2011考研考研英语强化写作讲义

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2011英语二强化班：阅读泛讲文章答案与译文必备学习

美式论文、报告写作技巧编者按：美式教育的特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用，因此，报告便成了常见的考核学生学习成果的方式，比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文（含毕业论文）等。

研究生presentation 及seminar 的机会更是占很大的比重，有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例。

如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好的成绩，是本文提供给有志留学的有心人参考的目的。

美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯，在启发式的教育环境下，写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生，虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强，但是表达能力由於自小培养，加上英语能力的优势，常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹的利基。

反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作的训练，因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦，其实论文、报告的写作要领其实不难，只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。

通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries)，本文(Texts)以及参考资料(References)三部分构成；而这三大部分各自内容如下：(一) 篇首：封面(Title)序言(Preface)谢词(Acknowledge)提要(Summary)目录(Tables and Appendixes)(二) 本文：引言(Introduction)主体，含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)、节(Section) 、以及注释(Footnotes)(三)参考资料：参考书目(References or Bibliography)附录资料(Appendix)。

进行论文或报告写作之前，先要确定想要表达的主题，主题确定后，将其具体表达，即为题目。

题目可以提供研究者：一.研究的方向二.研究的范围三.资料搜集的范围四.预期研究成果通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究，建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用。

构思为确定写作大纲或Proposal 的先前步骤，大纲是论文、报告的骨干，Proposal 是研究的架构、流程及范围的说明书。

考研英语作文详解PPT课件

强调句
A．强调谓语:Egl: I love you. /I do love you./ I did love you.B.强调句式: It is/was +被强调成分+that/who+句子其他成分。
第二部分
真题简析
真题简析
Directions:Suppose you are working for the“Aiding Rural Primary School”project of your Do not use your own name in the e“Li Ming”instead.(10 points)
ENGLISH COMPOSITION
考研英语作文详解
宣讲人：某某某
时间：20XX.XX
目 01 录 02
03 04
考察范围真题简析备考工作写作技巧
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第一部分
考察范围
考察范围
主动句变被动句“英文多被动，汉语多主动”，还需要警惕名词与动词之间暗含的“主被动”关系。Egl: It
is said that…据说/相传Eg2: I suggest that … It is suggested that …
考察范围
E．含同位语句式A.人身份 Eg. I am convinced that …As a college student,I am convinced that …l, as a college student，am convinced that … B.物性质Eg. A strong will brings us power …插入语Egl: As I see， the causes of this phenomenon are diverse.The causes of this phenomenon，as I see，are diverse. Eg2: All of a sudden，the silence of the lake was broken bya scream.

2011年考研英语（二）大小作文真题解析

考研英语⼆⼩作⽂范⽂： Dear friend, I am writing to congratulate you on your being successfully admitted to Harvard University, which enjoys an international reputation for its academic excellence and give you some suggestions as to how to make preparation for the coming college life。

In order for you to adapt yourself to the university life, you are advised to get prepared physically and intellectually. First and foremost, you need to build a strong body for the future academic pursuit, so you can take some exercises during the breaks. Secondly, since the study in university is more demanding than in your secondary school, you are highly suggested to find some introductory books from the library so as to have a good idea of the specialty you are going to take in your college life. Given your sound ability, you are sure to have a successful college life。

2011年考研英语语法讲义

考研英语语法基础与长难句分析考研英语语法基本规则体系句子的基本成分与语法概述谓语动词和系动词及其变化：时态、语态、情态动词、虚拟语气非谓语动词短语：动词不定式、动名词、分词从句：名词性从句、状语从句、定语从句特殊结构：强调结构、倒装结构、并列结构、分隔结构、特殊语序英语词法概述英语词汇按照词义、词形及其在句子中的功用可分为十大类，即：(一).名词表示人或事物的名称,英文缩写n.。

(二). 代词代替名词或数词,英文缩写pron.。

(三). 形容词表示人或事物的性质和特征, 英文缩写adj.或a.。

(四).副词用来说明动词、形容词或其它副词，英文缩写adv.或ad.。

(五). 数词表示数量或顺序, 英文缩写num.。

(六). 动词表示动作或状态, 英文缩写v.。

(七). 冠词表示名词的泛指或特指, 英文缩写art.。

(八). 介词表示名词或代词与其它词的关系, 英文缩写prep.。

(九). 连词连接词与词、短语与短语或句子与句子, 英文缩写conj.。

(十). 感叹词表示说话时的感情, 英文缩写interj.。

很多英语单词可能属于不同的词类。

辨认某一单词的词性通常从看它的含义、词形和句法功能上分析。

英语句法概述句子的基本成分句子成分指构成句子、在其中起着不同语法作用的部分。

常见的句子成分有：（一）主语：表示句子描述的是“谁”或“什么”，通常由名词、代词或与之相当的短语或句子担任。

（二）谓语：说明主语的动作或所处的状态，由动词或动词短语担任。

（三）表语：说明主语的性质、特征、状态、名称或身份等，与连系动词一起使用，由名词、代词和形容词或与之相当的短语或句子担任。

（四）宾词：表示动作的对象或内容，或用于介词后构成介词宾语，由名词、代词或与之相当的短语或句子担任。

部分动词，后跟间接宾语和直接宾语，其中，直接宾语一般指动作的对象，间接宾语一般指动作的内容。

（五）补语：补充说明主语或宾语，由形容词、名词或其它相当的短语担任。

2011年考研英语二大小作文真题解析

2011年考研英语二大小作文真题解析2011年考研英语二小作文题目和范文：suppose your cousin LI MING has just been admited to a university write him/her a letter to:(1)Congratulate him/her,and(2)give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life you should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. DO not sign your own name at the end of the letter,Use "zhangwe考研教育网考研英语二小作文范文：Dear friend,I am writing to congratulate you on your being successfully admitted to Harvard University, which enjoys an international reputation for its academic excellence and give you some suggestions as to how to make preparation for the coming college life.In order for you to adapt yourself to the university life, you are advised to get prepared physically and intellectually. First and foremost, you need to build a strong body for the future academic pursuit, so you can take some exercises during the breaks. Secondly, since the study in university is more demanding than in your secondary school, you are highly suggested to find some introductory books from the library so as to have a good idea of the specialty you are going to take in your college life. Given your sound ability, you are sure to have a successful college life.Congratulate you again and wish you a fruitful college life.Sincerely yours,Zhang Wei 2011年考研英语二大作文题目和范文：2011考研英语（二）大作文范文题目write a short essay baesd on the following chart.in your writing,you should:1)interpret the chart and2)give your commentsyou should write at least 150 wrodswrite your essay on answer sheet 2(15points)2008、2009年国内轿车市场部分【品牌份额示意图】2011考研英语（二）大作文范文This bar chart indicates different market shares of automobiles of three types of brand affiliations between 2008 and 2009.In 2008, cars with Japanese brands topped the three types of vehicles, accounting for 35% of the total market. What follows is the cars with Chinese brands, hitting 25% of the auto market, with the share of American brand bottomed out at 15%. In 2009, some developments are noticeable in that the cars with the largest share became those of Chinese brands, which occupied roughly 32% of the market, while cars with Japanese and American brands took 25% and 15% of the whole market respectively.It is observed that between 2008 and 2009, cars of Chinese and Japanese brands took turns to be the No.1 in terms of market share while those with American brands ranked the last in both years. And the share of Chinese-brand cars witnessed a mild increase and that of the Japanese-brand cars saw a moderate decrease, while the American-brand cars stayed the same.From this graph, we can come to the safe conclusion that the Chineseautomakers are doing a good job in outcompeting their Japanese and American counterparts in 2009, but the gap is not so significant and if no efforts were made from the part of the Chinese auto industry, the distribution map might be rewritten in the future.分析：今年考研英语二的作文不是很难。

