study, theoretical study, stylistic study and artistic study.Thematic study refers to those studies with respect to different subjects, creative motives and topics in a novel. Atonement is defined by Elke D'Hoker (2006) as a literary confessional fiction which is distinct from the religious confession and he insists that sheer atonement is impossible to realize merely through literary creation. What can on earth counts for redemption in his view are the endeavor and the process of atonement. Peter Mathews (2006) holds the idea in The Impression of a Deeper Darkness: Ian McEwan's Atonement that there are perhaps no absolute answers to the ambiguous questions and1.2.2 Studies by Chinese ScholarsCompared with the abroad studies, Ian McEwan's works were warmly sought after by readers and literary critics in China owing to the abundant emergence of translation and dissemination of his great works. Scholars at home started the preliminary studies on Ian McEwan himself and Atonement in the late 1990s and then pervasive researches on his literary creation were carried out increasingly. Apart from the conventional thematic exploration, Chinese scholars expound elaborately on many other research orientations with multiple critical approaches to literature for the more detailed studies. The studies on Atonement at home can be divided into the following four aspects:First is the overall introduction and summarization to Ian McEwan and his literary creation began with Lan Chun's (1998) general introduction to his literary creation and early works in an article Ian McEwan and His Works. And then Zhou Zhipeng (2006)presents the main plot and little literature review on Atonement in his article Ian McEwan's Atonement.Then it comes to the thematic studies which sprout in the early period, such as the theme of crime and atonement in professor Ding Jianning's (2004) article How Can Atonement be Possible A Review on lan McEwan's Atonement and initiation theme appeared in Cai Xiaoyan's (2009) article Growing up in Atonement An interpretation of the Initiation Theme in Ian McEwan's Atonement. Ruan Xiaojing (2010) in her master's thesis analyzes the image of Briony from two perspectives: Briony as a Freudian heroine and Briony as an initiation story heroine relatively. However, thematic studies generally emerged in the original stu即and are gradually overlapped by theoretical studies or the others which put variable narrative techniques as the focuses of study.2 Theoretical basis2.1 Multi-perspective narrativeJames Fellen once proposed that the narrative of literary works exists at two levels: the narrative level of the author and the reader's reading level. These two levels in the dynamic development of mutual influence, mutual guidance. The narrative of literary works leads to two kinds of behavior: observation and judgment. Therefore, the judgment is not only present in the narrative level of the author (ie, the judgment of the author and each character), but also at the reader's reading level (ie, the judgment made by the reader during the reading process). Whether it is the judgment of the author's narrative level or the judgment of the reader's reading level, it plays a vital role in the reader's understanding of the literary works. Recognizing this, the author can use the narrative process in the narrative process, such as multi-perspective narrative, to guide the reader to make the desired narrative judgment, so that the final narrative purpose of the work can be achieved.2.2 Multi-perspective narrative ethical significanceOn the basis of the theory of narrative judgment in literary works, the author of the paper points out that in the novel "Atonement", the author's use of multi-angle narration is mainly embodied in two aspect. First, in the first three parts of the novel, the author continues to use the internal perspective conversion method, the same event from the different characters from the perspective of repeated description. So that the reader in the grasp of the truth of the incident at the same time, but also understand the various characters on the same event of different understanding and complex inner activities, so as to understand the story of the origin of misunderstanding; second, the novel in the fourth part (end) by The third-person narrative transitions to the first-person narrative of the chief man named Rioni as the narrator and reveals the true identity of Brioni as the author of the first three parts of the Atonement and the fact that she has modified the story at the end. This conversion allows the reader to obtain two perspectives: (1) readers of Brioney's novel; (2) the reader of the novel that implied the author. Thus, the reader can from these two perspectives on the novel "atonement" to understand and explain.By analyzing the characteristics of the multi - angle narrative of the novel "atonement", the author realizes that the same information is observed from differentthe novel "Atonement", McEwan is the use of multi-angle narrative of this effect, the "atonement," the original simple story into a huge information base bit by bit to the reader, and then