2011年理工类职称英语新增文章1

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2011年理工类职称英语教材新增短文

2011年理工类职称英语教材新增文章阅读理解新增文章（共6篇）目录：第二篇(C级)：World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict第六篇(C级)：Weaving with Light第三十四篇(B级)：Batteries Built by Viruses第三十八篇(B级)：Longer Lives for Wild Elephants第四十五篇(A级)：Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others第四十六篇(A级)：Marvelous Metamaterials第二篇World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some PredictIn a finding that may speed efforts to conserve oil，scientists in Kuwait predict that world conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014.This prediction is almost a decade earlier than some other predictions. Their study is in ACS’Energy&Fuels1.Ibrahim Nashawi and colleagues point out that rapid growth in global oil consumption has sparked a growing interest in predicting "peak oil". "Peak oil" is the point where oil production reaches a maximum and then declines. Scientists have developed several models to forecast this point，and some put the date at 2020 or later. One of the most famous forecast models is called the Hubbert model2.It assumes that global oil production will follow a bell shaped curve3.A related concept is that4 of "Peak Oil." The term "Peak Oil" indicates the moment in which world wide production will peak，afterwards to start on irreversible decline.The Hubbert model accurately predicted that oil production would peak in the United States in 1970.The model has since gained in popularity and has been used to forecast oil production worldwide.However，recent studies show that the model is insufficient to account for5 more complex oil production cycles of some countries. Those cycles can be heavily influenced by technology changes，politics，and other factors，the scientists say.The new study describes development of a new version of the Hubbert model that provides a more realistic and accurate oil production forecast. Using the new model，the scientists evaluated the oil production trends of 47 major oil-producing countries，which supply most of the world’s conventional crude oil6.They estimated that worldwide conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014，years earlier than anticipated. The scientists also showed that the world’s oil reserves7are being reduced at a rate of 2.1 percent a year. The new model could help inform energy-related decisions and public policy debate，they suggest.词汇：conserve v.保护，保存 irreversible adj.不可逆的，不可改变的crude oil原油spark v.闪耀;激发;鼓舞 insufficient 不充分的，不足的curve n.曲线注释：1.ACS’Energy&Fuels：ACS是American Chemical Society(美国化学学会)的缩写。