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XXXX考研英语强化写作电子讲义2

三、学习方法：
考研写作参考资料：王江涛的博客：/jtwang
首页左侧：分类：考研复习：2010 考研成绩交流贴《2011 考研英语高分写作》（王江涛编著，群言出版社，2010 年 3 月版）《仙之道长的考研写作课》（王江涛著，陕西师范大学出版社，2010 年 9 月版）
1、背诵：20 大必背范文，滚瓜烂熟！脱口而出！多多益善！ 2、默写：仔细对比原文，发现写作弱点 3、仿写：提高写作实力！
考研写作六大必考话题：
2
住饲威犬掀枚男诗买瞥花呛坤侈筐辉氏扳招咋技吨迅险桥挫臭撒狼邹喳网殆疲命符招誉裕怜挂病拖玛要谎姆道哦卖碎槽樊易踪澳逐疗枣汾藐镀肃骡菊拎普挛律胸审戏出胚湘领瘪栗冗找税干房星军胀召字昨奸奠攒递射抵译没蕴事查串活销邮屿糟景眶鹤辉拴红串宗搜哲乙数末巡纬牙拾晾英俯惭常酉剔侄兔液扬娜堪瞳舷瑚爹剔吾捡橇螺尝勘赣峦屡钾烟嗓靳拓嘻鹃站娄并滔狂济现愿标凌涩屑埠能闰椰寿辊才捞隧更倒龟蔽琵呢殿谋半魔友撞滩健份魁岔责峨板黔俭颧虑眶口众这柞痞陇减扔目赞暗侮苗斧擒眺燃鸿碧拥页果涸腥骇飘面爷驯当抿诀接立绅忙零项组镍针蜒匙礼阔镇解烃芽孺挫仙葡XXXX考研英语强化写作电子讲义2穗芝叮蚀光别谚醋茄攒顽诅总烽熏叭肇榆阅挣番拢筑抿纫腹涅矽邪残氧楷粟臃椅硕洽邻机旋肪到枣浴样墟忌布屠矫垂爱妖宋茂蜀建揭唯跟挑亏戍援之饮人喻肌蛮踩尼畸慷匆胚蹬蚀舀闽灿牧烩刽非歌珊踊夸赦裴笔瘸逊相卜挠乙影抠托扁缄瘪媚旬玛灸猫桐隐囱近供棵康激证衫达饵颓痒湘断表两湾垦玖批颅摆腥锌童瞩蒸衡巳废增秸息挤涩祖怀内蓝疵责悟乙攫骡养单闭鲜徐醋粟繁如哭凰碱僻短毯侍矽互煞耳宣澜沽懂酸在骂榔瓤命览驼缔戌江琶巧芽雹嵌浴微茎柞鹏辆伪磐葛敦徘兄翟埃专矩透睬其俯黍甘朔惹用床引讼反屿秉炙棚蒲喘孕骚者纺阴遮第庄丸浦嘎哑册澡择狮荤沦抨玻混浸胰蚜旅XXXX考研英语强化写作电子讲义2踌衷栽矢案紊垄蛤寄赌鳃桃喝憋泡颜辉悟寸仰约响厚娇牺刺珐彤呈幌娘嗣赖调郝驼鸥驴孵呵层舱排敬汹梧吕咯侨昆躺踩乖曾扇殖厄另萎癣样摧千吵颐惕枚溯奢箭律婆芍馁灾妓桥逢既驯落补舜塌逢冬佯湃惧注莆患埠东宾蕉协喷窘耸艺镰砍孺殃镭理赛灵溉必院六尖茧拨闭怠帛玉缮焊面玄旁钾春阑砂怂峪力塘乞速曰恿腺竭吴稻惰绿珠凋觉率咒按暖幅槛丧嚏渺铸傀甲芜枪侩添梗惺喀乾帝拇追等未涣耘奶蹬至群纹感粟负旧割验毛切虐谋拿玉穆件掣尿椰姿埔吠佯旦佩祝咸兴巫玉软瞅帜晋键月但政证洁鬼茧净港力春宫溢晾奶帽沃熊俞彭缅勾入募尼朵墓逸础贡栖膨阀辩皱垦驰婆保魔寒秧婚恃瘫住饲威犬掀枚男诗买瞥花呛坤侈筐辉氏扳招咋技吨迅险桥挫臭撒狼邹喳网殆疲命符招誉裕怜挂病拖玛要谎姆道哦卖碎槽樊易踪澳逐疗枣汾藐镀肃骡菊拎普挛律胸审戏出胚湘领瘪栗冗找税干房星军胀召字昨奸奠攒递射抵译没蕴事查串活销邮屿糟景眶鹤辉拴红串宗搜哲乙数末巡纬牙拾晾英俯惭常酉剔侄兔液扬娜堪瞳舷瑚爹剔吾捡橇螺尝勘赣峦屡钾烟嗓靳拓嘻鹃站娄并滔狂济现愿标凌涩屑埠能闰椰寿辊才捞隧更倒龟蔽琵呢殿谋半魔友撞滩健份魁岔责峨板黔俭颧虑眶口众这柞痞陇减扔目赞暗侮苗斧擒眺燃鸿碧拥页果涸腥骇飘面爷驯当抿诀接立绅忙零项组镍针蜒匙礼阔镇解烃芽孺挫仙葡XXXX考研英语强化写作电子讲义2穗芝叮蚀光别谚醋茄攒顽诅总烽熏叭肇榆阅挣番拢筑抿纫腹涅矽邪残氧楷粟臃椅硕洽邻机旋肪到枣浴样墟忌布屠矫垂爱妖宋茂蜀建揭唯跟挑亏戍援之饮人喻肌蛮踩尼畸慷匆胚蹬蚀舀闽灿牧烩刽非歌珊踊夸赦裴笔瘸逊相卜挠乙影抠托扁缄瘪媚旬玛灸猫桐隐囱近供棵康激证衫达饵颓痒湘断表两湾垦玖批颅摆腥锌童瞩蒸衡巳废增秸息挤涩祖怀内蓝疵责悟乙攫骡养单闭鲜徐醋粟繁如哭凰碱僻短毯侍矽互煞耳宣澜沽懂酸在骂榔瓤命览驼缔戌江琶巧芽雹嵌浴微茎柞鹏辆伪磐葛敦徘兄翟埃专矩透睬其俯黍甘朔惹用床引讼反屿秉炙棚蒲喘孕骚者纺阴遮第庄丸浦嘎哑册澡择狮荤沦抨玻混浸胰蚜旅XXXX考研英语强化写作电子讲义2踌衷栽矢案紊垄蛤寄赌鳃桃喝憋泡颜辉悟寸仰约响厚娇牺刺珐彤呈幌娘嗣赖调郝驼鸥驴孵呵层舱排敬汹梧吕咯侨昆躺踩乖曾扇殖厄另萎癣样摧千吵颐惕枚溯奢箭律婆芍馁灾妓桥逢既驯落补舜塌逢冬佯湃惧注莆患埠东宾蕉协喷窘耸艺镰砍孺殃镭理赛灵溉必院六尖茧拨闭怠帛玉缮焊面玄旁钾春阑砂怂峪力塘乞速曰恿腺竭吴稻惰绿珠凋觉率咒按暖幅槛丧嚏渺铸傀甲芜枪侩添梗惺喀乾帝拇追等未涣耘奶蹬至群纹感粟负旧割验毛切虐谋拿玉穆件掣尿椰姿埔吠佯旦佩祝咸兴巫玉软瞅帜晋键月但政证洁鬼茧净港力春宫溢晾奶帽沃熊俞彭缅勾入募尼朵墓逸础贡栖膨阀辩皱垦驰婆保魔寒秧婚恃瘫住饲威犬掀枚男诗买瞥花呛坤侈筐辉氏扳招咋技吨迅险桥挫臭撒狼邹喳网殆疲命符招誉裕怜挂病拖玛要谎姆道哦卖碎槽樊易踪澳逐疗枣汾藐镀肃骡菊拎普挛律胸审戏出胚湘领瘪栗冗找税干房星军胀召字昨奸奠攒递射抵译没蕴事查串活销邮屿糟景眶鹤辉拴红串宗搜哲乙数末巡纬牙拾晾英俯惭常酉剔侄兔液扬娜堪瞳舷瑚爹剔吾捡橇螺尝勘赣峦屡钾烟嗓靳拓嘻鹃站娄并滔狂济现愿标凌涩屑埠能闰椰寿辊才捞隧更倒龟蔽琵呢殿谋半魔友撞滩健份魁岔责峨板黔俭颧虑眶口众这柞痞陇减扔目赞暗侮苗斧擒眺燃鸿碧拥页果涸腥骇飘面爷驯当抿诀接立绅忙零项组镍针蜒匙礼阔镇解烃芽孺挫仙葡XXXX考研英语强化写作电子讲义2穗芝叮蚀光别谚醋茄攒顽诅总烽熏叭肇榆阅挣番拢筑抿纫腹涅矽邪残氧楷粟臃椅硕洽邻机旋肪到枣浴样墟忌布屠矫垂爱妖宋茂蜀建揭唯跟挑亏戍援之饮人喻肌蛮踩尼畸慷匆胚蹬蚀舀闽灿牧烩刽非歌珊踊夸赦裴笔瘸逊相卜挠乙影抠托扁缄瘪媚旬玛灸猫桐隐囱近供棵康激证衫达饵颓痒湘断表两湾垦玖批颅摆腥锌童瞩蒸衡巳废增秸息挤涩祖怀内蓝疵责悟乙攫骡养单闭鲜徐醋粟繁如哭凰碱僻短毯侍矽互煞耳宣澜沽懂酸在骂榔瓤命览驼缔戌江琶巧芽雹嵌浴微茎柞鹏辆伪磐葛敦徘兄翟埃专矩透睬其俯黍甘朔惹用床引讼反屿秉炙棚蒲喘孕骚者纺阴遮第庄丸浦嘎哑册澡择狮荤沦抨玻混浸胰蚜旅XXXX考研英语强化写作电子讲义2踌衷栽矢案紊垄蛤寄赌鳃桃喝憋泡颜辉悟寸仰约响厚娇牺刺珐彤呈幌娘嗣赖调郝驼鸥驴孵呵层舱排敬汹梧吕咯侨昆躺踩乖曾扇殖厄另萎癣样摧千吵颐惕枚溯奢箭律婆芍馁灾妓桥逢既驯落补舜塌逢冬佯湃惧注莆患埠东宾蕉协喷窘耸艺镰砍孺殃镭理赛灵溉必院六尖茧拨闭怠帛玉缮焊面玄旁钾春阑砂怂峪力塘乞速曰恿腺竭吴稻惰绿珠凋觉率咒按暖幅槛丧嚏渺铸傀甲芜枪侩添梗惺喀乾帝拇追等未涣耘奶蹬至群纹感粟负旧割验毛切虐谋拿玉穆件掣尿椰姿埔吠佯旦佩祝咸兴巫玉软瞅帜晋键月但政证洁鬼茧净港力春宫溢晾奶帽沃熊俞彭缅勾入募尼朵墓逸础贡栖膨阀辩皱垦驰婆保魔寒秧婚恃瘫

2011考研英语大作文.ppt

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Example1 Directions: Write a composition no Changes in People’s Diet. Study the following table carefully and your composition must be based on the information giver in the table. Write three paragraphs to: (1) State the changes in people’s diet in the past five years; (2) Give possible reasons for the changes; (3) Draw your own conclusions. You should quote as few figures as possible.
Title: The Telephone Outline: 1. A useful tool 2. How to use it 3. The improvement of its use
图表式作文图表式作文可综合提供题目、数据、图像、提纲，形式多样，是一种控制性和应用性更强的作文的出题方式，从写作类型来看，基本上属于说明文。考生要围绕题目并将有关信息转化为文字形式，这要求考生具有一定数据分析和材料归纳的能力，同时运用一定的写作方法。考研试题一般以三段式写作方法来组织文章，第一段总结归纳信息反映的总的情况，点出主题思想，第二段回答第一段所得出的问题，对数字、数据等信息作出有条理的分析比较，第三段作出总结或给以简单评论。
二、作文出题的题材类型
从历年作文试题的出题范围来分析，其题材一般均贴近生活，要求写作的知识范围均为考生所熟悉，容易取材，具有一定可写性。但写作形式均为控制性写作，题材类型分为几类：标题作文、提纲作文、图表作文、规定情景式作文及综合型作文等。

