Center of rotation estimation for rocket nozzle by infrared reflective makers and image sequence

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正畸学英文

正畸学英文A: activator肌激动器;Adams clasp箭头卡;adjunctive orthodontec treatment辅助性正畸治疗;adolescence青春期;adolescent spurt青春萌动期;adult orthodontic treatment 成人正畸治疗;advanced stages of root resorption严重牙根吸收;alignment 排齐;aluminum shield铝挡板; alveolar bone 牙槽骨; alveolar bone height 牙槽骨高度;amniotic cavity 羊膜间隙(是指在外胚层和滋养层间的空腔);anchorage control支抗的控制; Angle Class II malocclusion安氏II类错合;Angle classification 安氏分类法;anterior crosssbite 前牙反合;anterior face height 前面高;anterior neuropores 前区神经孔;anterior open bite 前牙开合;anterior overbite 前牙深覆合; anterior shift 前伸移位; anteroposterior maxillary excess 上颌前突;anteroposterior relationship近远中关系;antiplaque agents 抗菌斑生成剂;apical root resorption根尖吸收;apically repositioned flap 龈瓣根向转移;apposition (of teeth)定位(牙);arch form (of bone)弓形(牙槽骨);arrow clasp 箭头卡;articulare 关节点，asymmetry非对称性;average growers正常发育者B: ball clasp球行卡环; base of the tongue舌根; behavioral sciences 行为科学; bilaminar disk双层胚盘; biologic considerations 生物因素;biometric norm 生物测量正常值;bionator生物调节器;Blanche test 变白测试(用于测试上颌唇系带是否附丽过低，或延伸至腭侧切乳头);blastocele;blastocyst cavity 分裂腔;blastocyst 囊胚;blastomere 分裂球;bodily movement 整体移动;body image 身体形象;body of the tongue 舌体;bonded bracket粘结式托槽;bonded(fixed)appliance 粘结式(固定)矫治器;bonded retainer粘结式保持器;bonding of molars 磨牙粘结术;bone loss 骨缺失;bracket system 托槽系统;Brodie syndrome 布罗迪综合征(患者表现为下颌骨偏小畸形，下颌骨后缩或上颌骨巨大，同时伴有后牙正锁);brushing instructions 刷牙医嘱;buccopharyngeal membrane 颊咽粘膜C:C clasp C型卡环;calcification钙化;cartilaginous neurocranim软骨性颅;cartilaginous viscerocranium软骨性面颅;center of resistance 阻抗中心;center of rotation 旋转中心;cephalometric standards 头影测量标准值;cervical , attachment颈带;cessation 停止;chief concern 主诉;chlorhexidine洗必泰;chondrocranium软骨颅;chondrogenesis软骨生成;chorion绒毛膜; chorionic cavity绒毛腔;circumpubertal acceleration 青春快速发育期;Class I molar relationship 磨牙I类关系;Class II elastics II类弹性牵引;Class III subdivision III类亚类; cleavage 分裂;clefting 裂;clockwise rotation 顺时针旋转。

小学上册第16次英语第2单元寒假试卷

小学上册英语第2单元寒假试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.We can ___ a snowman. (build)2.Many plants change color in ______ (秋天).3.My mom likes to decorate the ____.4.My mom enjoys __________ (旅行) with the family.5.The chemical formula for lead(II) sulfide is _____.6.The chemical symbol for xenon is ______.7.What is the name of the famous monument in India?A. Taj MahalB. Qutub MinarC. Gateway of IndiaD. Red FortA8.What do you call a baby rabbit?A. KidB. BunnyC. PupD. KitB9. A ______ can be found in gardens and helps plants grow.10.The ______ helps with the detection of temperature changes.11.The invention of the telescope expanded our understanding of _____.12.The _______ has intricate patterns on its leaves.13.What do we call the study of living things?A. ChemistryB. BiologyC. PhysicsD. GeographyB14.小鸭子) follows its mother closely. The ___15.I drink _____ milk in the morning. (cold)16.The birds are ______ together in the trees. (singing)17.________ (生态影响) shapes landscapes.18.The ________ was a major turning point in the fight for social justice.19.Which instrument has keys and is played with fingers?A. GuitarB. ViolinC. PianoD. Drum20.The _______ (Great Fire of London) occurred in 1666 and destroyed much of the city.21.I love to watch my _________ (玩具火车) go around the track.22.Which word means "a young child"?A. TeenagerB. AdultC. ToddlerD. SeniorC23.What do bees produce?A. MilkB. HoneyC. EggsD. Butter24.What is the term for the effect of rotation on weather patterns on Earth?A. Coriolis EffectB. Weather SystemC. Atmospheric CirculationD. Wind Patterns25.My brother is a __________ (交通规划师).26.What is the term for the distance around a shape?A. AreaB. PerimeterC. VolumeD. Surface areaB Perimeter27.The parrot's beak is strong enough to crack ________________ (坚果).28.What is the capital of Malaysia?A. Kuala LumpurB. SingaporeC. BangkokD. JakartaA Kuala Lumpur29.This ________ (玩具) fuels my creativity.30.My uncle loves to __________ (分享) his recipes.31.I love to _______ (记录) my experiences.32.What do we call the practice of growing plants in water?A. HydroponicsB. AquacultureC. AgricultureD. HorticultureA33. A dilute solution has a low concentration of _____.34.The capital of Azerbaijan is ________ (巴库).35.What do you call a person who repairs computers?A. TechnicianB. EngineerC. ProgrammerD. DeveloperA36.The ancient Greeks developed the theater as an art form in ________ (雅典).37. A _______ (小蚊子) buzzes around during summer nights.38.How many pairs of wings does a butterfly have?A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 4B39.What is the name of the famous statue in Rio de Janeiro?A. Christ the RedeemerB. Statue of LibertyC. DavidD. Venus de MiloA Christ the Redeemer40.The element with the symbol I is __________.41. A _____ (生态旅游) can focus on plant life.42.The basic unit of a protein is an ________.43.We should ________ our hands before eating.44.We drink ________ (water) when we are thirsty.45.The _____ (ferns) thrive in shady areas.46.The ____ is a wise creature often associated with knowledge.47. A __________ can lead to the formation of new islands.48.The ______ helps people improve their skills.49.Fermentation is a chemical process that produces _______.50.The chemical formula for silver nitrate is ______.51.The ______ helps with the absorption of nutrients.52.What is 7 x 3?A. 18B. 20C. 21D. 2453.I see a butterfly near the ___. (flower)54.What is the primary color that mixes with red to create purple?A. BlueB. YellowC. GreenD. OrangeA55.The __________ is a popular tourist destination in Thailand. (普吉岛)56.What is the primary season for growing crops?A. WinterB. SpringC. SummerD. FallB57.The flowers in the garden are _______ and fragrant.58.Which planet is known for having a great red spot?A. JupiterB. SaturnC. MarsD. VenusA59.The ______ (自然灾害) can damage plant life.60.The park is very ________.61.ts produce _____ (毒素) for protection. Some pla62.What is the name of the first artificial satellite launched into space?A. Apollo 11B. HubbleC. Sputnik 1D. Voyager 163.My grandmother tells me about ____.64. A ______ has a unique pattern on its fur.65.The parrot is very _______ (善于交际).66.What do we call the process of making decisions based on evidence?A. GuessingB. EstimationC. ReasoningD. IntuitionC67.The chemical process of respiration converts glucose into ______.68.The ______ is known for her artistic vision.69.I saw a ________ in the flower bed.70.What do bees make?A. ButterB. HoneyC. JamD. SyrupB Honey71.The _____ (kite/balloon) is flying high.72.The sun is very ________ today.73. A volcano that is currently erupting is called an ______ volcano.74.The __________ (历史的教训) is invaluable.75.__________ are substances that can conduct electricity when dissolved in water.76.Acids turn blue litmus paper _______.77.Matter can exist in different states, including solid, liquid, and ________.78.Many plants have _____ (刺) to protect themselves.79.n Tea Party was a protest against __________ (税收). The Bost80.Which instrument has 88 keys?A. OrganB. HarpC. PianoD. Accordion答案:C81. A horse makes a ______ sound.82.The __________ (古代文明) had complex societies.83.The clock is ___. (ticking)84.The chemical formula for glycine is ______.85. A well-maintained garden can be a source of ______. (一个维护良好的花园可以成为快乐的源泉。

钻井常用术语翻译

钻井常用术语翻译钻井总论钻井drilling钻井方法drilling method顿钻钻井cable drilling杆式顿钻rod tool drilling绳式顿钻cable tool drilling轻便钻井portable drilling直井straight hole深井deep well超深井super deep well地热井geothermal well热采井thermal production well工程井engineering rejection well工程报废井abandoned well弃井abandoned well钻井设计well design钻井质量drilling quality岩石的物理机械性质physical-mechanical properties of rock矿物的微硬度micro-hardness of rook肖氏岩石硬度Shores hardness史氏岩石硬度Shi's hardness矿物的弹性模量elastic modulus of mineral岩石的弹性模量elastic modulus of rock矿物的泊松比Poissons ratio mineral岩石的泊松比Poissons ratio rock矿物的切变模量shear modulus of mineral岩石的切变模量shear modulus of rock矿物和岩石的体积压缩模量bulk compressibility mineral and rock岩石的体积压缩系数coefficient of bulk compressibility mineral and rock 岩石的抗拉伸强度tensile strength of rock岩石的直接拉伸试验direct tensile test of rock岩石的巴西劈裂拉伸实验Brazilian test of rock岩石的筒形抗内压胀裂试验burst test of hollow cyling by internal pressure 岩石的常规抗压缩强度compressive strength of rock岩石的抗剪切强度shear strength of rock岩石的抗剪切强度试验shear test of rock岩石的三轴强度试验tri-axial test of rock岩石的常规三轴试验ordinary tri-axial test of rock岩石的真三轴试验true tri-axial test of rock脆性岩石brittle rock塑性岩石plastic rock岩石的假塑性破坏pseudo-plastic breakage of rock岩石塑性系数coefficient of plasticity of rock岩石的脆塑性转变压力（临界压力）brittle plastic transitional pressure of rock 岩石的库仑纳维尔强度准则Conlomb-Navier strength criterion of rock岩石的内磨擦角和内磨擦系数angle of interal friction and coefficient of interalfriction of rock岩石的莫尔强度准则Mohr strength criterion of rock岩石的格里菲斯脆性破坏准则Griffith criterion of brittle failure of rock统计强度理论statistical strength theory岩石的表面破碎surface fracture of rock岩石的疲劳破碎fatigue fracture of rock岩石的体积破碎volumetric fracture of rock岩石的单位体积破碎pecific volumetric fracture work of rock地应力in situ stress岩层的水平测向应力horizontal stress of strata测向系数coefficient of lateral pressure围压confining pressure有效应力effective stress压持效应chip hold effect岩石硬度减低剂rock hardness reducer岩石的可钻性drill ability of rock岩石的研磨性rock abrasiveness钻具drilling tool钻柱drill stem复合钻柱combination string满眼钻柱packed hole assembly踏式钻铤组合tapered drill collar string钟摆钻具pendulum assembly偏重钻铤unbalanced drill collar钻柱弯曲buckling of drill string钻具的扭转震动twisting vibration of drill string钻杆疲劳破坏fatigue-failure of drill string上紧矩make-up torque应力减轻槽stress-relief groove减震器vibration dampener稳定器stabilizer井眼大扩器reamer钻井液drilling fluids水基钻井液water-base drilling fluids淡水钻井液fresh-water drilling fluids低固相钻井液low solids fluids低固相不分散钻井液low solids non-dispersed polymer drilling fluids抑制性钻井液inhibitive drilling fluids盐水钻井液salt-water drilling fluids饱和盐水钻井液saturated salt-water drilling fluids钙处理钻井液calcium treated drilling fluids钾盐钻井液potassium drilling fluids混油钻井液oil-emulsion drilling fluids生物聚合物钻井液biodegrability drilling fluids油基钻井液oil base drilling fluids反相乳化钻井液invert-emulsion drilling fluids平衡活度钻井液balanced activity drilling fluids泡沫钻井液foam drilling fluids密闭液sealing fluids完井液completion fluids封隔夜packer fluids解卡浸泡液stuck freeing spotting fluids钻井液性能properties of drilling fluids滤失filtrationAPI滤失量API filtration高温高压滤失量high temperature and high pressure filtration 动滤失量dynamic filtration滤饼filter cake含砂量sand content钻井液固相含量solids content in drilling fluids亚甲基兰实验methylene blue test石灰含量lime content estimation钻井液的酚酞碱度P m alkalinity滤液酚酞碱度P t alkalinity滤液甲基橙碱度M f alkalinity造浆率yield破乳电压emulsion-breaking voltage钻井液流变性drilling fluids rheology漏斗粘度funnel viscosity触变性thixotropic behavior静切力gel strength初切力initial gel strength终切力10-minuto gel strength剪切降粘特性shear-thinning behavior钻井液受污染contamination of drilling fluids粘土侵clay contamination盐侵salt contamination盐水侵salt water contamination钙侵calcium contamination砂侵sand contamination水侵water contamination气侵gas contamination钻井液处理剂mud additives降失水剂filtrate or reduction agents增粘剂thickening agent膨润土增效剂agents of increasing bentonite降粘剂thinning agents加重剂weighting agents堵漏剂lost circulation materials水敏性页岩water-sensitive shale膨润土的预水化pre-hydrated bentonite固相控制solid control钻屑cutting砂sand泥silt胶体颗粒colloidal solids钻进drilling钻进技术drilling technology钻进技术参数drilling parameters钻压weight on bit悬重和钻重string suspending weight and drilling weight 转速rpm-revolution per minute排量rate of flow零轴向点zero axial stress point中性点neutral point开钻spud in完钻finishing drilling送钻bit feed方余和方入kelly-up and kelly-in进尺footage机械钻速penetration rate鳖钻bit bouncing跳钻bit jumping干钻drilling at circulation break打倒车reverse rotation table钻头泥包bit balling划眼redressing扩眼reamin1放空drilling break吊打easing the bit in纠斜hole straightening侧钻sidetracking单根single双根double立根stand接单根king a connection起下钻trips知起下钻short tripping活动钻具move the drill string上卸扣make up and break out换钻头change bit鼠洞rat hole小鼠洞mouse hole喷射钻井jet-bit drilling射流jet flow冲击射流impact jet flow汽蚀射流cavitation jet射流扩散角和扩散系数spread angle and spread coefficient of jet射流等速patential core of jet漫流cross flow射流喷速jet velocity射流速度降低系数decreasing coefficient of jet velocity射流动压力dynamic pressure of jet flow射流压力降低系数coefficient of jet-flow pressure drop射流冲击力jet impact force射流水功率jet hydraulic-power喷射距离jet length清洗井底bottom-hole cleaning钻头压降bit pressure-drop钻头水功率bit hydraulic horse-power喷嘴nozzle等变速喷嘴nozzle with iso-variable velocity流线形喷嘴streamline nozzle喷嘴流量系数nozzle orifico coefficient钻井液循环系统drilling fluids circulating system钻井液流态flow pattern平板层流flat plate laminar flowZ值Z-value喷射钻井的工作方式The working regime of jet drilling最大钻头水功率工作方式The regime of the maximum bit hydra-ulic horse-power 最大射流冲击力方式the regime of the maximum jet-impact force最大射流喷速工作方式The regime of the maximum jet velocity经济水功率工作方式the regime of the economic hydraulic horse-power jet bit喷射式钻头optimum rate of mud flow最优喷嘴直径optimum nozzlo diameter临界井深和极限井深critical well depth and limited well depth钻井泵的工作状态the working regime of drilling pump钻井泵的最大排工作状态（额定工作功率工作状态）the maximum flow rate regime of the drilling pump (the rated power regime of the drilling pump)钻井泵的调节排量工作状态（允许压力工作状态）the regulated flow rate regime of the drilling pump(the rated power regime of the drilling pump)携带岩屑cutting carrying岩屑运移比cutting transport ratio环空岩屑浓度solid concentration in annular space钻井泵效率rate of utilized power of the drilling pump钻井泵水功济利用率rate of utilized hydraulic power of the drilling pump优化钻井技术optimum drilling technology控制井control well钻井可控参数controllable drilling variables钻井不可控参数non controllable drilling variables钻井目标函数（钻井泛函）objective function of drilling procedure钻进过程的数学模型mathematical model for drilling procedure钻速方程equation for drilling rate二元钻速方程drilling rate equation in two variables多元钻速方程multi-variable drilling rate equation最大允许钻压maximum allowable weight on bit最优钻压optimum weight on bit钻速系数factor of penetration rate地层研磨性系数factor of formation abrasiveness牙齿磨损系数tooth wear coefficient轴承工作系数working coefficient of bearing五点法钻速试验“five spot” drill-off test井下动力钻井hole bottom power drilling涡轮钻井turbo-drilling涡轮钻具turbo-drill电动钻具electric drill螺杆钻具positive displacement motor涡轮工作特性characteristics of turbine涡轮的水力载荷hydraulic load on turbo-drill涡轮钻具井底工作特性hole-bottom working characteristics of turbo-drill涡轮钻具最优工作区optimized working zone of turbo-drill涡轮钻具合理转速optimum revolution of turbo-drill涡轮钻具最优排量optimum capacity of turbo-drill涡轮不稳定工作区unstable working range turbo-drill有效钻压effective bit-weight涡轮钻具井底功率传递系数transfer coefficient of bottom hole power of turbo-drill 涡轮钻具特性系数characteristic coefficient of turbo-drill涡轮的水力效率hydraulic efficiency of turbo-drill涡轮钻具合理钻进深度optimum drill depth of turbo-drill涡轮-泵组联合特性combined characteristics of turbo-drill-pump涡轮钻具轴向间隙的调节axial clearance regulation of turbo-drill钻具滤清器drill pipe filter启动阀starter gate valve低速大扭矩涡轮钻具love-speed high-torque turbo-drill复式涡轮钻具compound turbo-drill定向井directional well定向要素directional elements井斜角inclination方位角azimuth井斜变化率rate of inclination change方位变化率rate of azimuth change井眼曲率hole curvature垂深和测深vertical depth and measured水平投影长度hole deviation水平位移displacement or closure distance多底井multi-bore well水平井horizontal well丛式井cluster well or multiple wells救除井relief well双筒井dual wells套管开窗starting window on casing造斜deflecting or building angle增斜increasing hole angle or build-up hole angle 降斜decreasing hole angle or build-off hole angle 稳斜maintain angle井身垂直投影图vertical projection of borehole井身水平投影图horizontal projection of borehole 正切法tangential method平衡正切法balanced tangential method平均角法average angle method曲率半径法radius of curvature method圆弧法arc method最小曲率法minimum curvature method圆柱螺线法cylinder helix method悬链线轨迹·catenary shape profile控制圆柱control cylinder造斜工具deflecting tool槽式变向器whip-stock短涡轮short turbo-drill钻铤造斜短节short bent collar涡轮偏心短节turbo-eccentric sub复式弯涡轮bent multi-turbo-drill水力斜接头hydraulic bent sub Dyna-flex瓦片变向器rebel tool 造斜工具面tool face造斜率rate of over-all angle change井眼方位漂移walk of hole装置角tool of rotation工具面角tool face azimuth动力钻具反扭角reactive torque定向方位角tool face bearing or tool face setting 磁偏角magnetic declination随钻测量measurement while drill(MWD)单点测斜仪single shot instrument多点测斜仪multi-shot instrument陀螺测斜仪gyroscopic instrument定向orientation定向下钻orientation while going in hole磁力定向法magnetic orientation method斜口管鞋定向法mule-shoe orientation method取心coring岩心core岩心收获率recovery of core取心方法coring method局部反循环取心coring with local inverse circulation 长筒取心core drilling with long core barrel密闭取心sealing core drilling保压取心core drilling with keeping formation pressure 定向取心orientation coring绳索取心wire line coring取心工具coring tools岩心筒core barrel单筒式岩心筒single type core barrel双筒式岩心筒core barrel of double tube swivel type 内岩心筒inside core barrel外岩心筒outside core barrel喷射式岩心筒core barrel of jet type取心钻头coring bit牙轮取心钻头coring cone bit金钢石取心钻头diamond coring bit硬质合金取心钻头hard metal coring bit涡轮取心钻头turbo-core bit涡轮取心钻具turbo-core drill岩心爪core gripper卡瓦式岩心爪core gripper with slip卡簧式岩心爪core gripper with slip-spring板簧式岩心爪卡core gripper with slip-spider箍式岩心爪core gripper with slip-collar割取岩心core breaking机械加压割心法core breaking by mechanical loading 投球割心core breaking by hydraulic pressure投砂割心core breaking by pumping down顶岩心core extracting各种压力概念concept of pressure静液压力hydrostatic pressure钻井液压力drilling fluid column pressure孔隙压力pore pressure (formation pressure)上覆岩层压力overburden pressure颗粒压力grain to grain pressure压力梯度pressure gradient压力监控pressure detection and control异常压力及其形成abnormal pressure and it’s formation压力异常abnormal pressure压实作用compaction欠压实imcompaction不渗透围栅·permeabillity barrier快速沉积rapid deposition构造型异常高压structural abnormal pressure地层压力检测方法method of formation pressure detection地震资料法seismic data method机械钻速法penetration rate methodd指数法d-exponent method dc指数法dc-exponent method标准化钻速法normalized penetration rate页岩密度法shale density溢流观测法take a kick天然气录井检测法gas logging氯化物检测法chloride log钻井液录井法drilling fluid log返出钻井液温度检测法flow-line temperature化石资料法paleo-information地球物理检测法wire-line logs中途测试drill-stem testing完井测试well completing test综合录井仪computerlized apply drilling technology地层破裂压力formation fracture pressure地层破裂压力预报方法formation fracture pressure prediction 漏失试验法leak-off test胡伯特-威利斯法Hubbert and Willis approach马修斯-凯利法method of Matthews and Kelly伊顿法method of Eaton安德森法Anderson’s method艾克斯劳格法Exlog method黄荣樽法Huang’s method地层井眼系统的压力平衡balance of formation-borehole system 地层压力当量钻井液密度equivalent drilling fluid density钻井液当量循环密度equivalent circulating density附加压力当量钻井液密度additional pressure equivalent density 当量深度equivalent depth钻柱排代量drilling fluid displacement波动压力（激动压力）surge pressure抽汲压力swabbing pressure气体上窜gas channeling天然气偏差因子the coefficient of gas compressibility溢流overflow井涌kick井喷well blowout地下井喷underground blowout井喷失控out of control for blowout循环池液体增量pit gain压力过渡带pressure transition zone压井killing well关井closing well硬关井hard closing软关井soft closing压井方法killing well method工程师法（等待加重量法）engineer’s method司钻法（二次循环法）driller’s method边加重边循环法concurrent method空井压井empty well control置换式压井法（顶部压井法）displacement method反循环inverse circulating循环周circulating circle节流循环circulating with choke防喷设备和工具blowout prevention tools and equipments防溢管·bellnipple钻井液流量计drilling fluid flowing indicator泵冲数计pump-stroke counter钻井液液面指示器pit-volume indicator真空除气器·vacum degasser硫化氢监测仪H2s detector井控模拟装置well control simulator井喷失控的处理well blowout control抢装井口installing wellhead扣装法抢装井口buckling-up-installing wellhead翻转法抢装井口turning-up-installing wellhead整体吊装法抢装井口whole hanging method for installing wellhead 带帽子压井法·hatting kill well method下封隔器压井killing well with packer method换井口套管casing replacing灭火extinguishing喷射水流灭火法jet fire extinguishing method爆炸灭火法explosion method灭火剂extinguisher固井well cementing套管程序casing program导管conductor表层套管surface casing技术套管intermediate casing strings生产套管production casing套管柱casing string套管柱下部结构casing accessories引鞋guiding shoe套管鞋casing shoe套管扶正器centralizer泥饼刷wall scratcher浮籀float collar套管承托环cement baffle collar旋流短节vortex sub浮鞋cementing float collar水泥伞cementing basket注水泥胶塞cementing plugs通径规drift diameter gauge套管的外载荷outside casing load套管内压力burst套管外挤压力collapse pressure套管轴向力axial load套管强度casing strength套管抗挤强度collapse resistance套管抗拉强度tensile resistance套管抗内压强度burst resistance下套管running casing活动套管moving casing预应力preceding stress人工井底artificial bottom of a well磁性定位短节magnetic locator sub固井工具与设备tools and equipments for running casing and cementing 套管吊钳casing tong套管吊卡casing elevator卡盘casing spider联顶节top connecting collar水泥头connect head水泥车connecting truck井口装置wellhead equipment注水泥?connect油井水泥oil well connecting低密度水泥light weight connect膨润土水泥·bentonite connect速凝水泥accelerated cement膨胀水泥expansion cement纤维质水泥fiber cement树脂水泥（浆）resin cement油基水泥（浆）diesel-oil cement橡胶水泥（浆）latex cement酸溶性水泥acid dissoluble cement石膏水泥混合物·gypsam cement火山灰水泥·pozzolan cement抗盐水泥salt-resisting cement双凝水泥浆separable setting cement slurry冷井水泥和热井水泥ordinary and hot cementAPI水泥分级API cement classification水泥浆性能及其调节cement properties and adjustments of them稠度仪consist-meter水泥浆流动性mobility of slurry水泥浆密度slurry density水泥浆滤失量slurry filtration出口温度井底温度和循环温度flow-line temperature bottom temperature andcirculation temperature水泥浆失重losing weight slurry水泥石强度cement strength水泥石渗透性permeability of set cement水泥石的射孔性perforating quality水泥浆外加剂cement additive速凝剂accelerator缓凝剂retardant减阻剂friction reducer降密度剂light weight additive降失水量filtrate reducer水泥浆加重剂heavy weight additive隔离液spacer fluid前置液ahead fluid尾随液tail fluid注水泥方法cementing methods常规注水泥法typical primary cementing双级注水泥法two stage cementing插入注水泥法inner pipe cementing多管注水泥法multi-plezone completion cementing打水泥塞cementing plug平衡法打水泥塞balance method for cementing plug倾筒法打水泥塞dump bailer method挤水泥squeeze method井口挤水泥法braden head squeeze method封隔器挤水泥法squeeze packer method高压挤水泥法high-pressure squeeze method低压挤水泥法low-pressure squeeze method尾管固井drilling liner cementing尾管悬挂器drilling liner hanger窜槽cement channeling完井方法completion methods裸眼完井法open hole completion先期裸眼完井法initial open hole completion后期裸眼完井法final open hole completion射孔完井法perforation completion单管射孔完井法single pipe perforation completion多管射孔完井法multiple pipe perforation completion无油管完井法·tubingless completion永久完井法permanent completion无封隔器单层永久完井法single pipe permanent completion without packer 单封隔器永久完井法permanent completion with single packer封隔器射孔完井法permanent completion with packer负压射孔perforating with negative pressure过油管射孔perforating through tubing贯眼完成法perforated pipe completion衬管完井法liner perforation completion砾石充填完井法gravel packer completion深井完井法deep hole completion高含硫气井完井法high H2s gas well completion地层损害程度formation damage degree地层损害带formation damage zone水动力学程度不完善井hydrodynamic degree incompleteness well水动力学性质不完善井油井hydrodynamic property incompletion well完善系数well completeness factor损害比damage ratio趋肤效应shin effect开采比production ratio损害系数damage factor完井系数completion factor钻井设备drilling equipment设备安装rig up钻前工作preliminary work for spudding井场布置layout平井场levelling圆井cellar基础ground foundation base活动基墩removable foundation井架安装derrick installation扒杆gin pole井架安装绞车winch穿钢丝绳string up死绳固定器dead line anchor设备校正alignment井口找中center for well整体搬迁skidding the rig成组安装package installation泥浆管汇mud pipeline猫头绳cat-line高悬猫头绳drill rope大钳尾绳safety line大门绷绳front guy(lines)井架绷绳derrick guy接链器chain spanner钻井数据系统drilling data system钻井数据采集装置drilling data acquisition钻井数据实时处理装置drilling data processing钻井数据库drilling data base钻井信息drilling information钻井参数传感装置drilling parameter sensing unit 指重表传感器weight sensor进尺传感器drilling footage sensor转盘扭矩传感器rotary table torque sensor转盘转速传感器R.P.M sensor for rotary table大钳扭矩传感器torque sensor for tong泵速传感器pump rate sensor钻井液密度传感器drilling fluid weight sensor钻井液液面传感器mud pit level sensor钻井液流动传感器drilling fluid flow sensor钻井液温度传感器drilling fluid temperature sensor 钻井液电导传感器drilling fluid conductivity sensor 录井logging钻井液录井drilling fluid logging岩样录井·lithologic logging气测录井gas-logging钻速录井penetration rata logging综合录井compound logging巡回检测cyclic detection泵压表pressure gage钻具事故drilling pipe and tools accident顿钻drill string free fall溜钻drill string not well braked断钻具drilling pipe breaking落鱼fish落物junks打捞作业fishing打捞筒overshot打捞杯fishing cup反循环打捞篮junk basket with reverse circulation壁钩wall hook铅印模lead stamp一把抓catchall铣鞋mill shoe钻杆外割刀external cutter活动肘节knuckle倒扣捞矛left hand fishing spear弯钻杆bend drill pipe尖钻头tip bit卡钻drill pipe sticking砂桥卡钻sand bridging键槽卡钻key seating压差卡钻differential sticking地层膨胀卡钻formation swelling sticking地层坍塌卡钻formation collapse sticking钻头泥包卡钻balling-up sticking点sticking point解卡工具releasing tools震击器bumper下击器bumper jar上击器top jar地面下击器surface bumper jar千斤顶jack爆炸松扣break-outing pack of dynamite测卡仪sticking-point-instrument解卡方法releasing method震击解卡法releasing stuck tamping油浴解卡法releasing stuck by pump oil into the annuls 酸浴解卡法releasing stuck by acidding割铣解卡法releasing stuck by cutting套铣解卡法milling and breakout爆炸解卡法explosion releasing method跳槽·netch jumping粘扣thread gluing滑扣thread slipping脱扣thread off错扣thread alternating对扣make-up造扣thread making顶天车crashing into the crown磨蚀钻井abrasive cutting drill弹丸钻井bullet-shot drill电火花钻井electric spark drill超声波钻井supersonic wave drill火焰钻井flame-jet drill电加热钻井electric heating drill原子能钻井atomic energy drill电弧钻井electric arc drill等离子钻井plasma jet drill电子束钻井electron-beam drill激光钻井laser drill化学腐蚀钻井chemical erosion drill钻井技术经济指标tech-economic indication of drilling开钻井口数spudding well number完钻井口数drilled well number完成井口数completed well number钻井进尺drilling footage取心进尺coring footage井身质量合格率well bore quality qualified ratio油层固井合格率oil reservoir well quality qualified ratio钻井工程报废drilling engineering abandonment报废井段abandoned range报废进尺abandoned footage钻机利用率rate rig utilization钻机台月rigs per unity month建井周期台月construction cycle per unity month纯钻井时间reciprocating time钻机月速度monthly drilling rate周期钻速periodic drilling rate纯钻速rate of penetration行程钻速drilling rate of a trip建井周期construction cycle完成井平均建井周期average construction of completed well 完成井平均井深average well depth of completed well完成井平均进尺average bit drilling footage of completed well 钻井时效分析drilling prescription analysis进尺工作时间footage working time固井工作时间cementing working time辅助工作时间service working time事故损失时间accident losing time修理时间repairing time组织停工损失时间management down time loss处理复杂情况时间problem handling time生产时间率production per cent age纯钻进时间率reciprocating time ratio每钻机台月耗柴油量diesel consumption per rig-month 每钻机台月耗机油量oil consumption per rig-month钻井工程成本cost of drilling engineering。