guide Readers make more complex judgments at different stages of reading and ultimately reveal the theme of "atonement": the relationship between reality and fiction. Therefore, with the characteristics of multi-angle narrative in the novel, the narrative judgment of the reader to track and analyze, is to understand the "atonement" key.3 An Analysis of the Theme of Atonement3.1 The reason for atonementBritish contemporary famous writer Mike Aoyin's novel "Atonement" has been published since 2001, that is, in academia and the mass media caused a hot debate, known as the contemporary narrative classic, nominated final nomination list, has won the National Book Review Association Award Los Angeles Times Award. The success of the novel depends on the test of the fictional composition of the novel and the deep thinking of the novel. The postmodern narrative text reflects the strong self-consciousness and self-reflection, boldly improved in narrative techniques, However, it is the open text and the narrative process of the postmodern narrative means to create a variety of links and explanations, on the one hand to enhance the aesthetic effect of the novel, on the other hand makes it difficult for the reader from the traditional The rational perspective of the fictional themes of the novel to make a universal mora l judgments, as James • Fellen said, "we are in any position in the narrative are four kinds of contextual interaction results: (1) story world (2) the context of the implied author associated with the author and the reader; (3) the context of the real reader, and their relationship with the values and beliefs system, as well as the context of the believers; The narrative leads the reader to the position of the place. The concept of "narration" solves the above problems, and combines the narrative analysis with the value judgment to try to "show the state of existence through literary narration, which is the structure of the narrative, the form, the gesture, the intonation and the narrative intention, the narrative function This paper explores the theme of the atonement of the novel from the perspective of narration, "on the basis of reading the text, to explore and ask the implied in the text narrative elements of the spiritual values and orientation."3.1.1 Atonement opensAtonement" in the form of intertextuality, to Jane Austen's "Nuosangjue Temple" in the fragment as a title, describes the "Nuosangjue Temple" in the heroine Catherine on the good guys Tiren's suspicion, and Novel little Brioney suspicion sister Cecilia lovers Robbie for the erotic, and then did not see the suspect in the case of Robbie for the rape of the plot fit. Many of the novels depict a small brionian indulge in the fictional literaryorder is satisfied, because a disordered world can be written Her story "Arabella's Hardship" completely inherited the tradition of rationalism, to promote rational restraint emotions, the story of the subject "not to reason-based love is destined to fail with Jane?" Austin's "mind and emotion" coincides with the thrust. The paranoia of reason and order opened the prelude to the atonement, from the story of the world's small Briño situation, the rationalist judgment on her future several major events to explain the interpretation of a significant impact, one step One step led her to finally criticize Robbie's mistake.3.1.2 Reason for atonementAt first, in the "fountain" event, she saw Robbie proud to lift a hand, sister, began to quickly get rid of their clothes. She could not understand the behavior, and made a vague, uncertain interpretation of it, "(Robbie) as if to Cecilia issued orders. Strangely, the sister even beat him. He in the end to show her what Magic "blackmail" If the small Brioni interpretation of the incident to judge still can not be included in her rational order, the next "love letter" event makes her suddenly. She read Robbie mistakenly sent to Cecilia's love letter draft: in the dream I kiss your pussy, your sweet and humid pussy. In my mind, I have sex with you all day long. She recounted Robbie, and conceived the opening of a story full of real life, no longer a princess! The fountain side of the scene, intimidate Lin's atmosphere, ... ... through this letter, some kind of nature, cruel , And perhaps even something that has been committed, has been a dark principle, and she has no doubt that her sister is threatened to some extent even when she is agitated about what might happen , And will need her to help the city. According to these two events, she made the so-called rational judgments: Robbie is a dangerous pornography. "Now he was qualitative, she felt some comfort. Benevolence. Later, the "library" incident fully embodies her judgment on how Robin has influenced and constrained her interpretation of the scene. She illustrated the scenes of Robbie and Cecilia's love in the library as Robbie's "one attack, a melee and war" against Cecilia, and she saw the field and was in line with her expectations She had already seen Robin's letter, and she had regarded herself as the guardian of her sister, so the scene she saw in her eyes must be more