英语中级听力：Formal language and informal language 正式语言和非正式语言(中英对照)

1、Formal language and informal language 正式语言和非正式语言
You probable have noticed that people express similar ideas in different ways depending on the situation they are in. This is very natural. All languages have two general levels of usage —a fomal level and an informal level. English is no exception. The diffenrence in these two levels is the situation in which you use a particular level.
你或许注意到人们会用不同的方式表达类似的观点，这取决于他们所处的环境。

这种现象很自然。

所有语言都有两个普遍的使用层次——正式层面和非正式层面。

英语也不例外。

两个层次的区别在于你使用语言的语境。

Formal language is the kind of language you find in textbooks, reference books and in business letters. You would also use formal English in compositions and essays that you write in school. Informal language is used in conversation with colleagues, family members and friends, and when we write personal notes of letters to close friends.
正式语言是在课本、参考书和商业信函中出现的语言。

你也会在学校布置的作文的论文中使用正式语言。

非正式语言是在与同事、家人和朋友交流时使用的，以及我们在写个人笔记或给好朋友写信时也会用到。

Formal language is different from informal language in several ways. First, formal language tends to be more polite. What we may find interesting is that it usually takes more words to be polite. For example, I might say to a friend or a family member "Close the door, please." But to a stranger, I probably would say, "Would you mind closing the door?"
正式语言和非正式语言在很多方面有所不同。

首先，正式语言显得更礼貌。

我们发现的有趣现象是通常要想追求礼貌，我们必须多说些话。

例如，我或许会对我的朋友和家人说“请关门。

”但是，对于一位陌生人，我可能会说“你介意把门关上吗?”
Another difference between formal and informal language is some of the vocabulary. There are bound to be some words and phrases that belong in formal language and others that are informal. Let's say that I really like soccer. If I am talking to my friend, I might say. "I am just crazy about soccer." But if I were talking to my boss, I would probably say, "I really enjoy soccer."
正式语言和非正式语言的另一处不同在于部分词汇。

某些词汇与词组属于正式语言，而有些是非正式的。

我们说真的喜欢足球时，如果和我的朋友交流，我或许会说：“我为足球疯狂。

”如果对我的老板，或许会说：“我很欣赏足球。

”
英语单词词汇整理:
1. usage n. 用法，使用，惯用法
eg: I don't know the usage of this phrase. 我不知道这个短语的惯用法。

短语：
nternational usage 国际惯例
trade usage 贸易惯例
usage rate 使用率
long term usage 长期使用
2. informal adj. 非正式的
eg: We had an informal meeting.
我们做了非正式的会晤。

短语：
informal communication 非正式沟通informal group 非正式群体;非正式组织informal education 非正规教育
3. exception n. 除外
eg: He took great exception to what I said. 他极力反对我的话。

短语：
with the exception of 除了…以外
without exception 无例外地，一律
no exception 没有例外;无一例外
make an exception 例外，破例
take exception 反对;有反感
exception to the rule 出轨边缘
4. reference n. 参考，出处，参照
eg: with reference to this project, we have something to say. 关于这个工程，我们有些意见。

短语：
in reference to 关于
without reference to 无论;与…无关
terms of reference 责任范围;审查范围
make reference (to) 参考;涉及
5. composition n. 作文，著作，组织，合成物，成分
eg: You've made several grammatical mistakes in the composition.
你的作文中犯了几处语法错误。

短语：
musical composition 乐曲
internal composition 内部合成
composition of a picture 画面结构
6. essay n. 短文，散文
eg: His essay was carried in the June number.
他的散文登载在六月号上。

短语：
essay testn 申论方式测验
model essay 范文
同根词：
essayist n. 散文家;评论家
7. colleague n. 同事
eg: I'm writing to a colleague of mine in America.
我在给我美国的一个同事写信。

短语：
colleague firm 公司
colleague Level 员工层面
近义词：
brother/ fellow/ associaten.同事，同僚
佳句采摘：
You probable have noticed that people express similar ideas in different ways depending on the situation they are in.
你或许注意到人们会用不同的方式表达类似的观点，这取决于他们所处的环境。