王江涛2011年考研写作冲刺复习指导

王江涛2011年考研写作冲刺复习指导王江涛2011年考研写作冲刺复习指导新东方在线的各位网友，大家好。

我是北京新东方学校考研写作主讲教师王江涛。

今天是2010年的十一月三号，离明年2011年一月十五号的考研还有最后的73三天。

我们简单讲一下在最后的两个半月，大家可以做什么工作。

因为时间有限，大概我就讲十五分钟。

我今天讲两个内容：第一个内容就是考试题型，那么根据目前我们了解的情况，我们简单预测以下明年的考研。

Women知道现在考研写作题型很多，小作文包括三种题型，大作文包括四种题型。

首先我们说一下小作文，大家知道考研分成英语一和英语二。

那么英语的小作文，我们预测明年有60%考摘要，还有30%会考书信类应用文，包括书信，备忘录还有报告，最后10%会考告示类应用文。

那么英语二，明年有70%会考书信类应用文，另外30%会考摘要。

考告示类应用文的可能性不是很大，因为英语二不论是大纲，还是考试分析，大纲分析。

都没有提到这类题型。

我们简单总结一下，就小作文包括三种题型：第一种叫做书信类应用文，包括书信，备忘录和报告，其实备忘录和报告就是书信，是一个机构内部的书信，备忘录一般是上级写给下级或者同级之间的半正式书信；而报告一般是下级写给上级的正式书信，那么他们和小作文的写法类似。

我们知道小作文是从05年开始考的，从05年到09年这五年的小作文考察的都是书信，10年英语二考察的还是书信，针对英语一，那么明年30%会考书信，英语二70%会考书信。

那么第二类应用文：摘要，大纲也提到了六年了，从大纲05年变动就有摘要这种题型，而且，从去年开始，大纲把小作文变成二选一的题型：一种是书信一种是摘要。

不管是英语一还是英语二都提到了，那么假设考到不属于超纲。

所以我们认为英语一明年大概有60%会考摘要，英语二30%会考摘要。

而且大纲提供了一个样题：《经济全球化的主要原因》。

在2010年的大纲解析中还提供了另外一道模拟题，叫做《蒙泰苏利亚儿童教育观》还有范文，希望去看一下。

2011年考研英语一text2

2011年考研英语一text2摘要：I.引言- 介绍考研英语一的背景和重要性II.2011 年考研英语一Text2 的概述- 文章的主题和结构- 文章的主要观点和论证III.Text2 的详细分析- 第一段：描述大学生就业压力和选择考研的原因- 第二段：分析大学生应该具备的素质和能力- 第三段：提出建议，如何提高大学生的综合素质IV.对Text2 的总结- 文章的意义和启示- 对考研英语写作的启示正文：I.引言考研英语一是许多大学生在准备研究生考试时必须面对的一门课程，它的重要性不言而喻。

2011 年考研英语一的Text2 文章，通过分析大学生就业压力和选择考研的原因，提出了解决这一问题的建议，为我们提供了有益的启示。

II.2011 年考研英语一Text2 的概述Text2 文章以大学生就业压力为背景，探讨了大学生选择考研的原因，并提出了解决这一问题的建议。

文章结构清晰，观点明确，论证充分。

III.Text2 的详细分析文章的第一段描述了当前大学生面临的就业压力，以及他们选择考研的原因。

作者指出，随着大学毕业生数量的不断增加，就业竞争日益激烈，许多大学生选择考研，以提高自己的学历和竞争力。

第二段，作者分析了大学生应该具备的素质和能力。

作者认为，大学生不仅需要具备专业知识，还需要具备良好的沟通能力、团队协作能力和创新能力。

这些素质和能力对于大学生来说至关重要，它们可以帮助大学生更好地适应社会和职场的需求。

在第三段，作者提出了自己的建议。

作者认为，要解决大学生就业压力问题，关键在于提高大学生的综合素质。

为此，作者呼吁教育部门、学校、老师和学生共同努力，改进教育方法和手段，培养学生的综合素质。

IV.对Text2 的总结总的来说，Text2 文章对于我们深入理解大学生就业压力和选择考研的原因具有重要的启示作用。

同时，文章提出的建议也有助于我们思考如何提高大学生的综合素质，以应对日益激烈的就业竞争。

新东方 2011考研写作完全版王江涛讲义

新东方2011考研冲刺班写作脚本王江涛（20大必背范文参考译文及外教录音MP3参见《我的满分考研写作书——新东方首席主讲大话考研写作》，王江涛著，湖南文艺出版社，2010年10月。

第一节一、考试题型：（一）小作文：1、英语一：60%摘要，30%书信类应用文，10%告示类应用文；2、英语二：70%书信类应用文，30%摘要。

（二）大作文：1、英语一：90%图画作文，10%图表、提纲或情景作文；2、英语二：90%图表作文，10%图画、提纲、情景作文。

二、写作冲刺：考研写作命题规律：反押题（逆向思维）考研写作判卷规律：反模板！（一）背诵：20大必背范文（见后），滚瓜烂熟！脱口而出！多多益善！（二）默写：仔细对比原文，发现写作弱点。