or less influenced by what she knew, or she Think of what they know the impact of the situation. Finally, in the "rape case", she saw the cousin Laura assuspect is Robbie, her emotions angry and excited, she said, "she His eyes confirm what she knows and the recent experience, or, more precisely, what she knows and the recent experience confirms her judgment. A 13-year-old child can not judge "I know he is "And" I see him "in the court as a confession of the world, Robbie therefore injustice imprisonment, three years later was sent to World War II battlefield, she will also use her life time to make atonement.3.2 The process of atonementTo the third part of the novel, the adult Brioni in St. Thomas Hospital to take care of the wounded, for the crime committed deep confession. Later, Robbie returned from the battlefield and Cecilia reunited, Brioni bravely and to them, promised to tell the truth, with their own reputation in exchange for Robbie's innocence. The third part of the novel is the end: "It is not much time to draft the notes to the parents and the formal statement, and the rest of the day, she is idle, and she knows what to do.The draft is not just a letter, but also a new draft, a kind of atonement. She was ready to start. BT London, 1999. At this point Brioni's atonement was unraveled, and the narrative seemed to be at the end, but, as Heath Miller said in his interpretation of the narrative, "a table looks like a closed end The novel, as if always able to re-open, "McEwan to" 1999 London "as a question added to the end, Brioney to read the way to tell the reader is their own time 59 years, Atonement and the completion of a novel, and the text referred to Robbie and Cecilia's reunion, Brioni for Robbie name is not true, the fact that "Robbie Turner in June 1, 1940 In the days of Breton's death, Cecilia was killed in the bombing of the Bellham Marsh station in September of the same year, and I had never seen them since then, and it was impossible to make atonement. Through this metaphor, And then reconstructed the order of "the crime of atonement and new life" which had been constructed in the first three parts of the narrative text, reconstructed the standard and guided the reader to make the corresponding ethical judgment. The tragedy of "atonement" arises from the paranoia of the world order, However, the traditional judgment again Return to the world order as the ending of atonement, if the lovers get married, the people who have sinned finally get understanding. Therefore, the first threereaders often narrative process For example, at the end of the second, Robbie said to his companion, "Wake me before seven o'clock." I promise that you will not hear me say a word again. There is already a strong hint: Robbie will not wake up again, however, the reader is often optimistic about the fact that when reading the third part of Robbie and Cecilia's reunion, , There is no chance, no time to question, because it is consistent with their expectations. The reader of this judgment process and small Brioni on Luo's false identification process is surprisingly similar. No doubt, "atonement" to the author's The reader reveals a process of judgment that makes a clear distinction between "I see this" and "I know so" or "I know that should be so" and try to explain the effort of this complex world in an inherent order Are in vain, and even have bad consequences, it is overwhelmed. While "order" is the cause of atonement, "non-order" is the consequences of atonement.3.2.1 Brion ViewFrom the narrative point of view, "the facts that make up the story environment never come with 'themselves', and always according to some kind of vision, some kind of observation points present in front of us ... ... in literature, we have to study Is never the original fact or event, but something or something that has been described. 'McEwan has shown his superb narrative and narrative tactics in the Atonement, and he has taken a different view of the same incident The narrative perspective of the narrative lines of the "three aspects of the Atonement" (the first three texts of the Atonement) of the Brioni version is analyzed and deconstructed, and it is not difficult to analyze the novels Home of the road of atonement, "the subject to make the appropriate judgments.Adult Brioni tried to enter into the consciousness of different characters in his novel "atonement", and to show the truth truthfully and not to make any good and evil moral judgment in the identity of the author in order to achieve through the novel The purpose of atonement, therefore, her "fountain" event, "library" events are described from the multi-point of view. This seemingly unsatisfied gesture did not actually achieve the purpose of her intervention. On the "fountain" event and the "library" incident, Brioni were from Robbie, Cecilia and small Brioni two different points of view to narrate, on the one hand to restore the truth of the facts, on the other hand But also to the narrator of the reader to understand the small Brioni committed "sin" behind the goodwill and itsof Brioni's novels, narrators and writers are in three