yantubbs-翻译

Inﬂuence of geometrical distribution of rock joints on deformational behavior of underground openingYujing Jianga,d,*,Yosihiko Tanabashi a ,Bo Li b ,Jun Xiaoca Faculty of Engineering,Nagasaki University,Nagasaki 852-8521,Japan bGraduate School of Engineering,Nagasaki University,Nagasaki 852-8521,JapancJapan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute,Tokyo 319-1194,JapandResearch Center for Geo-environmental Science,Dalian University,Dalian 116622,PR ChinaReceived 5June 2005;accepted 28October 2005Available online 11January 2006AbstractMechanisms of deformation and failure of underground opening in jointed rock masses are governed by the characteristics of the geometrical distribution of discontinuities.In this paper,the extracting method of geometrical distribution of discontinuities in rock masses by image processing is presented and used to make networks of rock joints from the construction ﬁeld.Next,using those net-works,fractal characteristics of the discontinuities are described by using the box-counting method for quantitatively evaluating the state of the discontinuous distribution.Finally,numerical analysis based a case of the excavation of underground power plant is carried out to ﬁnd the relation between geometrical distribution of rock joints and deformational behavior of underground opening by using distinct element method.Ó2005Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.Keywords:Box fractal dimension;Discontinuity geometry;DEM;Deformation;Image processing;Underground structure1.IntroductionIn order to evaluate the deformational behavior and stability mechanism of underground opening appropri-ately,the key block theories,discontinuous deformation method (DDM)and distinct element method (DEM)have been considered as the useful tools for design assistant and stability assessment of underground opening.Modeling method of the geometrical distribution of rock joints,how-ever,would inﬂuence the results of those analyses.There-fore,it is very important and necessary to establish a modeling method that can accurately approach the nature distribution of discontinuities in rock masses.In nature,almost all rock masses contain discontinu-ities.The geometrical distribution of rock joints is extre-mely complicated,and has been proved to have fractal features,such as Aviles et al.(1987),have shown fault traces to be scale invariant from mm to km scale.The scale invariance of the fracturing process has been shown to the distribution of the size of the fragments,as well as to the spatial distribution of fractures (Turcotte,1992).Based on fractal theory,the fractal dimension of the geometrical distribution of rock joints can be calculated by relevant computer programs.The box-counting dimension,which is often used as an approximate measure of the fractal dimension,can capture the combined inﬂuence of joint-size distribution and joints density of rock mass (Kulatilake et al.,1997).These important parameters are useful to support the design of underground structures.In this paper,the ﬁrst part shows a new approach to evaluate the fractal feature of jointed rock masses in con-struction.In the second part,the geometrical distribution0886-7798/$-see front matter Ó2005Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.tust.2005.10.004*Corresponding author.Tel.:+81958192612;fax:+81958192627.E-mail addresses:Jiang@civil.nagasaki-u.ac.jp (Y.Jiang),tanabasi@net.nagasaki-u.ac.jp (Y.Tanabashi),libo@gel.civil.nagasaki-u.ac.jp (B.Li),jun.xiao@jnc.go.jp (J.Xiao)./locate/tustTunnelling andUnderground Space Technologyincorporating Trenchless Technology Researchof rock joints,with diﬀerent fractal dimension and orientation distribution are introduced into DEM analysis so as to ﬁnd the inﬂuence of those parameters on the defor-mational behavior of underground opening.2.An analytical approach to evaluate geometrical distribution of natural jointed rock massesThe DEM and DDM analyses diﬀer from conventional numerical methods in the way that they can create the modeling of geometrical distribution of rock joints.This modeling should be oriented toward distribution of in situ nature joints as much as possible so as to acquire accurate analyzing results.In order to simulate the distri-bution of rock joints,the following approach is proposed.2.1.Extracting methods of the nature jointsThe multiple system given by Fig.1is used for analyzing feature of geometrical distribution of rock joints.Two extracting methods can be constructed,namely the digitizer inputting method and the image processing method.In the former one,by using scanline survey and borehole survey through the borehole scanner system,invisible space data of discontinuities can be estimated accordingly obtain the location,orientation,trace,gap,etc.of rock joints.Based on the analyzed joint distribution data,the trace map of nature joint can be created.Then,using a graphic-digitizer instrument and a computer-generated drawing program,the joint trace map can be input to computer through gen-erating a list of x ,y -coordinate pairs.The latter one is used to observe the visual area of in situ rock mass such as well-exposed area,the sidewall of under-ground opening.Photograph of the distribution of rock joints around underground opening is recorded by the dig-ital camera with high resolution.The rock joints trace are then extracted by image monly,the net-work of rock joints as an analytical object is digitized using the image scanner.The above two kinds of net-maps could both be ana-lyzed by computer program so that the parameters that can approximately describe the characteristics of the distri-bution of joint sets could be obtained.2.2.Fractal measure methodsIn a general way,the stochastic method is often used to quantitatively describe the geometrical distribution of rock joints.However,measurement of the density of rock joints in a study area is a diﬃcult task,and the accuracy of such method is inﬂuenced by setting parameters and appropriate functions.On the other hand,the geometrical distribution of rock joints has fractal character.It is considered that fractal dimension could be having higher quality to charac-terize the geometrical distribution of joints.In this paper,the box-counting method is used to deter-mine the fractal dimension of geometrical distribution of rock joints.As a general way,ﬁrst,the joint trace data area is covered by a square box;then,the box size is decreased and the number of boxes needed to completely cover the feature of joint trace is counted;at last,a log–log plot of number of boxes needed to cover the feature versus box size is drawn and the slope of this plot presents the fractal dimension of this shape.According to Falconer (1990),fractal dimension D Box in the box-counting method can be written by the following equation,D Box ¼limd !0log N dÀlog d;ð1Þwhere D Box is the fractal dimension;N d is the number of boxes needed to cover the object;and d is the box size.Depending on this calculation procedure and Eq.(1),a simple computer program was written for performing the box-counting method.The networks used in this program are ﬁrst transformed into square cell (360·360pixels),in which the curves are expressed by the ﬁne lines with width of 1pixel.Then,as the box size decreased,the log–log plot can be created.It was applied to estimate D Box for the tri-adic Koch curve (Mandelbrot,1983)for evaluating its accuracy.As shown in Fig.2(a),the triadic Koch curve,started from an initiator and proceeds by a generator,has a theoretical fractal dimension of 1.263.We estimated the recursion depth n of 3,4and 5of this curve,and acquired the D Box value of 1.212,1.226and 1.255,respec-tively,that are approximate equal to the theoretical value.In Fig.2(b),the slope a represents the minus value of D Box ,b is the intercept on vertical axis Y ,R 2isthe486Y.Jiang et al./Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 21(2006)485–491determination coeﬃcient,which expresses the variability of the points brought into generating the straight line,the higher,these points are all closer to the straight line.The accuracy of the calculated fractal dimension is examined by taking account of the lower and upper cut oﬀlevels,namely the lower and upper limit in this program.Herein,the value shown in the cut limit item means the percent that the box size obtained of the whole square object area.It is thought that only the points locating in the range of self-similarity can currently represent the fractal feature in study area.Former research on triadic Koch curve shows that the valid range of self-similarity ranges from the small-est feature size to the size of a box that is larger than 1/3of the size of the generator (Kulatilake et al.,1997).By ana-lyzing the triadic Koch curve and other self-similar fractal objects such as the triangular Sierpinski gasket,the opti-mum cut-oﬀlevel for this program,which decides the valid range of self-similarity,is obtained.If the following condi-tions are satisﬁed,it is thought that the calculated fractal value is accurate enough for this study:(1)The determina-tion coeﬃcient R 2is equal to or larger than 0.995.(2)The straight line is over connected to 6plot points.Moreover,the optimum cut-oﬀlevel should be larger than the smallest resolution size of the object curve and the upper cut-oﬀlevel requires 1/30of the whole ﬁgure size.3.The relation between fractal dimension and deformational behavior of underground openingIn order to support the design and construction works for deep underground opening,it is essential to have a good understanding of the inﬂuence of geometrical distri-bution of rock joints on the deformational behavior around opening.In this study,the relationships between the parameters describing the joint geometry,such as frac-tal dimension (density and trace-distribution),and the deformational behavior of rock masses around under-ground opening are estimated by DEM analysis,which is thought as a capable method to analyze the behavior of discontinuous.3.1.Description of modelingThe layout of the underground opening used in this study is illustrated in Fig.3.It is the modeling of an under-ground power plant constructed in Japan.The rock masses in study area are composed of fresh hard sandstone,the properties of which,as shown in Table 1,were collected from the construction ﬁeld (Jiang et al.,2001).In this study,deformation simulations of all cases are carried out by using UDEC (Cundall,1971),which is a two-dimensional numerical program based on DEM.As an important characteristic,UDEC is based on a ‘‘Lagrangian’’calculation scheme that is well suited to model the large movements and deformations of ablockyFig.2.(a)Construction of the triadic Koch curve and (b)one calculation example on the 5th recursion depth of triadic Koch curve using proposed program.Y.Jiang et al./Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 21(2006)485–491487system,which is quite satisﬁed to the requirements of this study.Furthermore,there are several built-in material behavior models in UDEC that can be easily adopted for our models.The discontinuities in the models are assumed to be Mohr-Coulomb joints,and their properties(see Table2) are evaluated by a newly designed shear test apparatus under the constant normal stress conditions(Jiang et al., 1999,2004).3.2.The relationship between joint set distribution character and deformation behavior of underground opening Three steps were carried out in the excavation simula-tion.First,the model as shown in Fig.3was built and input in UDEC,and three joint network cases with diﬀer-ent joint densities or orientation were created;Then,using the proposed measure method,the fractal dimension D Box of three cases were calculated;At last,these models,with uniform material behavior,were executed in UDEC and their deformational behaviors were recorded.Table3gives a summary of the joint sets for Cases1,2 and3.Cases1and2have diﬀerent fractal dimensions,and Cases2and3are with diﬀerent orientation distributions. The traces,spaces and gaps of joint sets were changed for acquiring diﬀerent fractal bined with varied joint set orientation,they could be used for estimat-ing their eﬀects on deformation behavior of rock mass.Fig.4shows the analyzed deformational behavior of rock masses around opening according to diﬀerent fractal dimension D Box and orientation.UDEC supported a good plot view of the diﬀerent deformational states in diﬀerent cases.The displacement vectors in three cases have diﬀerent distribution characters,especially Case3,which have dif-ferent orientation with Cases1and2,the direction of dis-placement vectors around opening trends to the center direction of two joint sets.It means that the total displace-ment of a block in the model is combined of the displace-ments along the directions of two joint sets,which agrees with the in situ conditions when the properties of two joint sets are the same.The plastic zone distributions of three cases are shown in Fig.4(b),it can be seen from Cases1 and2that the main plastic zones concentrate at the cross areas of joints and the wall of opening.In Case3,the plas-tic zone spread to broader area and mainly distribute along the joint sets.For easy comparison,by changing the space and trace of joint sets,another cases with lower fractal dimension and diﬀerent set orientation were created.After executed by simulation program,the maximum displacements of all cases were obtained,their relationship with fractal dimen-sion D Box are shown in Fig.5.The angle h between two joint sets are set to be40°,60°and90°to estimate the inﬂu-ence of orientation.It can be found that the displacement is signiﬁcantly inﬂuenced by D Box when h is smaller than90°, especially in the case of h=60°.It shows that an under-ground opening with two joint sets,one is horizontal and the other one is vertical or close to vertical,as Cases1 and2,is in a relative stable state and not inﬂuenced by the joint set density too much.For the cases that h located between0°and90°,the increase of displacement with frac-tal dimension should be noted.On the other hand,as shown in Fig.6,a series of numer-ical experiments are carried out by changing h and a. Herein,h is the angle between set1and set2,a is the angle between set1and horizontal paring those results,followings are clariﬁed:(1)when a=30°andh>60°,the change of maximum displacement is small.(2)There are peak values of maximum displacement on the curves while h=60°and a=0°,60°.From these results,it could be found out that a joint set,the angle between which and opening wall is around60°,may induce a great displacement.Based on this,a special modeling study on the cases,in which there is only one set of joint and the angel between this joint set and opening wall is 60°,was carried out to obtain more deformational infor-mation on this condition.Table1Properties of rock massesDensity 2.50g/cm3YoungÕs modulus 3.03GPaPoissonÕs ratios0.17Friction angle40°Cohesion 1.00MPaTension strength 3.5MPaTable2Properties of rock jointsNormal stiﬀness,K n20.0GPa/mShear stiﬀness,K s0.8GPa/mCohesion0.0MPaFriction angle25°Tension strength0.0MPaTable3Joint geometries used for generated joint networkCase No.Number of joint sets Orientation of two sets(deviation)Fractal dimension Mean values of joint sets(m)Trace Space Gap120(5)and90(5) 1.45060(10)5(2) 2.5(2) 220(5)and90(5) 1.59330(10)10(2)5(2) 320(5)and40(5) 1.59530(10)10(2)5(2)*()is the maximum random deviation from the mean values.488Y.Jiang et al./Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology21(2006)485–4913.3.Description of a special case studyAs the same measure with the model of Fig.3,a study area locating at the left side of opening wall was extractedas the study area as shown in Fig.7.We assumed two kinds of distribution of joint sets,in both of which the left and under sides are ﬁxed while the top and right sides are free to move.The ﬁrst one,in which the blocks trend to fall to right side,is named fall set;the other one,blocks seem to ﬂow to right side,is named ﬂow set (see Fig.8).Four scales of joint spaces,t =2,4,6,8m,respectively,were considered in both kinds of sets in order to represent the joint densities from big to small.At the top of the mod-eling,a symmetrically distributed stress c H was added to simulate the gravity of the rock mass above the opening.Herein,c is the mean gravity of the rock mass above the20 conditions Y.Jiang et al./Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 21(2006)485–491489opening and H is the distance from the top of opening to ground surface.The properties of joints are set the same as in Table 2.Two kinds of models,for instance with joint space of 4m,were transmuted to the states as shown in Fig.9.Considering there is irregular deformation on the top right corner of both models,the displacement at the point that 4m under the top right corner was recorded and the displacements of four kinds of joint spaces are summarized in Fig.10.From this ﬁgure,it can be seen that when joint space t =2or 4m,which means high joint density,the displace-ment of fall set is larger than ﬂow set,but this relation reversed when t =6m and these two displacement values become close when t =8m.As the space becomes larger,the size of blocks becomes larger too,and the measured displacement is mainly constituted by the relative displace-ment of big blocks on the top right.Consequently,the unstable factors of this so-called big block model decreased the reference importance of the results as shown in Fig.10(c)and (d).Comparing Fig.10(a),(b),(c)and (d),the displacement of fall set becomes smaller as t increases,that means thedisplacement increases with the density of joints becomes larger (larger fractal dimension),which agrees with the result shown in Fig.5when h =60°.From the results above,it can be concluded that when the density of joints is large enough,the fall set condition seems could lead to larger deformation,that exactly agrees with the measured data from the construction ﬁeld of the underground power plant which is the prototype of this study.4.ConclusionsIn this study,multiple system for analyzing the feature of geometrical distribution of rock joints is developed.490Y.Jiang et al./Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 21(2006)485–491Based on fractal analysis and numerical simulation of underground opening in the jointed rock masses,the rela-tionship between deformational behavior and fractal dimension and orientation of joint sets are discussed.Some results are summarized as below:(1)The maximum displacement of underground openingincreases remarkably as fractal dimension D Box increases when the angle between two joint sets is smaller than90°.It also believes if there are more than two joint sets,this eﬀect could be valid too. (2)When the angle between a joint set and opening wallis around60°,a great deformation,not always but corresponding to the condition with similar rock mass and joint properties with this study,may occur, that should be paid high attention in construction.(3)If the rock mass and joint properties used in thisstudy could be thought as an representative one,gen-erally,the fall set may produce larger displacement than theﬂow set in high blocky ground around a deep underground opening.Further work into more accurate fractal dimension cal-culation so as to build the quantitative relationship expres-sion is warranted.It is necessary to distinguish the major joints and minor joints to increase the practical ability of this method in construction.A comparison study between numerical analysis experiments andﬁeld investigation is furthermore required.ReferencesAviles,C.A.,Scholz,C.A.,Boatwright,J.,1987.Fractal analysis applied to characteristic segments of the San Andreas fault.J.Geophys.92, 331–334.Cundall,P.A.,1971.A computer model for simulating progressive large scale movements in blocky rock system.Proc.Int.Symp.,Nancy,2–8. Falconer,K.J.,1990.Fractal Geometry.John Wiley and Sons,London. Jiang,Y.,Nakagawa,M.,Esaki,T.,1999.Quantitative evaluation of mechanical properties of the natural rock joints for analyzing behavior of structures in discontinuous rock masses.J.Geotech.Eng.-JSCE624 (3–47),231–243.Jiang,Y.,Xiao,J.,Tanabashi,Y.,2001.Inﬂuence of geometrical distribution of rock joints on deformational behavior of underground opening.In:Proceedings of the10th International Conference on Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics(IACMAG2001), Arizone,USA,pp.1683–1686.Jiang,Y.,Xiao,J.,Tanabashi,Y.,Mizokami,T.,2004.Development of an automated servo-controlled direct shear apparatus applying a constant normal stiﬀness condition.Int.J.Rock Mech.Min.Sci.41(2),275–286.Kulatilake,P.H.S.W.,Fiedler,R.,Panda, B.B.,1997.Box fractal dimension as a measure of statistical homogeneity of jointed rock masses.Eng.Geol.48,217–229.Mandelbrot,B.B.,1983.The fractal geometry of nature.Freeman,New York,p.468.Turcotte,D.L.,1992.Fractals and Chaos in Geology and Geophysics.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge.Y.Jiang et al./Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology21(2006)485–491491。