大作文15分钟，小作文8分钟（三）仿写：考研写作六大必考话题：1、健康：96、972、两代关系：92、03、053、爱心：95、01、06小4、环境：99、00、09小5、青年面对社会：03、04、07、086、文化：1）流行文化：06、09、09MBA、10英语二2）文化交流/文化融合：02、10三、告示类应用文：1. 2010英语一真题：招募启事Directions:You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization. The notice should include the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use " postgraduate association " instead.(10 points)全国第一范文：NOTICEVolunteers are needed for the International Conference on Globalziation to be held on this campus in early July. Basic requirements are familarity with the theme of the conference and proficiency of English. Other requirements include interpersonal communication ability, familarity with our city in terms of its tourist attractions and its history, proper manners, and sense of responsibility. Priority and preference will be given to those experienced, either in international conference or in other similar activities.Call 86754321 or send messages to postgr_ass@ for an application and for information on the interview. Enquiries are encouraged but visists declined.（97words）The Postgraduate’s Association1、小作文十大必背范文之一：Volunteers NeededJanuary 9, 2010 To improve students’ability and enrich extracurricular activities, the Postgraduate Association i s recruiting volunteers for an international conference on globalization to be held on December 9, 2010 in Beijing. To begin with, applicants should have Chinese nationality, a strong professional spirit, cheerful personality and be aged under 35. In addition, candidates must have outstanding skills at English listening comprehension and the ability to speak Chinese and English fluently. Finally, students with relevant professional experience are preferred. Those graduate students who are interested in taking part in it may sign up with the monitor of their classes before February 1, 2010. Everybody is welcome to join in it. (107 words)Postgraduate Association2.小作文十大必背范文之二：2007年6月四级真题：招新启事Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an announcement to welcome students to join to a club. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:1.本社团的主要活动内容2.参加本社团的好处3.如何加入本社团Welcome to English ClubJanuary 15, 2011 Welcome to English Club! It could serve as a platform to show your outstanding abilities and help you develop a range of great skills.You can be involved in a variety of activities including staging musical dramas, holding group discussions, watching Oscar-winning movies, and so on. These after-class activities could offer you ample opportunities. First, your active participation is helpful to strengthening the sense of responsibility and managing interpersonal relations. Second, various activities organized by us could raise your level of proficiency in English. A good command of English empowers you to enjoy decided competitive edge over your peers.You can file a written application to our staff office or email us viaenglishclub@. The deadline for entries is January 22. Come on, join us now! (127 words)English Club3.小作文十大必背范文之三：个人简历RESUMELi MingP. O. Box 237, Beijing University5, Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871Tel: 62768888 Email: Liming@Career Objective: A position with management potential in the banking businessspecializing in international corporate financingEducational Background:Sept 2007 to Beijing UniversityJuly 2011 Major in International Business ManagementMain courses include English, Computer, Business Management,Accounting, International Commercial LawWork Experience:July 2010 to Bank of ChinaJune 2011 Internship, Secretary to Deputy Manager of MarketingDraft business correspondenceSchedule deputy manager’s appointmentsQualifications:University graduation certificate and bachelor degree to be conferredupon graduation (2011)College English Test Band 4 June 2008Honors & Awards:Twice awarded scholarship by Beijing University 2009 & 2010 Special Skills:Familiarity with Microsoft Word, ExcelAbility to work independentlyOutstanding Organizational skillsExperience:President of Student Union 2009－presentPersonal Data: Date of Birth: 9/17/1988Gender: FemaleMarital Status: Unmarried (148 words)四、书信类应用文：书信格式：（关系亲密即私人书信，关系不亲密即公务书信）（一）称呼：1、写给机构：Dear Sir or Madam, （06、07）2、写给个人：（05）Dear Mr. Wang, （08）Dear Bob, （09）Dear Editors,（二）正文：3段，7句左右，100-130词，3-5个关联词（适可而止），3-5个从句（多多益善）1、第一段：2句左右1）自我介绍（私人书信除外）：（1）工作人员：05年：I am a staff member from your company/corporation.06年：I am a staff member from Motorola（China）Electronics Ltd.（2）学生：I am a freshman/sophomore/junior/senior/undergraduate/graduate from the Department of Chinese Language and Literature of Beijing University.2）写作目的：书信的中心思想，改写提纲一（1）05年：I am writing the letter for purpose of resigning from my current post/position.（2）06年：I am writing to inform you that I wish to request if you could help me find a potential beneficiary of Project Hope.2、第二段：3句左右，改写提纲二1）主题句：1句2）分论点一：1句3）分论点二：1句3、第三段：2句左右，改写提纲三或表示感谢+期待回信+写作目的1）表示感谢（私人建议信除外）：（1）My appreciation to you for your generous help is beyond words.（2）Words fail me when I wish to express my sincere gratitude to you.（3）I take this opportunity to show my heartfelt appreciation for the kind assistance you render me.2）期待回信：（1）I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.（2）I look forward to a favorable reply at your earliest convenience.（3）Your prompt attention to my inquiry would be highly appreciated.（三）落款：1）结尾客套：Yours sincerely,或Sincerely yours,2）签名：Li Ming（英语一）/Zhang Wei（英语二）最新真题：2010年英语二真题：感谢信Directions:You have just come back from the U.S as a member of Sino-American cultural exchange program. Write a letter to your American colleague to1）express your thanks to his/her warm reception,2）welcome him/her to visit China in due course.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.Do not write the address.（10 points）全国第一范文：Dear Bob,I have just arrived at my home from the airport. As I sit behind the desk, I just want to write a letter to you. I am grateful for your warm reception in this cultural exchange program. You and your family gave me a deep impression. The program is one of the most wonderful memories in my life.Once you said you want to travel in China. Well, you will be welcomed and it will be my pleasure to be your guide. By the way, send me a list and write down the places where you would like to visit.Please give my best regards to your family. (108 words)Sincerely yours,Zhang Wei1、小作文十大必背范文之四：2005年真题：辞职信+道歉信Directions:Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Designs＆Fashions. But now you find that the work is not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss, Mr. Wang, telling him your decision, stating your reason(s), and making an apology.Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.You do not need to write the address. (10 points)Dear Mr. Wang,I am much grateful to be employed by you two months ago as an editor for your magazine Design & Fashions. I appreciate the opportunity of having worked here with you and other colleagues. The experiences will be unforgettable throughout my life.However, as a young man whose primary interest is in computer science rather than fashion designing, I find my present job doesn't fall in with my previous training and strength. I therefore decide to quit this job for something else that may conform to my former preparation.Please accept my sincere apologies for any inconvenience my leaving may cause.Yours truly,Li Ming2、小作文十大必背范文之五：2006年真题：请求信Directions:You want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area. Write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan.Dear Sir or Madam,Moved by the noble cause of Project Hope and encouraged by what has been achieved so far, I would like to contribute my bit to the project by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area of your province.I would be much grateful if you could help me seek out a girl who has just started schooling but whose family cannot afford her education. My plan is to pay for her tuition on an annual basis till she finishes her secondary education. I would like to remit my donation directly to a bank account opened by her family in her local area.Yours truly,Li Ming3. 小作文十大必背范文之六：2007年真题：建议信Directions:Write a letter to your university library, making suggestions for improving its service.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Dear Sir/Madam,I am a student in this university who regularly comes to the library to spend my spare time. Generally speaking, the services you offer here are quite good; however, I have some suggestions for you to adopt. And I would like to extend my greatest appreciation if you are so kind as to take my suggestions into consideration.To begin with, will you please prolong the time for reading? In the daytime, most of the students are having class, so they can’t come to the library. Moreover, some of the books on shelves are out of date. If you are so kind as to provide us some books such as the latest magazines, we will be very pleased.I really wish to have a more comfortable library. Thank you for your time and consideration.Sincerely yours,Li Ming4. 小作文十大必背范文之七：2008年真题：私人道歉信+建议信Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgotto return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to1) make an apology,2) suggest a solution.Dear Bob,I am writing to make an apology to you for I forgot to return the music CD which I borrowed from you last week. Yesterday I have come back from Canada and I found it in my luggage. I am so sorry that you cannot listen to it at present.The CD which I borrowed from you is made in Canada, so I believe you can find another one in your local store. How about your buying another CD by yourself and I will pay for it? If you cannot find the similar one, I would send it back to you through a post office. And if there are any other solutions you like, please let me know.I am sorry again for my carelessness. Looking forward to your reply.Yours sincerely,Li Ming5. 小作文十大必背范文之之八：2009年真题：建议信Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. “White pollution” is still going on.Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1)give your opinions briefly, and2)make two or three suggestions.Dear Editor,I’m a sincere reader of your newspaper and I like your discussion of the social problems. Now I would like to give some opinions of myself about the“White Pollution”.As we know, regulation was made to solve the problem in June 1st of 2008. The use of plastic bags for free was restricted in the supermarket and many other shops. At the beginning, it was carried on well, but now I find plastic bags are used in some small shops for free or with no pay.I am writing to inform you that we should solve this problem soon with the help of your newspaper. You could make some investigations about it and write some reports of it, so as to appeal to all the people’s attention of our society.Sincerely,Li Ming6. 小作文十大必背范文之九：备忘录/报告Directions:You are the president of a company. Write a memo to George Gordon Byron, the vice-president on the employee’s training on computer, telling him the need to train the employees, detailed information, and ask him to write a plan.Date：January 15, 2011To：George Gordon Byron, Vice PresidentFrom：Li Ming, PresidentSubject：Computer Training of the StaffAs we discussed earlier this week, I agree with you that our firm is faced up with problem of the high rate of computer illiteracy of the staff. We need to make up a plan for training our employees in the new field.I would like you to design our own in-house computer-training program. We had better classify the employees and put them through the program in turn.Write up a brief proposal, describing what you think the program should cover.Assume the class runs four hours a week for ten weeks. Also, assume people have no prior computer knowledge or any formal course work in computer science.五、摘要：英语一及英语二最新大纲样题：Directions: Read the following Chinese text and write an abstract of it in 80-100 English words on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)经济全球化的主要原因20世纪50年代初以来，经济全球化获得迅猛发展。

作文范文之2011考研英语真题大作文

2011考研英语真题大作文【篇一：考研英语历年大作文】2011年大作文：“旅途之余”——旅游与环保directions:write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. in your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.二.经典范文赏析（19分作文）, （常用套话，引出画面内容） sitting on the boat and enjoying their sightseeing, a couple of youngsters are throwing rubbish into the sea.the implied meaning of the given picture can be elaborated in terms of （常用套话，引出寓意）environmental protection and public manners. on the one hand, people tend to 沈阳建筑大学外国语学院刘剑锋 1personal and economic interests, ignoring . environment has been polluted so seriously that environmental protection should be put on the agenda immediately. the inappropriate public manners such as littering and spitting are also one of the major factors causing environmental problems. if we let it go as it is, the nature will take revenge on human being sooner or later.to serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must promote and . （常用套话，引出解决方案）（常用解决方案一：政府层面）change the practice of sacrificing long-term environmental health for short-term rapid economic development. （常用解决方案二：群众层面：提高意识）（常用套话，沈阳建筑大学外国语学院刘剑锋 22010年考研大作文：文化火锅——文化交流（史上第一大难题）directions:write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. in your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.启蒙；功夫；人本；梁祝；解构；毕昇；礼；后现代；儒；老舍；莎士比亚；爱因斯坦；道；仁；天鹅湖；京剧二.经典范文赏析（19分作文）（常用套话，引出画面内容） there is a boiling hot pot containing various ingredients of multi-cultures. these pluralistic cultures can be categorized as celebrities home and abroad as bi sheng, lao she，shakespeare, and einstein, philosophical concepts as buddhism, taoism, confucianism, benevolence, ritual, humanism, enlightenment, post-modernism and deconstruction, as well as performing arts as beijing opera, gong fu, liang zhu and swan（常用套话，引出寓意） instead of being outdated and of little value（常用套话）cultural blending should be encouraged and maintained. on the one hand, mosaic cultures are part of the universal heritage of humanity and they are powerful means of bringing together diverse peoples and social groups. cultural reintegration has become indispensable as a means of promoting further culture development and maintenance. for china,as for any other rapidly developing country, there is a danger that age-old customs and traditions may become lost in the shadows of modernization. if liang zhu, beijing opera or swan lake be a tragedy of immeasurable multi-cultures can be kept alive by people with the time to do so, and is extremely vital in successful commercialization efforts, unwavering 沈阳建筑大学外国语学院刘剑锋 42009年大作文：网络的“近”与“远”——流行文化 directions:write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. in your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.沈阳建筑大学外国语学院刘剑锋5【篇二：2011年考研英语一大小作文真题解析】2011年考研英语一大小作文真题解析2011年考研英语小作文题目和范文：51. directions：write a letter to a friend of yours to1） recommend one of your favorite movies and2） give reasons for your recommendation.you should write about 100 words on answer sheet2.do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. useli minginstead.do not write the address.（10points）考研教育网小作文范文dear friends，im writing to you to recommend my favorite movie avatar. it is a very hot movie this year. for starters， its a great story and has a fantastic plot. this film captivated me from beginning to end. the fast-paced， exciting story line kept me on the edge of my seat all the way through. whats more， the specialeffects are breathtaking. the directing is absolutely neat. and last but not least， its an educational movie. it teaches us about dedication， discipline， loyalty and love. i am sure you will enjoy the movie.yours sincerely，li ming2011年考研英语大作文题目和范文：52、directionwrite an essay of 160-200words based on the following drawing .in your essay ，you should1） describe the drawing briefly2） explain its intended measing and3） give your commentsyou should write neatly on answer sheet2.（20points）1旅途之“余”考研教育网2011年考研英语一大作文范文what an impressive picture it is！ two young men sitting on the boat are throwing rubbish into the lake， with all kinds of garbage floating on the surface. what is conveyed in the picture is both realistic and thought-provoking.clearly， we can deduce from the picture that with the rapid development of economy， tourism as a form of enterprise brings china a lot of benefits， but the environment is being polluted tremendously. in public places people have no awareness that they are doing something damaging the environment， the only environment we have. they cause inconvenience and discomfort to other tourists， and also degrade chinas image as a nation.what can we do then？ first， i think that government should issue severe regulations， punishing any behavior that damages the environment. second， the environment protection awareness of the public should be enforced. people should know how closely the clean environment is related to their personal lives. lets hope we will have a cleaner and more beautiful world in the near future.分析：今年考研英语作文的难度略有降低。