2、Real health 真正的健康
The field of medicine has not traditionally distinguished between someone who is merely "not ill" and someone who is
in excellent health and pays attention to the body's special needs. Both types have simply been called "well". In rencent years, however, some health specialists have begun to apply the terms "well" and "wellness" only to those who are actively striving to maintain and improve their health.
对于仅仅是“没有生病”和身体非常健康、非常注意身体特殊需求的两种人，传统医学并没有严格区分。

这两种人都被简单定义为“身体健康”。

然而近些年来，一些医学专家开始认为，只有那些主动维持和改善其身体状态的人才称得上“身体好”和“健康”。

People who are well are concerned with nutrition and exercise, and they make a point of monitoring their body's condition. Most important, perhaps, people who are well take active responsiblity for matters related to their health. Even people who have a physical disease or handicap may be "well", in this new sense, if they make an effort to maintain the best possible health they can in the face of their physical limitations.
健康的人非常关注营养均衡以及运动，他们非常重视监控自己的身体状况。

最重要的可能是健康的人主动承担起改善自己身体状况的所有责任。

在这种意义上，只要他们能在他们现有的身体限制条件下尽可能地保持最好的状态，即使是一个有着生理疾病或缺陷的人都可能是“健康”的。

"Wellness" may perhaps best be viewed not as a state that people can achieve, but as an ideal that people can strive for. People who are well are likely to be better able to resist disease and to fight disease when it strikes. And by focusing attention on healthy ways of living, the concept of wellness can have a beneficial impact on the ways in which people face the challenges of daily life.
对“健康”的最佳理解可能不是人们能达到的一种状态，而是人们能追求的一个理想。

健康的人更有可能预防疾病和在疾病发作时战胜它。

通过关注健康的生活方式，健康的新概念还能对人们如何面对日常生活的挑战产生积极的影响。

英语单词词汇整理:
1. excellent adj. 优良的，杰出的
eg: Thomas Alva Edison is an excellent inventor.
爱迪生是一位杰出的发明家。

短语：
excellent feature 优点
excellent quality 优良品质
同根词：
excellently adv. 极好地
excellence n. 优秀，美德，长处
2. specialist n. 专家
eg: We had better call in a specialist at this critical moment. 在这个关键时刻我们最好请一位专家来。

短语：
specialist system 专家系统;专家制度
heart specialist 心脏病专家
3. strive v. 努力，斗争
eg: He is hard to strive against disease.
他很努力与疾病斗争。

短语：
strive for 争取，奋斗
strive after 奋斗;争取
strive against 反抗
4. maintain v. 保养，维持
eg: It was supposed to maintain the convertibility of the currency into gold.
它的作用在于保持，货币与金子间的转换。

短语：
maintain in 维持......
maintain contact with 与......保持联系
maintain world peace 维护世界和平
5. monitor v. 监督，监视
eg: He was watching a game of tennis on a television monitor.
他那时正在电视监控器上观看一场网球赛。

短语：
monitor system 监控系统
computer monitor 电脑显示器
fire monitor 防火监控器
patient monitor 病人监护仪
6. handicap n. (身体或智力的)缺陷
eg: Kate didn't abandon herself because of the physical handicap.
凯特并没有因为生理上的缺陷而自暴自弃。

短语：
mental handicap 心理缺陷
physical handicap 生理缺陷
cultural handicap 文化上的障碍
7. resist v. 抵抗，抵制
eg: Many young people could not resist the spiritual pollution. 很多年轻人不能抵制精神污染。

短语：
hard to resist 人见人爱;惹人喜爱
resist no longer 无法抵抗
佳句采摘：
And by focusing attention on healthy ways of living, the concept of wellness can have a beneficial impact on the ways in which people face the challenges of daily life.
通过关注健康的生活方式，健康的新概念还能对人们如何面对日常生活的挑战产生积极的影响。

3、Urban Development 城市发展
More and more of the world's population are living in towns or cities. The speed at which cities are growing in the less developed countries is alarming. Between 1920 and 1960, big cities in developed countries increased two and a half times in size, but in other parts of the world the growth was eight times their size.
世界上越来越多的人居住在城镇或都市里。