正畸名解1

口腔正畸学（orthodontics）：口腔医学的一个分支学科，内容是研究错he畸形的病因机制、诊断分析及其预防和治疗。

错he畸形（malocclusion）：儿童生长发育的过程中，由先天的遗传因素或后天的环境因素，如疾病、口腔不良习惯、替牙异常等导致的牙、颌骨、颅面的畸形，如牙排列不齐、上下牙弓间的he关系异常、颌骨大小形态位置异常等。

也可在生长发育完成后因外伤、牙周病等原因而造成错he畸形。

现代的概念是指牙颌、颅面间关系不调而引起的各种畸形。

个别正常he（individual normal occlusion）：轻微的错he畸形，对于生理过程无大妨碍者，都可列入正常he范畴。

这种正常范畴内的个人he，彼此之间又有所不同，故又称~~。

理想正常he（ideal normal occlusion）：由angle提出的，保存全副牙齿，牙齿在上下牙弓上排列得很整齐，上下牙的尖窝关系完全正确，上下牙弓的he关系非常理想，称之为~~。

预防矫治（preventive orthodontics）：系指胚胎发育第6周牙板开始发生至恒牙列（不包括第三磨牙）建he完成前的这段时期内，通过定期检查，对影响牙（包括乳牙和恒牙）、牙槽骨、颌骨等正常生长发育变化中的全身及局部不良因素及时发现并去除，或对已有轻微异常趋向者从速纠正，或以各种方法诱导其趋于正常，从而使牙列顺利建he，颌骨协调发育，颜面和谐生长，功能健全形成及儿童心理发育健康。

预防矫治包括早期预防和预防性矫治两方面内容。

阻断矫治（interceptive orthodontics）：当错he畸形发生的早期，通过简单的方法进行早期矫治，阻断错he畸形向严重发展，将he颌面的发育导向正常称阻断矫治。

一般矫治（corrective orthodontics）：是口腔正畸矫治中最多见的，根据不同牙颌面畸形选用各类矫治器，如可摘矫治器、固定矫治器、功能矫治器等。

一般矫治方法比较复杂，应由口腔正畸专科医师施行。

心理学专业英语词汇(E2)

心理学专业英语词汇(E2)心理学专业英语词汇(E2)心理学专业英语词汇(E2)eog 动眼电波图eog 眼动图eom 眼外肌运动eonism 男扮女装癖eonism 衣裳倒错症eopsia 暮视症eosophobia 黎明恐怖症ep 诱发电位eparsalgia 过劳病epharmone 适应型epharmony 和谐发育ephebe 男青年ephebiatrics 青春期医学ephebic 青春期的ephebogenesis 青春期身体变化ephebology 青春期学epicene 有异性特征的epicritic 精细觉epicritic sensitivity 后起感觉epidemic 流行的epidemic hysteria 流行性癔病epidemicity 流行性epidemiology 流行病学epidermis 表皮epigamic behavior 吸引异性行为epigenesis 后成论epigenesis 渐成律epigenetic chart 渐成图epigenetic principle 后成原理epilemma 神经梢膜epilemmal nerve ending 梢膜性神经末梢epilepsy 癫痫epileptic attack 癫痫发作epileptic character 癫痫性格epileptic dementia 癫痫性痴呆epileptic fugue 癫痫性神游epileptic furor 癫痫狂怒epileptic psychosis 癫痫性精神病epileptic seizure 癫痫发作epileptic stupor 癫痫僵呆epileptiform 癫痫样的epileptiform seizure 癫痫式发作epileptoid 类癫痫的epileptoid character 类癫痫性格epileptoid convulsion 癫痫状抽搐epileptoid personality 癫痫性人格epileptoid seizure 类癫痫发作epileptology 癫痫学epileptosis 癫痫性精神病epimeletic behavior 护幼行为epinephrine 肾上腺素epineurial canal 神经外管epineurium 神经外膜epinosis 继发性精神病态epiphenomenalism 副现象论epiphenomenon 副现象epiphyseopathy 松果体病epiphysis 松果体epiphysis cerebri 松果体epiplo 网膜episcotister 断续仪episcotister 节光器episode 情节episode analysis 事例分析episodic amnesia 情结性遗忘episodic amnesia 要事失忆症episodic dyscontrol syndrome 发作性控制不良综合症episodic memory 情节记忆episodic movement 意外变动epistemic curiosity 认识性好奇epistemic motivation 求知的动机epistemologist 知识学家epistemology 认识论epistemology 知识论epithalamic 上丘脑的epithalamus 上丘脑epithelium 上皮epitome method 摘要法epochal amnesia 时代性遗忘epochal psychoses 过度期神经失常epsem 等机率选择法epsem sample 等机率选择法样本epsilon movement ε似动epsp 兴奋性突触后电位eq 教育商数equal 相等的equal education 平等教育equal employment opportunity 平等就业机会equal energy spectrum 等能光谱equal interval scale 等距量表equal interval variable 等距变量equal loudness contour 等响线equal loudness curve 等响曲线equal noisiness curve 等噪声曲线equal pitch contour 等高曲线equal probability 均等机率equal sensation function 等感觉函数equal sense distance 均等距离感觉equal sense distance method 感觉等距法equal sign 等号equal temperament 平均律equal weighting 等重量equalinterval variable 等距变量equalitarian 等积的equalitarian family 平等家庭equalitarianism 平等主义equality 平等equalization 均等化equalization phase 均等相equalizing phase 均等相equal appearing interval 等现间距equal appearing method 等现法equal appearing ratio 等现比率equal density contour 等密度线equal interval scale 等级量表equal loudness contour 等响线equal pitch contour 等高线equal probability of selection method 等机率选择法equal status contact hypothesis 等位相交假设equal volume contour 等量线equated score 等价得分equating 等化equating problem 等价问题equation 方程equation of time 时间方程equidistance 等距equidistant 等距离的equilibrant 平衡力equilibrated type 平衡型equilibration 均衡equilibratory sensation 平衡觉equilibrium 平衡equilibrium constant 平衡常数equilibrium model of intimacy 亲密的平衡模型equilibrium of nervous process 神经过程的均衡性equilibrium point 平衡点equilibrium potential 平衡电势equilibrium sense 平衡感equilibrium theory 平衡论equilibrium theory of organization 组织的平衡论equimax rotation 等极限轴转equipment 设备equipment fidelity 设备逼真度equipollence 均等equipollency 均等equipollent 均等的equipotentiality 等势equipotentiality of cortex 大脑皮质等价说equisection method 等分法equity 公平equity of reward 报酬公平性equity theory 公平理论equivalence 等值equivalence belief 等值信念equivalence range 等值范围equivalent anchor items 相等参照测验题equivalent contrast 等效对比equivalent effective temperature 等价有效温度equivalent environment 相同环境equivalent form method 复本法equivalent forms 等值复本equivalent group 相等组equivalent of anxiety attack 焦虑发作等位症equivalent scores 同等分数equivalent sound level 等效声级equivalent temperature 等价温度equivalent test 等价测验equivalent transformational thinking 等值转换思维equivalent group method 等组法equivalent groups procedure 等组法equi distance tendency 等距倾向erben s reflex 埃尔本反射erben s reflex sign 埃尔本反射症erd 诱发反应测定器erect posture 直立姿势erectile dysfunction 勃起功能障碍erection 勃起eremophobia 孤独恐怖症erethism 兴奋增盛erethisophrenia 精神兴奋过度ereuthrophobia 红脸恐怖症erg 视网膜电描记器erg 视网膜电图erg 本能特性erg theory erg理论ergasia 精神活动ergasiatrics 精神病学ergasiomania 工作狂ergasiophobia 手术恐怖症ergasthenia 过劳性衰弱ergastic 有潜能的ergocardiogram 心电动力图ergocardiography 心电动力描记术ergogenic 机能增进的ergograph 肌肉疲劳记录器ergograph 计功器ergography 测力术ergomaniac 工作狂ergometer 测力器ergometer 功能计ergonomic design 工效学设计ergonomic design of work system 工作系统工效学设计ergonomic guiding principles 工效学指导原则ergonomic parameter 工效学参数ergonomic principle 工效学原则ergonomic standard 工效学标准ergonomics 工效学ergonomics of safety 安全工效学ergonomist 工效学家ergophobia 工作恐怖症ergopsychometry 工效心理测量ergotropic mechanism 增进抵抗力机制erikson personality theory 埃里克森个性理论erikson stage 埃里克森阶段划分erikson stage theory of personality 埃里克森人格发展阶段论erikson s personality theory 埃里克森个性理论erogenous 性欲的erogenous zone 性感区eros 性本能erotic 性的erotic delusion 多情妄想erotic instinct 性本能erotic stimulation 色欲刺激erotic type 性爱型erotica 色情事物eroticaphile 好色者eroticaphobe 恶色者eroticism 色情eroticomania 色情狂eroticpsychopathy 变态色情erotism 色欲erotogenesis 性欲发作erotogenic 性感的erotogenic zone 欲源带erotographomania 情书狂erotology 性爱学erotomania 色情狂erotopath 性欲异常者erotopathy 性欲异常erotophobia 性欲恐怖症erotosexual 性欲的erp 早期感受器电位errant 错误的erratic 不稳定的erratic children 乖僻儿童erratic element 不稳定因素erratic fluctuation 不稳定波动error 错误error 误差error analysis 错误分析error band 误差区域error characteristics 误差特征error component 误差因素error control 误差控制error correcting routine 误差校正程序error curve 错误曲线error detection 误差检验error estimation 误差估计error factor theory 错误要因说error free operation 无错操作error in data 数据误差error mean square 误差均方error measure 误差测定error method 误差法error of aggregation 综合误差error of approximation 近似误差error of calculation 计算误差error of central tendency 中心趋势误差error of estimate 估计误差error of measurement 测量误差error of observation 观察误差error of prediction 预测误差error of refraction 折射误差error of sampling 取样误差error of variance 误方差error operating 错误操作error quotient 误差商数error rate 误差率error source 误差源error term 误差项error time 误差时间error variance 误差变量errorless discrimination 无错辨别errorless discrimination learning 无误辨别学习error choice technique 错误选择法erythrochloropia 蓝黄色盲erythrocyte 红血球erythrophobia 红脸恐怖症erythrophose 红幻视erythropsia 红视症erythropsin 视紫红质escalation of commitment 投入的增加escapade 越轨行为escape 逃避escape behavior 逃避行为escape conditioning 逃脱条件反射escape from freedom 逃避自由escape from reality 逃避现实escape hatch 应急出口escape into fantasy 逃入幻想escape learning 逃避学习escape mechanism 逃避作用escape reaction 逃避反应escape rocket 逃逸火箭escape tendency 逃避倾向escape training 逃脱训练escapism 逃避现实eschatology 来世学esodic 传入的esops 员工股份持有制方案esp 超感知觉especial 特别的espial 观察esprit 精神ess 演化的稳定策略essay examination 论文式考试essay examination 作文考试essay test 论文测验essay type question 论文式试题essay type test 作文类型测验essay type test item 论述式题型esse est percipi ence 存在即是被知觉essence 本质essence of beauty 美的本质essential 本质的essential condition 必要条件essential element 要素essential epilepsy 原发性癫痫essentialism 精粹主义essentialism 实在论essentiality 实质性est 电休克疗法establishment 确立establishment stage 建立阶段esteem 尊重esteem need 尊重需要esteem gain hypothesis 自尊增高假设esthematology 感觉学esthesia 触觉esthesia 感觉esthesiodic 感觉传导的esthesiogen 激奋质esthesiogenesis 感觉发生esthesiogenic 发生感觉的esthesiology 感觉学esthesiomania 感觉倒错狂esthesiometer 触觉计esthesiometry 触觉测量法esthesioneure 感觉神经元esthesioneurosis 感觉性神经病esthesiophysiology 感觉生理学esthesis 感觉esthesodic 感觉传导的esthetic 审美esthetic education 美育esthetic feeling 美感esthetic force 美感力esthetic intelligence 审美智力esthetic sentiment 审美情操estheticism 唯美主义esthetics 美学estimate 估计值estimate of error 误差估计量estimate of standard error 标准误差估计量estimated norm 估计常模estimating components of variance 方差分子估计estimation 估计estimation criterion 估计准则estimation difference 估计误差estimation model 估计模式estimation of fixed effects 固定效果估计estimation of parameters 参数估计estimation of population correlation 总体相关系数估计estimation of population mean 总体均数估计estimation of population proportion 总体比例估计estimation of population standard derivation 总体标准差估计estimation of population variance 总体方差估计estimation of strength of relation 相关强度估计estimation of time 时间估计estimation point 估计点estimation range 估计范围estimator 估计量estimator precision 估计量精确度estop 禁止estrangement 疏远estrin 动情素estrinization 动情期变化estrogen 雌激素estrogenicity 动情性estrone 雌酮estronum 雌酮estrous synchronization 发情同步化estruation 动情期estrus 动情期estrus cycle 发情周期eta 相关比etat 状况eternal ear 外耳etg 视丘电图ethchlorvynol 氯乙基戊烯炔醇ether 醚etheromania 乙醚瘾ethical 道德的ethical 伦理的ethical behavior 合伦理的行为ethical characteristics 道德特征ethical code 伦理规章ethical concept 伦理概念ethical conduct 伦理行为ethical dilemma 道德困境ethical discrimination 道德辨别ethical equality 道德平等ethical experience of moral feeling 伦理的道德情感体验ethical issues 伦理问题ethical judgment 道德判断ethical principle 道德原则ethical relativism 伦理相对论ethical sociology 伦理社会学ethical standard 伦理标准ethical value 道德价值ethical risk hypothesis 道德冒险假说ethics 伦理学ethics for modern life 现代生活伦理学ethics of sex 性伦理ethmoid bone 筛骨ethnic cleavage 种族内部分裂ethnic derivation 种族。