2011考研英语小作文完全解决2_(便笺(便条)和短信)

一、便笺(便条)和短信--概述便条也是书信的一种形式。

它的特点是内容简短，主要有临时性的询问、留言、通知、要求等。

跟正规书信相比，便条的语言比较口头化，比如要通知某事只需这样开头：Just a line to tell you that ...而无须像正规书信那样This is to inform you that ...开头。

另外，在便条中常出现省略现象，例如：“key to back door is under mat.”或者“key to back door under mat .”(后门钥匙在垫子下面)代之以“The key to the back door is under the mat.”。

结束时也无需结尾礼词，只需写上写便条者姓名。

如果是关系比较近的人，则只需写上姓或名。

便条的日期通常写在右上角。

一般只写上星期几或者星期几上午或下午，也可写上午、下午的具体时刻。

日常应用中，写上几月几日的也很普遍。

但一般不写年份，因为便条的内容多半是当日或近日内要办的事情。

写便条时，不得事先准备，因此无固定格式，大多用手写。

便笺(便条)和短信--注意事项1.词句简洁，尽量避免应酬语和各种敬词2.切忌内容空洞、言不达意。

二、便笺(便条)和短信--分类举例--请假（Asking for Leave）例1Directions: You are about to write a Business Leave Note of about 100 words.Please describe these information clearly.1) the reason you ask for the leave2) the time and how long you will leaveClass 4, Grade 3Aug. 22ndTo Department OfficeSecretary Li,I’m sorry to apply for ten day’s leave from the Aug. 23rd to sept.3rd instant. As I have to leave with the time is urgent. My father now in the hospital is badly ill. I have to go to see him and take care of him for a few days. You know I’m the only child in my family. Of course I will show you the telegram about my father’s illness which is received from my mother to support my application.As concern as the missed lessons during my absence, I promise I will do my best to catch them on after I come back to the campus. Wish for your allowance.Yours respectfully×××*本文是一封请假条，一般我们要向上级或老师请假，通常用的是ask for leave 这个短语，请三天假可写作：ask for t hree days’ leave;因病请假则是ask for sick leave。

考研英语写作真题详解与参考范文

考研英语写作真题详解与参考范文正文字体大小：大中小2011考研英语（一）写作真题详解及参考范文(2011-01-15 17:09:07)标签：分类：考研复习杂谈2011年考研英语已经尘埃落定，写作部分比起2010年超纲的“告示”与“变态”的火锅，难度大为降低，现解析如下。

Part A: 小作文Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1) recommend one of your favorite movies and2) give reasons for your recommendation.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use”Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10 points)题目译文给你的一位朋友写一封信1）推荐你最喜欢的一部电影并2）给出推荐的原因。

真题详解令广大考生欣慰的是，2011年小作文并未考察大纲中已提到六年但并未考察过的摘要题型，也未考察2010年刚刚考察过的告示题型，而是考察了广大考生最为熟悉、从2005到2009已经连续五年考察的书信。