roles, and the reliability of her narrative is questionable. The author's reader can find the flaws of his reliability from the narrative of the novel.3.2.2 Robbie perspectiveIn the second part of the novel, Robbie recalled from his point of view Brioni ten years old that year of deliberately fell into the water of a past: small Brioney in order to confirm that Robbie will not fall out of danger after she died , Regardless of the danger of life jump into the water, and in Robbie struggling to save her later, to its deep confession: "I love you". From Robbie's point of view, it was Little Brioni who breeded himself and eventually turned away from love, which led to her slander in the rape case, false accusations. Is Robibie huffing Brioni, but his narrative is reliable, as follows: First, from the text of the narrative, it is true that Robbie hates Brioni, Can be seen that this "fall into the water" event is not Robbie's unthinkable imagination and fabricated, Brioni did not deny this incident. Second, in the previous year Brioni had responded to Robbie's swimming event: after the "love letter" incident, she mentioned that "there was a lot of times in the summer, she had been in the pool with him alone, By the time he taught her to step on the water and breaststroke ', the third and most important point, look at the full text can not find any Brioney point of view of her own feelings of this narrative, on the contrary, she expressed in the narrative Was so calm, as in the "fountain" incident, she initially mistakenly that Robbie to Cecilia to marry him, she commented: "He has the courage to Cecilia courtship, it is not surprising. So across the door of the first love, every day there should be a lot of it After the affair, she wanted to write a story about the incident, "This is a story of a man who likes everyone, but the heroine in the story has been skeptical to him, and finally, she finally exposes Out of the original incarnation of evil. "The heroine of Brioni himself, she has been" doubt "on Robbie? Obviously the answer is no. These seemingly calm narrative is to cover her to Robbie Love of the heart, and her in the "fountain" event, "library" incident in the performance of the calm, and the attitude of the formation of a sharp contrast, quite hope to hide something too.Of course, the Brioni version of "atonement" is actually Mike Youan by Brioney's hand on its narrative text for such a deal, intended to reveal to the reader "novelist can not achieve its salvation after all," the theme, As McEwan was expressed by Brioney'scan we get atonement?" There is no one in this world. The kind of entity or the higher form is what she can, is reconciled with it, or will forgive her. Outside her, nothing does exist. 'The novelist has absolute power, his hand of God Can create everything in his narrative, destroy everything, he can not escape the weakness of human nature, the narrative object of its reorganization, deletion, to their own advantages and disadvantages of dealing with; even if Brioney through the novel atone Very strong, sincere, she was in their own atonement of the road set up such a barrier, can not go beyond its own limitations. Brioney realized that "this is always a can not finish Into the task. This is the key, "but she is still struggling to try.3.3 The Ethical Value of AtonementThe ethical value of "atonement" can not be judged simply by the two elements of "fictitious sin" and "true atonement". Brioni creation novel "Atonement" after 59 years, from 1940 onwards, she is committed to restore the truth: she collects a lot of information, even if it is a little bit of the real changes have given her great satisfaction, Brioni wants to "write all this as a historical record." However, the approximation of reality is atonement? In fact, the novel's fiction is its inherent ability to get rid of, no one will take her novel as a historical record, even Novels want to make atonement of Brioney also "is just an illusory existence. No one will care about what is false in the novel, who is distorted. Since the true completion of the atonement, which readers can from this real ending, "what kind of meaning, hope or gratification? ... ... in addition to serving the harsh authenticity, who will believe (this outcome)? , Brioni finally chose the "fiction", in her last manuscript has lovers get married, literary compassion through the world to be beautiful to achieve. "Fiction" constitute the original sin of the novel, the novel atonement also "Fiction" in the realization.However, McEwan eventually reveals the cruel truth in his version of "atonement", and what is the ethical value of this exposition? McEwan's end of this metaphor is the return of postmodern texts to realism, but This is not a copy of the old realism, but in the layers, the intention of "re-awakening the social responsibility of literature", in the narrative layer, inherited the realism of the "realism of the bigthe form of meta-fiction to expose the truth of the facts, but also pointed out that "let my novel lovers eventually round and round, endless, not by Cowardly or evasion, but my last great