2011年职称英语理工类考试教材新增文章汇总

2011年职称英语理工类考试教材新增文章汇总A级完型填空新增文章教材第十五篇文章Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ ScoresYoung adults who are fit have a higher IQ and are more likely to go on to university，reveals a major new study carried out at the Sahlgrenska Academy and Sahlgrenska University Hospital．The results were recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)．The study involved l.2 million Swedish men doing military service who were born between l950 and l976．The research group analysed the results of both physical and IQ tests the youngsters took fight after they started serving the army．The study shows a clear link between good physical fitness and better results for the IQ test．The strongest links are for logical thinking and verbal comprehension．But it is only fitness that plays a role in the results for the IQ test，and not strength．“Being fitmeans that you also have good heart and lung capacity and that your brain gets plenty of oxygen，”says Michael Nilsson，professor at the S ahlgrenska Academy and chief physician at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital．“This may be one of the reasons why we can see a clear link with fitness，but not with muscular strength．We are also seeing that there are growth factors that are important．”By analysing data for twins，the researchers have been able to determine that it is primarily environmental factors and not genes that explain the link between fitness and a higher IQ．“We have also shown that those youngsters who improve their physical fitness between ages of l5 and l8 increase their cognitive performance," says Mafia Aberg，researcher at the Sahlgrenska Academy and physician at Aby health centre．“This being the case6，physical during is a subject that has anresearcher Michael Chaiton，a research associate at the Ontario Tobacco Research Unit of the University of Toronto．“Although cigarettes may appear to have self-medicating effects or to improve mood，in the long term we found that teens who started to smoke reported higher depressive symptoms.”As part of the study，some 662 high school teenagers completed up to 20 questionnaires about their use of cigarettes to affect mood．Secondary schools were selected to provide a mix of French and English participants，urban and rural schools，and schools located in high, moderate and low socioeconomic neighbourhoods．Participants were divided into three groups: never smokers；smokers who did not use cigarettes to self-medicate，improve mood or physical state；smokers who used cigarettes to self-medicate．Depressivesymptoms were measured using a scale that asked how felt too fired to do things：had trouble going to sleep or staying asleep；felt unhappy，sad，or depressed；felt hopeless about the future；felt vexed，antsy or tense；and worried too much about things．"Smokers who used cigarettes as mood improvers had higher risks of elevated depressive symptoms than teens who had never smoked," says co-researcher Jennifer 0’Loughlin，a professor at the University of Montreal Department of Social and Preventive Medicine．"0ur study found that teen smokers who reported emotional benefits from smoking are at higher risk of developing depressive symptoms."The association between depression and smoking exists principally among teens that usecigarettes to feel better．"It’s important to emphasize that depressive symptom scores were higher among teenagerswho reported emotional benefits from smoking after they began to smoke," says Dr．Chaiton．C级完型填空新增文章教材第三篇文章What Is the Coolest Gas in the Universe?What is the coldest air temperature ever recorded on the Earth? Where was this low temperature recorded? The coldest recorded temperature on Earth was -91℃which occurred in Antarctica in 1983．We encounter an interesting situation when we discuss temperatures in space. Temperatures in Earth orbit actually range from about +120℃ to -120℃．The temperature depends upon whether you are in direct sunlight or shade．Obviously, -l20℃is colder than our body can safely endure．Thank NASA science for well-designed space suits that protect astronauts from these temperature extremes．The space temperatures just discussed affect only Our area of the solar system．Obviously，it is hotter closer to theSun and colder as we travel away from the Sun．Astronomers estimate temperatures at Pluto are about -210℃．How cold is the lowest estimated temperature in the entire universe? Again，it depends upon your location．We are taught it is supposedly impossible to have a temperature below absolute zero，which is-273℃，at which atoms do not move．Two scientists，whose names are Cornell and Wieman，have successfully cooled down a gas temperature barely above absolute zero．They won a Nobel Prize in Physics in 2001 for their work—not a discovery，in this case．Why is the two scientists' work so important to science?In the l920s，Satyendra Nath Bose was studying an interesting theory about particles we now call photons．Bose had trouble convincing other scientists to believe so he contacted Albert Einstein．Einstein's calculations helped him theorize would behave as Bose thought——but only at very cold temperatures．Scientists have also discovered that ultra-cold atoms can help them make the world's atomic clocks even more accurate．These clocks are so accurate today they would only lose 0ne second every six million years! Such accuracy will help us travel in space because distance is velocity times time (d=v×t)．With the long distances involved in space travel to know time as accurately as possible to get accurate distance．A级阅读理解新增文章教材第四十六篇文章Marvelous MetamaterialsInvisibility cloaks would have remained impossible，forever locked in science fiction．had it not been for the development of metamaterials. In Greek, "meta" means beyond, and metamaterials car do things beyond what we see in the natural world—like shuffle light waves around an object，and then bring them back together．Ifscientists ever manage to build a full—fledged invisibility cloak，it will probably be made of metamaterials．"We are creating materials that don't exist in nature, and that have a physical phenomenon that doesn't exist in nature," says engineer Dentcho Genov. "That is the most exciting thing." Genov designs and builds metamaterials--such as those used in cloaking--at Louisiana Tech University in Ruston, Louisiana.An invisibility cloak will probably not be the first major accomplishment to come from the field of metamaterials．Other applications are just as excitin．In many labs，for example，scientists are working on building a hyperlens．A lens is a device——usually made of glass——that can change the direction of light waves．Lenses are used in microscopes and cameras to focus light，thus allowing a researcher to see small things or a photographer to capture image ofthings that are far away．A hyperlens，however，would be made of metamaterials．And since metamaterial s can do things with light that ordinary materials can't，the hyperlens would be a powerful t001．A hyperlens would allow researchers to see things at the smallest scale imaginable —as small as the wavelength of visible light．Genov points out that the science of metamaterials is driven by the imagination：If someone call think of an idea for a new behavior for fight，then the engineers can find a way to design a device using metamaterials．"We need people who can imagine," he says．Since 2006，many laboratories have been exploring other kinds of metamaterials that don't involve just visible light．In fact，scientists are finding that almost any kind of wave may respond to metamaterials．At the Polytechnic University of Valenciain Spain．Jose Sanchez-Dehesa is working with acoustics, or the science of sound．Just as an invisibility cloak shuffles waves of light，an "acoustic" cloak would shuffle waves of sound in a way that's not found in nature．In an orchestra hall, for example．an acoustic cloak could redirect the sound waves——so someone sitting behind a column would hear the same concert as the rest of the audience．without distortion．Sanchez-Dehesa，an engineer，recently showed that it's possible to build such an acoustic cloak，though he doubts we'11 see one any time soon．"In principle，it is possible," he says，but it might be impossible to make one, he adds．Other scientists are looking into ways to use larger metamaterials as shields around islands or oil rigs as protection from tsunamis．A tsunami is a giant．destructive wave．The metamaterial would redirect the tsunami around the rig or island．and the wavewould resume its ioumey on the other side without causing any harm．练习：1．What is true for metamaterials?They are nonexistent in nature．2．A hyperlens is a more powerful tool than a traditional lensas it can help scientists to see even the wavelengths of visible light．3．Scientists at the Polytechnic University of Valencia try to inventan acoustic cloak that can shuffle waves of sound．4．According to Sdnchez—Dehesa,it is possible to build an acoustic cloak in theory but far from．reality．5．What ways are some scientists looking into to protect the island and oil；rig from tsunamis? (Read the last paragraph．) Surround them with metamaterials as protective shields．A级阅读理解新增文章教材第四十五篇文章Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others Low—salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others，according to a study by a Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences food scientist．The research indicates that genetic factors influence some of the difference in the levels of salt we like to eat．Those conclusions are important because recent，well—publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others，pointed out John Hayes，assistant professor of food science，who was lead investigator 0n the study．Diets high in salt Can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke．That is why public health experts and food companies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foodsthat are enjoyable to eat．This study increases understanding of salt preference and consumption．The research involved 87 carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soup and chips，on multiple occasions，spread out over weeks．Test subjects were 45：men and 42 women, reportedly healthy，ranging in age from 20 t0 40 years．The sample was composed of individuals who were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettes．They rated the intensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale，ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind．“Most of us like the taste of salt．However，some individuals eat more salt，both because they like the taste of saltiness more，and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food,”said Hayes. “Supertasters, people whoexperience tastes more intensely, consume more salt than nontasters do. Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor, and at least for these foods, more is better, so the supertasters seem to like them more.”However, supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in foods such as cheese，Hayes noted．“For example，cheese is a wonderful blend of dairy flavors from fermented milk，but also bitter tastes from ripening that are blocked by salt，” he said．“A supertaster finds low-salt cheese unpleasant because the bitterness is too pronounced6．”Hayes cited research done more than 75 years ago by a chemist named Fox and a geneticist named Blakeslee，showing that individuals differ in their ability to taste certain chemicals．As a result，Hayes explained，we know that a wide range in taste acuity exists，and this variation is as normal as variations in eye and hair color．“Some people，called supertasters，describe bitter compounds as being extremely bitter，while others，called nontasters，find these same bitter compounds to be tasteless or only weakly bitter．”he said．“Response to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological differences in food preference because supertastin7 is not limited to bitterness．(476)1．In paragraph 2，John Hayes points out that many people accept low—salt tasteless food reluctantly2．The fourth paragraph describes briefly how to select subjects and what to do in the research．3. The article argues that supertasters1ike snack foods as saltiness is their primary flavor．4. Which of the following applies to supertasters in terms of bitter taste?They prefer high—salt cheese．whichtastes less bitter．5. What message do the last two paragraphs carry?Taste acuity is genetically determined．A级阅读理解新增文章教材第三十四篇文章Batteries Built by VirusesWhat do chicken pox，the common cold, the flu，and AIDS have in common? They’real disease caused by viruses，tiny microorganisms that can pass from person to person．It's no wonder1 that when most people think about viruses, finding ways t0 steer clear of viruses is what's on people's minds．Not everyone runs from the tiny disease carders, though．In Cambridge, Massachusetts, scientists have discovered that some viruses can be helpful in an unusual way．They are putting viruses to work, teaching them to build some of the world's smallest rechargeable batteries．Viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair，but they're not so strange forengineer Angela Belcher，who first came up with the idea．At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, she and her collaborators bring together different areas of science in new ways．In the case of the virus-built batteries, the scientists combine what they know about biology, technology and production techniques．Belcher's team includes Paula Hammond，who helps put together the tiny batteries, and Yet-Ming Chiang， an expert on how to store energy in the form of a battery．“We’re working on things we traditionally don’t associate with nature．” says Hammond．Many batteries are already pretty small．You can hold A．C and D batteries in your hand．The coin—like batteries that power watches are often smaller than a penny．However。