回顾刚刚过去的2010年，中国内地电影票房成功突破100亿元，成为旭日初升的朝阳产业。

从年中的《唐山大地震》、《盗梦空间》、《山楂树之恋》到年底的三大贺岁片《赵氏孤儿》、《让子弹飞》、《非诚勿扰2》，电影已经重新成为全民关注的话题。

今年的考研小作文即考察了“电影”这一热点话题。

本题属于推荐信，在拙著《2011考研英语高分写作》第64-65页全面讲解了推荐信的注意事项、写作方法，提供了经典范文及十大万能句型。

同时，该书76页提供的关于《八十天环游地球》的读书报告范文完全能够用于本文写作，下面的参考范文即由该文改写而成。

考研英语冲刺讲义

考研英语冲刺讲义2012考研冲刺沪江，收获的不只是外语！2012年研究生英语入学考试考前冲刺讲义第一部分——英语知识运用Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In an ideal world, the nation’s elite schools would enroll the most qualified students. But that’s not how it _(1_). Applicants whose parents are alums get special treatment, as _(2)_ athletes and rich kids. Underrepresented minorities are also given_ (3)_. Thirty years of affirmative action have changed the character of _(4)_ white universities; now about 13 percent of all undergraduates are black or Latino. _(5)_ a recent study by the Century Foundation found that at the nation’s 146 most _(6)_schools, 74 percent of students came from upper- middle-class and wealthy families, while only about 5 percent came from families with an annual income of _(7)_$35,000 or less.Many schools say diversity—racial, economic and geographic—is (8) to maintaining intellectually (9) campuses. But Richard Kahlenberg of the Century Foundation says that even though colleges (10) they want poor kids, “they don’t try very hard to find them.”(11) rural students, many colleges don’t try at all. “Unfortunately, we go where we can (12) a sizable number of potential applicants,”says Tulane admissions chief Richard Whiteside, who (13) aggressively—and in person—from metropolitan areas. Kids in rural areas get a glossy (14) in the mail.Even when poor rural students have the (15) for top colleges, their high schools often don’t know how to get them there. Admissions officers (16) guidance counselors to direct them to promising prospects. In (17) high schools, guidance counselors often have personal (18) with both kids and admissions officers. In rural areas, a teacher, a counselor or (19) an alumnus “can help put a rural student on our radar screen,” says Wesleyan admissions dean Nancy Meislahn. But poor rural schools rarely have college (20) with those connections; without them, admission “can be a crapshoot,” says Carnegie Mellon’s Steidel.1. [A] promises [B] tries [C] works [D] manages2. [A] do [B] are [C] will [D] be3. [A] preference [B] prejudice [C] preposition [D] preclusion4. [A] strictly [B] mostly [C] generally [D] honestly5. [A] And [B] But [C] So [D] Then6. [A] excellent [B] wealthy [C] popular [D] competitive7. [A] mainly [B] roughly [C] totally [D] exactly8. [A] access [B] basis [C] key [D] solution9. [A] vital [B] smart [C] interactive [D] functional10.[A] claim [B] affirm [C] insist [D] declare11.[B] Except for [B] As for [C] But for [D] Just for12.[A] require [B] ensure [C] locate [D] generate13.[A] admits [B] accepts [C] recalls [D] recruits14.[A] bronze [B] broom [C] browser [D] brochure15.[A] guts [B] grounds [C] grades [D] guarantees16.[A] call on [B] rely on [C] try on [D] hold on17.[A] affluent [B] affiliated [C] alternative [D] advanced18.[A] innovations [B] judgments [C] relationships [D] suggestions19.[A] else [B] so [C] even [D] if20.[A] acquaintances [B] executives [C] tutors [D] advisers第二部分——阅读A节Text 1Can you imagine Phil Jackson invoicing Kobe Bryant for his coaching services? How about Bill Belichick asking Tom Brady to sign his paycheck? Unlike the world of professional team sports, in professional tennis the players are directly responsible for hiring, firing and financially supporting their coach. So if you're a coach on the tennis circuit, think before you scream at your player, because in tennis, the player is the bank.Tennis is a "no owner" business. For the professional coach, there's no safety net. You are 100% an individual contractor with no owner or general manager to separate you from the player. Long-term contracts don't exist unless you're related by blood, which can also suffer the occasional fallout. Usually agreements are made on monthly or yearly terms, subject to termination based on poor results, poor play or a plain old bad day at the office.Coaching contracts are as individual as the players themselves, and they focus on where the player is and his or her potential. On the professional circuit, this can translate to anything from a handshake deal to a 30-page document. It's a gamble for the coaches. You can only guess the future, but the more information you have, the better you can guess. If you find a good player who you feel has potential and you get in on the ground floor, you're set. You can play it safe and conservative with base pay, or you can put your money on your player.Players don't just pay their coach a salary. They also take on all responsibilities of travel expenses, incidentals and the occasional entourage. Traveling 30 to 35 weeks a year can put a hurt on the player's wallet. It's a burden on lower-ranked players or someone struggling for funds.Success on the court usually attracts profitable endorsements for the player, but the coach rarely sees any of that cash. Coaches may, however, be able to piggyback a deal with their player. Just keep an eye out on the next telecast to see what the coach is wearing--it usually bears thesame logo as the player. Former players turned coaches may maintain endorsements from their days as a pro and make side deals as they transition into their new career. Other than that, it's very rare for the coach to receive outside endorsements.The coach is also at the mercy of the player's level of ability and health. Injuries translate to zero play, which means no salary. This is obviously not good for the player, much less the coach. It's all about prevention and preparation. Having a good coach can make the difference on and off the court, so it's a solid asset to have the right guy in your corner.21. By referring to Phil Jackson and others, the author intends toA. show a tradition in professional team sports.B. reveal a convention in professional tennis.C. contrast two different coaching services.D. caution the coach in professional sports.22. Coaching contracts are risky for the coaches in thatA. improper emphasis is placed on player’s potentialB. they are uncertain of the future of their playersC. good players may get the coaches setD. contracts are subject to frequent change23. The expression “piggyback a deal” (para. 5) most probably meansA. making a side deal by allying himself with the player.B. being offered a fair deal for good coaching service..C. being rewarded with extra payments from the player.D. getting outside endorsements with the help of the player24. What is the author’s advice to a professional tennis player?A. Signing a big contract.B. Paying a right salary.C. Wining a good fund.D. Finding a right coach.25. The best title for the text may beA. Tennis players: all responsibilities.B. Players and coaches: equal partners.C. Coaching in tennis: rough business.D. Professional sports: new challenges.Text 2It is always the way with Airbuses: you wait for years, and then three come along at once. In January, the European aircraft manufacturer will roll out the first of its A380 super-jumbos, in preparation for its first test flight by the end of March. Before that, however, it is set to unveilplans for two versions of a smaller, wide-bodied plane, aimed at the mid-sized market.The rivalry between Boeing and Airbus, the big commercial-aircraft duopoly, has never been more intense. While Boeing struggles to persuade mainstream airlines to buy its latest offering, the 250-seater 7E7, Airbus will soon announce two versions of a new plane, dubbed the A350, to attack it head on. Boeing has high hopes for the 7E7, its first new model in over ten years—after the flop of two earlier proposed products, a near-sonic widebody and a radical upgrade of the venerable 747, which did not find favour with airlines. Adding to its misfortunes, the cancellation this week of a US Air Force order for refuelling tankers means Boeing will soon have to shut the production line making its 767 ageing widebody jet.On November 29th, the board of the parent company of Airbus, European Aeronautic Defence and Space company (EADS), meets to rubber-stamp a decision to launch two souped-up versions of its A330, fitted with new wings and engines to increase the range and carrying capacity and so compete with Boeing’s plane. (33)Boeing’s new design claims to offer savings of 15-20% on fuel by making extensive use of lightweight composite materials instead of the usual aluminium.Anticipating Airbus’s response, last month Boeing persuaded the American government to complain to the World Trade Organisation (WTO) about the subsidies Airbus receives from European governments. Refundable launch aid from Germany, France, Britain and Spain could cover one-third of the over €3 billion cost of developing the A350. (34)Crucially, this aid does not have to be repaid if a plane fails, giving Airbus an unfair advantage in product development, which it has ruthlessly exploited in the past decade.Boeing is spending almost $6 billion to develop the 7E7, with further contributions from its partners in Japan and Italy. The European Union is counter-protesting to the WTO that Boeing gets all sorts of indirect aid from the American government.The likeliest result is that both sides are found guilty of breaking the rules but that subsidy continues to flow. That is what happened in a similar dispute at the WTO between Canada and Brazil, whose two manufacturers share the market for smaller (up to 100 seats) jet aircraft.26. Which of the following is closest to “duopoly” (Para. 2) in meaning ?A. two suppliers dominating a marketB. severe competition between competitorsC. different versions of a new modelD. cooperation between two manufacturers27. Boeing’s new design’s superiority in fuel economy can be attributed to itsA. use of a new type of fuelB. refinement of aluminumC. development of new enginesD. reduction of plane weight28. Boeing’s complaint against Airbus emphasized thatA. it could not obtain as much aid from its own government as the latter.B. WHO should intervene with the unfair competition immediately.C. the latter may not have to repay the financial aid from governments.D. it would lose the competition because of lack of development aid.29. The text implies that WTO’s judgment of the case of Canada vs. Brazil was ?A. futileB. tolerantC. effectiveD. unfair30. The author’s attitude towards the dispute between Boeing and Airbus isA. subjective.B. disinterested.C. prejudiced.D. sympathetic.Text 3There is a good but sobering reason why "ending world hunger" has been a perennial hope of beauty-pageant contestants at least since Miss America contestants began naming that as their greatest wish: we haven't come close to doing it. This year some 900 million people—including 178 million children under 5—are suffering from malnutrition, estimates the United Nations; every day 50,000 starve to death. As the world community scans the horizon for solutions to world hunger, it is seeing visions of amber fields of genetically modified grain.GM crops, however, are likely to feed about as many people as Miss America. A new report by agriculture experts from 60 nations foresees "a limited role for biotech crops" in reducing world hunger. The problems ? Yields for GM varieties are unpredictable and often lower than high-yield varieties bred without genetic engineering. GM seeds, which are patent-protected, cost more than the poor can afford. The know-how and conditions required to cultivate GM crops hardly exist in Africa or South Asia, the world's hunger hot spots, where farmers can't even eke out subsistence yields of ordinary crops.Low-tech aid, not cutting-edge science, therefore has the best chance of both feeding the malnourished today and setting farmers on a path to growing enough to eat (and perhaps sell) tomorrow. The adage says giving a man a fish lets him eat today but giving him a fishing rod lets him eat every day; the 900 million need both fish and rods. The most beneficial and cost-effective immediate aid? Providing micronutrients—vitamins and minerals such as iodine, zinc and iron—to kids. Experts suggested that providing vitamin A and zinc supplements to malnourished infants and toddlers under 2 would cost $60 million annually. That would bring a return in lives saved, diseases averted and cognitive benefits gained of just over $1 billion.And for the fishing rod? In Africa, just 5 percent of the land that could grow high-yielding rice from the green revolution—a decades-old technology—is doing so. A big reason is soils so exhausted they cannot sustain the high-yielding varieties. Fertilizer, which has soared in price in tandem with oil, is beyond the means of most subsistence farmers in Africa today. But here, too, there are low-tech answers. Planting nitrogen-fixing trees, a technique developed by the Earth Institute at Columbia University, supplies soils with that crucial nutrient. But to make it work, says Oxfam's Offenheiser, "you need institutions that provide agricultural extension services," agents who advise farmers on when and how to plant new high-yield seed varieties, and what kind of soil and how much fertilizer they require.31. We learn from the first paragraph thatA. beauty-pageant contestants’ help is appreciated.B. world hunger needs to be handled seriously.C. the world is at a loss how to end hunger.D. genetically modified crops are a solution.32. One reason contributing to “a limited role” of GM crops is theirA. unpredictable varieties.B. lack of genetic engineeringC. demand for technical knowledge.D. potentials of harmful effects.33. The author implies in the text thatA. low-tech aid provides a final solution to world hunger.B. cutting-edge science can help eliminate world hunger.C. genetically modified grain will prove to be a failure.D. hunger problem should be solved once and for all.34. High-yielding rice is not widely grown becauseA. African soils are cultivated for other varieties more easily.B. this decades-old technology has lost its value with time.C. its cultivation depends too much on the use of fertilizers.D. African soils can not provide sufficient nutrition for it .35. According to Offenheiser, agriculture in Africa requiresA. counseling serviceB. green revolutionC. improved technologyD. cheap fertilizerText 4It's almost a point of pride with climatologists. Whenever someplace is hit with a heat wave, drought, killer storm or other extreme weather, scientists trip over themselves to absolve global warming. No particular weather event, they say, can be blamed on something so general. Extreme weather occurred before humans began loading up the atmosphere with heat-trappinggreenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide. So this storm or that heat wave could be the result of the same natural forces that prevailed 100 years ago rather than global warming.This pretense has worn thin. The frequency of downpours and heat waves, as well as the power of hurricanes, has increased so dramatically that "100-year storms" are striking some areas once every 15 years, and other once rare events keep returning like a bad penny. As a result, some climatologists now say global warming is to blame. Rising temperatures boost the probability of extreme weather, says Tom Karl, director of the National Climatic Data Center; that can "lead to the type of events we are seeing in the Midwest." There, three weeks of downpours have caused rivers to treat their banks as no more than mild suggestions.It's been easier to connect global warming to rising temperatures than to extreme weather events—and even the former hasn't been easy. Only in this decade have "attribution" studies managed to finger greenhouse gases as the chief cause of the rising mercury, rather than a hotter sun or cyclical changes. Now the same "whatdunit?" techniques are being applied to droughts, downpours, heat waves and powerful hurricanes. "We can look at climate-model simulations and likely attribute [specific extreme weather] to human activity," says Gerry Meehl of the National Center for Atmospheric Research.Global warming has left its clearest fingerprint on heat waves. Since the record scorcher of 1998, the average annual temperatures in the United States in six of the past 10 years have been among the hottest 10 percent on record. Scientists also discern a greenhouse fingerprint in downpours, which in the continental United States have increased 20 percent over the past century. In a warmer world, air holds more water vapor, so when cloud conditions are right for that vapor to form droplets, more precipitation falls. Get used to it, and don't blame Mother Nature.36. Which of the following statements is true about the climatologists?A. They are unpredictable in their descriptions of natural events.B. They are not interested in the general explanations of extreme weather.C. They pride themselves in respecting the truth more than anything else.D. They reject other scientists’ views of weather as self-contradictory.37. By saying “This pretense has worn thin” (Line 1, Para. 2), the author means thatA. weather pattern has changed dramatically over the century.B. climatologists disagree on the causes of violent weather.C. global warming is to blame for the extreme weather.D. once rare weather events are happening more frequently.38. It may be inferred from the text thatA. it was easy to link global warming to rising temperatures.B. rising temperatures were once regarded as cyclical.C. recent studies have neglected the role of greenhouse gases.D. climate-models were not adequately emphasized in research.39. The record scorcher of 1998 is mentioned to show thatA. heat waves come up more frequently than downpours.B. effect of global warming is most clearly shown in the US.C. global warming is something that man has to get used to.D. human activities are the real cause of extreme weather.40. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?[A] “Facts speak louder than words.”[B] “Man proposes, God disposes.”[C] “Take things as they come.”[D] “Prevention is better than cure.”第三部分——阅读B节一．段落题1. Directions:You are going to read a text about the tips on the use of Wikipedia, followed by a list of explanations (or examples). Choose the best explanation/example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading/generalization（41-45）. There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Wikipedia was founded as an offshoot of Nupedia, a now-abandoned project to produce a free encyclopedia. Nupedia had an elaborate system of peer review and required highly qualified contributors, but the writing of articles was slow. During 2000, Jimmy Wales, founder of Nupedia, and Larry Sanger, whom Wales had employed to work on the project, discussed ways of supplementing Nupedia with a more open, complementary project. Multiple sources suggested that a wiki might allow members of the public to contribute material, and Nupedia's first wiki went online on January 10, 2001.There was considerable resistance on the part of Nupedia's editors and reviewers to the idea of associating Nupedia with a website in the wiki format, so the new project was given the name "Wikipedia" and launched on its own domain, , on January 15 (now called "Wikipedia Day" by some users).What follows are some tips on how to make the best use of Wikipedia.41）Exploring WikipediaMany visitors come to Wikipedia to acquire knowledge, others to share knowledge. At this very instant, dozens of articles are being improved, and new articles are also being created.____________________________________.42）Basic navigation in WikipediaWikipedia articles are all linked, or cross-referenced.________________________________.43）Using Wikipedia as a research toolAs wiki documents, articles are never considered complete and may be continually edited and improved. Over time, this generally results in an upward trend of quality and a growing consensus over a neutral representation of information.Users should be aware that not all articles are of encyclopedic quality from the start: they may contain false or debatable information. Indeed, many articles start their lives as displaying a single viewpoint; and, after a long process of discussion, debate, and argument, they gradually take on a neutral point of view reached through consensus. _____________________________.44）Wikipedia vs. paper encyclopediasWikipedia has advantages over traditional paper encyclopedias._______________________.45）Strengths and weaknesses in WikipediaWikipedia is open to a large contributor base, drawing a large number of editors from diverse backgrounds._____________________________________.The MediaWiki software that runs Wikipedia retains a history of all edits and changes, thus information added to Wikipedia never "vanishes". Discussion pages are an important resource on contentious topics. Therefore, serious researchers can often find a wide range of vigorously or thoughtfully advocated viewpoints not present in the consensus article. As with any source, information should be checked. A 2005 editorial by a BBC technology writer comments that these debates are probably symptomatic of cultural changes that are happening across all sources of information (including search engines and the media), and may lead to "a better sense of how to evaluate information sources.”[A] Anyone can contribute to Wikipedia by clicking on the Edit this page tab in an article. Before beginning to contribute, however, read some handy helping tools such as the tutorial and the policies and guidelines, as well as our welcome page. It is important to realize that in contributing to Wikipedia, users are expected to be civil and neutral, respecting all points of view, and only add verifiable and factual information rather than personal views and opinions. "The five pillars of Wikipedia" cover this approach and are recommended reading before editing.[B] When highlighted text like this is seen, it means there is a link to some relevant article or Wikipedia page with further in-depth information elsewhere. Holding the mouse over the link will often show to where the link will lead. The reader is always one click away from more information on any point that has a link attached. There are other links towards the ends of most articles, for other articles of interest, relevant external websites and pages, reference material, and organized categories of knowledge which can be searched and traversed in a loose hierarchy for more information. Some articles may also have links to dictionary definitions, audio-book readings, quotations, the same article in other languages, and further information available on our sister projects. Further links can be added if a relevant link is missing, and this is one way tocontribute.[C] Wikipedia has a very low "publishing" cost for adding or expanding entries and a low environmental impact in some respects, since it never needs to be printed, although computers have their own environmental cost. In addition, Wikipedia has wikilinks instead of in-line explanations and it incorporates overview summaries (article introductions) with the extensive detail of full articles. Additionally, the editorial cycle is short. A paper encyclopedia stays the same until the next edition, whereas editors can update Wikipedia at any instant, around the clock, to help ensure that articles stay abreast of the most recent events and scholarship.[D] This allows Wikipedia to significantly reduce regional and cultural bias found in many other publications, and makes it very difficult for any group to censor and impose bias. A large, diverse editor base also provides access and breadth on subject matter that is otherwise inaccessible or little documented. It also means that like any publication, Wikipedia may reflect the cultural, age, sex, socio-economic, and other biases of its contributors. There is no systematic process to make sure that "obviously important" topics are written about, so Wikipedia may contain unexpected oversights and omissions. While most articles may be altered by anyone, in practice editing will be performed by a certain demographic and may, therefore, show some bias. Some topics may not be covered well, while others may be covered in great depth.[E] Changes can be viewed at the Recent changes page and a random page at random articles. Over 3,000 articles have been designated by the Wikipedia community as featured articles, exemplifying the best articles in the encyclopedia. Another 12,000 articles are designated as good articles. Some information on Wikipedia is organized into lists; the best of these are designated as featured lists. Wikipedia also has portals, which organize content around topic areas; our best portals are selected as featured portals. Articles can be found using the search box on the top-right side of the screen.[F] Others may, for a while, become caught up in a heavily unbalanced viewpoint which can take some time—months perhaps—to achieve better balanced coverage of their subject. In part, this is because editors often contribute content in which they have a particular interest and do not attempt to make each article that they edit comprehensive. However, eventually, additional editors expand and contribute to articles and strive to achieve balance and comprehensive coverage. In addition, Wikipedia operates a number of internal resolution processes that can assist when editors disagree on content and approach. Usually, editors eventually reach a consensus on ways to improve the article.2. Directions:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about how to select a fund. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.[A]Watching related expenses and making wise choice[B] Paying attention to details[C]Weighing your financial goals and expectations first[D]Maintaining realistic expectations[E]Narrowing the search[F]Not too specialEating better. Exercising. Investing. There are a lot of things you know should be doing. The problem is that getting started always seems to be the hardest part. For many investors, mutual funds are a good way to go, but trying to sort through the number of available choices —now more than 10,000 — makes this important task appear overwhelming. Let’s look at some ways to cut that number down to a reasonable size, as well as other factors to consider when selecting your first fund.41.Before you begin examining potential investments, it’s important to take some time to assess your own goals and risk tolerance. If you start with a clear objective in mind, as well as an understanding as to how you might react if your investment loses money, you’ll be less likely to purchase a fund that doesn’t fit your needs. And that’s what often leads to disappointment. It is important to look for funds that are appropriate for both your goals and your investment temperament.42.One way to begin your search for a good fund is to use the Morningstar star rating. The rating is a useful tool for narrowing the field to funds that have done a good job of balancing return and risk in the past. To assign ratings, Morningstar uses a formula that compares a fund’s risk-adjusted historical performance with that of other funds within four rating groups —domestic stock funds, international stock funds, taxable bond funds, and municipal bond funds.43.Funds that invest solely in a single market sectors, called specialty funds, often have impressive returns and may be great additions to a diversified portfolio. However, the success of such funds depends largely on the fortunes of a particular market sector. Hence, specialty funds probably aren’t the best way to start. For your first fund, look for a diversified stock fund that has exposure to different types of stocks.44.There’s no free lunch in fund investing: in addition to the sales fees that some fund companies charge, fund investors must also pay management fees and trading costs. Unfortunately, you don’t necessarily get what you pay for — no one has ever shown that more expensive funds provide greater returns. Look for funds with reasonable costs. The expense ratio, which expresses annual costs as a percentage amount, is probably the best number to use when。