sincerity, is a sign of forgetting and despair. This is McEwan's self-consciousness and self-reflection. McEwan's "atonement" in the crime, the crime of Brioni, Laura sin, the crime of war, ... ... these are realistic way to record, not and should not be forgotten; there are also love Love of the people, even if the evil can not be redemption, Robbie and Cecilia final reunion of the end to give the world is beautiful and hope. Against the forgotten and desperate, which is "atonement" to assume the literary bounden social responsibility.ConclusionThere is no doubt that narrative criticism has created a new idea of aesthetic and ethical value research. According to Western human rhetoric, "narrative can help shape the reader's emotions, self and life, develop their moral consciousness." By entering the narrative space of "atonement", we have launched a multi-dimensional dialogue between "author-narrator-text-reader" and a multi-level analysis of the theme of "atonement" The From the interpretation of judgment and judgment of the interaction, different perspectives of narrative, narrative ethical value point of view, the "atonement" narrative techniques and aesthetic judgments to be affirmed. The social responsibility of the literature "Forgiveness and Despair" revealed by "atonement" has an important ethical value for the postmodern world where we are today.Bibliography[1]Abrams, M.H. A Glossary of Literary Terms [M]. Toronto: Harcourt Brace College Publisher, 2003. [2] Baldick, Chris. Oxford Concise Dictionary of Literary Terms[Z]. Shanghai: Shanghai Translation Publishing House, 2013.[3] Bedford, Martyr. She Stripped off and Plunged in [J]. Literary Review, 2001 (10):52.[4] Begley, Adam. A Novel of Discrete Parts, Blessedly at One with Itself [M].NewYork Observer, (18, March) 2012.[5] Buckley, Jerome. Season of Youth: The Bildungsroman from Dickens to Golding[M]. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1974.[6] Byrnes, Christina. The Work of Ian McEwan: A Psychodynamic Approach [M].Nottingham: Paupers' Press, 2012.[7] Childs, Peter. A Reader's Guide to Essential Criticism: The Fiction of Ian McEwan[M]. New York:。
第三章《旅游学原理》.ppt
避难者 refugee
No Image
二、目前国际统计意义上的游客与
旅游者
• 1993在纽约召开的联合国统计委员会第27次会议 上通过。
• “游客”的3个条件： • 1、离开惯常环境，即离开常住地； • 2、在访问地连续停留时间不超过12个月； • 3、访问目的主要不应是通过所从事的活动从访问
▪ “黄金周”制造的“井喷”和黄金周前后的 “低潮”，造成资源、设施的极大浪费；
▪ 交通拥挤； ▪ 服务质量下降； ▪ 许多政府机关和公司企业中断日常运作，对
整个社会功能和经济活动的影响。
32
No
Imag黄e 金假日旅游弊端 ，政协委员建议带薪休假 ——新华网 （2003-03-17 13:39:45）
个
D＝f（I）
人
收
入
旅游需求量
21
No Image
恩格尔系数（%） = 食品支出总额 / 家庭或个人消费支 出总额×100%
恩格尔系数越低， 表明可自由支配收 入水平越高。
22
家庭收入与旅游消费行为
收入（元）
项目
旅游消费支出 （元）
旅游消费行为 偏向度
〈5000 18.75 0.0052
5000～ 10000
• 凡纳入我国旅游统计的来 华旅游入境人员统称为 （来华）海外游客。
• 海外游客是指来我国大陆 观光、度假、探亲访友、 就医疗养、购物、参加会 议、或从事经济、文化、 体育、宗教活动的外国人、 华侨、港澳台同胞。
四、国内旅游者的界定
• 1、世界旅游组织的定义：分为Domestic tourists & Domestic excursionists；其 他方面都类似于国际旅游者的规定。
旅游中的当代社会学理论与问题译文
旅游中的当代社会学理论与问题埃里克·科恩斯科特·科恩摘要：本文综述了现代旅游业质的变化以及社会学方法在旅游研究中的应用。
调查了最近影响旅游的广泛的社会趋势和具体的历史事件，并讨论了旅游社会学研究的重点是如何从早期的真实性论述和旅游者凝视转移到三种新的理论方法，即流动“范式”、行为表现、行动者网络理论，它们每一个都反映了当代哲学和社会学中更广泛的结构定位。
在评价这些概念的发展并讨论其局限性之后，确定了几个研究问题作为在旅游和当代社会交叉领域中以问题为导向的工作重点。
它们是：社会公正、环境可持续发展、自然灾害、恐怖主义、遗产、具体化和情感、媒介化。
关键词：社会趋势；真实性；流动性；行为表现；行动者网络理论；当前问题引言在过去的四分之一个世纪里，西方和非西方世界同样上演着戏剧性的历史事件，包括重大的技术创新及深远的社会和文化变化。
在此之后，旅游的性质，旅游与社会的关系，以及用以分析和解释旅游的社会学方法，都经历了广泛的变化。
当代世界显著的特点是高度的流动性（Bauman，2000）。
受全球化进程、技术高速发展、通信与信息革命的推动，当今世成为一个社会、经济、文化加速发展的世界。
这些变化导致生命节奏的加快、时间和空间的破碎、文化的多元化、社会领域的去分化以及生活方式的碎片化。
虽然这些趋势看似促成了全球富裕的增长，伴随着而来的，一方面是普遍的消费主义和几乎所有生活领域的商品化，另一方面是在一个关系波动、生活机会不确定、哲学怀疑论的“后现代”趋势的世界里，日益增加的风险意识和个人安全感的缺乏。
过去的四分之一个世纪里也发生了一些加强或抵制那些基本趋势的主要历史事件，这些事件大大影响了当代旅游业的全球化。
这一时期的主要基准事件可以总结如下：一、苏联解体和东方欧洲共产主义政权瓦解，以及随后发生的中国和越南进入后共产主义社会。
这些生活和文化停滞不前的宽广地区，随后也开始发展面向以西方地区为主的入境旅游，然而其繁荣的自由化经济却促使他们到邻国和西方国家的出境旅游的日益增长。
爱因斯坦发明英语作文
爱因斯坦发明英语作文Albert Einstein, a renowned physicist, is widely recognized for his groundbreaking contributions to science, notably the theory of relativity. However, the notion that Einstein invented English is a misconception. English, as a language, has evolved over centuries and has its roots in the Germanic languages, with significant influences from Latin and French.Einstein himself was fluent in multiple languages, including English. He was known to have written some of his correspondences in English, and his work was translated into various languages, making it accessible to a global audience. His ability to communicate effectively in different languages was a testament to his intellectual prowess and his dedication to the dissemination of scientific knowledge.In his writings, Einstein often used clear and concise language to explain complex scientific concepts, making them more understandable to the general public. His approach to communication emphasized the importance of clarity and simplicity, which is a valuable lesson for anyone learning to write effectively in English or any other language.While Einstein did not invent English, his legacy and the way he used language to communicate his ideas have had a lasting impact on the scientific community and beyond. His work serves as an inspiration for students and scholars to pursueknowledge and to express their findings in a manner that is both accessible and impactful.。