2011职称英语综合类新增文章

2011职称英语综合类新增文章2011年职称英语等级考试大纲没有变化，2010年考试大纲仍可沿用，2011年职称英语等级考试教材在2010年基础上进行了调整与修订，与2010年教材相比，2011年职称英语综合类教材在词汇选项、阅读判断、概括大意与完成句子、补全短文四大题型上都没有变换，只有阅读理解与完型填空两个题型上有部分变化，以下是具体变化：综合类教材变化内容：阅读理解：第八篇(C级)：The State of Marriage Today第三十八篇(B级)：Excessive Demands on Young People第四十七篇(A级)：Spoilt for Choice完型填空：第五篇(c级)：Why People Use Pseudonyms第十二篇(B级)：Sport or Spectacle?第十五篇(A级)：Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred Years综合类阅读“The Best W ay to Reduce Your Weight”被更新成了“Spoilt for Choice”In answer to the second question，the outlook may not be as pessimistic as it seems．While the rate of divorce has risen，the rate of couples marrying has never actually fallen very much，so marriage is still quite popular．In addition to this．many couples now cohabit and don’t bother to marry．These couples are effectively married，but they do not appear in either the marriage or divorce statistics．In fact．more than 50％Of first marriages survive．The statistics are deceptive because there is a higher number of divorces in second and third marriages than in first marriages．So is marriage really an outdated institution? The fact that most people still get married indicates that it isn’t．And it is also true that married couples have a healthier life than single people：they suffer less from stress and its consequences，such as heart problems，and married men generally consider themselves more contented than their single counterparts．Perhaps the key is to find out what makes a successful marriage and apply it to all of our relationships!词汇：Divorce n．离婚Evidence n．证据，迹象Futurist n．未来主义者Explode v．激增，迅速扩大Predict v．预言，预料，预报Extramarital adj．婚外的Gloomy adj．阴暗的；令人沮丧的Institution n．制度，习俗Outlook n．展望，前景Pessimistic adj．悲观的Cohabit v．同居Effectively ad．实际上Statistics n．统计，统计资料Deceptive adj．迷惑的，骗人的Outdated adj．旧式的，过时的Indicate v．表明，暗示Consequence n．结果，后果Contented adj．满足的，满意的Counterpart n．对应的人(或物)注释：National Family Association：美国国家家庭联合会练习：1．Which is true about the problem of marriage in the United States today?A) Divorce leads to the breakup of the family．B) Half of the married couples get divorced：C) American people marry more than four times．D) More and more people are getting divorced．2．What does “this is no longer the case” in paragraph two mean?A) It is not necessary to get married any more．B) Women do not need a husband any longer．C) Women are not economically dependant any more．D) Many wives do well-paying jobs outside home now．3．Why may the outlook of marriage not be as gloomy as it appears?A) Many people still like to get married．B) The rate of divorce has actually decreased．C) Over 50％of the marriages continue to exist．D) The statistics of divorce is not quite true。

大家论坛_2011年职称英语教材(理工类)阅读理解[原文+解析+译文]第1-5篇WORD

大家论坛职称英语版块/forum-109-1.html2011年职称英语教材（理工类）阅读理解第1-5篇WORD第一篇Ford Abandons Electric Vehicles第二篇（新增）World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict第三篇Citizen Scientists第四篇Motoring Technology第五篇Late-Night Drinking第六篇（新增）Weaving with Light第七篇Sugar Power for Cell Phones第八篇Eiffel Is an Eyeful第九篇Egypt Felled by Famine第十篇Young Female Chimps Outlearn Their Brothers第一篇Ford Abandons Electric VehiclesThe Ford motor company's1 abandonment of electric cars effectively signals the end of the road for the technology, analysts say.General Motors2 and Honda3 ceased production of battery-powered cars in 1999，to focus on fuel cell4 and hybrid electric gasoline engines5，which are more attractive to the consumer. Ford has now announced it will do the same.Three years ago，the company introduced the Think City two-seater car and a golf cart called the THINK, or Think Neighbor6. It hoped to sell 5,000 cars each year and 10,000 carts. But a lack of demand means only about 1,000 of the cars have been produced, and less than 1，700 carts have been sold so far in 2002."The bottom line is7 we don't believe that this is the future of environment transport for the mass market," Tim Holmes of Ford Europe said on Friday. "We feel we have given electric our best shot8. ”The Think City has a range of only about 53 miles and up to a six-hour battery recharge time. General Motors' EVI electric vehicle also had a limited range, of about 100 miles.The very expensive batteries also mean electric cars cost much more than petrol-powered alternatives. An electric Toyota9 RA V4 EV vehicle costs over $42,000 in the US, compared with just $17,000 for the petrol version. Toyota and Nissan10 are now the only major auto manufacturers to produce electric vehicles."There is a feeling that battery electric has been given its chance. Ford now has to move on with its hybrid program11, and that is what we will be judging them on, ”Roger Higman，a senior transport campaigner at UK Friends of the Earth, told the Environment News Service.Hybrid cars introduced by Toyota and Honda in the past few years have sold well. Hybrid engines offer greater mileage than petrol-only engines, and the batteries recharge themselves. Ford says it thinks such vehicles will help it meet planned new guidelines12 on vehicle emissions13 in the US. However, it is not yet clear exactly what those guidelines will permit. In June, General Motors and Daimler Chrysler14 won a court injunction, delaying by two years Californian legislationrequiring car-makers to offer 100,000 zero-emission and other low-emission vehicles in the state by 2003. Car manufacturers hope the legislation will be rewritten to allow for more low-emission, rather than zero-emission, vehicles.词汇：hybrid /'haibrid/ n.杂种，混合物；adj.杂种mileage /'mailids/ n.英里数，英里里程的；混合的injunction/iidsAgkJ^n/n.命令；指令注释：1. The Ford motor company：福特汽车公司。