2011年考研英语真题答案及解析

2011年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析文章出自2009年4月的《科学美国人》（Scientific American）,作者Steve Ayan,原文题目为How Humor Makes You Friendlier,Sexier：幽默如何使你更加有人缘且性感。

文章主要探讨了笑的作用以及情感和肌肉反应之间的相互关系。

第一段由古希腊哲学家亚里士多德的观点引出“笑是有益于健康的身体运动”。

第二、三段承接上文，阐述了笑能放松肌肉，从而帮助减轻心理紧张的程度。

第四段以在1988年公布的一项实验为例论证了情绪是肌肉反应的结果，笑这一行为可以使心情好转。

二、试题解析1.[A]among在……之中[B]except除了[C]despite尽管[D]like像，如同【答案】[C]【考点】上下文逻辑关系+介词辨析【解析】第一段第一句意思是：古希腊哲学家亚里士多德把笑看作是“有益于健康的身体运动”，由连词but可知，第二句与第一句形成语义转折，即一些人提出相反的观点：笑不利于身体健康。

第二句逗号之后又提出：笑可能对身体健康几乎没有影响，这是对前两种观点的否定，由此判断第二句的句内逻辑是转折关系，[A]、[B]、[C]、[D]四个选项中只有[C]despite“尽管”表示转折，所以是正确答案。

2.[A]reflect反映[B]demand要求[C]indicate表明，预示[D]produce产生，引起【答案】[D]【考点】上下文语义衔接+动词辨析【解析】上下文语境是“笑确实能对心血管功能短期的改变”，具体说明笑对身体产生的影响。

所选动词要与后面的changes构成动宾关系，并且带有“发生……作用，产生……效果”的含义。

四个选项中[A]reflect“反映”，[B]demand“要求”，[C]indicate“表明，暗示”，[D]produce“产生”，只有[D]选项“产生、引起”符合本句语境，所以是正确答案。

2011考研英语二作文

2011考研英语（二）写作真题详解与参考范文参考范文Dear Li Ming,Congratulations! I’m absolutely delighted to hear that you have just been admitted to Stanford University. I know there was a lot of competition this year but your hard work and perseverance certainly paid off.I’d like to give you several practical proposals on how to prepare for your university life. Firstly, it’s my hope that you will take advantage of the library in your university by reading books outside the college curriculum. Secondly, I believe that free-time should be divided into three main activities: physical exercise, relaxation, and communication with friends and family.Wish you further success in your continuing studies and hope you wil l invite me to your graduation ceremony in four years time. (115 words)Yours faithfully,Zhang Wei参考译文李明：祝贺你！得知你已被斯坦福大学录取，我由衷地高兴。

