英美文学赏析

英国文学史1.Old English and Medieval English (449-1485)2. The Renaissance （1485—1616）3. The 17th century: Revolution and Restoration (1616-1688)4. 18th century Literature: Enlightenment or The Age of Reason (1688-1798)5．Romanticism (1798-1832)6. The Victorian Period: critical realism（1832－1901/1918）7. The Modern Period (1918-1945)英国文学史及重要作家作品1. Old English and Medieval English (449-1485)：中世纪文学Anglo-Saxon Period (449-1066)<Beowulf>贝奥武甫: the first national epicThe Anglo-Norman Period( 1066 – 1485)King Arthur and his Round Table KnightsSir Gawain and the Green Knight高文爵士和绿衣骑士Geoffrey Chaucer - the father of English poetry<The Canterbury Tales>坎特布雷故事集'heroic couplet'2. The Renaissance （1485—1616）Humanism - the essence of the Renaissance, the dignity of human being and the importance of the present lifeEdmund Spenser：<The Faerie Queene> 《仙后》斯宾塞节奏Christopher Marlowe - the pioneer of English dramaBlank verse, hyperbole夸张University Wits(大学才子派)；Christopher Marlowe, Robert Greene, Thomas Nashe, John Lyly, Thomas Lodge, George Peele.<Dr. Faustus>浮士德博士the human passion for knowledge, power and happinessWilliam Shakespeare - above all writers in the past and in the present timeRomeo and JulietMacbethKing LearHamletOthelloJulius CaesarTimon of AthensComedies喜剧The Comedy of Errors 错误的喜剧All's Well That Ends Well) 终成眷属As You Like It) 皆大欢喜A Midsummer Night's DreamMuch Ado About Nothing 无事生非Measure for MeasureThe TempestTaming of the Shrew 驯悍记Twelfth NightThe Merchant of VeniceThe Merry Wives of Windsor温莎的风流娘儿们Love's Labour's Lost 爱的徒劳The Two Gentlemen of VeronaPericles Prince of TyreCymbelineThe Winter's TaleThe TempestFour tragedies - Hamlet, Othello, King Lear ，Macbeth作品赏析<Sonnet 18>Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,And often is his gold complexion dimmed;And every fair from fair sometime declines,By chance or nature’s changing course untrimmed;But thy eternal summer shall not fadeNor lose possession of that fair thou owe’st;Nor shall Death brag thou wander’st in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st:So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,So long lives this and this gives life to thee.<The Merchant of Venice> to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, to expose the insatiable greed and brutality<Hamlet>Soliloquy or monologue - fully reveal the inner conflict of thecharactersFrancis Bacon - brevity, compactness & powerfulness, his essays is an important landmark in the development of English prose Inductive method (归纳法) in place of deductive method 演绎法<Of Studies>How studies exert influence over human character –“reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.”读书使人充实，讨论使人机敏，写作使人严谨4. The 17th century: Revolution and Restoration (1616-1688)John Donnemetaphysical poetry Conceits, syllogism 三段论<The Sun Rising><Death, Be Not Proud>The FleaMARK but this flea, and mark in this,How little that which thou deniest me is ;It suck’d me first, and now sucks thee,And in this flea our two bloods mingled be.Thou know’st that this cannot be saidA sin, nor shame, nor loss of maidenhead ;Yet this enjoys before it woo,And pamper’d swells w ith one blood made of two ; And this, alas ! is more than we would do.O stay, three lives in one flea spare,Where we almost, yea, more than married are. This flea is you and I, and thisOur marriage bed, and marriage temple is. Though parents grudge, and you, we’re met,And cloister’d in these living walls of jet.Though use make you apt to kill me,Let not to that self-murder added be,And sacrilege, three sins in killing three.Cruel and sudden, hast thou sincePurpled thy nail in blood of innocence?Wherein could this flea guilty be,Except in that drop which it suck’d from t hee?Yet thou triumph’st, and say’st that thouFind’st not thyself nor me the weaker now.’Tis true; then learn how false fears be;Just so much honour, when thou yield’st to me,Will waste, as this flea’s death took life from thee.John Milton:<Paradise Lost>失乐园the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf. The conflict is between human love and spiritual duty. In heaven, Satan led a rebellion against God with his unconquerable will.