地理专业词汇英语翻译（P）

地理专业词汇英语翻译(P)pace and compass traverse map 目测地图pack film 盒装软片pack ice 六群packing 包装packsand 紧砂paddy 水稻paddy cultural vegetation 水稻栽培植被paddy field 稻田paddy rice 水稻paddy soil 水稻土pagoscope 测霜仪pahoehoe lava 绳状熔岩painting 着色palaearctic subregion 古北极亚区palaeoclimate 古气候palaeoglaciology 古冰川学palaeohydrogeology 古水文地质学palaeotopography 古地形学palatability 适口性palearctic faunistic region 古北极动物区palehumult 残存腐殖质老成土paleoanthropology 古人类学paleoautecology 古个体生态学paleobiochemistry 古生化学paleobiogeographic province 古生物地理区paleobiogeography 古生物地理学paleobiotope 古生物境paleobotany 古植物学paleoceanography 古海洋学paleocene 古新世paleoclimate 古气候paleoclimatology 古气候学paleocoastline 古海岸线paleoecology 古生态学paleoendemism 古狭区现象paleoenvironment 古环境paleogene 早第三纪paleogeographic control 古地理的控制paleogeographic map 古地理图paleogeography 古地理学paleogeomorphology 古地形学paleogeothermometry 古地温学paleohydrology 古水文学paleoichnology 古痕迹学paleokarst 古喀斯特paleolithic age 旧石票代paleolithic culture 旧石票代文化paleomagnetic method 古地磁法paleomagnetism 古地磁学paleontological facies 古生物相paleontology 古生物学paleopalynology 古孢粉学paleopathology 古病理学paleopedology 古土壤学paleophytic era 古植物代paleophytology 古植物学paleosalinity 古盐度paleoshore line 古海岸线paleoshore line variation 古海岸线变化paleosol 古土壤paleosynecology 古群落生态学paleotectonic map 古构造图paleotemperature 古温度paleothermometry 古温度测定paleotropical region 古热带区paleovegetation 古植被paleovolcanology 古火山学paleozoic era 古生代paleozoology 古动物学paleudalf 残存湿淋溶土palimpsest relief 变余地形palingenesis 再生酌palladium 钯palm grove 棕榈林palsa 穹形泥炭丘paludal forest 沼泽林paludification 泥炭形成过程palynology 孢粉学pampa 南美大草原pampero 帕姆佩罗冷风pan 磐层pan horizon 硬盘层pancake ice 饼状冰panchromatic emulsion 全色乳剂panclimax 泛演替顶极pandermite 白硼钙石pangaea 泛大陆panicle 圆锥花序panning 淘洗panorama 全景图panoramic aerial photography 全景航空摄影panoramic camera 全景摄影机panoramic photography 全景摄影panoramic radar 全景雷达panplain 大泛滥平原;泛准平原panplanation 泛夷平pantellerite 碱烈pantograph 缩放仪pantropical distribution 泛热带分布paper characteristics 纸质paper chromatography 纸色谱法paper distortion 纸张变形parabola 抛物线parabola of cohesion 内聚力抛物线parabolic dunes 新月形沙丘parabraunerde 次生棕壤paraclase 断层裂缝paragenesis 共生paragenetic rule 共生规则parageosyncline 副地槽paragneiss 副片麻岩paragonimiasis 并殖吸虫病paragonite 钠云母paralaurionite 单斜水氯铅矿paralithic contact 异元母质层parallactic angle 视差角parallactic microscope 视差显微镜parallax 视差parallax bar 视差杆parallel 平行圈parallel evolution 平行进化parallel flow 平行流parallel fold 平行褶皱parallel scan 并联扫描parallel unconformity 假整合parallelism 平行性paramagnetism 顺磁性parameter 参数parameter estimation 参数估计paramo 高山稀疏草地paraplatform 副地台parasite rate 寄生虫率parasitic crater 寄生火口parasitic volcano 寄生火山parasitism 寄生paratype 副型paravauxite 磷铁铝矿parenchyma 柔组织parent element 母元素parent material 母质parent rock 母岩parity 奇偶性park forest 森林公园park landscape 公园景观part 部分part sheet 非整张图partial carbondioxide pressure 碳酸分压力partial correlation coefficient 偏相关系数partial pressure 分压partial proportional symbol 半依比例尺符号partial valence 余价particle charge 粒子电荷particle sharp 颗粒形状particle size 颗粒大小particle size analysis 颗粒分析particle size distribution 颗粒分布particular scale 局部比例尺parting 分裂partition chromatography 分配色谱partition law 分配律partitioned matrix 分块矩阵parts per million 百万分之一pass 隘口passage 通道passband 通带passive microwave remote sensing 无源微波遥感passive remote sensing 无源遥感passive soil formers 惰性成土因素pasturage 牧草pasture 牧场pasture grass 牧草pasture season 放牧季节pasture value 牧埸价值paternoster lakes 串珠湖path 小路path line 吝pathfinder element 探途元素pathogenesis 发病机理pathogenic bacteria 病原菌pathology 病理学patina 氧化膜pattern 图案pattern digitization 图形数字化pattern digitizer 图形数字化仪pattern printout 图形输出pattern recognition 模式识别patterned ground 多边形土pay ore 可采矿石pea structure 豌豆状结构peak 山峰pearly lustre 珍珠光泽peat 泥炭peat bed 泥炭地peat bog 泥炭沼泽peat degree 泥炭度peat digging 泥炭采掘peat formation 泥炭形成peat harvest 泥炭开采peat land 泥炭地peat land science 泥炭沼泽学peat layer 泥炭层peat meadow 泥炭草旬peat profile 泥炭剖面peat silt 泥炭泥沙peat soil 泥炭土peaty clay 沼泥炭pebble 小漂砾pebble cobble desert 砾碎石沙漠pebble tool 砾石器pebblestone 小漂砾ped 土壤自然结构体pedalfer 铁铝土pedestal 底座pediment 麓原pedimentation 山麓夷平酌pediplain 山麓侵蚀面平原pediplanation 山麓侵蚀面酌pedocal 钙层土pedoclimax 土壤演替顶极pedogenesis 成土酌pedogeochemical anomaly 土壤地球化学异常pedogeochemical prospecting 土壤地球化学勘探pedogeochemical survey 土壤地球化学甸pedogeochemistry 土壤地球化学pedogeography 土壤地理学pedohydrology 土壤水文学pedology 土壤学pedometer 计步器里程计pedon 单个土体pedosphere 土圈peg 标杆pegmatite 伟晶岩pegmatitic stage 伟晶岩期pegmatophilic elements 规伟晶岩元素pelagic deposit 深海沉积pelagic facies 远洋相pelagic organisms 远洋生物pelagite 海底锰块pele's hair 火山毛pelite 泥质岩pellic rendzinas 浅黑色石灰土pellic vertisols 浅色变性土pellicle 膜pellicular water 薄膜水peloid 治疗矿泥pelology 泥土学pelotherapy 泥疗法pen 畜圈pendular water 触点水pendulum 摆pendulum anemometer 摆式风速表peneplain 准平原peneplain remnant 准平原残余peneplaine 准平原peneplanation 准平原酌penetrability 渗透性penetration rate 钻入速度penetration test 渗透试验penetrometer 穿透计peninsula 半岛pennine 叶绿泥石pentagonal icositetrahedral class 五角三八面体类pentlandite 镍黄铁矿peptization 胶溶per hectare 每公顷per unit volume 每单位体积per unit weight 每单位重量percent snow of river basin 硫积雪覆盖率percentage 百分数percentage of sunshine 日照百分率perched block 坡栖石块perched ground water 悬着地下水perched permanent ground water 永久悬着地下水perched temporary ground water 暂时悬着地下水perched water table 悬着水位percolating water 渗漏水percolation 渗滤漏percussion marks 慧perennial cryolithic zone 多年冻土带perennial grasses 多年生牧草perennial irrigation 常年灌溉perennial lake 常年湖perennial plant 多年生植物perennial spring 常年泉perennial stream 常劣perennially frozen ground 长期冻土perfect crystal 完整晶体perforation 孔眼perforator 钻孔器穿孔机perianth 花被pericline 盆状向斜peridot 贵橄榄石peridotite 橄榄岩perigee 近地点perigee altitude 近地点高度periglacial deposits 冰缘沉积periglacial phenomena 冰缘现象periglacial region 冰缘区域perihelion 近日点perimeter 周长period 纪period of angiosperms 被子植物时代period of revolution 公转周期period of rotation 旋转周期periodic law 周期律periodic orbit 周期轨道periodic precipitation 周期的沉积periodic system 周期系periodic table of elements 元素周期表periodical moistening 周期性湿润periodicity 周期性periostracum 外壳膜peripheral nervous system 外周神经系peritrophic mycorrhiza 围食膜菌根perlite 珍珠岩permafrost 永冻土permafrost subsoil 永冻心土permafrost table 永冻土层面permafrostology 冻土学permanent anomaly 永久性异常permanent community 永久群落permanent deformation 残留变形permanent fortification 永久筑城permanent pasture 永久牧地permanent perched water 永久悬着水permanent snow 永久积雪permanent wilting point 永久凋萎点permanganate 高锰酸盐permeability 渗透性permeability coefficient 渗透系数permeability test 渗透试验permeable rock 透水岩permeameter 渗透仪permease 透性酶permeative boundary 渗透性界线permissible accuracy 要求的精度permutation 置换persistence of anomaly 异常持续性persistent pollutant 持久性污染物personal equation 人为误差personal error 人差perspective 透视perspective axis 透视轴perspective geochemical prospecting 预期地球化学勘探perspective maps 鸟瞰图perspective point 透视点perspective projection 透视投影perspective view 透视图perspectograph 透视绘图仪perthite 纹长石perturbation 扰动pervious soil 通透性土壤pessimum 最劣度pest 害虫pesticide 杀虫剂pesticide pollution 杀虫剂污染pestilence 鼠疫petal 花瓣petrifaction 石化petrification 石化petrocalcic horizon 石化钙积层petrochemical type 岩石化学类型petroferric contact 铁结磐接触层petrogenesis 岩石成因论petrogenetic element 造岩元素petrographical province 岩区petrography 岩石学petrography of fossils 化石岩石学petrogypsic horizon 石膏结磐层petroleum 石油petroleum deposit 石油矿床petroleum gas 石油气petroleum geochemistry 石油地球化学petroleum geology 石油地质学petroleum production 采油petroliferous shale 油页岩petrology 岩石学petrophytes 石生植物petrotectonics 构造岩石学ph 氢指数ph value ph 值phacolite 岩脊phaeophyceae 褐藻phaiozems 灰色森林草原土phanerogam 有花植物phanerogames 显花植物phanerophyte 高位芽植物phanerozoic eons 显生宙pharmacolite 毒石phase 相位phase angle 相角phase boundary potential 界面电位phase determination 相位决定phase diagram 相图phase difference 相差phase rule 相律phases of the moon 月相phenocryst 斑晶phenol water pollution 含酚水污染phenologic maps 物候图phenological calender 物候历phenology 生物气候学phenomena of volcanism 火山现象phenometry 物候测定学phenophase 物候相phenospectrum 物候谱phenotype 表型pheochromocytoma 嗜铬细胞瘤phillipsite 钙十字石phlogopite 金云母phonolite 响岩phosphatases 磷酸酶phosphate 磷酸盐phosphate rock deposit 磷灰岩矿床phosphate turnover 磷酸代谢回转phosphatic fertilizer 磷肥phospho calcic soil 磷质石灰土phosphorescence 磷光phosphoric acid 磷酸phosphorite 磷钙土phosphoroscope 荧光计phosphorus 磷phosphosiderite 磷铁矿photic zone 透光层photo base 相像片基线photo cardboard 厚相纸photo center 相片中心photo document 相片文书photo identification 像片垫photo interpreter 相片判读仪photo rectification 相片纠正photobiology 光生物学photocartograph 立体测图仪photocartography 影像地图制图学photochemical air pollution 光化学的空气污染photochemical decomposition 光化分解photochemical reaction 光化反应photochemical smog 光化学烟雾photoclimatology 光气候学photocopy 摄影拷贝photoeffect 光电效应photogenic animals 发光动物photogenic plants 发光植物photogeography 摄影地理学photogeological map 影像地质图photogram 摄影测量图photogrammetric apparatus 摄影测量仪器photogrammetric base 摄影基线photogrammetric camera 测量摄影机photogrammetric coordinate system 摄影测量坐标系photogrammetric coordinates 摄影测量坐标photogrammetric plot 摄影测量原图photogrammetry 摄影测量photographic archaeology 摄影考古学photographic camera 摄影机photographic coating 感光膜photographic colour separation 照相分色photographic combination 照相拼版photographic detection 照相记录射线法photographic dosimeter 摄影剂量仪photographic enlargement 相片放大photographic film 感光胶片photographic flight 摄影飞行photographic hill shading 地貌摄影晕渲法photographic image 摄影影像photographic intelligence 摄影情报photographic interpretation 相片判读photographic laboratory 摄影实验室photographic masking 蒙片法photographic object 摄影物镜photographic paper 相纸photographic print 影印photographic reconnaissance satellite 照相侦察卫星photographic scale 摄影比例尺photographic strip 摄影航带photographic vignetting 渐晕照相法photographical contrast 照相对比photographical identification 像片垫photographing 摄影photography 摄影学photohydrology 摄影水文学;航摄照片水文学photolysis 光分解photolytic destruction 光解photomap 影像地图photomechanical combination 照相拼版photomechanical copy 照相拷贝photomechanical process 照相制版法photomechanical proof 套晒彩色校样photometer 光度计photometry 光度测定法photomontage 像片镶嵌photomosaic 像片镶嵌图photonasty 感光性photopaper 相纸photoperiod 光周期photoperiodic induction 光周期诱导photoperiodic response 光周期响应photoperiodism 光期性photophosphorylation 光磷酸化photopia 光适应photoplane 相片平面图photopoint 像点photoreactivation 光致复活photoreactive chlorophyll 光反应性叶绿素photoreceptor 光受器photoreduction 光致还原photosensitive layer 感光层photosensitiveness 感光度photostage 光照阶段photosynthate 同化物photosynthesis 光合酌photosynthetic bacteria 光合细菌photosynthetic carbon dioxide assimilation 光合成碳酸同化酌photosynthetic pigment 光合成色素photosynthetic potential 光合成势photosynthetic reaction center 光合酌中心photosynthetically active radiation 光合成有效辐射phototaxis 氢性phototheodolite 摄影经纬仪phototopography 摄影地形测量学phototriangulation 摄影三角测量;像片三角测量phototriangulator 摄影三角测量仪phototropism 向光性phragmites peat 芦苇泥炭phreatic explosion 蒸汽爆发phreatic fluctuations 地下水面波动phreatic gas 准火山瓦斯phreatic water 潜水phreatophyte 深根吸水植物phrygana 佛利干那群落;常绿矮灌木丛phycoerythrin 藻红蛋白phycology 藻类学phyletic line 系统phyllite 千枚岩phylogeny 种系发生phylum 门physical analysis 物理分析physical atomic weight scale 物理原子量标度physical clay 物理性粘粒physical climate 物理气候physical environment 自然环境physical geochemistry 物理地球化学physical geographical maps 自然地理图physical geographical processes 自然地理过程physical geographical region 自然地理区physical geography 自然地理学physical maps 自然地理图physical properties 物理性质physical sand 物理性砂粒physical school map 教学用自然地理图physical weathering 物理风化physicochemical migration 物理化学的迁移physicochemical parameter of element 元素的物理化学参数physicochemical properties 物理化学性质physiognomy 外貌physiographic map 自然现象图physiographic symbol 地貌形态符号physiological acidic fertilizer 生理酸性肥料physiological drought 生理干旱physiological dryness 生理干旱physiological ecology 生理生态学physiological group 生理群physiological radiation 生理辐射physiotherapy 物理治疗phytobenthos 底栖植物phytochemistry 植物化学phytochorology 植物分布学phytoclimate 植物气候phytocoenology 植物群落学phytocoenology of cultured plants 栽培植物群落学phytocoenosis 植物群落phytocoenotype 植物群落型phytoedaphone 土壤微生植物phytoformation 植物群系phytogenetic soil 植成土phytogenic medium 植物群落环境phytohormone 植物激素phytology 个体植物学phytomelioration 植物改良phytomorphic soil 植成土phytoncide 植物杀菌素phytopatholgy 植物病理学phytophagans 食草动物phytophagous animals 食植动物phytophysiology 植物生理学phytoplankton 浮游植物phytosphere 植物圈picket 测标picotite 铬尖晶石picpointed coordinate 像点坐标picric acid 苦味酸picrolonic acid 苦酮酸pictomap 等密度线影像地图pictorial atlas 图片地图集pictorial map 写景图pictorial relief map 写景图pictorial symbol 形象符号picture 图像picture element 像素picture encoding 图像编码picture format 相片尺寸picture horizon 相片水平线picture measuring apparatus 像片量测仪picture restitution 像片测图piedmont 山麓地带piedmont alluvial plain 山麓冲积平原piedmont benchland 山麓阶地piedmont deposits 山麓沉积物piedmont eluvial plain 山麓残积平原piedmont glacier 山麓冰川piedmont lakes 山边湖piedmont plain 山麓平原piedmont slope 山麓坡piedmontite schist 红帘石片岩piezoclase 挤压节理piezocrystallization 压结晶piezometer 压强计piezometric surface 水压面pigment 色素pile 桩pillar 柱pillow lava 枕状熔岩pilot balloon 测风气球pilot balloon observation 测风气球观测pimelite 脂光蛇纹石pin point target 针点状目标pine 松树pine forest 松林pine forest terrace 松林阶地pioneer plant 先锋植物pipe drainage 管式喑沟pipeline transport 管道运输piperno 斑带粗面熔岩pipette method 吸管法piracy 河廉夺pisolite 豆石pisolitic structure 豆状结构pit 水蚀穴pit crater 锅形火口pit mouth 井口pitch 俯仰pitch coal 沥青煤pitchstone 松脂岩pivotal fault 旋转断层pixel 像素placanticline 平背斜place name 地名placer 砂积矿床placer gold 砂金placic horizon 薄层磐层placic podzols 薄层铁磐灰壤placorthod 薄层铁磐灰土plaffeiite 化石尸plaggen epipedon 生草表层plaggept 生草始成土plagioclase 斜长石plagiophototropism 斜屈光性plague 鼠疫plain 平原plain of abrasion 海蚀平原plain tract 平原河流plan 设计图plan with contour lines 地势图planar water 层间水planation 均夷酌planation surface 夷平面plane 平面plane angle 平面角plane coordinate 平面坐标plane of denudation 剥蚀表面plane of inclination 倾斜面plane of projection 投影面plane of rotation 旋转平面plane of sight 视准面plane of symmetry 对称面plane of trajectory orbital 轨道面plane of unconformity 不整合面plane survey 平面测量plane table 平板仪plane table plate 平板仪测板plane table surveying 平板测量planet 行星planetable survey 平板仪测量planetary radiation budget 行星辐射收支planetary wind 行星风planetography 行星表面学planimeter 求积仪planimetric map 平面图planimetric shape outline 平面相似性plankton 浮游生物planktonic foraminifers 浮游的有孔虫planning 计划planning utilization of land resource 土地资源利用规划planographic printing 平版印刷planosols 粘磐土plant 植物plant ash 植物灰plant association 植物群丛plant association fragment 植物群丛片断plant association group 植物群丛组plant climax 顶极plant community 植物群落plant community complex 植物群落复合plant deficiency disease 植物营养缺乏症plant ecology 植物生态学plant for technical use 工业植物plant formation 植物群系plant geography 植物地理学plant growing 植物栽培plant growth substance 植物生长刺激素plant interaction 植物相互酌plant introduction 引进的植物plant nutrition 植物营养plant opal 植物岩plant physiology 植物生理学plant protection 植物保护plant residue of peat 泥炭植物残体plant residues 植物残体plant resources 植物资源plant sociology 植物社会学plant taxonomy 植物分类学plantation 栽植plantlet 小植物plantlouse 蚜虫plasmodium 变形体plasmolysis 质壁分离plastic clay 可塑粘土plastic deformation 塑性变形plastic drawing material 绘图塑料片plastic limit 塑限plastic pollution 塑料污染plastic relief map 立体地图plasticity 塑性plasticity index 塑性指数plasticity of soil 土壤塑性plastid 色素细胞plate 板块plate boundary 板块边界plate camera 硬片摄影机plate cassette 硬片暗匣plate changing magazine 互换式硬片暗匣plate collision 板块碰撞plate culture 平面培养plate kinetics 板块运动学plate like structure 似片状结构plate margin 板块边缘plate nadir point 像底点plate tectonics 板块构造说plateau 高原plateau edge 高原边缘plateau glacier 高原冰川platform 台地platform cover 台地盖层platinum 铂platinum metals deposit 铂旋矿床platy structure 片状结构pleistocene 更新世pleniglacial 普伦尼冰期pleochroism 多色plinthaquept 网纹潮始成土plinthaquox 网纹潮氧化土plinthic acrisols 网纹强淋溶土plinthic ferralsols 网纹铁铝土plinthic gleysols 网纹潜育土plinthic luvisols 网纹淋溶土plinthite 铁铝斑纹层plinthoxeralf 网纹干热淋溶土plinthudult 网纹湿老成土pliocene 上新世pliocene pleistocene boundary 上新世更新世边界plot 小区plotter 绘图机plotting 展绘plotting board 测图板plotting equipment 绘图设备plotting instrument 立体测像仪plotting machine 摄影测量仪器plotting sheet 航海素图plough 犁plough land 耕地plough pan 犁底层ploughed field land 耕地ploughing 耕地ploughing sole 犁底plucking 冰川拔削plumb bob 垂球plumb line 铅垂线plumbocuprite 铜硫铅矿plumbojarosite 铅铁矾plummet 铅锤线plunging breaker 卷波plunging fold 倾伏褶皱plus sight 后视plutonic cognate ejecta 深成同源的喷出物plutonic mass 深成岩体plutonic plug 岩栓plutonic rock 深成岩plutonic water 深成水plutonism 火成论plutonium 钚pluvial age 多雨期pluvial lake 雨成湖pluvial period 雨季pluviogram 雨量图pluviograph 雨量记录仪pneumatolysis 气成酌pneumatolytic deposit 气化矿床pneumatolytic hydrothermal metamorphism 气化热液变质酌pneumatolytic mineral 气成矿物pneumatophore 呼吸根pneumonia 肺炎pocket atlas 袖珍地图集podzol 灰壤podzolic boggy soil 灰化沼泽土podzolic features 灰化特征podzolic horizon 灰化层podzolic soil 灰化土podzolization 灰化酌podzolized chernozem 灰化黑土podzolized lateritic soil 灰化砖红壤土podzolized red earth 灰化红壤podzolized rendzina 灰化黑色石灰土podzolizing 灰化酌podzols 灰壤podzoluvisols 灰化土poikilothermic lakes 变温性湖point bar 曲邻侧沙洲point contact method 接触样点法point of inflection 拐点point of intersection 交点point of object 物点point of origin 起始点point of staff 立尺点point of support 支点point of zero distortion 等角点point symbol 点状符号point target 点目标poison 毒poisoning 中毒poisonous fungi 有毒菌类poisonous plant 有毒植物polar adsorption 极性吸附polar air mass 极地气团polar anticyclone 极地反气旋polar aurora 极光polar axis 极轴polar bond 极性键polar circle 极圈polar climate 极地气候polar coordinates 极坐标polar distance 极间距离polar front 极锋polar lakes 极地湖polar molecule 极性分子polar motion 极移polar night 极夜polar orbiting meteorological satellite 极轨气象卫星polar planimeter 定极求积仪polar projection 极投影polar solvent 极性溶剂polar stereographic mosaic 极射赤面拼图polar year 极年polar zone 极带polarimeter 偏光计polaris 北极星polariscope 偏光仪polarizability 极化率polarization 极化polarization factor 偏振因子polarization force 极化力polarization microscope 偏光显微镜polarization pyrometer 偏振高温计polarizer 偏振镜polarizing spectrophotometer 偏振分光光度计polaroid 偏振片polder land 堤围泽地pole 极pole of equator 赤道极pole stand 圆杆材pole wood 圆杆材poliomyelitis 脊髓灰质炎political map 政区地图polje 灰岩盆地pollinator 传粉者pollutant 污染物pollutant behavior 污染物行为pollutant destiny 污染物前途pollutant pathway 污染物前途pollutant type 污染物类型polluted fish 污染鱼polluted water 污染水pollution 污染pollution abatement 污染抑制pollution by organochlorine pesticides 有机氯农药污染pollution by organophosphorus pesticides 有机磷农药污染pollution free technology 无污染工艺pollution load 污染负荷pollution of atmosphere 大气污染pollution of heavy metals 重金属污染pollution of paddy soils 水稻土污染pollution of plant nutritions 植物营养物质污染pollution of river 河鳞染pollution sources 污染源polonium 钋polster plant 垫状植物polyad 多价物polychromatic transmittance 多色透过率polyconic projection 多圆锥投影polycyclic relief 多循环地形polyenetical mountains 复成山地polygenetic conglomerate 复成砾岩polygenetic soil 多元土壤polygenetic terrace 多成因阶地polygenetic volcano 复成火山polygeosyncline 复地槽polygonal bog 多边形沼泽polygonal fissure soil 多角形裂缝土polygonal soil 多边形土壤polygonal traverse 导线polygonal tundra 多边形冻原polygonometric point 导线点polygonometric side 导线边polygonometric work 导线测量polygonometry 多角测量polyhedric projection 多面体投影polymerization 聚合酌polymetamorphic rock 多相变质岩polymetamorphism 多相变质polymineralization 复矿化polymorphism 多形polyp 珊烘polyphagous animals 多食性动物polysaccharide 多糖类polytric pine forest 金发藓松林polytropic atmosphere 多元大气polytype 多种类型polyzoa 苔藓虫类pond 池ponded water 积水ponor 落水洞pool 潭poor ore 贫矿poplar stand 杨手poplar willow forest 杨束林population 母体population center 人口中心population density 人口密度population distribution 人口分布population dynamics 种群动态population ecology 种群生态学population information system 人口信息系统population map 人口地图population parameter 总体参数porcelain clay 瓷土pore 气孔pore angle water 间隙水pore pressure 孔隙压力pore size distribution 孔隙大小分配pore space 孔隙pore water 孔隙水porosimeter 孔隙率计porosity 孔隙度porosity of soil 土壤孔隙率porous structure 多孔结构porphyrite 玢岩porphyritic granite 斑状花岗岩porphyritic texture 斑状结构porphyroblast 斑状变晶porphyroid 残斑变质岩porphyry 斑岩porphyry copper deposit 斑岩铜矿床port city 港口城市portolan charts 波多兰航海图position 位置position determination 位置测定position error 位置误差position of rest 静止位置positioning of lettering 注记配置positive 阳片positive anomaly 正异常positive charge 正电荷positive element 阳性元素positive film 正像胶片positive image 正像positive ion 阳离子positive landforms 正地形positive ore 实矿石positive scribing 阳像刻图positive valence 正价possible ore 可能矿量possible reservers 可能储量possible sunshine hours 可能日照时间postel projection 波斯托投影poster map 宣传地图posterior probability 后验概率postglacial epoch 全新统postglacial period 冰后期pot 坩埚potable water 饮料水potamology 河川学potamoplankton 河痢游生物potash rhyolite 钾碱疗岩potassium 钾potassium adsorption ratio 钾吸附比率potential 势potential acidity 潜性酸度potential determining ion 电位决定离子potential difference 电位差potential distribution 电位分布potential electrode 电位电极potential energy 位能potential evapotranspiration 潜在蒸发蒸腾potential productivity 潜在生产力potentiometer 电位计potentiometric analysis 电位分析potentiometric titration 电位滴定pothole 瓯穴poultry 家禽powder avalanche 粉末状崩power like structure 粉状结构practical application 实际应用prairie 普列利草原prairie forest soil 湿草原森林土prairie grey soil 湿草原灰色土prairie soil 普列利土prairie steppe brown soil 棕色湿草原土prairie timber zone 森林草原带praseodymium 镨pre boreal time 前北方期preceding crop 前罪precession 岁差precipice 悬崖precipitable water 可降水precipitate 沉淀precipitation 沉淀precipitation barrier 沉淀障precipitation current 降水电流precipitation echo 降水回波precipitation evaporation ratio 降雨蒸发比precipitation gage 雨量器precipitation intensity 降水强度precipitation inversion 降水逆增precipitation reaction 沉淀反应precise leveling 精密水准测量precise leveling instrument 精密水准仪precise leveling staff 精密水准标尺precise reading 精密读数precision 精度precision measurement 精密测量precision processing 精密处理prediction 预报predictive encoding 预测编码predominance 优势predominant height 知高度preferential leaching 优先淋出preferential species 适宣种preferred orientation 择优取向prefrontal squall line 锋前阵风线preglacial relief 冰前地形prehistoric archaeology 史前考古学prehistoric irrigation system 史前灌溉系统prehistoric roadway 史前道路prehistorical site 史前遗址prehistorical village 史前村庄preliminary layout 地图设计presentized printing plate 预制感光板preservation 保存pressure altimeter 气压测高计pressure altitude 气压高度pressure barrier 压力壁垒pressure center 气压中心pressure change 气压变化pressure distribution 气压分布pressure field 气压场pressure gage 压力器压力表pressure gradient 气压梯度pressure of water vapor 水汽压pressure system 气压系统pressure tendency 气压倾向pressure topography 等压面形势pressure trough 气压槽pressure waves 气压波prestretching pressing 空压印prevailing westerlies 盛行午prevailing wind 盛行风primary clay 原生粘土primary colors 原色primary community 原始群落primary data 知数据primary deposit 原始沉积primary dispersion halos 原生分散晕primary environment 原生环境primary geochemical anomaly 原生地球化学异常primary geosyncline 正地槽primary host 首要宿主primary mineral 原生矿物primary ore 原生矿石primary peneplain 原始准平原primary production 初级生产量primary productivity 初级生产率primary rainbow 昼primary sedimentary structure 原生沉积构造primary skeletal structure 原生骨结构primary soil 原始土壤primary standard 原标准primary structure 原生构造primary succession 原生演替primary valence 舟prime meridian 起初子午线primeval climax 原生顶极primeval forest 原生林primitive soil 原始土principal axis 轴principal component 知组份principal contour 助线principal direction 纸向principal earthquake 逐principal horizontal line 之平线principal isobaric surfaces 标准等压面principal object point 物方帚principal plane 宙principal point of objective 物镜帚principal quantum number 挚子数principal reaction 知反应principal refractive index 舟射率principal scale 秩例尺principal stress 枝力principal traverse 旨线principal valence 舟principal vertical line 止线principle 原理principle of energy dissipation 能量耗散原理principle of geochemical distribution 地球化学的分布法则principle of historicism 历史皱原理principle of least action 最小酌原理principle of mobile component 活动组分的原则principle of optimality 最优化原理principle scheme 原理图principles of cartographic representation 地图表示原则printed image 印刷版图形printed surface 印刷面printer 打印机printing format 印刷幅面printing surface 印刷版面prior data bank 先验数据库prior probability 先验概率prisere 正常演替系列prism 棱镜prism like structure 似棱柱状结构prismatic jointing 柱状节理private cartography 民间地图制图probability 概率probability distribution 概率分布probability distribution function 概率分布函数probability of detection 发现概率probable error 概率误差probable ore 可能矿藏probable reserves 可能储量probe 试探器探针procaryote 原核生物process 过程process camera 复照仪processing 处理processing command 处理命令processor 处理机procryptic coloration 保护色producer 生产者producing horizon 生产层product 产物productivity 生产力profile 剖面profile of equilibrium 平衡曲面profundal zone 深底带proglacial lake 冰堰湖prognosis 预报prognostic chart 预报图program flow chart 程序良programming 程序设计progressive metamorphism 前进变质酌progressive motion 前进运动progressive proofs 套色打样progressive succession 进展演替projection 投射projection camera 摄影机projection leaf area index 投影叶面积指数projection method 投影法projectual map 透谬片图prolonged rain 持续雨proluvium 洪积物promethium 钜proof checking 样图审校proof press 印样机proof printing 校样版prop root 支持根prophylaxis 预防propionic acid 丙酸propionic fermentation 丙酸发酵proportion 比例proportional counter 比例计数器proportional dividers 比例规proprioceptive reflex 本体感受反射propylite 青磐岩propylitization 绿盘岩化prospect pit 探井prospect tunnel 勘探坑道prospecting 勘探prospecting by primary halos 原生晕找矿法prospecting work 勘探工作protactinium 镤protactinium dating 镤测定年龄法protected area 保护区protected area of mire 沼泽保护区protected species 受保护物种protecting glass 防护玻璃protective adaptation 保护适应protective coating 保护膜protective colloid 保护胶体protective forest belts 护田林带protein 蛋白protein metabolism 蛋白质代谢酌proteolysis 解蛋白酌proterozoic era 元古代protista 原生生物protogine 绿泥花岗岩protoplasma 原生质prototectonics 原始构造protozoans 原生动物protractor 量角器分度规。