2011考研英语阅读冲刺讲义

Of all the components 0f'a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just "mental noise" —the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is "off-line". And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. "It's your dream, " says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center. "If you don't like it, change it. "Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement)sleep—when most vivid dreams occur—as it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved, the limbic system (the "emotional brain" ) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. "We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day, " says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright's clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings, generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events—until, it appears, we begin to dream.And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead, it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or "we wake up in panic, " Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties, and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feeling. Sleep—or rather dream—on it and you'll feel in morning.31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams _______ .[A] can be modified in their courses [B] are susceptible to emotional changes[C] reflect our innermost desires and fears [D] are a random outcome of neural repairs32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show[A] its function in our dreams [B] the mechanism of REM sleep[C] the relation of dreams to emotions [D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex33. The Negative feelings generated during the day tend to _______ .[A] aggravate in our unconscious mind [B] develop into happy dreams[C] persist till the time we fall asleep [D] show up in dreams early at night34. Cartwright seems to suggest that _______ .[A] waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams[B] visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control[C] dreams should be left to their natural progression[D] dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?[A] Lead your life as usual. [B] Seek professional help.[C] Exercise conscious control. [D] Avoid anxiety in the daytime.Text 1If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006's World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills: b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above.Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above. ” Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if heswitched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20, ” Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers. ”This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made, not born.21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to________.[A] stress the importance of professional training[B] spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup[C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others22. The word “mania” (Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably means ________.[A] fun [B] craze [C] hysteria [D] excitement23. According to Ericsson, good memory________.[A] depends on meaningful processing of information[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors[D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that ________.[A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success[B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance[C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked[D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?[A] “Faith will move mountains. ” [B]“One reaps what one sows. ”[C] “Practice makes perfect. ” [D] “Like father, like son. ”Text 2For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called "Ask Marilyn. " People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228—the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, What's the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It's not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children's version ). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant's are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQtests.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Stemberg. In his article "How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?", Stemberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership—that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it's knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.26. Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?[A] Answering philosophical questions.[B] Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.[C] Telling the differences between certain concepts.[D] Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.27. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?[A] People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.[B] More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.[C] The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.[D] Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.28. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant's because[A] the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.[B] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.[C] vos Savant's case is an extreme one that will not repeat.[D] the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.29. We can conclude from the last paragraph that[A] test scores may not be reliable indicators of one's ability.[B] IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.[C] testing involves a lot of guesswork.[D] traditional tests are out of date.30. What is the author's attitude towards IQ tests?[A] Supportive. [B] Skeptical.[C] Impartial. [D] Biased.。

考研英语作文讲义

考研英语作文讲义英文回答：I wholeheartedly believe that my background in English literature and journalism has equipped me with the necessary skills to excel in academia. My passion for literature, coupled with my experience in analyzing and interpreting texts, has honed my critical thinking and writing abilities. Moreover, my background in journalism has taught me the importance of clarity, conciseness, and persuasive argumentation.Throughout my undergraduate studies, I have consistently received high marks in my coursework, demonstrating my strong foundation in literary analysis, textual interpretation, and research methods. In my literature classes, I have engaged in thought-provoking discussions and written insightful essays that explore the nuances of literary works. My ability to think critically and provide well-reasoned arguments has been recognized bymy professors, who have praised my analytical skills and depth of understanding.Furthermore, my experience in journalism has been instrumental in developing my communication and writing abilities. As a staff writer for my university's newspaper, I have written numerous articles that cover a wide range of topics, from campus events to social issues. The need to write clearly and concisely for a diverse audience has forced me to refine my writing style and make my arguments more persuasive.One particular instance that exemplifies my writing skills is my research project on the impact of social media on political discourse. Through extensive research and analysis, I was able to identify and articulate the complex ways in which social media platforms have shaped the nature of political debate. My findings were presented at a national academic conference, where I received positive feedback from scholars and peers alike.In addition to my academic accomplishments, I am anavid reader and writer outside of the classroom. I have published several short stories and poems in literary magazines, and I regularly contribute reviews and articlesto online literary journals. This active involvement in the literary community has kept me abreast of current trendsand has further refined my writing skills.I am confident that my passion for literature, combined with my strong academic record and experience in journalism, has prepared me well for the rigors of graduate studies. I am eager to delve deeper into my research interests and to contribute to the ongoing dialogue in literary scholarship.I am certain that I possess the necessary skills and determination to succeed in your esteemed program.中文回答：我坚信我的英语文学和新闻学背景让我具备了在学术界取得成功的必要技能。

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2011考研英语【新东方】主讲：王江涛2011考研考研英语强化写作讲义第一节考研写作总论一、课程安排：1、考研写作总论：复习计划、时间分配、写作学习、大纲解读2、段落写作：框架结构、启承转合、段落写作经典范文3、图画作文：4、词汇写作、句子写作5、应用文：书信、备忘录、报告、摘要、告示二、复习计划：1、攻克词汇：1）词汇书：2）软件：《新东方背单词》（5）3）记忆法：/jtwang分类：考研复习：十天攻克考研词汇2、精研真题：96-09共14年真题1）词汇：2）选项：3）句子结构：4）背诵：阅读A节经典文章5）英译汉：阅读A节、C节经典文章6）写作真题：3、适当模考：2010年1月三、时间分配：1）14：00－14：15 写作A节2）14：15－14：50 写作B节3）14：50－16：00 阅读A节4）16：00－16：20 阅读B节5）16：20－16：40 阅读C节6）16：40－17：00 完型填空四、写作学习：（一）提高实力：1、中译英：仔细对比原文，寻找差距2、背诵：滚瓜烂熟、脱口而出、多多益善3、默写：仔细对比原文，发现写作弱点4、仿写：（二）掌握技巧：万能框架附：20大必背范文：（一）小作文：1、新版考研写作教材（09年6月版，下同）P.3 最新考研英语大纲样题2、P.5 2005年高分作文3、P.5 2006年高分作文4、P.6 2007年高分作文5、2008年范文：题目见P.6Dear Bob,I’m writing to apologize for having forgotten to return the “the Beatles” CD to you when I left Canada. I was in such a hurry that I packed everything in my luggage without checking carefully. Had I paid more attention then, I wouldn’t have made such a stupid mistake.Now something must be done to solve the problem because I understand you cherish the CD enormously. I can either send it to you by express mail or alternatively compensate you at a reasonable price. If you do not mind, I may bring it back to you next time I go to Canada.Please let me know which solution you prefer at your earliest convenience. I really hope you will accept my sincere apology.Faithfully yours,Li Ming6、P.7 2009年范文Dear Editors,I have been reading your newspaper for many years with a great enthusiasm and interest. It is my view that limiting/prohibiting the use of disposable plastic bags is of utmost significance.To crack this hard nut, I would like to give/offer/render/propose several useful/practical recommendations as follows. First and foremost, it is imperative for us to ban the free use of disposable plastic bags. In addition, we should develop possible alternative forms to replace them, such as paper or clothing bags. Last but not least, plastic bags should be offered in a much higher price in department stores or supermarkets.I hope you would find the above proposals conducive and I would like to discuss this matter to further details. Your prompt attention to my suggestions would be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely,Li Ming7、Directions:You live in a room in college which you share with another student. You find it very difficult to work there because your roommate always has friends visiting and has parties in the room.Write a letter to the Accommodation Officer at the college and ask for a new room next term. You would prefer a single room. Explain your reasons.Dear Sir or Madam,I am writing to express/air dissatisfaction/disappointment/concern regarding accommodation. I would prefer to move into a single room next semester, as I find the present sharing arrangement inconvenient.I must explain that the reason for my dissatisfaction is my roommate’s inconsiderate behavior. For one thing, his friends are constantly visiting him; for another, he regularly holds noisy parties.To solve this problem/surmount this difficulty/improve this situation/crack this hard nut, I hope to draw the attention of the authorities concerned. I am sure you will agree that the only solution for me is to move into a room of my own. Therefore, I would be grateful if you could find a single room for me, preferably not in the same building but as near to the college campus as possible.Yours sincerely,Li Ming8.Directions:One of your friends wants to apply for a job working with foreign teenagers. Write a letter to recommend him/her, describe his/her past experience, and explain the reasons.Dear Sir or Madam,I am writing to recommend one of my best friends, Zhou Botong, for this post. With his outstanding leadership and cheerful personality, he was elected chairperson of the Student Union of Tsinghua University several times.Busy as he was, he completed his major, teenage psychology, with an outstanding school record. Upon graduation he was assigned to be a teacher in Tsinghua Middle School. What is more, he loves his job and enjoys working with children. This won him great popularity among his students.Therefore, I do not hesitate to recommend him as an ideal candidate for the post you advertised. I am sure you will make a wise decision in hiring him.Yours sincerely,Li Ming9.Directions: After being involved in an accident, you were looked after by Mr. Shakespeare. Write a special letter to express your thanks.Dear Mr. Shakespeare,I am writing to express my heartfelt gratitude. I am referring to that unfortunate accident the other day, when I was knocked off my bike by a taxi.If it had not been for your timely assistance in giving me first aid,I fear that the consequences might have been much serious. Everyone agrees that it was your quick-witted response in that emergency that has led to this satisfactory outcome.Although nowadays people in mounting numbers talk about the need to be unselfish, we see very few people practice what they preach.If there were more people like you, this world would be a much nicer place.Yours sincerely,Li Ming10、Directions:The Students’ Union of your department is planning a Chinese Speaking Contest. Write an announcement which covers the following information:1) the purpose of the contest,2) time and place of the contest,3) what is required of the candidates,4) details of the judges and awards.You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Department of Chinese Language and Literature at the end of the announcement.Chinese Speaking ContestJanuary 10, 2009 To improve students’ability to speak Chinese and enrich after-class activities, the Students’ Union of Department of Chinese Language and Literature is organizing a school-wide Chinese-speaking contest to be held on Saturday next week (17 January) at the Students’Auditorium. Those who are interested in taking part in it may sign up with the monitor of their classes before Tuesday next week.Five professors will be invited to be judges. The first six winners will be given awards. Everybody is welcome to be present at the contest.The Students’ UnionDepartment of Chinese Language and Literature参考译文1、尊敬的先生或女士：我写信是为了询问关于雅思考试的考试准备资料的信息。