<Paradise Regained>复乐园<Samson Agonistes> 力士参孙the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English.John Bunyan: The Pilgrim’s Progress 天路历程allegory寓言Vanity Fair成为William Makepeace Thackeray小说标题《名利场》5.18th century Literature: Enlightenment or The Age ofReason (1688-1798)Enlightenment - a progressive intellectual movement, reason (rationality), equality & scienceAlexander PopeThe rape of LocksOn Criticism 论批评名句：To err is human; to forgive, divine.Daniel Defoe - the first writer study of the lower-class people<Robinson Crusoe>, praise the human labor and the Puritan fortitude 清教徒坚韧Jonathan Swift - a master satiristIn his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawed Proper words in proper places<A Modest Proposal> 一个温和的建议选读：…for as to the males, my American acquaintance assured me from frequent experience that their flesh was generally tough and lean, like that of our schoolboys by continual exercise, and their taste disagreeable; and to fatten them would not answer the charge.<Gulliver's Travels>, four parts - Lilliput, Brobdingnag, Flying Island & HouyhnhnmHenry Fielding –Prose HomerComic epic in prose 散文体史诗<The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling>Samuel Johnson - first combine an English dictionary,last neoclassicist enlightener<A Dictionary of the English Language><To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield>Richard Brinsley Sheridan - the only important English dramatist of the 18th century<The Rivals>and <The School for Scandal>are regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw.Thomas GrayThe Graveyard School <Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard> Romantic - emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace选读：Elegy Written in a Country ChurchyardThe curfew1 tolls the knell of parting day,The lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea,The ploughman homeward plods his weary way,And leaves the world to darkness and to me.Pre-Romanticism: William Blake; Robert BurnsWilliam Blake -engraver雕刻家<The Chimney Sweeper> from <Songs of Innocence> a happy and innocence world from children's eye<The Chimney Sweeper> from <Songs of Experience>a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy 忧郁的tone from men eyes Childhood, paradoxes, a pairing of opposites<The Tyger>Robert Burns：苏格兰农民诗人A Red, Red RoseO my Luve’s1 like a red, red rose,That’s newly sprung in June;O my Luve’s like the melodieThat’s sweetly played in tune.As fair art thou, my bonnie lass, So deep in luve am I;And I will luve thee still, my dear, Till a’ the seas gang dry.Till a’ the seas gang dry, my dear, And the rocks melt wi’ the sun:I will luve thee still, my dear, While the sands o’ life shall run.And fare thee weel,6 my only love! And fare thee weel, a while!And I will come again, my love, Though it were ten thousand mile.Auld Lang Syne 友谊地久天长Should auld acquaintance be forgot, And never brought to min’? Should auld acquaintance be forgot, And days o’lang syne?(Chorus)For auld lang syne, my dear,For auld lang syne,We’ll tak a cup o’ kindness yet,For auld lang syne.We twa hae run about the braes,And pu’d the gowans fine;But we’ve wandered mony a weary fitSin’ auld lang syne.6. Romanticism (1798-1832)浪漫主义时期The romantic period began with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge's <Lyrical Ballads>抒情歌谣集William Wordsworth- the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, simple, spontaneous, worshipper of nature“the child is father of the man”<The Solitary Reaper>'Lake Poets' or the Lakers 湖畔诗人William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge & Robert SoutheySamuel Taylor Coleridge - supernatural, remote<The Rime of the Ancient Mariner>, <Chrisabel>, <Kubla Khan>George Gordon Byron 拜伦'Byronic hero' is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles. Such a hero appears first in <Childe Harold's Pilgrimage>.< <The Isles of Greece> from<Don Juan>(the masterpiece of Byron, a long satirical poem), song by a Greek singer at the wedding of Don Juan and Haidee. 'Fill high the bowl with Samian wine'?She Walks in Beauty21She walks in beauty, like the nightOf cloudless climes and starry skies;And all that’s best of dark and brightMeet in her aspect and her eyes;Thus mellowed to that tender lightWhich heaven to gaudy day denies.2One shade the more, one ray the less,Had half impaired the nameless graceWhich waves in every raven tress,Or softly lightens o’er her face;Where thoughts serenely sweet express,How pure, how dear their dwelling-place.3And on that cheek, and o’er that brow,So soft, so calm, yet eloquent,The smiles that win, the tints that glow,But tell of days in goodness spent,A mind at peace with all below,A heart whose love is innocent!Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱<Men of England><Ode to the West Wind>terza rima, destructive-constructive potential, hopeful,'I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!','If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?'John Keats 约翰·济慈four great odes – <Ode on Melancholy>, <Ode on a Grecian Urn>, <Ode to a Nightingale>, <Ode to Psyche><Ode on a Grecian Urn>希腊古翁颂the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience 短暂of human passion,'Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard are sweeter','Beauty is truth, truth beauty'Jane Austen六部小说Pride and Prejudice; Sense and Sensibility;Mansfield Park; Emma ;Northanger Abbey and Persuasion“It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a large fortune must be in want of a wife.”7 .The Victorian Period: critical realism（1832－1901/1918）Darwin's <The Origin of Species> and <The Descent of Man> shook the traditional faith, everything is created by God. Utilitarianism 功利主义was widely accepted and practiced Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common peopleCharles Dickens - one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian AgeCharacter-portrayal is the most distinguishing feature of his worksA mingling of humor and pathos 悲伤<A Tale of Two Cities>Oliver Twist；The Pickwick Paper；David Copperfield；Domeby and Son；A Tale of Two Cities；Bleak House；Little Dorrit；Hard Times；Great Expectations选读…Oliver had not been within the walls of the workhouse a quarter of an hour, and had scarcely completed the demolition of a second slice of bread, when Mr. Bumble3, who had handed him over to the care of an old woman, returned; and, telling him it was a board night, informed him that the board had said he was to appear before it forthwith.Not having a very clearly defined notion of what a live board was, Oliver was rather astounded by this intelligence, and was not quite certain whether he ought to laugh or cry. He had no time to think about the matter, however; for Mr. Bumble gave him a tap on the head, with his cane, to wake him up: and another on the back to make him lively: and bidding him to follow, conducted him into a large white-washed room, where eight or ten fat gentlemen were sitting round a table. At the top of the table, seated in an arm-chair rather higher than the rest, was a particularly fat gentleman with a very round, red face.“Bow to the board,” said Bumble. Oliver brushed away two or three tears that were lingering in his eyes; and seeing no board but the table, fortunately bowed to that.The Bronte Sisters - Charlotte, Emily<Jane Eyre><Wuthering Heights>Alfred Tennyson - invents dramatic monologue, Poet Laureate桂冠诗人, a real artist<Break, Break, Break>the death of his best friend, his sadness feeling are contrasted with the carefree, innocent joys of the children and the unfeeling movement of the ship and the sea waves<Crossing the Bar> we can feel his fearlessness towards death, his faith in God and an afterlife. 'Crossing the bar' means leaving this world and entering the next worldRobert Browning- the most original poet, who improves and mature the dramatic monologue内心独白<The Ring and the Book> his masterpiece<My Last Duchess> this dramatic monologue is the duke's speech addressed to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage, the duke is a self-conceited, cruel and tyrannical man<Meeting at Night><Parting at Morning>George Eliot: As a woman of exceptional intelligence and life experience, she shows a particular concern for the destiny of women <Middlemarch> a sharp contrast is set between the cold, lifeless, dull house and Dorothea who is full of youthful life and vigorThomas Hardy- both a naturalistic and a critical realist writerLocal-colored, Wessex,'novels of character and environment'<Tess of the D'Urbervilles> experience is as to intensity, and not as to duration8. The Modern Period (1918-1945)Difference between Modernism and Realism现实主义与现代主义之别（1）Modernism rejects rationalism，which is the theoretical base of Realism（2）Modernism refects the source of Realism，i.e. the external，objective，material world（3）Modernism rejects almost all the traditional elements in literaturewence 劳伦斯The Rainbow；Women in Love；Lady Chatterley‘s Lover Sons and Lovers，White PeacockGeorge Bernard ShawMrs Warren‘s Profession; 华伦夫人的职业St. Joan；The Apple CartJohn GalsworthyThe Forsyte SagaTrilogy：The Man of Property；In Chancery；To LetWilliam Butler YeatsWhen You Are OldWhen you are old and grey and full of sleep.And nodding by the fire, take down this book.And slowly read, and dream of the soft lookYour eyes had once, and of their shadows deep.How many loved