英语作文大家要有怀疑精神
英语作文大家要有怀疑精神Title: Cultivating a Spirit of Skepticism。
In an era marked by rapid information dissemination and an overwhelming influx of data, the importance of fostering a spirit of skepticism cannot be overstated. Skepticism, often misconstrued as mere cynicism or distrust, is in fact a valuable intellectual tool that encourages critical thinking, questioning, and the pursuit of truth. In this essay, we delve into the significance of skepticism in our contemporary society, exploring its benefits and offering insights into how individuals can cultivate and harnessthis essential mindset.Firstly, skepticism serves as a safeguard against misinformation and manipulation. With the proliferation of social media and online platforms, misinformation spreads like wildfire, often disguised as credible information. In such a landscape, individuals who lack a skeptical mindset may unwittingly fall prey to falsehoods, perpetuating thecycle of misinformation. However, by approaching information with a healthy dose of skepticism, individuals are empowered to scrutinize sources, verify claims, and discern fact from fiction. This not only protects individuals from being misled but also fosters a more informed and discerning society.Moreover, skepticism fosters intellectual humility and open-mindedness. By acknowledging the limitations of one's own knowledge and the possibility of being wrong, individuals become more receptive to alternative perspectives and ideas. Instead of clinging rigidly to preconceived notions or beliefs, skeptics actively seek out new evidence and perspectives, constantly refining their understanding of the world. This humility not only cultivates a culture of learning and growth but also promotes constructive dialogue and collaboration, as individuals engage in respectful discourse rather than dogmatic arguments.Furthermore, skepticism serves as a catalyst for innovation and progress. Throughout history, manygroundbreaking discoveries and advancements have been made by individuals who dared to challenge conventional wisdom and question the status quo. From Galileo's heliocentric theory to Darwin's theory of evolution, skepticism has been the driving force behind paradigm shifts and scientific revolutions. By encouraging individuals to questionexisting assumptions and explore new possibilities, skepticism fuels curiosity, creativity, and innovation, pushing society forward and propelling us towards new frontiers of knowledge and discovery.However, despite its myriad benefits, skepticism is not without its challenges. In a world inundated with information, distinguishing between credible sources and misinformation can be daunting, especially for those without the necessary critical thinking skills. Moreover, skepticism can sometimes be misconstrued as pessimism or nihilism, leading individuals to adopt a cynical worldview devoid of hope or trust. Therefore, it is essential to strike a balance between healthy skepticism and unwarranted cynicism, cultivating a mindset that is both questioning and discerning, yet open to the possibility of truth andprogress.So how can individuals cultivate a spirit of skepticism in their daily lives? Firstly, by honing their critical thinking skills and actively questioning assumptions, individuals can become more adept at discerning truth from falsehood. This involves scrutinizing sources, evaluating evidence, and considering alternative perspectives before forming conclusions. Secondly, individuals should cultivate a habit of intellectual humility, acknowledging the limitations of their own knowledge and remaining open to new ideas and perspectives. By embracing uncertainty and curiosity, individuals can navigate the complexities of the modern world with greater clarity and insight.In conclusion, skepticism is not merely a cynical disposition or distrustful attitude but rather a valuable intellectual tool that empowers individuals to question, analyze, and discern. In an age of rampant misinformation and ideological polarization, cultivating a spirit of skepticism is more important than ever. By fosteringcritical thinking, intellectual humility, and openness tonew ideas, individuals can navigate the complexities of the modern world with confidence and clarity, contributing to a more informed, enlightened, and progressive society.。
历年成考英语作文范文
历年成考英语作文范文Essay 1: The Importance of Lifelong LearningIn the modern era, the concept of lifelong learning has become increasingly significant. It is not only a personal endeavor but also a societal necessity. The world is changing at a rapid pace, and to keep up with these changes, one must be willing to learn continuously.Firstly, lifelong learning helps individuals stay competitive in the job market. With the advent of technology and automation, many traditional jobs are becoming obsolete. By continuously updating their skills, individuals can adapt to new roles and industries.Secondly, it fosters personal growth and development. Learning new things can be intellectually stimulating and can lead to a more fulfilling life. It can also help individuals to develop new