大家论坛2011年职称英语综合类完型填空新增文章篇目

2011年职称英语综合类新增文章篇目综合类完形填空新增文章篇目第五篇Why People Use Pseudonyms*第十二篇 Sport or Spectacle?+第十五篇Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred Y ears第五篇Why People Use PseudonymsY ou can't choose the name you are given at birth，but in many countries you can change it legally when you reach adulthood. Of course, most people never change their names --1-- they feel unhappy about them. However, some people do --2-- this course of action—particularly artists! What makes an artist want to change their name? Sometimes it's for purely --3--reasons, such as the Nobel Prize winning poet from Chile, Neflali Reyes. He didn't want his father to --4-- he was writing poetry, so he changed his name to Pablo Neruda when he was a young man．--5-- other times the reason may appear eccentric; take the case of the Portuguese poet Fernando Pessoa, --6-- wrote under 75 different names. The reason ?‖ When I use a different name, I always write in a different way," he explained. In most cases，--7-- ,the reason is for social, historical, political, or cultural reasons. Here are some of most --8--:The person's real name is jus --9-- long and difficult to remember. Let's be honest, Madonna Louise Ciccone is not as –10-- to remember as just plain "Madonna". And short names are much easier to remember：William Bradley became Brad Pitt and Edson Arantes do Nascimento became Pele．Sometimes names are changed for marketing –11--．For example，if a name sounds too "foreign", it may be changed to something that is more recognizable in a –12--. So in the film world, Ramon Estsvez adopted the name Martin Sheen. Or maybe the artist's doesn't sound very attractive -- Chad Everett does –13—a lot better than Raymond Cramto.Artists sometimes --l 4-- the name of someone they admire. Robert Zimmerman changed his name to Boo Dylan because of his admiration for the Welsh poet, Dylan Thomas.Another reason may be practicality: in the past, women found it very difficult to get published．To –15-- this situation they's situation they sometimes gave themselves men's names, so the English author Mary Ann Evans became George Eliot, and she did get her books published!词汇：pseudonym n．假名，笔名legally ad．法律上，合法地eccentric adj．古怪的，反常的Portuguese adj．葡萄牙的，葡萄牙人的，葡萄牙语的'plain adj．清楚的，明白的marketing n．推销，营销recognizable adj．可辨认的，可识别的attractive adj．有吸引力的，引人注目的adopt v．采取，采纳admire V．赞赏，钦佩注释：Nobel Prize：诺贝尔奖练习：1．A)as if B)as C)even if D)even2．A)take B)make C)do D)have3．A)private B)individual C)own D)personal4．A)understand B)know C)recognize D)observe5．A)At B)On C)In D)During6．A)whom B)which C)who D)that7．A)but B)although C)though D)however8．A)popular B)common C)ordinary D)average9．A)so B)too C)very D)much10．A)easy B)short C)simple D)brief11．A)aims B)ends C)goals D)purposes12．A、)market B)film C)country D)business1 3．A、)look B)sound C)appearD)seem14．A)choose B)give C)change D)get15．A)admit B)assure C)avoid D)affect答案与题解：1．C 本句前半句提到"大多数人不会改名字"，因此可以判断是选有让步转折意义的"even if''，其他的选项都没有这个意思，尤其要注意even是副词，不可以这样用于句首引出从句。

2011年职称英语(理工类)阅读理解-问题及答案中文翻译

3．公民科学家（理C）．公民科学家（） ①生态学家求助于非科学家因为他们需要他们 ②公民科学家被要求做什么？。。
③在第2段“All that's needed to become one ...”句中，单词。 “one”代表 ④那一项有关BudBurst计划不是正确的是____________。 ⑤BudBurst计划最终目的是什么____________。问题 Technology（ 4. Motoring Technology（理C） 1) What are researchers interested in doing as the road accidents worldwide increase to a shocking rate? 2) According to the second paragraph, most road accidents happen 3) Which of the safety developments is NOT mentioned in the passage? 4) What is NOT the purpose of innovations that use satellite tracking and remote communications? 5) What is true of robotic drivers?
汽车技术（ 4. 汽车技术（理C） ①当世界道路交通事故发生率惊人之时，研究者旨在 ___________。 ②大多数道路交通事故发生是因为_____________。 ③文中提到的安全设施不包括_____________。 ④运用卫星跟踪和远程通讯技术进行创新的目标不包括 ____________________。 ⑤被编程的机器人______________。

2011年职称英语理工类完型填空新增文章篇目

2011年职称英语理工类新增文章篇目理工类完形填空新增文章第三篇What Is the Coolest Gas in the Universe?*第十二篇Smoking Can Increase Depressive Symptoms in Teens+第十五篇Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ Scores第三篇What Is the Coolest Gas in the Universe?What is the coldest air temperature ever recorded on the Earth? Where was this low temperature recorded? The coldest recorded temperature on Earth was -91℃ which —l— in Antarctica in 1983．We encounter an interesting situation when we discuss temperatures in—2一. Temperatures in Earth orbit actually range from about +120℃to -120℃．The temperature depends upon —3—you are in direct sunlight or shade．Obviously, -l20℃is colder than our body can safely endure．Thank NASA science for well-designed space —4— that protect astronauts from these temperature extremes．The space temperatures just discussed affect only Our area l of the solar —5—．Obviously，it is hotter closer to the Sun and colder as we travel away from the Sun．Astronomers estimate temperatures at Pluto are about -210℃．How cold is the lowest estimated temperature in the entire universe? Again，it depends upon your —6—．We are taught it is supposedly —7—to have a temperature below absolute zero，which is-273℃，at which atoms do not move．Two scientists，whose names are Cornell and Wieman，have successfully cooled down a gas temperature barely —8— absolute zero．They won a Nobel Prize in Physics in 2001 for their work—not a discovery，in this case2．Why is the two scientists' work so important to science?In the l920s，Satyendra Nath Bose was studying an interesting —9— about particles we now call photons．Bose had trouble —l0— other scientists to believe —11— he contacted Albert Einstein．Einstein's calculations helped him theorize—12— behave as Bose thought——but only at very cold temperatures．Scientists have also discovered that —13—atoms can help them make the world's atomic clocks even more accurate．These clocks are so accurate today they would only lose3 0ne second —14—six million years! Such accuracy will help us travel in space because distance is velocity times time4 (d=v×t)．With5the long distances involved in space —15— to know time as accurately as possible to get accurate distance．词汇：Antarctica n．南极洲Orbit n．轨道NASA 美国国家航空和航天管理局Astronomer n．天文学家Pluto n．冥王星Photon n．光子Theorize v．推理，使理论化Velocity n．速度注释：1．our area：我们的这个区域。