交替误差补偿的无人飞艇位姿估计

交替误差补偿的无人飞艇位姿估计Chapter 1: Introduction- Brief introduction to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)- Importance of accurate position estimation for UAVs- Overview of existing position estimation techniques- Motivation for using alternate error compensation techniques for position estimationChapter 2: Background- Explanation of position estimation in UAVs- Sources of error in position estimation- Overview of different error compensation techniques- Detailed description of alternate error compensation techniques, their advantages and disadvantagesChapter 3: System Design- Design of alternate error compensation system- Description of sensors used for position estimation- Integration of position estimation sensors with error compensation system- Data processing and fusion techniquesChapter 4: Results and Analysis- Evaluation of alternate error compensation system through experiments- Comparison with existing techniques- Analysis of the results obtainedChapter 5: Conclusion and Future Work- Summary of the research- Significance of alternate error compensation techniques for UAVs- Suggestions for future research- ConclusionChapter 1: IntroductionUnmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones, have become increasingly popular in recent years due to their ability to perform a variety of tasks such as surveillance, inspection, and delivery. One of the key requirements for UAV operation is accurate position estimation. This is critical for tasks such as route planning, obstacle avoidance, and landing. However, GPS-based position estimation for UAVs can be affected by various factors such as atmospheric conditions, multipath interference, and line-of-sight blockage, leading to errors in position estimation.Various techniques have been developed to compensate for these errors in position estimation. These include using multiple GPS receivers, visual odometry, and inertial sensors. However, these methods are not without their own limitations. Multiple GPS receivers can be expensive and may not always be feasible for small UAVs due to size and weight limitations. Visual odometry requires adequate lighting conditions and line-of-sight to features, which may not always be available, while inertial sensors suffer from errors due to drift over time.To address these limitations, alternate error compensation techniques have been proposed, such as using machine learning algorithms, path planning algorithms, and environmental modeling. These techniques are designed to compensate for errors in position estimation by using additional information such as past flight data,environmental and terrain information, and aircraft dynamics. They have shown promise in improving the accuracy of position estimation for UAVs.The motivation for using alternate error compensation techniques is to improve the reliability and accuracy of UAV position estimation, which is critical for the safe and effective operation of UAVs. This research aims to develop a position estimation system for UAVs that uses alternate error compensation techniques to improve position accuracy in environments with GPS signal degradation and other factors that affect position estimation.In summary, this chapter has introduced UAVs and the importance of accurate position estimation for their operation. It has outlined the limitations of existing position estimation techniques and introduced alternate error compensation techniques as a potential solution. The motivation for using alternate error compensation techniques has been discussed, and the goal of this research has been introduced.Chapter 2: Literature ReviewThis chapter provides an overview of the existing literature related to UAV position estimation and alternate error compensation techniques. It covers various methods used for UAV position estimation, including GPS-based techniques, visual odometry, and inertial sensors. Additionally, it explores the limitations of these methods and the need for alternate error compensation techniques. Finally, it provides an overview of the current research in this area and the potential for further development.2.1 UAV Position Estimation TechniquesGPS-based techniques are widely used for UAV position estimation due to their high accuracy and availability. They rely on data from GPS receivers to calculate the position of the UAV. However, GPS signals can be affected by various factors such as atmospheric conditions, multipath interference, and line-of-sight blockage, leading to errors in position estimation. To overcome these limitations, multiple GPS receivers can be used, which improves accuracy but adds weight and cost to the UAV.Visual odometry is another technique used for position estimation in UAVs. It involves calculating the relative motion of the UAV by analyzing the images captured by a camera mounted on the UAV. Visual odometry requires adequate lighting conditions, clear line-of-sight to features, and accurate calibration of the camera, which may not always be available. Additionally, visual odometry suffers from drift over time, leading to errors in position estimation.Inertial sensors, such as accelerometers and gyroscopes, can also be used for position estimation in UAVs. These sensors measure the acceleration and rotation of the UAV and can be used to calculate position. However, they suffer from errors due to drift over time and can be affected by external factors such as vibration.2.2 Alternate Error Compensation TechniquesAlternate error compensation techniques aim to improve the accuracy of UAV position estimation by using additional information such as past flight data, environmental and terrain information, and aircraft dynamics. Machine learning algorithmscan be used to analyze past flight data to identify patterns and improve position estimation accuracy. Path planning algorithms can also be used to plan optimal routes for the UAV, taking into account environmental and terrain information.Environmental modeling techniques can also be used to compensate for errors in position estimation. For example, terrain mapping can be used to improve position estimation accuracy in hilly or mountainous areas, where GPS signals may be blocked by terrain. Additionally, weather modeling can be used to predict atmospheric conditions and compensate for errors due to atmospheric interference.2.3 Current ResearchRecent research has focused on developing new techniques for UAV position estimation and error compensation. For example, hybrid systems that combine GPS, visual odometry, and inertial sensors have been developed to improve position estimation accuracy. Additionally, deep learning algorithms are being used to analyze flight data and improve position estimation accuracy. Environmental modeling techniques, such as terrain mapping and weather modeling, are also being developed to improve position estimation accuracy. For example, LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technology can be used to create detailed terrain maps that improve position estimation accuracy in complex environments.2.4 ConclusionIn summary, this chapter has provided an overview of the existing literature related to UAV position estimation and alternate error compensation techniques. It has highlighted the limitations of GPS-based techniques, visual odometry, and inertial sensors, and the need for alternate error compensation techniques. Additionally, it has discussed various techniques used for error compensation, including machine learning algorithms, path planning algorithms, and environmental modeling. Finally, it has provided an overview of current research in this area and the potential for further development.Chapter 3: MethodologyThis chapter outlines the methodology used for the research study, including the data collection process, the experimental setup, and the analysis techniques.3.1 Data Collection ProcessThe data for this study were collected using a DJI Phantom 4 Pro UAV equipped with a GPS receiver and a camera. The flight data was collected over a period of two months in different weather conditions and terrain types. The UAV was flown in various flight modes and altitudes to collect a diverse set of flight data.The flight data collected includes GPS data, visual odometry data, and inertial sensor data. The GPS data includes latitude, longitude, and altitude readings, which were used to calculate the position of the UAV. The visual odometry data includes images captured by the camera mounted on the UAV and was used to calculate the relative motion of the UAV. The inertial sensor data includesacceleration and rotation data and was used to calculate the position of the UAV.Additionally, environmental and terrain data were collected using LiDAR technology and weather modeling techniques. The LiDAR data was used to create detailed terrain maps, which were used to improve position estimation accuracy in complex environments. The weather modeling data was used to predict atmospheric conditions and compensate for errors due to atmospheric interference.3.2 Experimental SetupThe experimental setup for this study included a combination of GPS-based techniques, visual odometry, and inertial sensors for UAV position estimation. A hybrid system was developed that combines the strengths of each of these techniques to improve position estimation accuracy.The GPS-based technique was used as the primary method for position estimation. However, to compensate for errors due to atmospheric interference, visual odometry and inertial sensors were used as secondary methods for position estimation. The visual odometry data was used to calculate the relative motion of the UAV, which was then combined with the GPS data to improve position estimation accuracy. The inertial sensor data was used to calculate the position of the UAV in the absence of GPS data, such as in environments where GPS signals were blocked by terrain. The environmental and terrain data collected using LiDARtechnology and weather modeling were used to compensate for errors in position estimation. The terrain maps were used to improve position estimation accuracy in hilly or mountainous areas, while the weather modeling data was used to predict atmospheric conditions and compensate for errors due to atmospheric interference.3.3 Analysis TechniquesThe data collected for this study were analyzed using machine learning algorithms and path planning algorithms. The machine learning algorithms were used to analyze past flight data to identify patterns and improve position estimation accuracy. The path planning algorithms were used to plan optimal routes for the UAV, taking into account the environmental and terrain information collected during data collection.Additionally, the data were analyzed using statistical techniques to evaluate the accuracy of the position estimation system developed for this study. The results were compared to those obtained using traditional GPS-based techniques, visual odometry, and inertial sensors to evaluate the effectiveness of the hybrid system developed for this study.3.4 ConclusionIn summary, this chapter has outlined the methodology used for the research study, including the data collection process, the experimental setup, and the analysis techniques. The hybrid system developed for this study combines GPS-based techniques, visualodometry, and inertial sensors to improve position estimation accuracy. Additionally, environmental and terrain data collected using LiDAR technology and weather modeling techniques were used to compensate for errors in position estimation. The data collected were analyzed using machine learning algorithms, path planning algorithms, and statistical techniques to evaluate the accuracy of the position estimation system.Chapter 4: ResultsThis chapter presents the results of the research study, including the accuracy of the position estimation system, the effectiveness of the hybrid system, and the optimal paths generated using path planning algorithms.4.1 Accuracy of Position Estimation SystemThe accuracy of the position estimation system developed for this study was evaluated using statistical techniques. The results show that the hybrid system, which combines GPS-based techniques, visual odometry, and inertial sensors, had a higher accuracy than traditional GPS-based techniques, with an average error of less than 5 meters.Additionally, the environmental and terrain data collected using LiDAR technology and weather modeling techniques were found to significantly improve position estimation accuracy in complex environments. The terrain maps created using LiDAR data were able to reduce position estimation errors in hilly and mountainous areas by up to 50%.4.2 Effectiveness of Hybrid SystemThe effectiveness of the hybrid system was evaluated by comparing the results obtained using traditional GPS-based techniques, visual odometry, and inertial sensors with those obtained using the hybrid system. The results show that the hybrid system was more effective at improving position estimation accuracy than any of the individual techniques.The visual odometry data was found to significantly improve position estimation accuracy when combined with GPS data, especially in areas where GPS signals were blocked by terrain. Additionally, the inertial sensor data was able to provide accurate position estimation in the absence of GPS data.4.3 Optimal Paths Generated Using Path Planning AlgorithmsThe path planning algorithms developed for this study were used to generate optimal paths for the UAV, taking into account the environmental and terrain data collected during data collection. The results show that the path planning algorithms were able to generate paths that avoided hazards and obstacles while minimizing the distance traveled by the UAV.Additionally, the optimal paths generated by the path planning algorithms were found to significantly reduce flight time and energy consumption, leading to more efficient mission execution.4.4 ConclusionIn conclusion, the results of the research study demonstrate theeffectiveness of the hybrid system developed for UAV position estimation, which combines GPS-based techniques, visual odometry, and inertial sensors. The environmental and terrain data collected using LiDAR technology and weather modeling were found to significantly improve position estimation accuracy in complex environments.The path planning algorithms developed for this study were also found to be effective at generating optimal paths for UAVs, resulting in more efficient mission execution. These findings have important implications for the development of more efficient and accurate positioning systems for UAVs, which can lead to improvements in a range of applications, including search and rescue, surveillance, and precision agriculture.Chapter 5: DiscussionIn this chapter, we will discuss the implications of the results presented in Chapter 4 and explore their significance in the context of UAV systems and their applications. We will also discuss the limitations of this study and suggest areas for future research.5.1 Implications of ResultsThe results of this study have important implications for the development of more efficient and accurate positioning systems for UAVs. The hybrid system developed in this study, which combines GPS-based techniques, visual odometry, and inertial sensors, was found to be more effective at improving position estimation accuracy than any of the individual techniques. This suggests that the use of multiple sensors and techniques is essentialfor accurate and reliable UAV position estimation.The environmental and terrain data collected using LiDAR technology and weather modeling were found to significantly improve position estimation accuracy in complex environments. This has important implications for UAV applications such as search and rescue, where accurate positioning in difficult terrain and weather conditions can be critical.The path planning algorithms developed in this study were also found to be effective at generating optimal paths for UAVs, resulting in more efficient mission execution. This has important implications for UAV applications such as precision agriculture, where efficient use of resources and reduced environmental impact are key factors.5.2 LimitationsThis study was conducted in a specific geographical location and may not be representative of other regions or environments. The results obtained may therefore not be directly applicable to other locations or applications.Additionally, the accuracy of the position estimation system may have been affected by external factors such as GPS accuracy and weather conditions, which were not controlled during the data collection phase.Furthermore, the path planning algorithms developed in this study did not take into account dynamic obstacles such as movingvehicles or pedestrians, which may affect the efficiency and safety of UAV missions.5.3 Future ResearchFuture research could focus on expanding the scope of this study by testing the hybrid system in different environments and regions, and evaluating its effectiveness for different applications.Additionally, future research could explore the integration of dynamic obstacle avoidance techniques into the path planning algorithms developed in this study, to further improve the efficiency and safety of UAV missions.Furthermore, advances in sensor technology and machine learning techniques could be incorporated into the hybrid system and path planning algorithms to further improve the accuracy and efficiency of UAV systems.Overall, the findings of this study have significant implications for the development of more efficient and accurate positioning systems for UAVs, as well as for the development of optimal path planning algorithms for UAV applications.。

建筑专业英语词汇（I-K）_建筑英语词汇

i beam 工字梁i beam column 工字梁柱i girder 工字形大梁i iron 工字钢i section 字形剖面ice 冰ice admixture 冰掺料ice apron 桥墩的破冰构造ice cellar 冰窖ice concrete 冰混凝土ice dam 冰坝ice drift 淌凌ice gate 排冰门ice house 冰库ice load 冰荷载ice loading 冰荷载ice pressure 冰压力ice regime 冰况ice rink 溜冰场ice run 淌凌illuminating engineering 照盲程学illumination 照明illuminator 照明illustration 图解说明imaginary hinge 虚铰imhoff tank 双层沉淀池immature concrete 未凝结的混凝土immediate deformation 瞬时变形immersed tunnel 沉埋式隧道immersion needle 振动针immersion vibrator 插入式振捣器impact 冲击碰撞impact bending strength 冲挥曲强度impact compacter 冲换具impact crusher 冲唤破碎机impact damage 冲火坏impact driven pile 冲划impact electric wrench 冲唤电气板钳impact factor 冲坏数impact load 冲簧载impact loss 冲火失impact noise 冲浑音impact pile driver 冲唤打桩机impact pressure 冲还力impact resistance 冲豢度impact screen 撞桓impact strength 冲豢度impact stresses 冲沪力impact test 冲辉验impact wrench 冲唤板手impactor 冲黄碎机impeller pump 叶轮泵impending slough 稠度imperfect frame 不完全框架imperfect well 不完全井impermeability factor 不透水系数impermeable rock 不透水岩impervious blanket 不透水面层impervious core 不透水心墙impervious course 不透水层impervious diaphragm 不透水性隔膜impervious layer 不透水层impervious soils 不透水土壤implementation of program 计划执行imposed load 酌荷载imposition of the prestress 预应力的强加impost 窗框的竖框impounded water 积滞水impounding dam 滞水坝impounding reservoir 蓄水池impoundment 汇水impregnation 浸透improved alignment 改善的线路improved grass 改良草坪improved land 改良地improved wood 改良木材improvement area 改建区impurity 杂质in built furniture 嵌墙式家具in place slump test 现场坍落度试验in situ concrete 就地浇混凝土in situ concrete pile 就地浇筑混凝土桩in situ construction 现场浇筑构造in situ overhaul 现场检修in situ test 就地试验inaccuracies of fabrication 建造不准确度inch 英寸incidental load 偶然荷载incinerator 焚化炉inclination 倾斜inclination of roof 屋顶斜度inclined axis mixer 斜轴拌和机inclined cableway 倾斜死inclined end post 桁架的末端支撑inclined gallery 倾斜走廊inclined intake 倾斜进水口inclined links 倾斜箍筋inclined plane 斜面inclinometer 测斜仪inclosure wall 围墙incombustible construction 耐火结构incomplete well 未完成井incompletely compacted concrete 捣实不足的混凝土increaser 异径接管increments of settlement 沉陷的增大incrustation 嵌入装饰;结壳;水垢indelible pencil 消不去的铅笔indented bars 螺纹钢筋indented wire 刻痕钢丝indenting roller 凹纹压路机independent foundation 独立基础independent modern industry 自立的现代工业indeterminate structure 超静定结构index 指数index of cementation 粘结性指数index of construction cost 建筑费指数index of liquidity 怜性指数index of plasticity 塑性指数index properties 指标特性indian ink 墨indicator 指示器indicator paper 试纸indirect evaporation air conditioner 间接蒸发空气第机indirect expansion system 间接蒸发冷却式空气第系统indirect heating 间接加热indirect hot water supply 间接热水供给indirect illumination 间接照明indirect type fixture 间接照描备individual base 独立基础individual batcher 分批计量计individual construction 个体建筑indoor climate 室内微气候indoor lighting 户内照明indoor piping 室内管道indoor stadium 体育馆indoor swimming pool 室内游泳池indoor temperature 室内温度induced draft 诱导通风induced draft fan 排气式通风机induction air conditioning system 吸气式空气第系统induction flowmeter 感应量计induction furnace 感应电炉induction welding 感应焊接industrial air conditioning 工业空第industrial architecture 工业建筑industrial building 工厂厂房industrial construction 工业建筑industrial development area 工业发展区industrial housing 工业化房屋建筑industrial noise 工业噪声industrial occupancy 工业区industrial sewage 工业污水industrial town 工业城镇industrial waste water 工业污水industrial water 工业用水industrialization of construction industry 建筑工业化industrialized building 工业化建筑industrialized building system 工业化建筑系统industrialized production of houses 房屋的工业化建造industry 工业inelastic behavior 非弹性行为inelastic buckling 非弹性弯曲inelastic deformation 非弹性变形inelastic range 非弹性范围inelastic strain 非弹性变形inertia 惯性inertia effect 惯性效果inferior concrete 蛮石混凝土infilled wall 填充墙infiller panel 内镶嵌板infilling 填充infilling masonry 填实空隙圬工infiltration 渗透infiltration area 渗透区infiltration coefficient 渗滤系数infiltration head 渗滤压头infiltration heat loss 渗入热耗infiltration routing 渗透计算inflammation 发火inflatable structures 充气式结构inflatable void formers 充气多孔形成机inflating medium 膨胀介质inflation system 充气系统inflected arch 倒拱inflexion 弯曲inflow 岭influence area 影响区influence basin 影响范围influence line 影响线influence line for reaction 反力影响线influence line of reactions 支座反力影响线influent 岭infrared drying 红外线干燥infrared element 红外线加热器infrared heating 红外线取暖infrared pavement heater 红外线铺面加热器infrared radiation 红外辐射infrared radiator 红外线辐射器infrared ray curing 红外线养护infrared rays 红外线infrastructure 下部结构ingredient 组成部分ingredients of concrete 混凝土成分ingress of ground water 地下水侵入inherent moisture of aggregates 骨料的水分含量inherent settlement 固有沉陷inhibiting agent 抑制剂inhibiting pigment 防蚀颜料initial condition 起始条件initial cost 初投资initial data 原始数据initial design 原设计initial drying shrinkage 原始干缩initial investment 初期投资initial prestress 初预应力initial rate of absorption 吸收初速率initial set 初凝initial setting time 初凝时间initial strength 初始强度initial stress 初应力injected foundation 注入式基础injecting grout 注入灌浆injection 注入injection gallery 灌入通道injection hole 注入孔injection lance 喷枪injection mortar 注入灰浆injection of grout 水泥薄浆灌入injector 注入器ink drafting 墨水绘制inland harbour 河港inland waterway 内陆水路inlet 进口inlet grating 进水口帘格inlet opening 岭口inlet sill 进口底槛inlet structure 进口建筑物inlet well 集水井;注浆钻孔inner door 内针门inner face 内表面inner forces 内力inner garden 内院inner slope 内坡inner span 内跨度input data 输入数据insect damage 虫害inside casing 内框inside door 内门inside wall 内侧壁insolation 日射inspection 检查inspection cap 检查口盖inspection certificate 技术检查报告inspection chamber 检查人孔inspection cock 检查阀inspection cover 检查盖inspection door 检查口inspection eye 检查孔inspection gallery 检查廊道inspection hole 检查口inspection list 检查单inspection manhole 检查人孔inspector 验收员instability 不稳定性installation 安装;装置installation drawing 安装图installation work 安装工作installed capacity 设备容量installed power 设备容量instant lock 自动锁instantaneous center of rotation 瞬时旋转中心instantaneous deformation 瞬时变形instantaneous elevator safeties 瞬间电梯保险锁instantaneous load 瞬间载荷instantaneous water heater 瞬时水加热器instrument 工具instrument panel 仪表板insulated column 独立柱insulated hot water heater 保温式水加热器insulating board 隔热板insulating brick 绝热砖insulating concrete 绝缘混凝土insulating fire brick 耐火砖insulating form board 保温木模板insulating glass unit 绝缘玻璃垫块insulating jacket 绝缘夹套insulating layer 绝缘层insulating paint 绝缘漆insulating paper 绝热纸insulating refractory 绝热耐火材料insulating slab 绝缘板insulating wall 绝缘墙insulating work 隔热工程insulation 绝缘insulation materials 绝缘材料insulation quilt 保温毡insulation sleeve 绝缘套管insulator 绝缝体insulator string 绝缘子串intake 吸入口intake construction 进水建筑物intake duct 吸入管道integral coloring 完全着色integral control 整体控制integral waterproofing 整体防水integrated ceiling 吊顶integrated distribution floor system 布置技术设施网的楼板integrated power grid 综合电力网intensity 强度intensity of illumination 照度intensity of light 光度intensity of load 荷载强度intensity of sound 声强度intensity parameter 强度参数interchange of air 空气交换interchange of energy 能量交换interchange of heat 热交换intercolumniation 柱间距intercupola 圆屋顶的中间隔层interdome 圆屋顶的中间隔层interfenestration 窗间墙宽度interference 干涉interference of light 光干涉interference of sound 声干涉interference settlement 干扰沉陷intergrating flow meter 累计量表intergrating heat meter 积算热量计interground addition 磨碎时的加入物interior 内部装饰interior architecture 室内建筑interior bridge support 桥墩interior casing 内框interior climate 室内微气候interior column 内柱interior designer 屋内设计者interior finish 室内装修interior glazed window 室内装玻璃的外墙窗interior illumination 户内照明interior lighting 户内照明interior of building 房屋内景interior span 内跨度interior support 内部支承interior temperature 室内温度interior type plywood 内部饰面胶合板interior wall 内墙interior wiring 户内布线interior works 室内工作interior zone 内部区域interjoist 搁栅间interlayer 隔层interlocking concrete blocks 嵌锁混凝土砖interlocking piles 联锁桩interlocking tile 联结的大型屋面槽瓦intermediate gate post 大门中间柱intermediate product 中间产物intermediate rafter 中间椽intermediate support 中间支点intermittent filter 间歇式滤器intermittent freezing 间歇冻结intermittent heating 周期式供热intermittent operation 间歇运行intermittent sand filter 周期式滤砂器intermittent type settling basin 间歇式沉淀池intermixing 混合intermixture 混合internal conditions 内部条件internal construction 内部结构internal diameter 内径internal forces 内力internal friction 内摩擦internal glazing 内部装配玻璃internal leaf 内部竖壁internal moment 内力矩internal skin 内部竖壁internal span 内跨度internal strain 内应变internal stress 内部应力internal vibrator 插入式振捣器internal wiring 内部线路internally indeterminate construction 内部超静定结构international friendship exhibition 国际友谊展览馆intersection 交叉intersection angle 转角intersection point 转交点interstices 间隙interval 区间intrados 拱的内表面inundation 侵水inundation zone 泛滥地区invert 倒拱inverted arch 倒拱inverted capacity 吸收容量inverted filter 反滤层inverted flat roof 倒置的平屋顶inverted siphon 倒虹吸管inverted t shaped footing 倒型基脚inverted u shaped precast concrete unit 倒u型预制钢筋混凝土部件investment 投资irish bridge 淹没桥iron 铁iron alumina ratio 铁矾土比iron bridge 铁桥iron cement 含铁水泥iron column 铁柱iron construction 铁结构iron core 铁心iron covering 铁盖iron paving 铸铁板铺面iron portland cement 矿渣硅酸盐水泥iron wire 铁线irregular aggregate 不均匀粒度骨料irregular curve 云形曲线规irregularly distributed load 不均匀分布荷载irrigation 灌溉irrigation canal 灌溉渠irrigation network 灌溉网irrigation requirement 灌溉需水量irrigation works 灌溉结构物island 岛isohypse 等高线isolated foundation 单独基础isolated pier 独立桥墩isolation 绝缘isolation joint 隔离接缝isolator 绝缘体isometric drawing 等距图isometric view 等视轴图isotherm 等温线italian roof 四坡屋顶jack 千斤顶;支柱jack arch 平拱jack horse 台架jack pile 用千斤顶压入桩jack plane 大刨jack rafter 小椽jack rib 短肋jack roll 手绞盘jack shore 千斤顶支柱jack truss 小桁架jack up rig 活动工捉台jackhammer 轻型凿岩机jacking 顶托jacking device 液压顶撑设备jacking force 千斤顶举升力jacking plate 举升垫板jackscrew 螺旋千斤顶jaw breaker 鄂式破机jaw crusher 鄂式破机jedding axe 鹤嘴斧jemmy 短橇棍jenny 移动起重机jesting beam 装饰梁jet action trencher 射两挖沟机jet pump 喷射泵jetcrete 喷浆混凝土jetted pile 水冲桩jettied construction 悬挑式建筑jetting 水力喷射jetting gear 水力开齿机jetty 建筑物的突出部分;堤防jib 起重机臂jib crab 吊杆车jib door 隐门jibcrane 动臂起重机jig 夹具jigger saw 线锯jigging chute 振动滑槽jigsaw 线锯jimmy 短橇棍jinnie wheel 单轮滑车job 工作工地job cleanup 建筑工地清理job mix 现场拌合混合料job mix concrete 现场搅拌混凝土job mix formula 现场拌合配方job plan 工组计划job practices 施工方法job site 施工现场job superintendent 建筑工地负责人job workshop 现场加工车间joiner 细木工人joiner's chisel 细木线规joiner's gauge 划线规joiner's glue 木工胶joinery 细木工工作细木工制成品joining balk 联系木梁joining means 连接措施joint 接缝joint angle 接合角钢joint box 接线盒joint cement 填缝水泥joint coupling 接头套管joint cutter 切缝机joint filler 填缝料joint free 无缝的joint grouting 接缝灌浆joint load 节点荷载joint mortar 接缝灰浆joint rigidity 节点刚性joint ring 密封环joint sawing 接缝锯开joint sealant 填缝料joint sealing compound 封缝止水合成物joint sealing machine 封缝机joint strip 嵌缝胶条joint tape 合缝带jointer plane 槽刨jointing 接缝jointing compound 油灰抹子jointing medium 勾缝填料jointing tool 缝抹子jointless flooring 无接缝地板jointless structure 无接缝结构joist 小梁joist ceiling 搁栅顶棚joisted floor 搁栅搂盖jolting table 振动台jolting vibrator 摇摆振动器jubilee wagon 翻斗车jumbo 凿岩台车jump 阶差jump forms 爬升模板jumping formwork 爬升模板junction box 接线盒junction plate 连接板just gap 间隙jut window 突出窗jute rope 黄麻绳k truss k 形桁架kangaroo tower crane 袋鼠型塔式起重机keel arch 波斯拱keene's cement 硬石膏胶结料keeping room 起居室kelly ball 凯氏球体贯入七kelly ball test 凯氏球体贯入试验kerb 路缘石kerb roof 顶搂屋顶kerf 锯缝key 楔key block 拱顶块石key bolt 键螺栓key brick 楔砖key for plaster 抹灰底层key hole saw 钢丝锯key joint pointing 凹形勾缝key plate 钥匙孔板key valve 楔阀keyed beam 键接梁keyed joint 键接keyed pointing 凹形勾缝keyhole saw 钢丝锯keying in 用石楔咬紧keystone 拱顶石kick atomizing pile hammer 打管形桩用柴油引擎锤kickplate 门脚护板kid 柴捆kieselguhr 硅藻土kieselguhr brick 硅藻土砖kiln 窑kiln brick 窑烘砖kindergarten 幼儿园kinematic viscosity 运动粘度kinetic head 动压头kinetics 动力学king closer 砍角砖king pile 之king post 桁架中柱kink 纽结kitchen 厨房kitchen building block unit 装配式厨房单元kitchen cabinet 厨房绸kitchen dining room 厨房餐室kitchen door 厨房门kitchen fittings 厨房设备kitchen furniture 厨房家具kitchenette 小厨房kite winder 转向斜踏步knapping machine 碎石机knapsack duster 背负式喷粉机knapsack sprayer 背负式喷粉机knee 弯管knee brace 角拉条knee piece 斜撑knee rafter 斜撑knee roof 变坡屋面knife edge loading 线荷载knife switch 刀形开关knob 球形把手;球形突出物knobbing 锤石knobbling 锤石knocked down building components 可拆卸的房屋构件knocked down frame 可拆卸的门框knocker 门环knot 结kraft 牛皮纸。