interests and hobbies, adding richness totheir lives.Lastly, lifelong learning contributes to the betterment of society. A society that values learning is more likely to be innovative and progressive. It can lead to advancements in science, technology, and culture, which can improve the quality of life for everyone.In conclusion, lifelong learning is essential for bothpersonal and societal development. It is something that should be encouraged and supported at all levels.Essay 2: The Role of Technology in EducationTechnology has revolutionized many aspects of our lives, and education is no exception. The integration of technology in the classroom has brought about significant changes in the way we teach and learn.One of the most notable benefits of technology in education is accessibility. With the internet, students can access a wealth of information and resources from anywhere in the world. This has made learning more inclusive and has opened up opportunities for those who may not have had access to traditional education.Another advantage is the ability to personalize learning. Technology allows teachers to tailor their instruction to meet the individual needs of each student. This can lead to a more engaging and effective learning experience.However, there are also challenges associated with the use of technology in education. One concern is the digital divide, where not all students have equal access to technology. This can exacerbate existing inequalities in education.In addition, there is the issue of screen time and its potential impact on students' physical and mental health. Itis important for educators to find a balance between the benefits of technology and the need for physical activity and social interaction.In conclusion, while technology has brought many benefits to education, it is crucial to address the challenges it presents. With careful implementation and thoughtful consideration, technology can be a powerful tool for enhancing the educational experience.Essay 3: The Impact of Social Media on SocietySocial media has become an integral part of modern society, influencing how we communicate, share information, and interact with each other. While it offers many benefits, it also has its drawbacks.On the positive side, social media provides a platform for people to connect with others, regardless of geographical boundaries. It allows for the rapid dissemination of information and has been instrumental in mobilizing communities for social causes.Moreover, social media has also become a powerful tool for businesses and individuals to promote themselves and their products. It has democratized marketing and given a voice to small businesses that may not have been able to afford traditional advertising.However, the negative aspects of social media cannot be ignored. One of the major concerns is the spread of misinformation and fake news. This can lead to confusion, fear, and even harm when people make decisions based on false information.Additionally, social media can have a detrimental effect on mental health. The constant pressure to present a perfectlife online can lead to feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem. It can also contribute to issues such as cyberbullying and the erosion of privacy.In conclusion, while social media has undoubtedly changed the way we live and communicate, it is essential to be aware of its potential negative impacts. It is up to individuals and society as a whole to use social media responsibly and critically.Essay 4: The Benefits of TravelingTraveling is an enriching experience that offers numerous benefits, both tangible and intangible. It is a chance to explore new places, cultures, and ideas.One of the most significant benefits of traveling is the opportunity to learn about different cultures and ways of life. This exposure can broaden one's perspective and foster a greater understanding and appreciation for diversity.Traveling also promotes personal growth. It can challenge individuals to step out of their comfort zones, adapt to new environments, and develop problem-solving skills. It can also be a source of inspiration and creativity.Moreover, traveling can have a positive impact on mental health. It can provide a break from the routine of daily life, reduce stress, and offer a chance to relax and rejuvenate.However, it is important to approach travel with respect and consideration for the places and people one visits. Sustainable and responsible tourism is crucial to ensure that the benefits of travel are enjoyed by all, both now and inthe future.In conclusion, traveling is a valuable experience that can enrich one's life in many ways. It is a chance to learn。
解放后儿童文学作品中的红色儿童形象变化之研究-毕业论文
---文档均为word文档，下载后可直接编辑使用亦可打印--- 摘要在建国以后的文化历史发展过程中，红色文学造就了无数的形象符号我们称之为红色英雄形象。
其中不乏我们所熟知的小英雄形象造就了文学历史中的红色儿童英雄潮流文化。
其中的魅力影响了一代又一代国人的文化世界，其代表了中国儿童的形象特色，也向世界展示了一种中国儿童的先机伟大形象。
在如今的发展中，网络媒体改变了传统的文化传播方式的传统方式，重新再次把过去的经典进行了二次推广，让它们再次的出现在人们的视线当中，并且被人们所热议。
本文立足于艺术传播的视角进行了传播学相关的理论分析和方法研究。
在综合的文化背景下进行了小英雄这一形象的传播方式在新时代下出现的问题进行了探析研究，并且提出了相关的改进方法。