2011年理工类职称英语新增文章1

2011年职称英语理工类阅读理解新增文章篇目第二篇World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict第六篇Waving With Light*第三十四篇 Batteries Built by Viruses*第三十八篇Longer Lives for Wild Elephants+第四十五篇Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others+第四十六篇Marvelous Metamaterials注：1、+表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章；2、完形填空请参见第21页；3、2011年词汇部分与2010年教材相比未作任何变化。

1第二篇World Crude Oil Production May Peaka Decade Earlier Than Some PredictIn a finding that may speed efforts to conserve oil, scientists in Kuwait predict that world conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014. This prediction is almost a decade earlier than some other predictions．Their study is in ACS’Energy ＆Fuels1．Ibrahim Nashawi and colleagues point out that rapid growth in global oil consumption has sparked a growing interest in predicting "peak oil"．"Peak oil "is the point where oil production reaches a maximum and then declines. Scientists have developed several models to forecast this point, and some put the date at 2020 or later. One of the most famous forecast models is called the Hubbert model2. It assumes that global oil production will follow a bell shaped curve3. A related concept is that4 of "Peak Oil." The term "Peal Oil" indicates the moment in which world wide production Will peak, afterwards to start on irreversible decline．The Hubbert model accurately predicted that oil production would peak in the United States in 1970. The model has since gained in popularity and has been used to forecast oil production worldwide．However, recent studies show that the model is insufficient to account for5more complex oil production cycles of some countries．Those cycles can be heavily influenced by technology changes, politics, and other factors, the scientists say. The new study describes development of a new version of the Hubbert model that provides a more realistic and accurate oil production forecast．Using the new model, the scientists evaluated the oil production trends of 47 major oil-producing countries, which supply most of the world’s conventional crude oil6． They estimated that worldwide conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014, years earlier than anticipated. The scientists also showed that the world's oil reserves7 are being reduced at a rate of 2.1 percent a year. The new model could help inform energy-related decisions and public policy debate, they suggest.词汇：Conserve v．保护，保存crude oil原油spark v．闪耀；激发；鼓舞curve n．曲线irreversible adj．不可逆的，不可改变的insufficient adj.充分的，不足的注释：1．ACS' Energy & Fuels：ACS是American Chemical Society(美国化学学会)的缩写。

2011年职称英语(理工类)阅读理解-1-50题及答案中文翻译

5) Which of the following is true about the hope of car manufacturers according to the last paragraph? 1. 福特放弃电动汽车（理C） ①针对电动汽车，通用汽车公司和本田汽车公司采取了 _____________。 ②据福特欧洲区的Tim Holmes反应，电池动力汽车 ________。 ③_________等汽车生产商仍在生产电动车。 ④混合动力汽车______________。 ⑤汽车生产商希望____________。 2. World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict 1）Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word "sparked" appearing in paragraph 2? 2） The term "a bell shaped curve " appearing in paragraph 2 indicates that global oil production will 3） Which of the following is NOT true of the Hubbert model? 4）What is the major achievement of the new study mentioned in the last paragraph? 5）Who develop the new version of the Hubbert mode!? 2．世界原油产量可能提前十年达到峰值（理C） ①下列__________和第二段中的点燃的意思最接近。 ②在第二段中的钟形曲线暗示着全球石油产量将会 __________。 ③关于赫尔伯特模型，下列哪项是不对的____________。 ④在文中最后一段提到的，新研究的主要成果是_________ 。 ⑤__________发展了赫尔伯特模型。（理C）

2011年职称英语完型填空新增文章译文---综合类

2011年职称英语完型填空新增文章译文---综合类上世纪人类平均寿命的变化综A一百年以前，发达国家的人均寿命大约是47岁；到21世纪初，美英两国的男性平均寿命约为74岁，女性则约为80岁，人们的平均寿命一直在延长。