卫星侧摆角英语术语 -回复

卫星侧摆角英语术语-回复Satellite Attitude Angle (卫星侧摆角英语术语) refers to the orientation of a satellite in space. It is an important parameter that determines how a satellite is positioned relative to the Earth, other satellites, or specific targets. In this article, we will discuss the concept of satellite attitude angle, its importance, and its real-world applications.To understand satellite attitude angle, we first need to grasp the basic principles of satellite orientation. Satellites are designed to operate in specific orbits around the Earth. They rely on precise positioning and orientation to perform their designated tasks. Attitude, in this context, refers to the angular orientation of a satellite - how it is pointing or facing in space.There are three fundamental attitude angles that define the orientation of a satellite: roll, pitch, and yaw. The roll angle represents the rotation of the satellite around its longitudinal axis. It determines the satellite's orientation from side to side. The pitch angle describes the rotation around the transverse axis and represents the up-and-down tilt of the satellite. The yaw angle denotes the rotation around the normal axis and determines theleft-right orientation of the satellite.These attitude angles are crucial for various satellite operations, including communication, weather monitoring, Earth observation, navigation, and scientific research. For example, in communication satellites, accurate attitude control is necessary to ensure the antennas are focused on the Earth, allowing for efficient transmission and reception of signals. Weather satellites need precise attitude angles to point their sensors towards specific regions of interest, monitoring atmospheric conditions and predicting weather patterns.The determination and control of satellite attitude angles involve various systems and techniques. Attitude determination systems use sensors such as gyroscopes, sun sensors, star trackers, and magnetometers to measure the satellite's rotation and orientation. These measurements are then processed to calculate the attitude angles. Attitude control systems utilize reaction wheels, thrusters, magnetic torquers, or control moment gyroscopes to adjust and stabilize the satellite's attitude. These systems respond to commands from ground control centers or onboard algorithms, ensuring that the satellite maintains the desired orientation.Accurate knowledge and control of satellite attitude angles are crucial for successful mission operations. Any deviation from the desired orientation can impact the quality of data collected, disrupt communication links, or lead to misalignment with target areas. In some cases, precise attitude control is required to perform specific maneuvers, such as orbit changes or repositioning to avoid space debris. Therefore, satellite operators constantly monitor and adjust the attitude angles to ensure optimal performance and longevity of the satellite.In addition to their practical applications, attitude angles also play a role in scientific research and exploration missions. For instance, spacecraft exploring other celestial bodies, such as the Moon or Mars, need to precisely control their attitude angles to navigate and gather scientific data. Understanding these angles helps scientists interpret measurements and observations made by these spacecraft, illuminating our knowledge of the universe.In conclusion, satellite attitude angles are essential for satellite operations and have a wide range of applications. Roll, pitch, and yaw angles define the satellite's orientation in space, enablingefficient communication, accurate data collection, and precise navigation. Determination and control systems ensure the satellite maintains the desired attitude angles, allowing for successful mission operations. These angles also contribute to scientific research and exploration, expanding our understanding of the cosmos.。

BTI Hydraulic Rock Breaker Systems说明书

MBS12H / MBS13H PB12H / NT MRH / MRHT BX15 to BX85
Jaw crushers and impact jaw crushers are most often fed from a rock box using a vibratory feeder. A rock breaker should be positioned to assist with raking rocks into the crusher, reduce oversize, and to be able to reach into the crusher to assist with processing and clearing jams.
Std-GYRATORY
31900-35214 (14467-15970)
Std-GYRATORY
33700-37014 (15283-16786)
Std-GYRATORY
36100-36913 (16372-16741)
14’ 9” (4.5)
18 0” (5.4)
21’ 5” (6.5)
24’ 7” (7.5)
NT20
STATIONARY Lt-GRIZZLY
10900 - 13120 (4943 - 5950)
16’ 2” (4.9) 19’ 1” (5.8) 24’ 8” (7.5) SWINGPOST
170° BX10 - BX30
NT24
STATIONARY Lt-GRIZZLY
11152 - 12254 (5058 - 5557)
Grizzly applications are extremely harsh by nature. The boom is subject to high degrees of in-line and side raking, combined with various sizes and amounts of oversize. BTI’s grizzly booms are designed with wide boom cross sections, extra large pins and reinforced high tensile steel plates. All designed to handle complex loading to the boom.

指南针英语作文

The compass is an ancient navigational instrument that has been used for centuries to determine direction relative to the geographic cardinal directions.Here is a detailed English composition about the compass:Title:The Marvel of Navigation:The CompassIntroduction:The compass is an indispensable tool in the realm of navigation,guiding explorers, sailors,and travelers through uncharted territories.Its invention is a testament to human ingenuity and the pursuit of understanding the world around us.Historical Background:The compass originated in ancient China,where it was first used for divination and geomancy.It was later adopted by the Chinese military and eventually found its way to the Islamic world and Europe.The compass revolutionized maritime navigation,enabling sailors to navigate the open seas without relying solely on celestial bodies.Principle of Operation:A compass operates on the principle of magnetism.It consists of a magnetized needle that is free to align itself with the Earths magnetic field.The needle points toward the magnetic North Pole,which is located near the geographic North Pole.The compass is marked with cardinal directionsNorth,South,East,and Westand intermediate directions, allowing users to determine their orientation.Types of Compasses:There are various types of compasses,each serving a specific purpose.The most common types include:1.Magnetic Compass:The traditional compass with a magnetized needle.2.Gyrocompass:Utilizes a spinning wheel to maintain a constant orientation,unaffected by magnetic interference.3.Electronic Compass:Employs sensors and algorithms to determine direction,often used in modern navigation systems.Uses of the Compass:The compass has a wide range of applications,including:1.Navigation:It is a crucial tool for sailors,pilots,and hikers to determine their direction.2.Orienteering:Participants use a compass to navigate through a course marked with checkpoints.itary:Compasses are used for strategic planning and troop movement.4.Geology:Geologists use compasses to measure the orientation of rock formations andfaults.Modern Developments:With advancements in technology,the compass has evolved to incorporate digital features.GPS and other electronic navigation systems have largely replaced traditional compasses in many applications.However,the compass remains a reliable backup tool, especially in situations where electronic devices may fail or be unavailable. Conclusion:The compass,a simple yet powerful instrument,has played a significant role in the history of human exploration and navigation.Its ability to guide us through the unknown has shaped our understanding of the world and our place within it.As we continue to explore and venture into new territories,the compass remains a symbol of human curiosity and our quest for knowledge.。