关键词：新中国成立以后；；红色儿童文学；传播；变化；AbstractSince the founding of new China, red classical created many unique children's "the little hero" image, they have become not only a classic symbol, Chinese children is also a symbol of the spirit of the new China's growing. Because of its unique artistic charm, the image has let us feel warm. Now, with the aid of advanced communication means, the little hero image back to the modern Chinese sketch a hero of the children's world, people once again become a hot topic, its shape, the process of adaptation and communication also formed a unique cultural phenomenon. From this specific artistic dissemination Angle, this paper by using the theory and research method of communication, pay attention to the text analysis within the framework of macroexamination through use, consciously to realize the combination of culture and aesthetic study. Article analyzes the characteristics of image promulgation of the little hero, choice of media and communication strategies and communication environment, pointed out that in the new social environment and media context of small and medium-sized hero image communication problems, put forward the corresponding improvement countermeasures.Keywords: After the founding of new China; Red children's literature；spread；change；目录摘要IAbstract II目录III序言1一小英雄形象传播概述2（一）红色儿童经典与小英雄形象的界定21、红色儿童经典22、小英雄形象2（二）英雄形象的传播特点31、跨世纪传播3（1）20世纪40年代3（2）1949年至改革开放前3（3）2000年以后42、跨地域传播43、跨媒介传播5（三）小英雄形象的传播环境51、政治因素的控制52、经济因素的控制63、文化因素的影响64、媒介技术的推动7二小英雄形象传播的媒介选择—文字·镜头·舞台7（一）偏倚时间的印刷媒介71、小说72、连环画73、电影文学剧本8三小英雄形象的传播策略8（一）进入媒体“议程设置”的小英雄81、前期宣传异质媒介之间的共生互补92、媒介事件从新闻发布会到影片放映93、后续报道与深度剖析94、“小英雄”的产业化10四小英雄形象传播的问题及改进对策10（一）由形象成人化到“儿童本位”10（二）由传统媒介到新媒介111、网络电影122、交互式电子游戏12（三）由过度解构到适度改编13结语13参考文献14谢辞15IIIII序言一个塑造成功的文学作品中的人物可以随着时代发展一直存活在不同的时代永远不被世人忘记。
旅游英语第三课翻译[整理]
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1、心理学的研究表明，欲望无法满足是激起人们行动的普遍原因。
旅游需求是指人的旅游行为最基本、最核心的动力因素。
这种因素是旅游者或潜在旅游者对外界或其他人做决定，又对自身做决定的出发点；也是对旅游环境中某种目标的渴望或欲求。
在社会生活中，旅游需要具有广泛性和多样性，而旅游需求又与旅游动机密切相关。
旅游动机是推动和指导旅游活动的心理过程，即旅游的主观原因。
Psychological research shows that the desire is to provoke action can not meet the common cause. Tourism demand is the people's travel behavior of the most basic and core dynamics. Such factors are tourists or potential tourists to the outside world or other people make decisions, and make decisions on their own starting point; is also a target for the tourism environment in the desire or desires. In social life, need to have the breadth and diversity of tourism, and travel and tourism demand and motivation are closely related. Travel motivation is to promote and guide the tourism activities of the psychological process, namely, tourism subjective reasons.The research of psychology shows that desire can't satisfy is prompts people to action, a common cause. Tourism demand is refers to person's travel behavior the most basic, most core the power factor. This factor is the tourists or potential tourists on the outside or others to make the decision, and the starting point of their own decision; Also is to the tourism environment certain goals of desire or desires. In social life, travel needs to have extensive and diversity, and tourism demand and closely related with tourist motives. Tourism motivation is to promote and guide the psychological process of tourist activities, namely the tourism subjective reason.2、我国历史悠久，文物古迹、自然资源极为丰富。
旅行理论还是理论旅行——traveling theory中文译名的思考
旅行理论还是理论旅行——traveling theory中文译名的思考朱晓敏【期刊名称】《中国科技术语》【年(卷),期】2011(13)5【摘要】Edward’s ＂traveling theory＂ explores regularities and channels which are based on the distribution and evolution of radical theories throughout 20th century. The explanatory power and new insight offered by ＂traveling theory＂have attracted many researchers’ attention. Chinese cultural and intellectual life benefited much from the ＂traveling theory＂. However, the Chinese translation of this term is not unified in Chinese academic community. Based on the definition of this term, this paper proposes the translating suggestions.%爱德华·萨义德①的＂traveling theory＂从元理论层面透视20世纪激进理论传播演变的空间途径和规律,其强大解释力和深邃的洞察力为学术界所追捧。
当＂traveling theory＂到中国之后,中国的文化和智性生活从这种理论流通中得到养分。
然而,在如何为＂traveling theory＂找到一个合适的译名时,国内学术界产生了分歧。
【总页数】5页(P35-39)【作者】朱晓敏【作者单位】常熟理工学院,江苏常熟215500【正文语种】中文【中图分类】N04;H059【相关文献】1.萨义德“旅行理论”观的启示——纵论理论旅行模式及批评主体性 [J], 陶家俊2.困惑与思考:我国旅行社业研究的理论缺失与理论创新 [J], 陈建军3.家长视角下的中学生研学旅行障碍因素及对策——读《研学旅行理论与实践》[J], 郑逸凡;陈静杰;伍世代;林明水;4.中小学研学旅行理论研究与实践探索——湖北理工学院研学旅行教学改革实践 [J], 韦耀阳;方红5.中小学研学旅行理论研究与实践探索——湖北理工学院研学旅行教学改革实践[J], 韦耀阳;方红因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。
旅游消费者行为学 第一章 导论(25P)
实验心理学 临床心理学 发展心理学
为学（1991）
人类生态学 微观经济学 社会心理学
微观消费者行为
(关注个体）
宏观经济 社会学
符号学/文艺评论
人口统计学 历史学 文化人类学
宏观消费者行为
（关注群体）
诱因
旅游是全球化的一部分，不同地域有着不同的历史发 展进程；
旅游以前不是而且以后也永远不是任何人都能参加的 一项普遍活动；
三、 旅游消费者行为相关概念
旅游
定义举要：
人们离开常住地到其他地方参与休闲娱乐的活动。 由一些行业如接待业和交通运输业为之提供服务的活动。 T=L+I+M
（leisure time, income, motivation)
定义类型
作为一种消费行为
旅游反映出游客对一个非常广泛的、与旅游相关产品的积累需求和消费 类型（Middleton，1998）。
《旅游消费者行为研究》，(美)亚伯拉罕·匹赞姆，（以）优 尔·曼斯菲尔德，东北财经大学出版社，2005。
关于学习
考核方式
课堂表现10％ 平时作业30％ 期末考试60％
一个话题：对大学生活的认知及学习态度
现代大学教育的要素
学分制
通识教育（liberal education）与专业教育 （specialty education）
旅游消费者行为学
教材：
《旅游消费者行为学》，（英）约翰•斯沃布鲁克 苏珊•霍纳，电 子工业出版社，2004。
主要参考书目：
《消费者行为学》(第6版），M·R·所罗门&卢泰宏，电子工业出 版社，2006；
《消费社会学——一个分析的视角》，王宁，社会科学文献出版 社，2001；