是什么造成了这样的变化呢？在研究一百年前的人们寿命的时候，我们有必要注意当时一些不治之症。

早在20世纪初，这些不治之症经常是像天花之类的急性的高传染病。

许多儿童因此夭折（也有其他原因），年迈题弱的人也总是面临着它们的威胁。

如今，这些疾病在发达国家已远不能致命，有一些都能被治愈。

这一变化归于许多因素，比如：环境及个人卫生的改善，抗生素的发现及使用，（抗生素大大降低了细菌病的危险）以及常见疾病预防疫苗的接种。

除此之外，更洁净的空气、更好的食物保鲜方法、更舒适温暖的屋子还有对营养的进一步认识，这些总的环境的改善也促进了人们的整体健康。

从基因角度看，人都都能活到85岁，但尽管现在人们寿命确实比以前长了，仍然有一些疾病使得我们不能都活到那个岁数。

现在困扰人们的是像心脏病和中风那种更为慢性的疾病，还有像流行性感冒和AIDS那些通过病毒传染的疾病。

当然，癌症也是一大杀手。

上述疾病大多影响着老年人，但是令人担忧的问题在发达国家日趋明显，如：肥胖，产生更多心脏病和糖尿病等其他疾病患者群渐呈年轻化。

人们如今把这些疾病归为“生活方式疾病”，这意味着人们生活方式的改善有可能阻止它们的进一步发展。

竞技还是表演？综BMuhammad Ali 极有可能是世界上最负盛名的体坛人物：全世界不分老少都熟知拳王Ali。

退役后，Ali被诊断患有帕金森综合症，这激起了社会上对拳击运动危险性的争论和诟病。

另外，由于Ali曾坦白反对女性拳击运动，所以当他的一个女儿— Laila决定跨入拳坛时，人们十分好奇Ali对此会作何回应。

然而，在Laila首场职业争霸赛上，Ali的露面似乎高调宣布了他对女儿的支持。

父亲当然会想看自己女儿的比赛。

2011年全国职称英语等级考试真题及答案理工类

2011年全国职称英语等级考试真题及答案理工类DA limitB systemC procedureD status11 She always finds fault with everything.A simplifiesB evaluatesC examinesD criticizes12 The view from my bedroom window was absolutely spectacular.A magnificentB generalC traditionalD strong13 At that time，we did not fully grasp the significance of what had happened.A giveB understandC attachD lose14 They converted the spare bedroom into an office.A reducedB movedC turnedD reformed15 Jane said that she couldn't tolerate the long hours.A spendB takeC lastD stand第2部分：阅读判断（第16-22题，每题1分，共7分）下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C.Lakes, Too, Feel Global WarmingThere's no doubt: In the last few decades, the average temperature on Earth has been higher than it's been in hundreds of years. Around the world, people are starting to measure the effects of global warming - and trying to figure out what to do about it.Scientists recently used satellites to study the temperatures of lakes around the world, and they found that lakes are heating up.Between 1985 and 2009, satellites recordedthe nighttime temperatures of the surfaces of 167 lakes. During those 24 years, the lakes got warmer - by an average of about 0.045 degree Celsius per year.In some places, lakes have been warming by as much as 0.10 degree Celsius per year. At that rate, a lake may warm by a full degree Celsius, or 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit, in just 10 years. That difference may seem small - you might not even notice it in your bathtub. But in a lake, slightly warmer temperatures could mean more algae, and algae can make the lake poisonous to fish.The study shows that in some regions, lakes are warming faster than the air around them. This is important because scientists often use measurements of air temperature to study how the Earth is warming. By using lake temperatures as well, scientists can get a better picture of global warming.The scientists say data on lakes give scientists a new way to measure the impact of climate change around the world.That's going to be useful, since no country is too big or too small to ignore climate change. Scientists aren't the only ones concerned. Everyone who lives on Earth is going to be affected by therapidwarming of the planet.Many world leaders believe we might be able to do something about it, especially by reducing the amount of greenhouse gases we put into the air.That's why the United Nations started the Framework Convention on Climate Change, or UNFCCC. Every year the convention meets, and representatives from countries around the world gather to talk about climate change and discuss global solutions to the challenges of a warming world.16 Scientist have been keeping records of lake temperatures for over 30 years.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned17 The temperatures of lakes around the world have increased greatly between 1985 and 2009.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned18 Lakes seem to be warming faster in Asia.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned19 A slight temperature increase in a lake could be harmful to fish.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned20 Scientists generally focus on air temperatures when studying global warming.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned21 Globle warming is less threatening to small countries.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned22 UNFCCC's annual meeting will be held in Mexico this year.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned第3部分：概括大意与完成句子（第23～30题，每题1分，共8分）下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个最佳标题；（2）第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。

大家论坛2011年职称英语理工类完型填空新增文章篇目

*第十二篇Smoking Can Increase Depressive Symptoms in TeensWhile some teenagers may puff on cigarettes to "self-medicate" against the blues，scientists at the University of Toronto1and the University of Montreal2have found that smoking may actually —1— depressive symptoms in some teens.“This observational study is one of the few to examine the perceived —2—benefits of smoking among teens,”says lead researcher Michael Chaiton，a research associate3at the Ontario Tobacco Research Unit of the University of Toronto．“—3— cigarettes may appear to have self-medicating —4— or to improve mood，in the long term4 we found that teens who started to smoke reported5 higher depressive symptoms.”As part of the study，some 662 high school teenagers completed up to 20 questionnaires —5— their use of cigarettes to affect mood．Secondary schools were selected to provide a mix of French and English participants，urban and rural schools，and schools —6— in high, moderate and low socioeconomic neighbourhoods6．Participants were divided into three —7—: never smokers；smokers who did not use cigarettes to self-medicate，improve mood or physical —8—；smokers who used cigarettes to self-medicate．Depressive symptoms were measured using a scale that asked how felt too fired to do things：had —9— going to sleep or staying —10—；felt unhappy，sad，or depressed；felt hopeless about the future；felt vexed，antsy or tense；and worried too much about things．"Smokers who used cigarettes as mood —11—had higher risks of elevated depressive symptoms than teens who had never smoked," says co-researcher Jennifer 0’Loughlin，a professor at the University of Montreal Department of Social and Preventive Medicine7．"0ur study found that teen smokers who reported emotional benefits from smoking are at higher risk of —12— depressive symptoms."The —13— between depression and smoking exists —14—一among teens that use cigarettes to feel better．"It’s —15— to emphasize that depressive symptom scores8 were higher among teenagers who reported emotional benefits from smoking after they began to smoke," says Dr．Chaiton．词汇：Puff v．遇到self-medicate v．自我治疗vexed adj．烦虑的antsy adj．坐立不安的，烦躁的blues n．抑郁注释：1．the University of Toront0：(加拿大)多伦多大学2．the University of Montreal：(加拿大)蒙特利尔大学3．research associate：助理研究员4．in the long term：从长远看5．reported：用的是主动态，是自我“报告”的意思。