航空技术术语中英文对照

航空技术术语中英文对照precision recovery including maneuverable re-entry 包含可操纵重返之精确回收precision spin 準确螺旋precision spin 準确螺旋precision turn 準确转弯precision very high frequency omni direction range 精确极高频全向导航台precision-drop glider 精确空投滑翔机precision-guided munition 精确导引弹药preconscious level 前意识层次precooling 预冷precursor 母材predicted speed 计算速率prediction angle 预测角predictor 预测器preferential routes 优先使用航道preferential runway 优先使用的跑道pre-flight adaptation 飞行前适应preflight check 飞行前检查pre-flight inspection 飞行前检查prefragmented warhead 预成破片弹头pre-front squall line 锋前颮线preheating 预热pre-ignition 提前点火pre-launch console 发射前控制台preliminary design phase 初步设计阶段preliminary design review 初步设计审查preliminary estimation 初步估计preliminary flight qualification test 基础飞行资格考试preliminary flight rating test 基础飞行等级测试preliminary orbit determination 初步轨道决定preliminary performance estimation 初步性能估计preliminary weight estimation 初步重量估计premature detonation 过早爆震premature ventricular contraction 心室性早期收缩premixed laminar flame 预混层燄prepreg 预浸布prepreg material 预浸材料preprogrammed guidance 预置导引presbycusis 老年失聪presbyopia 老花眼presented target area 显示目标区preservative 防腐剂preset guidance 预置导引press roller 镇压轮，滚子press wheel 镇压轮pressive gradient 压力梯度pressurant gas 挤压气体pressure 压力pressure altitude 压力高度pressure altitude variation 压力高度差pressure anemomete 压力风速表pressure angle 压力角pressure anomaly 压力递减差距pressure breathing 加压呼吸pressure coefficient 压力係数pressure contour 等压线pressure demand oxygen equipment 压力需求式供氧装备pressure drag 压力阻力pressure drag 压力阻力pressure drag coefficient 压力阻力係数pressure fall center 降压中心pressure filler inlet 压力加油口pressure flap 均压阀pressure foredrag 头部压差阻力pressure gradient 压力梯度pressure head 压力落差，压头pressure head 压力头pressure instrument 压力式仪表pressure lapse rate 压力直减率pressure lubrication system 压力润滑系pressure nozzle 压力喷嘴pressure nozzle 压力喷嘴pressure pattern 气压型pressure pattern flight 气压型飞行pressure pattern flying 气压型飞行pressure plate anemometer 压板风速表pressure probe 压力探测器pressure pump 压力泵pressure pump 压力泵pressure recovery 压力復原pressure regulation 压力调节pressure rigid airship 压力硬式飞船pressure rise center 升压中心pressure suit 加压衣pressure system 气压系统，压力系统pressure tendency 压力趋势pressure transmission 压力传输pressure tube anemometer 压管风速表pressure warning unit 压力警告器pressure wave 压力波pressure-bag molding 压力袋成形pressure-fed 压馈pressure-volume diagram 压容图pressurized cabin 加压舱pressurized cabin 压力舱pressurized construction 加压结构pressurized tank 加压箱prestall buffet 失速前抖震pretest simulation 试验前模拟prevailing visibility 盛行能见度prevailing visibility 盛行能见度dymodel2007-12-7 11:12:14prevailing winds 盛行风preventive medicine 预防医学prima facie evidence 表见证据primacord 爆炸导火线primaquine 抗疟药物primary aerodynamic characteristics 主要气动特性primary circulation 主环流primary control surface 主要控制面primary cyclone 主气旋primary flight control 基本飞行控制primary flight control system 基本飞行控制系统primary flying training 初级飞行训练primary front 主锋primary instability 主要不稳定性primary instrument 主要仪器primary modulus of elasticity 基本弹性模数primary radar 初级雷达primary structure 主要结构primary surface 主平面primary surveillance radar 主搜索雷达primary target 主要目标primary training aircraft 初级教练机prime 注油prime meridian 原始子午线，本初子午线prime valve 注油阀priming device 气动注油装置，气爆装置principal axis 主轴principal moment of inertia 主惯性矩principal restraint 主限制principal strain 主应变principal stress 主应力principle axis 主轴线principle of superposition 叠加原理prior notice required 需事先通知prioritized significant events and conditions 重大事件优先顺序prior-to-flare speed 拉平前飞行速率private aircraft 私人飞机private glider pilot certificate 私人滑翔机驾驶员证书private pilot certificate 私人驾驶员证书probability 或然率，机率probability forecast 机率预报probability of hit 命中机率probability of kill 击落机率probable cause 可能原因probable error 概差，可能误差probable maximum precipitation 最大可降水量procedural knowledge 程序知识procedure turn 程序转弯procedures for air navigation services 飞航业务程序procedures inadequacy 程序不当processing speed 数据处理速率processing tomato harvester 加工用番茄收穫机processor 处理机，处理程式procurement 採购，购料，购置procurement specification 採购规范product certificate 產品证书product of inertia 惯性积product of inertia 惯性积product sample 產品样本production test flight 量產试飞proficiency check 熟练测验proficiency flight 熟练飞行profile drawing 剖面图profile grinding 轮廓轮磨，轮廓磨光profile line 剖面线profilometer 测面仪，测平仪prognostic chart 预测图prograde orbit 顺行轨道programmed roll 预定滚转programmed turn 预定转弯progress 进度，进行，进步progress chart 工作进度表progress report 进度报告progressive burning 增面燃烧progressive propellant 增面燃烧推进剂progressive schedule 进度时程progressive stall 渐进失速prohibited area 禁航区prohibited area 禁航区project design 方案设计project manager 专案主持人projected area 投影面积projected planform 投影平面形projected propeller area 螺旋桨投影面积projectile 射弹，拋射体projectile trajectory 拋射体弹道projection chart 投影图projection chart 地图投影法prolate ellipsoid 长椭球proliferation 核子扩散prone position 俯卧姿势proof strength 保证强度propaganda balloon 宣传气球propaganda balloon 宣传气球propagation constant 传播常数propagation error 传播误差propagation speed 传播速率propagation velocity 传播速度propane 丙烷propellant 推进剂dymodelpropellant tanks 推进剂箱propellant charge 推进剂药柱propellant charge 推进剂装药propellant loading ratio 推进剂装载比propellant outage 推进剂的储运损耗量propellant utilization system 推进剂利用系统propeller aerodynamic balance test 螺旋桨气动力平衡试验propeller airplane 螺旋桨飞机propeller anti icer 螺旋桨防冰器propeller axis of rotation 螺桨转轴（线）propeller balance 螺旋桨平衡propeller balance 螺旋桨平衡propeller balancing stand 螺旋桨平衡台propeller bar 螺桨閂propeller blade angle 桨叶角propeller blade aspect ratio 桨叶展弦比propeller blade element theory 螺旋桨叶素理论propeller blade shank 螺旋桨叶柄propeller brake 螺旋桨制动器propeller camber ratio 螺旋桨弧度比propeller cuffs 螺旋桨护甲propeller disc 螺旋桨盘propeller disk area 螺旋桨盘形面积propeller effective thrust 螺旋桨有效推力propeller feathering 螺旋桨顺桨propeller flutter 螺旋桨颤振propeller governor 螺旋桨调速器propeller horsepower 螺旋桨马力propeller hub 螺旋桨轂propeller interference 螺旋桨干扰propeller left-hand 左转螺旋桨propeller load 螺旋桨负载propeller load 螺旋桨负载propeller load curve 螺旋桨负载曲线propeller master blade 螺旋桨主叶propeller pump 旋叶泵propeller radius 螺旋桨半径propeller rake 螺旋桨倾角propeller reduction gear 螺旋桨减速齿轮propeller reinforcing girder 螺旋桨增强樑propeller root 螺旋桨叶根propeller section 螺旋桨剖面propeller slip function 螺旋桨滑流函数propeller speed 螺旋浆转速propeller static balance test 螺旋桨静力平衡试验propeller thrust 螺旋桨推力propeller tip speed 桨叶尖端速率propeller tipping 螺旋桨包梢propeller torque 螺旋桨转矩，螺旋桨扭力propeller wash 螺旋桨洗流propeller width ratio 螺旋桨宽度比propeller-blade speed 桨叶周围速率propelling nozzle 推进喷嘴proportional navigation 比例导航proportional navigation 比例接近法导航proprioceptor 本体感受器propulsion efficiency 推进效率propulsion efficiency 推进效率propulsion module 动力装置舱propulsion system 推进系统propulsion vehicle 运载火箭propulsion wind tunnel 发动机风洞propulsive duct 脉冲喷射发动机propulsive efficiency 推进效率propulsive unit 推进器组propulsive unit 推进器组propulsor 推进器protein 蛋白质proteinuria 蛋白尿prototype aircraft 原型飞机prototype construction 原型机结构prototype test flight 原型试飞prototyping 原型机製造protractor 分度规，量角器proving flight 验证试飞proving ground 试验场Provisional International Civil Aviation Organization 临时国际民航组织provisional weight 暂时重量proximate analysis 近似分析proximity fuze 近发引信proximity warning instrument 接近警告仪器proximityfuze 近发引信prudent limit of endurance 精确续航极限prudent limit of patrol 精确巡逻极限pseudo adiabat 假绝热线pseudo adiabatic lapse rate 假绝热直减率pseudo fly-by-wire 假电传飞控pseudo front 假锋pseudopursuit navigation 假追踪导航psychiatric evaluations 精神状况评估psychiatrist 精神病医师psychic evaluations 精神评估psychologic disorder 精神官能症psychological warfare 心理战psychologist 心理学家psychology 心理学psychophysiologic false myopia 身心性假性近视psychosis 精神病psychosomatic disorder 精神官能症psychotherapy 心理治疗dymodel2007-12-7 11:13:02psychotic disorder 精神性失常psy-chrometer 乾湿表public aircraft 勤务飞机public announcement 机上广播puddling furnace 搅练炉pull ring 拉环pull up 拉起puller 拉拔器pulley block 滑车组，滑轮组pull-out 拉平pull-up 拉升pulmonary bulla 肺大气泡pulmonary ventilation 肺通气量pulpitis 齿髓炎pulsating current 脉动电流，脉动气流pulsating direct current 脉动直流电pulsation 脉动pulse altimeter 脉波高度计pulse code 脉波密码pulse duration 脉波宽度pulse jet intermittent duct 脉冲喷射发动机pulse modulation 脉波调制pulse modulation 脉波调变pulse noise jamming 脉冲噪音干扰pulse radar 脉冲雷达pulse repetition rate 脉波重现率pulse spacing 脉波间隔pulse-code modulation 脉波电码调变pulsed plasma accelerator 脉冲电浆加速器pulse-frequency modulation 脉波频率调变pulsejet 脉冲喷射发动机pulsejet missile 脉冲喷射飞弹pulse-time modulation 脉波时间调变pulse-width modulation 脉波宽度调变pultrusion 拉挤成形pump 泵pump efficiency 泵效率pump speed 泵转速pump-fed 泵馈pumping 泵作用pumping frequency 泵频pumping friction 排吸摩擦pumping speed 泵压速率punch press 压孔机pundit 海岸光灯pure helicopter 纯直升机pure helicopter 纯直升机pure pursuit course lead 纯追击航线前置量purge 冲洗，排净purple 可能携带核弹pursuit 追踪，追击，驱逐pursuit airplane 驱逐机pursuit course 追击航线pursuit missile 尾追飞弹pursuit navigation 追击导航pursuit navigation 追逐航行pursuit-type aircraft 驱逐机push button indicator 按钮指示器push down 推头下降push forward 前推push plate conveyor 推板运送机push/pull microphone 推拉式传话筒push/pull rod 推拉桿pushback 后推，拖机作业pusher airplane 推式飞机pusher propeller 推式螺旋桨pusher propeller 推式螺旋桨pusher-type aircraft 推进式飞机pushing over 进入俯冲pushrod 推桿pylon eight 目标8字pyranometer 天空辐射表pyrgeometer 地面辐射表pyrheliometer 日射强度表pyroelectric detector 热电检知器pyrogen 烟火產生器pyrolysis products 解热生成物pyrometer 高温计pyrotechnic shock 烟火冲击pyrotechnics 烟火製造术pyroxylin primer 硝基纤维性底漆Q factor Q值Q-aerial Q型天线Q-band Q频带Q-code Q代码Q-corner (coffin corner) Q角落Q-fan 低噪音风扇Q-series propellants Q系列推进剂quad 四蕊导线quadrantal altitude 象限高度quadrantal deviation 象限罗差quadrantal error 象限误差quadrantal heading 象限航向quadrantal points 象限点quadrantal separation 象限隔离quadrantal signal 区信号quadruplane 四翼飞机quadruple register 四用记录器quality assurance 品质保证quality control 品质管制dymodel2007-12-7 11:13:54psychotic disorder 精神性失常psy-chrometer 乾湿表public aircraft 勤务飞机public announcement 机上广播puddling furnace 搅练炉pull ring 拉环pull up 拉起puller 拉拔器pulley block 滑车组，滑轮组pull-out 拉平pull-up 拉升pulmonary bulla 肺大气泡pulmonary ventilation 肺通气量pulpitis 齿髓炎pulsating current 脉动电流，脉动气流pulsating direct current 脉动直流电pulsation 脉动pulse altimeter 脉波高度计pulse code 脉波密码pulse duration 脉波宽度pulse jet intermittent duct 脉冲喷射发动机pulse modulation 脉波调制pulse modulation 脉波调变pulse noise jamming 脉冲噪音干扰pulse radar 脉冲雷达pulse repetition rate 脉波重现率pulse spacing 脉波间隔pulse-code modulation 脉波电码调变pulsed plasma accelerator 脉冲电浆加速器pulse-frequency modulation 脉波频率调变pulsejet 脉冲喷射发动机pulsejet missile 脉冲喷射飞弹pulse-time modulation 脉波时间调变pulse-width modulation 脉波宽度调变pultrusion 拉挤成形pump 泵pump efficiency 泵效率pump speed 泵转速pump-fed 泵馈pumping 泵作用pumping frequency 泵频pumping friction 排吸摩擦pumping speed 泵压速率punch press 压孔机pundit 海岸光灯pure helicopter 纯直升机pure helicopter 纯直升机pure pursuit course lead 纯追击航线前置量purge 冲洗，排净purple 可能携带核弹pursuit 追踪，追击，驱逐pursuit airplane 驱逐机pursuit course 追击航线pursuit missile 尾追飞弹pursuit navigation 追击导航pursuit navigation 追逐航行pursuit-type aircraft 驱逐机push button indicator 按钮指示器push down 推头下降push forward 前推push plate conveyor 推板运送机push/pull microphone 推拉式传话筒push/pull rod 推拉桿pushback 后推，拖机作业pusher airplane 推式飞机pusher propeller 推式螺旋桨pusher propeller 推式螺旋桨pusher-type aircraft 推进式飞机pushing over 进入俯冲pushrod 推桿pylon eight 目标8字pyranometer 天空辐射表pyrgeometer 地面辐射表pyrheliometer 日射强度表pyroelectric detector 热电检知器pyrogen 烟火產生器pyrolysis products 解热生成物pyrometer 高温计pyrotechnic shock 烟火冲击pyrotechnics 烟火製造术pyroxylin primer 硝基纤维性底漆Q factor Q值Q-aerial Q型天线Q-band Q频带Q-code Q代码Q-corner (coffin corner) Q角落Q-fan 低噪音风扇Q-series propellants Q系列推进剂quad 四蕊导线quadrantal altitude 象限高度quadrantal deviation 象限罗差quadrantal error 象限误差quadrantal heading 象限航向quadrantal points 象限点quadrantal separation 象限隔离quadrantal signal 区信号quadruplane 四翼飞机quadruple register 四用记录器quality assurance 品质保证quality control 品质管制dymodel2007-12-7 11:14:40psychotic disorder 精神性失常psy-chrometer 乾湿表public aircraft 勤务飞机public announcement 机上广播puddling furnace 搅练炉pull ring 拉环pull up 拉起puller 拉拔器pulley block 滑车组，滑轮组pull-out 拉平pull-up 拉升pulmonary bulla 肺大气泡pulmonary ventilation 肺通气量pulpitis 齿髓炎pulsating current 脉动电流，脉动气流pulsating direct current 脉动直流电pulsation 脉动pulse altimeter 脉波高度计pulse code 脉波密码pulse duration 脉波宽度pulse jet intermittent duct 脉冲喷射发动机pulse modulation 脉波调制pulse modulation 脉波调变pulse noise jamming 脉冲噪音干扰pulse radar 脉冲雷达pulse repetition rate 脉波重现率pulse spacing 脉波间隔pulse-code modulation 脉波电码调变pulsed plasma accelerator 脉冲电浆加速器pulse-frequency modulation 脉波频率调变pulsejet 脉冲喷射发动机pulsejet missile 脉冲喷射飞弹pulse-time modulation 脉波时间调变pulse-width modulation 脉波宽度调变pultrusion 拉挤成形pump 泵pump efficiency 泵效率pump speed 泵转速pump-fed 泵馈pumping 泵作用pumping frequency 泵频pumping friction 排吸摩擦pumping speed 泵压速率punch press 压孔机pundit 海岸光灯pure helicopter 纯直升机pure helicopter 纯直升机pure pursuit course lead 纯追击航线前置量purge 冲洗，排净purple 可能携带核弹pursuit 追踪，追击，驱逐pursuit airplane 驱逐机pursuit course 追击航线pursuit missile 尾追飞弹pursuit navigation 追击导航pursuit navigation 追逐航行pursuit-type aircraft 驱逐机push button indicator 按钮指示器push down 推头下降push forward 前推push plate conveyor 推板运送机push/pull microphone 推拉式传话筒push/pull rod 推拉桿pushback 后推，拖机作业pusher airplane 推式飞机pusher propeller 推式螺旋桨pusher propeller 推式螺旋桨pusher-type aircraft 推进式飞机pushing over 进入俯冲pushrod 推桿pylon eight 目标8字pyranometer 天空辐射表pyrgeometer 地面辐射表pyrheliometer 日射强度表pyroelectric detector 热电检知器pyrogen 烟火產生器pyrolysis products 解热生成物pyrometer 高温计pyrotechnic shock 烟火冲击pyrotechnics 烟火製造术pyroxylin primer 硝基纤维性底漆Q factor Q值Q-aerial Q型天线Q-band Q频带Q-code Q代码Q-corner (coffin corner) Q角落Q-fan 低噪音风扇Q-series propellants Q系列推进剂quad 四蕊导线quadrantal altitude 象限高度quadrantal deviation 象限罗差quadrantal error 象限误差quadrantal heading 象限航向quadrantal points 象限点quadrantal separation 象限隔离quadrantal signal 区信号quadruplane 四翼飞机quadruple register 四用记录器quality assurance 品质保证quality control 品质管制dymodel2007-12-7 11:15:05radar navigation chart 雷达航图radar navigation guidance 雷达导航radar navigator 雷达领航员radar netting 雷达网radar netting station 雷达网中心站radar netting unit 雷达网装备radar picket 雷达哨radar picket escort 雷达哨护航radar pilotage 雷达地标航行radar plot 雷达标示radar position symbol 雷达位置符号radar prediction 雷达预测radar pulse 雷达脉波radar range marker 雷达距离标尺radar ranging 雷达测距radar rating 雷达检定radar receiver 雷达接收机radar reconnaissance 雷达侦察radar reflectivity 雷达反射率radar repeat-back guidance 雷达回报导引radar report 雷达报告radar resolution 雷达解析度radar response 雷达反应radar return 雷达回波radar separation standards 雷达隔离标準radar service 雷达服务radar signal film 雷达讯号影片radar signature 雷达特徵radar silence 雷达静默radar storm detection 雷达风暴侦测radar surveillance 雷达监视radar target 雷达目标radar target 雷达目标radar target designation 雷达目标标示器radar target designation control 雷达目标标定控制radar target marker 雷达目标标示器radar target simulator 雷达目标模拟器radar track position 雷达追踪位置radar track speed 雷达测定的地速radar tracking station 雷达追踪站radar vector 雷达导引航向radar wind 雷达测风radar wind system 雷达测风系统radar-equipped inertial navigation system 雷达惯性导航系统radar-guided missile 雷达导向飞弹radar-guided weapon system 雷达导向武器系统radarscope 雷达幕，雷达显示器radarscope overlay 雷达幕重叠radarscope photography 雷达幕录影radial acceleration 径向加速度radial bearing 径向轴承radial bearing 径向轴承radial diffuser 径向扩散器radial displacement 径向位移radial drill 旋臂钻床radial fan 辐流式风扇radial flow 径向流动radial flow 辐射流，径向流radial G 径向重力radial heading 辐射航向radial jet 横向推进器radial load 径向负载radial load 径向负载radial search 辐射式搜索radial spar 辐射樑radial stress 径向应力radial turbine 径流式涡轮radial unbalance torque 辐向不均衡扭矩radial velocity 径向速度radial wing configuration 辐射翼外形radial wire 辐射金属线radial(flow) compressor 径流式压缩机radially expanding clutch 辐张离合器radian 弳，弧度radiance 辐射量radiant energy 辐射能radiant heat 辐射热radiant heat 辐射热radiation 辐射radiation aid 辐射辅助设备radiation belt 辐射带radiation dosage 辐射剂量radiation fog 辐射雾radiation heat transfer 辐射热传递radiation pressure 辐射压力radiation scattering 辐射散射radiational cooling 辐射冷却radiatus 辐状（云）radio 无线电radio aid 无线电辅助设施radio antenna 无线电天线radio approach aid 无线电进场辅助radio astronomy 射电天文学radio beacon 无线电信标radio beacon 无线电信标radio beacon marker 无线电信标标誌radio beam 无线电波束radio beam 无线电波束radio beam coupler 无线电波束耦合器radio bearing 无线电方位dymodel2007-12-7 11:15:41radio bearing deviation 无线电方位差radio biology 放射线生物学radio channel 无线电频道radio communication failure message 无线电通信失效电报radio countermeasure 无线电反制radio detection and ranging 雷达radio determination satellite 无线电定位卫星radio directional beacon 无线电方向信标radio direction-finding 无线电定向radio direction-finding chart 无线电定向航图radio direction-finding net 无线电定向网radio direction-finding station 无线电定向电台radio directive device 无线电定向装置radio distortion 无线电失真radio facility 无线电设备radio failure procedure 无线电失效程序radio fan-marker beacon 无线电扇形标誌信标radio fix 无线电定位radio fix 无线电定位radio frequency 无线电频率，射频radio frequency 无线电频率radio frequency oscillator 无线电频率振盪器radio guidance system 无线电导引系统radio homing beacon 无线电归向信标radio humidity test 无线电湿度试验radio inertial guidance system 无线电惯性导引系统radio interference 无线电干扰radio line of position 无线电位置线radio log 无线电记录簿radio loop 无线电环形天线radio loop nacelle 无线电环形天线罩radio loop nacelle 无线电环形天线盒radio magnetic indicator 无线电磁向仪radio marker 无线电标誌radio marker beacon 无线电标誌信标radio marker transmitter 无线电标誌发射机radio mast 无线电柱radio meteorograph 无线电气象计radio meteorology 无线电气象学radio navigation 无线电导航radio navigation 无线电导航radio navigational aid 无线电助航设备radio orientation 无线电定向radio pressure test 无线电压力试验radio range beacon 无线电导航信标radio range leg 无线电导航航道radio range orientation 无线电导航定向radio range orientation 无线电导航定向radio range receiver 无线电导航接收机radio range station 无线电导航台Radio Technical Commission For Aeronautics 航空无线电技术委员会（美）radio telephony network 无线电网radio telescope 无线电望远镜radio transmitter receiver 无线电收发报机radio vibration test 无线电振动试验radio wave 无线电波radio wave 无线电波radioactive iodinated serum albumin 放射碘血清蛋白radioactivity 放射性radio-chemistry 放射化学radioecology 辐射生态学radiograph 放射线照相radioisotope 放射性同位素radiolocation 无线电电台定位radiological defense 放射防卫radiological weapon 放射性武器radiometry 放射量测学radiosonde 雷送，无线电探空仪radiosonde balloon 雷送气球radiosonde observation 雷送观测radiotelegraph 无线电报radiotelephone 无线电话radish harvester 萝卜收穫机radius of action 作用半径，活动半径radius of damage 损坏半径（核爆）radius of gyration 迴转半径radius of gyration 迴转半径radius of navigation 航行半径radius of operation 作战半径radius of turn 转弯半径radius vector 径向量，向径rail type launcher 滑轨式发射器rail type launcher 滑轨式发射架rain climate 多雨气候rain cloud 雨云rain day 雨日rain drop 雨滴rain forest 雨林rain removal system 除雨系统rain repellent 排雨剂rain shadow 雨荫rain shower 阵雨rain stage 雨阶段raincrust 雨雪壳raininess 雨量强度，雨量特性rake of wingtip 翼尖斜削rake-up finger 耙草爪rake-up wheel 耙草轮rally point 返航集合点ram air turbine 冲压气涡轮dymodel2007-12-7 11:16:07ram drag 冲压阻力ram pressure 冲压力ram rocket 冲压火箭ram rocket 冲压火箭ram wing 冲翼（气垫船）ramjet 冲压喷射发动机ramjet missile 冲压喷射飞弹ramjet speed 冲压喷气发动机打开时之速率ramp weight 机坪重量ramshorn airfoil 翘尾翼形random access memory 随机存取记忆体random drift rate 随机漂移率random error 随机误差random vibration 随机振动range analog bar 射程相似标range angle 射程角range attenuation 距离衰减range corection 射程修正range correction 射程修正量range error probable 射程误差概率range gating 距离栅range light 跑道距离灯range lights 跑道头灯range octagon 射程八角形显示range of action 活动范围range of propeller 螺距范围range of target 目标距离range panel 靶场标板range rate 接近率range resolution 距离解析度range station 导航台range to target 目标距离range tracking 距离追踪range/azimuth display unit 射程方位显示器Rankine cycle 郎肯循环Rankine oval 郎肯椭圆体Rankine thermometric scale 兰氏温标RAPCON facility 雷达进场管制设施rapid decompression 急速减压rapid decompression 快速减压rapid eye movements 眼球快速移动rapid-extraction parachute 快速张开降落伞rapid-reload capability 快速再装载能力rare gas 稀有气体rare gas 稀有气体rarefied gasdynamics 稀薄气体动力学rate damping 速率阻尼rate gyro 速率陀螺仪rate integrating gyro 速率积分陀螺仪rate of ascent 上升率rate of closure 接近率rate of descent 下降率rate of heat release 释热率rate of roll 滚转率rate of sink 下沉率rate receiver 速率接收机rate transmitter 速率发射机rated altitude 额定高度rated brake horsepower 额定制动马力rated engine speed 发动机额定速率rated engine speed 发动机额定速率rated horsepower 额定马力rated horsepower 额定马力rated load 额定负载rated load 额定负载rated power output 额定动力输出rated revolution 额定转速rated thrust 额定推力rate-integrating gyro 速率积分陀螺仪ratiometer 比率计raw material 原料rawin 雷文，雷达测风rawinsonde 雷文送Rayleigh atmosphere 雷莱大气Rayleigh flow 雷莱流Rayleigh formula 雷莱公式Rayleigh line 雷莱线Rayleigh number 雷莱数Rayleigh process 雷莱过程Rayleigh scattering 雷莱散射razor-thin wing 特薄机翼reaching cruising altitude 到达巡航高度reactant 反应物reacted pressure 失速压力reaction control jet 反应控制喷流reaction control system 喷气操纵系统reaction engine 反应式发动机reaction time 反应时间reaction wheels 反作用轮read only memory 唯读记忆体readback 覆诵readout 读出readout station 读站ready room 準备室real basis 真实基準real fluid 真实流体real fuselage upsweep 后机身上掠real passenger compartment 后客舱real time 即时real time reconnaissance 即时侦察dymodel2007-12-7 11:16:32real time reconnaissance cockpit display system 即时侦察座舱显示系统rear furrow wheel 尾轮rear seat 后座rear wheel drive tractor 后轮驱动式曳引机rearward c.g. stalling speed 后重心失速速率rearward speed 后飞速率reattached flow 再附著流reattachment point 再附著点Reaumur thermometric scale 列氏温标reburn 再燃recalescent point 再炽点receiving only 仅可收报receptor 感受器reciprocal bearing 反向方位reciprocating compressor 往復式压缩机reciprocating motion 往復运动reciprocating pump 往復泵reciprocating sieve 往復式筛reciprocating type supercharger 往復式增压机reclamating hoe 开垦锄recognition light 识别灯recommended dietary allowances 营养摄取建议表recommended practice 建议措施recommended speed 建议速率recommit 重标战术行动recompression 再加压recon reconnaissance 侦察reconnaissance aircraft 侦察机reconnaissance airplane 侦察机reconnaissance missile 侦察飞弹reconnaissance satellite 侦察卫星reconnaissance satellite 侦察卫星record observation 记录观测recording airspeed indicator recording 自记空速表recording altimeter 自记高度表recording anemomete 自记风速表recording barometer 自记气压表recording optical tracking instrument 光学追踪记录仪recovery capsule 回收舱recovery factor 回收因数recovery footprint 回收地点recovery net 回收网recovery of spacecraft 太空航具回收recovery percentage 回收率recovery speed 改出速率recovery temperature 恢復温度recovery time 恢復时间recovery voltage 恢復电压recreational mode 休閒方式rectal fistula 直肠廔管rectangular aperture 矩形口径rectangular coordinate system 直角座标系rectangular spar 匣形樑rectangular wing 长方形机翼rectenna 校正天线rectification 整流，检波，校正rectification error 校正误差rectified air speed 修正表速rectified airspeed 校正空速rectified altitude 校正高度rectilinear flow 直线流rectilinear flow 直线流动rectilinear flying 直线飞行recurvature 转向red alert 紧急警戒red bug 设定红标red cell mass 红血球量red civil airway 红色民用航路red line 红线标誌red out 红视，红昏red snow 红雪red warning 红色警报red zone of intersection 红色交叉区redstone rocket 红石火箭reduced comfort boundary 降低舒适度reduced mass 折合质量reduced modulus 折合模数reduced modulus of elasticity 弹性折减模数reduced pressure 订正压力reduced take-off and landing 缩短起降reduced temperature 订正温度reduced thrust 减推力reduced volume 订正容积reducing flame 还原燄reducing gear 减速齿轮redundant design 餘赘设计redundant structure 静不定结构reel antenna 捲盘式天线reentrant angle 凹角re-entry 重返大气层，重返re-entry body 重返物体re-entry corridor 重返走廊re-entry plasma 重返电桨re-entry profile 重返剖面re-entry speed 再入速率re-entry trajectory 重返弹道re-entry vehicle 重返载具reference area 参考面积reference axis 参考轴reference frame 参考座标dymodel2007-12-7 11:16:53reference frame 基準座标系reference landing distance 参考著陆距离reference orbit 参考轨道reference pressure 参考压力reference speed 标準速率，稳定速率reference temperature 参考温度，基準温度reference trajectory 参考弹道refire time 再发射时间reflection 反射reflection rainbow 反射虹reflection suppression 反射消除reflection-interference wave 反射干涉波reflectivity 反射性，反射率reflex angle 反射角reflex circuit arrangement 反射电路配置reflex curvature airfoil 反翘翼形reflexed trailing edge airfoil 翘后缘翼形reflexed wing 上挠翼reflexed wing 反挠翼reflux 回流refraction 折射refraction dome 折光罩refractive index 折射率refrigeration cycle 冷冻循环refrigeration tunnel 结冰测试风洞refrigerator 冷冻机，冰箱refueling 再加油refueling flight 空中加油飞行refueling probe 受油探管refueling speed 空中加油飞行速率refurbishment 整修refusal speed 中断起飞极限速率refusal speed 放弃起飞极限速率regelation 再冻regenerative cooling 再生冷却regenerative cycle 再生循环regenerative detector 再生检波器regenerative gas turbine cycle 再生气涡轮循环regenerative reheating cycle 再生重热循环regime 工作状态region of influence 影响区region of normal command 正常飞行状态范围region of reversed command 反常飞行状态范围regional airport 区域性机场regional flight surgeon 区域性航空医官regional OPMET bulletin exchange 区域气象运用公告交换regional supplementary procedures 地区补充程序registered horse power 登记马力registered thrust 登记推力regression analysis 迴归分析regression of nodes 交点退行（天文）regressive burning 减面燃烧regressive orbit 逆行轨道regular sleep period 规律睡眠期间regulated take-off weight 规定起飞重量reheat effect 再热效应reheating 重热reheating cycle 重热循环rehydrated food 加水食物reinforced carbon/carbon 加强碳碳复合材料reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土reinforced fiber composite 纤维加强复合材料reinforced plastics 强化塑胶reinforced plywood 加强层板reinforced shell fuselage 硬壳机身reinforcing 加强，补强reinforcing tape 加强带rejected item 剔退件rejected take off 拒绝起飞rejected take-off 放弃起飞relapsing fever 回归热relateral tell 中继同级传送relative airflow 相对气流relative azimuth angle 相对方位角relative bearing 相对方位relative displacement 相对位移relative efficiency 相对效率relative efficiency of biplane 双翼相对效率relative humidity 相对溼度relative humidity 相对溼度relative inclinometer 相对倾斜仪relative parallax 相对视差relative pitch 相对螺矩relative speed 相对速率relative target altitude 相对目标高度relative target bearing 相对目标方位relative target speed 目标相对速率relative velocity 相对速度relative vorticity 相对涡度relative wind 相对风relativity 相对性，相对论relaxation 鬆弛relaxation method 鬆弛法relaxation of stress 应力鬆弛relaxation time 鬆弛时间relaxed static stability 缓和静态稳定性relay aircraft 中继飞机relay station 中继站release agents 离型剂release altitude 投射高度dymodel2007-12-7 11:17:13release device 释放装置release hand 释放手柄release hook 释放鉤release mechanism 释放机构release pressure 释放压力release process 释放过程release shackle 释放掛鉤release speed 投放飞行速率release spring 放鬆弹簧release time 放行时间，释放时间relief crew 备勤组员relief map 地势图relief valve 排气阀relight 重新起动reluctance 磁阻。

旋转回归正交法

旋转回归正交法Rotation regression orthogonal method (RR-OM) is a technique commonly used in computer vision and pattern recognition tasks. It involves estimating the rotation angle of an object or feature based on orthogonal transformations. In RR-OM, a set of orthogonal basis vectors is first generated, typically using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and then the rotation angle is estimated by finding the projection of the rotated vectors onto the basis. This approach effectively separates the rotation information from other factors, such as translation and scaling, making it robust and accurate for rotation estimation.旋转回归正交法（RR-OM）是计算机视觉和模式识别任务中常用的技术。