在次发达国家中，城市的扩张速度是值得关注的。

在1920至1960年间，发达国家大城市的规模增加了两倍半，但是在世界其他地方，城市的规模相当于原来的8倍。

The sheer size of growth is bad enough, but there are now also very disturbing signs of trouble in the comparison of percentages of people living in towns and percentages of people working in industry. During the 19th century, cities grew as a result of the growth of industry. In Europe, the
proportion of people living in cities was always smaller than that of the workforce working in factories. Now, however, the reverse is almost always true in the newly industrialized world; The percentage of people living in cities is much higher than the percentage woking in industry.
仅仅就城市增长的规模而言已经够糟的了，但是倘若把居住在城镇和都市的人口的比例和从事工业人口的比例进行比较的话，现在也出现了非常让人不安的迹象。

在19世纪，作为工业发展的产物，城市也随之扩张。

在欧洲，居住在城市人口的比例总是比在工厂中工作的劳动力的比例要小。

然而，在新兴的工业化地区，情况几乎总是相反的——在城市居住的人口比例要远远高于工厂中劳动人口的比例。

Without a base of people working in industry, these cities cannot pay for their growth. There is not enough money to build adequate houses for the people that live there, let alone the new arrivals. There has been little opportunity to build water supplies or other facilities. So the figures for the growth of towns and cities represent proportional growth of unemployment and underemployment, a growth in the number of hopeless and despairing parents ans starving children.
没有从事工业的劳动力基础，这些城市就无法偿付它们的扩张。

它们将缺乏为在那儿生活的居民建造足够住所的资金，更不必说满足后来
者的居住了。

它们将很难有机会修建供水系统和其他设施。

城镇和都市扩张的数字代表着失业和未充分就业增加的比例，代表着越来越多的失望的、沮丧的父母和饥肠辘辘的儿童。

英语单词词汇整理:
1. sheer adj. 纯粹的，全然的，陡峭的adv. 完全地
eg: His music is sheer delight.
他的音乐是纯粹的快乐。

短语：
sheer nonsense 一派胡言
triple sheer 半透明薄绸
2. disturbing adj. 烦扰的，担心的，令人不安的
eg: There was something about him she found disturbing.
她发现他身上有些东西让她觉得不安。

短语：
disturbing force 扰动力;干扰力
disturbing sleep 扰人清梦
3. comparison n. 比较
eg: It is demonstrably an unfair comparison.
这显然是一种不公平的相似对比。

短语：
comparison with 与......相比
in comparison 相比之下;与.....比较
in comparison with 与.....比较，同.....比较起来
by comparison 相比之下，比较起来
4. proportion n. 比例，均衡，部分
eg: The punishment was out of all proportion to the crime. 惩罚和罪行完全不成比例。

短语：
in proportion 成比例;相称
a large proportion of 一大部分
out of proportion 不成比例
in proportion as 按......比例;依......程度而变
mixing proportion 混合比，配合比例
5. workforce n. 劳动力，工人总数，职工总数
eg: Earlier this year, women became the majority of the workforce for the first time in U.S. history.
今年年初，女人占劳动力总数的比例超过了一半，这在美国历史上是第一次。

短语：
workforce level 劳动力水平
workforce crisis 劳动力危机
6. reverse n. 相反，背面
eg: The wrong attitude will have exactly the reverse effect.
这种错误的态度会得到恰好相反的结果。

短语：
reverse fault 逆断层
reverse mortgage 反向贷款;逆按揭
reverse curve 反向曲线
7. adequate adj. 充足的，足够的
eg: One in four people worldwide are without adequate homes.
世界上1/4的人没有足够的住房。

短语：
adequate for 胜任......的;对......是足够的;适合......的adequate consideration 充分考虑;适当约因
8. facility n.(pl.) 设备，设施
eg: What recreational facilities are now available?
什么娱乐设施现在是可用的?
短语：
facility cost 设备成本
public facility 公共设施
community facility社区设施
overdraft facility(英)(银行存款)透支法
storage facility 存储设备
9. proportional adj. 成比例的，相称的
eg: Loss of weight is directly proportional to the rate at which the disease is progressing.
体重减轻和该病的发展速度成比例。

短语：
proportional control 比例控制;比例调节
proportional distribution 按比例分配
proportional relation 比例关系
佳句采摘：
So the figures for the growth of towns and cities represent proportional growth of unemployment and underemployment, a growth in the number of hopeless and despairing parents ans starving children.
城镇和都市扩张的数字代表着失业和未充分就业增加的比例，代表着越来越多的失望的、沮丧的父母和饥肠辘辘的儿童。