2011 职称英语理工类新增文章-阅读理解-讲义

2011全国职称英语考试目录2011年职称英语—综合类—阅读理解新增文章中文译文 (2)综合类---C级2第八篇当代婚姻 (2)综合类---B级2第三十八篇对年轻人的过高期望 (2)综合类---A级2第四十七篇多不胜选 (2)2011年职称英语—理工类—阅读理解新增文章中文译文 (3)理工类---C级3第二篇世界原油产量可能提前十年达到峰值 (3)第六篇编制灯光 (3)理工类---B级4第三十四篇病毒电池 (4)第三十八篇野生大象寿命更长 (4)理工类---A级4第四十五篇咸度味感因人而异 (4)第四十六篇不可思议的超材料 (5)2011年职称英语—卫生类—阅读理解新增文章中文译文 (5)卫生类---C级5第三篇厨房油烟可致癌 (5)卫生类---B级6第十八篇老年糖尿病患者进行体育锻炼可以取代胰岛素治疗 (6)第二十四篇遏制虐待儿童现象 (6)卫生类---A级7第三十四篇警惕抗菌药物的耐药性 (7)2011全国职称英语考试2011年职称英语—综合类—阅读理解新增文章中文译文综合类---C级第八篇当代婚姻如今的婚姻出什么严重问题了吗？在过去50年中，美国的离婚率暴涨：现在几乎50%的婚姻以离婚告终，证据显示，情况还将持续恶化。

据美国国家联合会的发言人称，如果这种趋势持续下去，将导致家庭的破裂。

一些未来学家预测，100年后的美国人将平均至少结四次婚，而婚外恋甚至将比现在更为普遍。

那问题的原因是什么？现状真的如此糟糕吗？第一个问题的答案十分简单：婚姻早已不像它过去那样非有不可了。

从好些年前开始，经济需求已经只是婚姻的部分基础。

过去，由于女性除了家庭以外没有任何工作，她们常常在经济上依赖丈夫。

现在，随着高薪女性的增多，情况也已经改变。

因此，她们觉得没有必要被一段失败的婚姻捆住手脚。

回答第二个问题，前景似乎不像它看起来那么令人悲观。

尽管离婚率升高，但世纪结婚率并没有下降，所以说结婚还是挺流行的。

除此之外，现在许多恋人同居但并不急着领证。

2011 职称英语理工类完型填空新增文章讲义

2011全国职称英语考试目录2011年职称英语—理工类—完型填空新增文章讲义 (2)第一部分完型填空文章 (2)理工类---C级2What Is the Coolest Gas in the Universe? (2)宇宙中哪种气体温度最低？ (3)理工类---B级3Smoking Can Increase Depressive Symptoms in teens (3)吸烟会加重青少年的抑郁情绪 (5)理工类---A级5Y oung Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ Scores (5)运动的年轻人智商更高 (6)第二部分参考答案 (7)2011全国职称英语考试2011年职称英语—理工类—完型填空新增文章讲义第一部分完型填空文章阅读下面的短文。

短文中有十五个空白，在文章的后面，每一个空白都列了四个备选答案。

请根据文章的内容选择合适的词或短语填在空白处。

理工类---C级What Is the Coolest Gas in the Universe?What is the coldest air temperature ever recorded on the Earth? Where was this low temperature recorded? The coldest recorded temperature on Earth was -91℃, which _1_ in Antarctica in 1983.We encounter an interesting situation when we discuss temperatures in _2__. Temperatures in Earth orbit actually range from about +120℃to -120℃. The temperature depends upon _3__ you are in direct sunlight or shade. Obviously, -120 is colder than our body can safely endure. Thank NASA science for well-designed space __4_ that protect astronauts from these temperature extremes.The space temperatures just discussed affect only our area of the solar _5__. Obviously, it is hotter closer to the Sun and colder as we travel away from the Sun. Astronomers estimate temperatures at Pluto are about -120℃. How cold is the lowest estimated temperature in the entire universe? Again, it depends upon your _6__. We are taught it is supposedly _7__ to have a temperature below absolute zero, which is -273℃, at which atoms do not move. Two scientists, whose names are Cornell and Wieman, have successfully cooled down a gas to a temperature barely _8__ absolute zero. They won a Nobel Prize in Physics in 2001 for their wor k—not a discovery, in this case.Why is the two scientists’ work so important to science?In the 1920s, Satyendra Nath Bose was studying an interesting _9__ about special light particles we now call photons. Bose had trouble _10__ other scientists to believe his theory. _11__ he contacted Albert Einstein. Einstein’s calculations helped him theorize that atoms _12__ behave as Bose thought—but only at very cold temperatures.Scientists have also discovered that _13__ atoms can help them make the world’s atomic clocks even more accurate. These clocks are so accurate today they would only lose one second _14__ six million years! Such accuracy will help us travel in space because distance is velocity times time（d=v× t）. With the long distances involved in space _15__, we need to know time as accurately as possible to get accurate distance.1. A opened B occurred C opposed D operated2. A Earth B space C planet D star3. A whether B where C what D when4. A foods B beds C tools D suits5. A wind B energy C system D rays6. A education B status C knowledge D location7. A reasonable B wonderful C impossible D necessary8. A above B below C within D beyond9. A invention B theory C paper D experiment10. A convincing B begging C ordering D forcing11. A and B though C but D so12. A will B would C must D can13. A ultra-small B ultra-fast C ultra-hot D ultra-cold14. A any B each C every D some15. A travel B research C walk D station宇宙中哪种气体温度最低？地球上记录到的最低温度是多少？出现在哪里？地球上最低的温度是-91℃。