your moments of glad grace.And loved your beauty with love false or true.But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you.And loved the sorrows of your changing face;And bending down beside the glowing bars,Murmur, a little sadly, how Love fledAnd paced upon the mountains overheadAnd hid his face amid a crowd of stars.T.S. EliotThe Waste Land 荒原（1）presents physical disorder and spiritual decadence in the modern western society（2）reflects disillusion and despair of a whole post war generation.anguish，menace，sterility had been afflicting all sensitive members of the postwar generation（3）concerns with the spiritual breakup of a modern civilization in which human life has lost its meaning（4）reflects the 20th century people‘s disillusion and frustration in a meaningless and boring worldThe Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock：dramatic monologue in ironic toneJames Joyce1.scene：the same setting：Ireland，especially Dublin，thesame subject：The Irish people and their life2. works：Ulysses：an account of man‘s life during one day3.stream of consciousness4.Araby（from Dubliners）：a tale of the frustrated quest for beautyVirginia Woolf 生平及经历Stream of conciousness意识流Mrs. Dallorway; Waves; To the Lighthouse, The Mark on the WallUncle Sam and John Bull美国文学与美国人谈论美国文学1. American Romantic Period（1800－1865）Started with Washington Irving's <The Sketch Book> and ended with Whitman's<Leaves of Grass>, also called 'the American Renaissance.'Free expression of emotion, escapes from society, and return to nature New England Transcendentalism超验主义Washington Irving- father of the American short stories, the American GoldsmithFirst novel <A History of New York><The Sketch Book> contains German folk tales<Rip Van winkle >,<The Legend of Sleepy Hollow>Ralph Waldo Emerson- the spokesman of New England Transcendentalism movement超验主义<The American Scholar>“美国文学的独立宣言”, <Self - Reliance>,<The Over-Soul> 超灵<Nature>is regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism比喻：transparent eyeballStanding on the bare ground, head bathed by the blithe air and uplifted into infinite space, all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eyeball; I am nothing; I see all.David Thoreau：Walden 瓦尔登湖Nathaniel Hawthorne 霍桑Interior of the heart, there is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life, but circumstancesmay rouse it to activity<The Scarlet Letter> 红字<Young Goodman Brown>Walt Whitman ：<Leaves of Grass>,Openness, freedom, individualism<Song of Myself> Whitman is a man bubbling with energy and laden with ideas, spontaneous expression of his original ideasO Captain! My CaptainHerman Melville- a master of allegory and symbolism, like Hawthorne<Moby-Dick> the first American prose epic, Ishmael both as a character and a narrator, the captain, Ahab is a monomaniac2. Realistic period （1865－1914/1918）The Gilded Age, the poor poorer and the rich richer, people's attention was now directed to the interesting features of everyday existenceLocal colorism 地方色彩,social Darwinism, bestiality, beyond man's controlMark Twain - the true father of American literatureLocal colorist, vernacular, simple sentence, 'the damned human race' Three boyhood books <Life on the Mississippi>,<The Adventures of Tom Sawyer>,<Adventures of Huckleberry Finn>Henry James- international theme, psychological realist Stream of consciousness, interior monologue, free association<Daisy Miller> the narrator is an American expatriate, named Winterbourne. Daisy is the most innocent girl. The clash is between two different cultures.Emily DickinsonBased on her own experiences, her sorrows and joysTheodore Dreiser- America's literary naturalists Case history including everything Determinism (heredity biological & environment), survival of the fittest, the jungle law Trilogy of Desire - <The Financier>, <The Titan>, <The Stoic><Sister Carrie>；An American Tragedy3.The modern periodThe second American Renaissanc e, the expatriate movement, theLost Generation, a transformation from order to disorderSeize the day, enjoy the present, spiritual wasteland, collective unconscious, psychoanalysisImagist movement, Jazz AgeEzra Pound - a leading spokesman of the 'Imagist Movement'<The Cantos><In a Station of the Metro>The apparition of these faces in the crowd;Petals on a wet, black bough.<The River - Merchant's Wife: A Letter> /view/b43bad3d0912a21614792967.html妾发初覆额，折花门前剧；While my hair was still cut straight across my foreheadI played about the front gate, pulling flowers.郎骑竹马来，绕床弄青梅。