大家论坛2011年职称英语综合类完型填空新增文章篇目

2011年职称英语综合类新增文章篇目大家论坛职称英语版块：-109-1.html综合类完形填空新增文章篇目第五篇Why People Use Pseudonyms*第十二篇 Sport or Spectacle?+第十五篇Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred Years第五篇Why People Use PseudonymsYou can't choose the name you are given at birth，but in many countries you can change it legally when you reach adulthood. Of course, most people never change their names --1-- they feel unhappy about them. However, some people do --2-- this course of action—particularly artists! What makes an artist want to change their name? Sometimes it's for purely --3--reasons, such as the Nobel Prize winning poet from Chile, Neflali Reyes. He didn't want his father to --4-- he was writing poetry, so he changed his name to Pablo Neruda when he was a young man．--5-- other times the reason may appear eccentric; take the case of the Portuguese poet Fernando Pessoa, --6-- wrote under 75 different names. The reason ?” When I use a different name, I always write in a different way," he explained. In most cases，--7-- ,the reason is for social, historical, political, or cultural reasons. Here are some of most --8--:The person's real name is jus --9-- long and difficult to remember. Let's be honest, Madonna Louise Ciccone is not as –10-- to remember as just plain "Madonna". And short names are much easier to remember：William Bradley became Brad Pitt and Edson Arantes do Nascimento became Pele．Sometimes names are changed for marketing –11--．For example，if a name sounds too "foreign", it may be changed to something that is more recognizable in a –12--. So in the film world, Ramon Estsvez adopted the name Martin Sheen. Or maybe the artist's doesn't sound very attractive -- Chad Everett does –13—a lot better than Raymond Cramto.Artists sometimes --l 4-- the name of someone they admire. Robert Zimmerman changed his name to Boo Dylan because of his admiration for the Welsh poet, Dylan Thomas.Another reason may be practicality: in the past, women found it very difficult to get published．To –15-- this situation they's situation they sometimes gave themselves men's names, so the English author Mary Ann Evans became George Eliot, and she did get her books published!词汇：pseudonym n．假名，笔名legally ad．法律上，合法地eccentric adj．古怪的，反常的Portuguese adj．葡萄牙的，葡萄牙人的，葡萄牙语的'plain adj．清楚的，明白的marketing n．推销，营销recognizable adj．可辨认的，可识别的attractive adj．有吸引力的，引人注目的adopt v．采取，采纳admire V．赞赏，钦佩注释：Nobel Prize：诺贝尔奖练习：1．A)as if B)as C)even if D)even2．A)take B)make C)do D)have3．A)private B)individual C)own D)personal4．A)understand B)know C)recognize D)observe5．A)At B)On C)In D)During6．A)whom B)which C)who D)that7．A)but B)although C)though D)however8．A)popular B)common C)ordinary D)average9．A)so B)too C)very D)much10．A)easy B)short C)simple D)brief11．A)aims B)ends C)goals D)purposes12．A、)market B)film C)country D)business1 3．A、)look B)sound C)appear D)seem14．A)choose B)give C)change D)get15．A)admit B)assure C)avoid D)affect答案与题解：1．C 本句前半句提到"大多数人不会改名字"，因此可以判断是选有让步转折意义的"even if''，其他的选项都没有这个意思，尤其要注意even是副词，不可以这样用于句首引出从句。

2011职称英语教材新增文章变化分析

2.关注青少年问题：文章的内容本次的另外的一个特点就是很多片文章都是和青少年有关的，比如综合类B级阅读理解的《对于青少年的过度希望》，卫生类B级阅读理解的《遏制虐待儿童现象》，理工类B级完形填空的《吸烟会加重青少年抑郁的症状》。这些文章都是和青少年有关联的文章，而且这次的青少年文章广泛分布是一个值得大家注意的特点，需要大家特别的注意相关的文章。
一、2011年新增文章一览
阅读理解部分新增文章
类别
级别
A
B
C
综合
Spoilt for Choice
《多不胜选》
Excessive Demands On Young People
《对于青年人的过度期望》
The State of Marriage Today
《当代婚姻状况》
理工
Marvelous Metamaterials
《遏制虐待儿童现象》
Cooking Oil Fumes Cause Tumor
《厨房油烟可致癌》
Exercise Can Replace Insulin for Elderly Diabetics
《老年糖尿病患者进行体育锻炼可以取代胰岛素治疗》
完形填空部分新增文章
类别
级别
A
B
C
综合
Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred Years
《流行性感冒》
Exercise
《体育锻炼》
新增文章特色分析：
本次的新增文章有这样的几个非常显著的特点，需要值得大家注意：
1.内容贴近生活：文章的内容都非常的贴近于生活，没有特别生僻或者是专业的内容。从理工、卫生这两个专业的新增文章来看，理工类和卫生类的新增文章都没有出现特别专业的内容，大多数都是和大家的生活息息相关的。比如卫生类A级的H1N1流感，理工类的病毒电池等等，都是很贴近生活的内容。也相对是比较容易理解的文章。

2011职称英语理工类C级新增题目

新增题目：1、阅读理解教材第二篇文章World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict2、阅读理解教材第六篇文章Weaving with Light3、完形填空教材第三篇文章What Is the Coolest Gas in the Universe?****************************************************************************阅读理解教材第二篇文章World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some PredictIn a finding that may speed efforts to conserve oil, scientists in Kuwait predict that world conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014. This prediction is almost a decade earlier than some other predictions．Their study is in ACS’ Energy＆Fuels1．Ibrahim Nashawi and colleagues point out that rapid growth in global oil consumption has sparked a growing interest in predicting "peak oil"．"Peak oil "is the point where oil production reaches a maximum and then declines. Scientists have developed several models to forecast this point, and some put the date at 2020 or later. One of the most famous forecast models is called the Hubbert model2. It assumes that global oil production will follow a bell shaped curve3. A related concept is that4 of "Peak Oil." The term "Peal Oil" indicates the moment in which world wide production Will peak, afterwards to start on irreversible decline．The Hubbert model accurately predicted that oil production would peak in the United States in 1970. The model has since gained in popularity and has been used to forecast oil production worldwide．However, recent studies show that the model is insufficient to account for5 more complex oil production cycles of some countries．Those cycles can be heavily influenced by technology changes, politics, and other factors, the scientists say.The new study describes development of a new version of the Hubbert model that provides a more realistic and accurate oil production forecast．Using the new model, the scientists evaluated the oil production trends of 47 major oil-producing countries, which supply most of the world’s conventional crude oil6．They estimated that worldwide conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014, years earlier than anticipated. The scientists also showed that the world's oil reserves7 are being reduced at a rate of 2.1 percent a year. The new model could help inform energy-related decisions and public policy debate, they suggest.词汇：Conserve v．保护，保存crude oil原油spark v．闪耀；激发；鼓舞curve n．曲线irreversible adj．不可逆的，不可改变的insufficient adj.充分的，不足的注释：1．ACS' Energy & Fuels：ACS是American Chemical Society(美国化学学会)的缩写。

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