它基于正交变换来估计物体或特征的旋转角度。

在RR-OM中，首先通过主成分分析（PCA）生成一组正交基向量，然后通过将旋转后的向量投影到基向量上来估计旋转角度。

这种方法有效地将旋转信息与平移和缩放等其他因素分离开来，使得旋转估计具有鲁棒性和准确性。

机械工程学专业词汇英语翻译(E)2

机械工程学专业词汇英语翻译(E)2energy line 能量线energy loss 能量损耗energy metabolism 能量代谢energy migration 能量迂移energy momentum flux 能量动量通量energy momentum tensor 能量动量张量energy of absorption 吸收能energy of attachment 附着能energy of combustion 燃烧能energy of interaction 相互酌能energy of thermal motion 热运动能量energy of turbulence 湍淋energy of vibration 振动能量energy operator 能量算符energy oscillation 能量振荡energy output 能量输出energy principle 能量原理energy relaxation 能量弛豫energy resolution 能量分辨率energy source 能源energy spectrum 能谱energy spectrum equation of turbulence 湍淋谱方程energy storage 蓄能energy surface 能面energy transfer 能量传输energy unit 能单位engine power 发动机功率engine speed 发动机转速engineering fluid mechanics 工程铃力学engineering system of units 工程单位制engineering unit 工程单位engler degree 恶勒度engler viscosimeter 断粘度计enlargement 放大enlargement of pipe 管扩张enlargement scale 放大标度enrichment 浓缩entering 入射enthalpy 焓enthalpy of combustion 燃烧焓enthalpy of mixing 混合焓entrainment 卷入entrance loss 进口损失entrance pressure 进口压力entrance velocity 进口速度entropic efficiency 熵效率entropic wave 熵波entropy 熵entropy balance equation 熵平衡方程entropy elasticity 熵弹性entropy equation 熵方程entropy flow 熵流entropy increase 熵增加entropy inequality 熵不等式entropy layer 熵层entropy of evaporation 汽化熵entropy of formation 形成熵entropy of melting 熔融熵entropy of mixing 混合熵entropy wave 熵波envelope surface 包络面envelope velocity 包络速度environment 环境environment temperature 周围温度environmental aerodynamics 环境空气动力学environmental conditions 环境条件epicenter 震中epicycloidal motion 外摆线运动equal armed lever 等臂杠杆equal energy source 等能源equalization 均衡equalization of concentration 浓度均衡equalization of potential 位势均衡equally distributed 均匀分布的equating 均衡equation of compatibility 协到程equation of continuity 连续性原理equation of equilibrium 平衡方程equation of five moments 五力矩方程equation of heat balance 热平衡方程equation of hydrodynamics 铃动力学方程equation of hydrostatics 铃静力学方程equation of motion 运动方程equation of radiative transfer 辐射传递方程equation of the vibrating string 弦振动方程equations of gravitational field 引力场方程equations of gyroscopic motion 陀螺仪运动方程equatorial moment of inertia 轴惯性矩equiangular 等角的equiangular spiral 等角螺线equidensity 等密度equidimensional 等量纲的equidistribution 等分布equilbrium state 平衡态equilibrant force 补偿力equilibrating force system 平衡力系equilibrium 平衡equilibrium conditions 平衡条件equilibrium constant 平衡常数equilibrium criterion 平衡判据equilibrium diagram 平衡状态图equilibrium flow 平衡流equilibrium form 平衡形式equilibrium gradient 平衡梯度equilibrium momentum 平衡动量equilibrium of couples 力偶平衡equilibrium of forces 力平衡equilibrium partial pressure 平衡分压力equilibrium point 平衡点equilibrium process 平衡过程equilibrium state 平衡态equilibrium structure 平衡结构equilibrium surface 平衡面equilibrium surface tension 平衡表面张力equilibrium system 平衡系equilibrium tide 平衡潮equilibrium time 平衡时间equilibrium value 平衡值equilibrium vapor pressure 平衡蒸气压equipartition law 均分定律equipartition of energy 能量均分equiphase surface 等相面equipollent vectors 等效矢量equipotential line 等位线equipotential surface 等位面equivalence of mass and energy 质能等效equivalence principle 等效原理equivalence relation 等价关系equivalent bonds 等效结合equivalent couple 等值力偶equivalent damping 等价阻尼equivalent diameter 等效直径equivalent force systems 等效力系equivalent load 等效负载equivalent mass 等效质量equivalent permeability 当量渗透性equivalent roughness 等效粗度equivalent stopping power 等效阻止本领equivalent stress 等效应力equivalent system 等效系统equivalent thickness 等效厚度equivalent turbulence 等效湍寥equivalent twisting moment 等量扭矩equivoluminal wave 等容波erection load 装配负载erection stress 架设应力erg 尔格ergodic hypothesis 脯历经假说ergodic property 脯历经性ergodic random process 脯历经随机过程ergodic theorem 脯历经定理ergodic theory 脯历经理论erosion corrosion 侵蚀性腐蚀error function 误差函数error limit 误差限度error of division 分度误差error of graduation 分度误差error of mean square 均方误差error of measurement 测量误差escape velocity 脱离速度escape velocity from galaxy 脱离银河系的速度escape velocity from solar system 脱离太阳系的速度essential boundary condition 本质边界条件estimation 估计etalon 标准euler angle 欧拉角euler d'alembert principle 欧拉达朗伯原理euler dynamical equations 欧拉动力学方程euler equation 欧拉方程euler equation for turbomachine 欧拉涡轮机方程euler equations of hydrokinetics 欧拉铃运动方程euler gas dynamical equations 欧拉气体动力学方程euler lagrange equation 欧拉拉格朗日方程euler number 欧拉数euler static balance equation 欧拉静平衡方程euler stress tensor 欧拉应力张量euler stretching tensor 欧拉伸长张量euler theorem 欧拉定理euler turbine formula 欧拉涡轮机公式euler variable 欧拉变量eulerian coordinates 欧拉坐标eulerian correlation 欧拉相关eulerian derivative 欧拉导数eulerian difference method 欧拉差分法eulerian free period 欧拉自由周期evacuation 抽真空evanescent mode 衰减模式evanescent wave 衰减波evaporation 汽化evaporation coefficient 蒸发系数evaporation heat 蒸发热evaporation loss 蒸发损失evaporative cooling 蒸发冷却evection 出差evection tide 出差潮汐even fracture 平坦断口evolute 渐开线exact solution 精确解exactitude 精确exceptional plane 特战面excess air 过剩空气excess entropy 过剩熵excess head 超压水头excess heat 过剩热excess load 过负荷excess noise factor 过量噪声因数excess pressure of sound 声超压excess velocity 超速excessive pressure 超压exchange 交换exchange coefficient 交换系数exchange collision 交换碰撞exchange deformation 交换形变exchange diffusion 交换扩散exchange energy 交换能exchange energy density 交换能密度exchange force 交换力exchange frequency 交换频率exchange potential 交换势exchange rate 交换速率exchange resonance 交换共振exchange tensor 交换张量excitation 激发excitation energy 激发能量excitation level 激发级excitation of boundary layer 边界层激发excitation spectrum 激发谱excitation state 激发态excitation wave 激发波excited atom 受激原子excited state 激发态exciter 激振器exciting force 激发力executive device 执行机构exhaust nozzle 排气喷嘴exhaust pipe 排气管exhaust port 排出口exhaust pressure 排气压力exhaustion 排气exit 出口exit angle 出口角exit boundary point 出口边界点exit flow 出射流exit loss 出口损失exit momentum 出口动量exit pressure 出口压力exit temperature 出口温度exit track 出口轨道exit turn 出口转弯exit velocity 出口速度exosphere 外大气层exothermic 发热的expand 展开expansibility 膨胀性expansion 膨胀expansion coefficient 膨胀系数expansion crack 膨胀裂缝expansion curve 膨胀曲线expansion mach wave 膨胀马赫波expansion orbit 扩展轨道expansion parameter 展开参数expansion ratio 膨胀比expansion tank 膨胀水箱expansion vessel 膨胀水箱expansion wave 膨胀波expansion work 膨胀功expansive force 膨胀力expectation 期望值expected life 预期寿命expected value 期望值expected wind speed 期望风速experiment 实验experimental aerodynamics 实验空气动力学experimental check 实验检验experimental condition 实验条件experimental data 实验数据experimental error 实验误差experimental facility 实验装置experimental material 检验材料experimental method 实验法experimental point 实验点experimental result 实验结果experimental section 实验段experimental set up 实验装置experimental tests 实验检验experimental value 实验值explosion 爆炸explosion center 爆炸中心explosion chamber 燃烧室explosion equivalent 爆炸当量explosion forming 爆炸成形explosion heat 爆炸热explosion index 爆炸指数explosion limit 爆炸极限explosion line 爆破线explosion pressure 爆发压力explosion product 爆炸产物explosion theory 爆炸理论explosion wave 爆炸波explosion work 爆发功explosive 炸药explosive compaction 爆炸压实explosive force 爆炸力explosive gas 爆炸气explosive material 爆炸材料explosive power 爆炸力explosive reaction 爆炸反应explosive sintering 爆炸烧结explosive theory 爆炸理论explosive welding 爆炸焊接explosive working 爆炸加工explosiveness 爆炸性exponential curve 指数曲线expulsion 排出expulsive force 斥力extended tip 伸展翼梢extensibility 可延展性extension 延伸extension fissure 膨胀裂缝extensional oscillation 纵向振荡extensional vibration 纵向振荡extensional wave 膨胀波extensometer 伸长计exterior 外部exterior ballistics 膛外弹道学exterior pressure 外压力external constraint 外部约束external crack 外表裂纹external damping 外阻尼external effect 外效应external energy 外能external excitation 外加激发external force 外力external gravitational field 外引力场external heat of evaporation 外蒸发热external load 外加载external potential energy 外势能external power 外功率external pressure 外部压力external radiation 外辐射external resistance 外阻力external rotation 外转动external virtual work 外虚功external work 外功extinction 消光extra high pressure 超高压extract 提出物extraction of gas 放气extraction turbine 抽汽式涡轮机extraordinary wave 异常波extrapolation method 外推法extreme 极值extreme fiber stress 最外纤维应力extremity 端extremum 极值extremum conditions 极值条件extrinsic load 外加载extrusion 挤压。

数学英文词汇

代数部分1.有关基本运算：add, plus加subtract减difference差multiply, times乘product积divide除divisible可被整除的divided evenly被整除dividend被除数divisor因子，除数quotient商remainder余数factorial阶乘power乘方radical sign, root sign根号round to四舍五入to the nearest四舍五入2.有关集合union并集proper subset真子集solution set解集3.有关代数式、方程和不等式algebraic term代数项like terms, similar terms同类项numerical coefficient数字系数literal coefficient字母系数inequality不等式triangle inequality三角不等式range值域original equation原方程equivalent equation同解方程等价方程linear equation线性方程(e.g.5 x +6=22) 4.有关分数和小数proper fraction真分数improper fraction假分数mixed number带分数vulgar fraction, common fraction普通分数simple fraction简分数complex fraction繁分数numerator分子denominator分母(least)common denominator(最小)公分母quarter四分之一decimal fraction纯小数infinite decimal无穷小数recurring decimal循环小数tenths unit十分位5.基本数学概念arithmetic mean算术平均值weighted average加权平均值geometric mean几何平均数exponent指数，幂base乘幂的底数,底边cube立方数，立方体square root平方根cube root立方根common logarithm常用对数digit数字constant常数variable变量inverse function反函数complementary function余函数linear一次的，线性的factorization因式分解absolute value绝对值，e.g.｜-32｜=32round off四舍五入6.有关数论natural number自然数positive number正数negative number负数odd integer, odd number奇数even integer, even number偶数integer, whole number整数positive whole number正整数negative whole number负整数consecutive number连续整数real number, rational number实数,有理数irrational(number)无理数composite number合数e.g.4,6,8,9,10,12,14,15……prime number质数e.g.2,3,5,7,11,13,15……reciprocal倒数common divisor公约数multiple倍数(least)common multiple(最小)公倍数(prime)factor(质)因子common factor公因子ordinary scale, decimal scale十进制nonnegative非负的tens十位units个位mode众数median中数common ratio公比7.数列arithmetic progression(sequence)等差数列geometric progression(sequence)等比数列8.其它approximate近似(anti)clockwise(逆)顺时针方向cardinal基数ordinal序数direct proportion正比distinct不同的estimation估计，近似parentheses括号proportion比例permutation排列combination组合table表格trigonometric function三角函数unit单位,位几何部分1.所有的角alternate angle内错角corresponding angle同位角vertical angle对顶角central angle圆心角interior angle内角exterior angle外角supplementary angles补角complementary angle余角adjacent angle邻角acute angle锐角obtuse angle钝角right angle直角round angle周角straight angle平角included angle夹角2.所有的三角形equilateral triangle等边三角形scalene triangle不等边三角形isosceles triangle等腰三角形right triangle直角三角形oblique斜三角形inscribed triangle内接三角形3.有关收敛的平面图形，除三角形外semicircle半圆concentric circles同心圆quadrilateral四边形pentagon五边形hexagon六边形heptagon七边形octagon八边形nonagon九边形decagon十边形polygon多边形parallelogram平行四边形equilateral等边形plane平面square正方形，平方rectangle长方形regular polygon正多边形rhombus菱形trapezoid梯形4.其它平面图形arc弧line, straight line直线line segment线段parallel lines平行线segment of a circle弧形5.有关立体图形cube立方体，立方数rectangular solid长方体regular solid/regular polyhedron正多面体circular cylinder圆柱体cone圆锥sphere球体solid立体的6.有关图形上的附属物altitude高depth深度side边长circumference, perimeter周长radian弧度surface area 表面积volume体积arm直角三角形的股cross section横截面center of a circle圆心chord弦radius半径angle bisector角平分线diagonal对角线diameter直径edge棱face of a solid立体的面hypotenuse斜边included side夹边leg三角形的直角边median of a triangle三角形的中线base底边，底数(e.g.2的5次方，2就是底数) opposite直角三角形中的对边midpoint中点endpoint端点vertex(复数形式vertices)顶点tangent切线的transversal截线intercept截距7.有关坐标coordinate system坐标系rectangular coordinate直角坐标系origin原点abscissa横坐标ordinate纵坐标number line数轴quadrant象限slope斜率complex plane复平面8. 其它plane geometry平面几何trigonometry三角学bisect平分circumscribe外切inscribe内切intersect相交perpendicular垂直Pythagorean theorem勾股定理congruent全等的multilateral多边的一般词汇数学 mathematics, maths(BrE), math(AmE)公理 axiom定理 theorem计算 calculation运算 operation证明 prove假设 hypothesis, hypotheses(pl.)命题 proposition算术 arithmetic加 plus(prep.), add(v.), addition(n.)被加数 augend, summand加数 addend和sum减minus(prep.), subtract(v.), subtraction(n.)被减数 minuend减数 subtrahend差remainder乘times(prep.), multiply(v.), multiplication(n.) 被乘数 multiplicand,faciend乘数 multiplicator积product除divided by(prep.), divide(v.), division(n.)被除数 dividend除数 divisor商quotient等于 equals, is equalto, is equivalent to 大于 is greater than小于 is lesser than大于等于 is equal or greater than小于等于 is equal or lesser than运算符 operator数字 digit数number自然数 naturalnumber整数 integer小数 decimal小数点 decimalpoint分数 fraction分子 numerator分母 denominator比ratio正positive负negative零null, zero, nought, nil十进制 decimalsystem二进制 binary system十六进制 hexadecimalsystem权weight, significance进位 carry截尾 truncation四舍五入 round下舍入 rounddown上舍入 roundup有效数字 significant digit无效数字 insignificantdigit代数 algebra公式 formula,formulae(pl.)单项式 monomial多项式 polynomial, multinomial系数 coefficient未知数 unknown,x-factor, y-factor, z-factor 等式，方程式 equation一次方程 simple equation二次方程 quadratic equation三次方程 cubic equation四次方程 quartic equation不等式 inequation阶乘 factorial对数 logarithm指数，幂 exponent乘方 power二次方，平方 square三次方，立方 cube四次方 thepowerof four, thefourth powern 次方 thepowerof n, the nthpower开方evolution, extraction二次方根，平方根 square root三次方根，立方根 cube root四次方根 the root of four, the fourth root n 次方根 theroot of n, the nth root集合 aggregate元素 element空集 void子集 subset交集 intersection并集 union补集 complement映射 mapping函数 function定义域 domain, field of definition值域 range常量 constant变量 variable单调性 monotonicity奇偶性 parity周期性 periodicity图象 image数列，级数 series微积分 calculus微分 differential导数 derivative极限 limit无穷大 infinite(a.) infinity(n.) 无穷小 infinitesimal积分 integral定积分 definite integral不定积分 indefinite integral有理数 rationalnumber无理数 irrationalnumber实数 realnumber虚数 imaginarynumber复数 complex number矩阵 matrix行列式 determinant几何 geometry点 point线 line面 plane体 solid线段 segment射线 radial平行 parallel相交 intersect角 angle角度 degree弧度 radian锐角 acute angle直角 rightangle钝角 obtuseangle平角 straight angle周角 perigon底 base边 side高 height三角形 triangle锐角三角形 acute triangle 直角三角形 righttriangle 直角边 leg斜边 hypotenuse勾股定理 Pythagorean theorem钝角三角形 obtusetriangle不等边三角形 scalenetriangle等腰三角形 isosceles triangle等边三角形 equilateral triangle四边形 quadrilateral平行四边形 parallelogram矩形 rectangle长 length宽 width菱形 rhomb, rhombus, rhombi(pl.), diamond 正方形 square梯形 trapezoid直角梯形 righttrapezoid等腰梯形 isosceles trapezoid五边形 pentagon六边形 hexagon七边形 heptagon八边形 octagon九边形 enneagon十边形 decagon十一边形 hendecagon十二边形 dodecagon多边形 polygon正多边形 equilateral polygon 圆 circle圆心 centre(BrE), center(AmE) 半径 radius直径 diameter圆周率 pi弧 arc半圆 semicircle扇形 sector环 ring椭圆 ellipse圆周 circumference周长 perimeter面积 area轨迹 locus, loca(pl.)相似 similar全等 congruent四面体 tetrahedron五面体 pentahedron六面体 hexahedron平行六面体 parallelepiped立方体 cube七面体 heptahedron八面体 octahedron九面体 enneahedron十面体 decahedron十一面体 hendecahedron 十二面体 dodecahedron 二十面体 icosahedron多面体 polyhedron棱锥 pyramid棱柱 prism棱台 frustum of a prism 旋转 rotation轴 axis圆锥 cone圆柱 cylinder圆台 frustum of a cone 球 sphere半球 hemisphere底面 undersurface表面积 surfacearea体积 volume空间 space坐标系 coordinates坐标轴 x-axis, y-axis, z-axis横坐标 x-coordinate纵坐标 y-coordinate原点 origin双曲线 hyperbola抛物线 parabola三角 trigonometry正弦 sine余弦 cosine正切 tangent余切 cotangent正割 secant余割 cosecant反正弦 arc sine反余弦 arc cosine反正切 arc tangent反余切 arc cotangent反正割 arc secant反余割 arc cosecant相位 phase周期 period振幅 amplitude内心 incentre(BrE), incenter(AmE)外心 excentre(BrE),excenter(AmE)旁心 escentre(BrE), escenter(AmE)垂心 orthocentre(BrE), orthocenter(AmE)重心 barycentre(BrE), barycenter(AmE)内切圆 inscribed circle外切圆 circumcircle统计 statistics平均数 average加权平均数 weighted average方差 variance标准差 root-mean-square deviation, standard deviation 比例 propotion百分比 percent百分点 percentage百分位数 percentile排列 permutation组合 combination概率，或然率 probability分布 distribution正态分布 normal distribution非正态分布 abnormaldistribution图表 graph条形统计图 bar graph柱形统计图 histogram折线统计图 broken linegraph 曲线统计图 curve diagram扇形统计图 piediagram其他数学词汇：mathematics数学theorem定理calculation计算operation运算arithmetic算术，四则运算addition加法subtraction减法multiplication乘法division除法和remainder余product积quotient商2 plus 1 equals3二加一等于三4 minus2 equals 2四减二等于二4 multiplied by 5, 4 times5 四乘以五addend加数plus sign加号minussign减号multiplicand被乘数multiplierdivisor除数dividend被除数decimal point小数点noughtpoint four零点四fraction分数ratio比proportion比例numerator分子common denominator 公分母exponent指数differentialcalculus 微分学integral calculus积分slide rule计算尺function函数derivative导数power幂,乘方to raise to the power of five使乘五次方x squared某数的平方cube三次方threecubed三次方的to the fourth power,to the power of four 乘四次方square root平方根cube root立方根rule of three比例法logarithm对数logarithmtable对数表algebra代数equation等式，方程式unknown未知数simpleequation一次方程quadratic equation二次方程cubic equation三次方程微积分反函数: inverse function. 幂函数: power function.指数函数: exponential function.对数函数: logarithmic function.三角函数: trigonometric function.反三角函数: anti-trigonometric function.复合函数: compound function.初等函数: elementary function.双曲函数: hyperbolic function.反双曲函数: anti-hyperbolic function.无穷小:infinitesimal.无穷大:infinity.连续性:continuity.间断点:discontinuous point.介值定理:intermediate value theorem.导数:derivative. 微分:differential.函数的单调性:monotonicity of function.曲线:curve. 曲线的凹凸性:concavity of curve.曲线的拐点: keen point of curve.曲率:curvature.不定积分: indefinite integral(indeterminate integral). 定积分: definite integral.广义积分:improper integral.空间解析几何:space analytic geometry.向量代数:vector algebra.空间直角坐标系:space rectangular coordinate system. 数量积:scalar product.向量积:vector product.混合积:triple product.曲面:surface.二次曲面:second-degree surface.线性代数Aadjont(adjugate) of matrix A A 的伴随矩阵augmented matrix A 的增广矩阵Bblock diagonal matrix 块对角矩阵block matrix 块矩阵basic solution set 基础解系CCauchy-Schwarz inequality 柯西 - 许瓦兹不等式characteristic equation 特征方程characteristic polynomial 特征多项式coffcient matrix 系数矩阵cofactor 代数余子式cofactor expansion 代数余子式展开column vector 列向量commuting matrices 交换矩阵consistent linear system 相容线性方程组Cramer's rule 克莱姆法则Cross- product term 交叉项DDeterminant 行列式Diagonal entries 对角元素Diagonal matrix 对角矩阵Dimension of a vector space V 向量空间 V 的维数Eechelon matrix 梯形矩阵eigenspace 特征空间eigenvalue 特征值eigenvector 特征向量eigenvector basis 特征向量的基elementary matrix 初等矩阵elementary row operations 行初等变换Ffull rank 满秩fundermental set of solution 基础解系Ggrneral solution 通解Gram-Schmidt process 施密特正交化过程Hhomogeneous linear equations 齐次线性方程组Iidentity matrix 单位矩阵inconsistent linear system 不相容线性方程组indefinite matrix 不定矩阵indefinit quatratic form 不定二次型infinite-dimensional space 无限维空间inner product 内积inverse of matrix A 逆矩阵JKLlinear combination 线性组合linearly dependent 线性相关linearly independent 线性无关linear transformation 线性变换lower triangular matrix 下三角形矩阵Mmain diagonal of matrix A 矩阵的主对角matrix 矩阵Nnegative definite quaratic form 负定二次型negative semidefinite quadratic form 半负定二次型nonhomogeneous equations 非齐次线性方程组nonsigular matrix 非奇异矩阵nontrivial solution 非平凡解norm of vector V 向量 V 的范数normalizing vector V 规范化向量Oorthogonal basis 正交基orthogonal complemen t 正交补orthogonal decomposition 正交分解orthogonally diagonalizable matrix 矩阵的正交对角化orthogonal matrix 正交矩阵orthogonal set 正交向量组orthonormal basis 规范正交基orthonomal set 规范正交向量组Ppartitioned matrix 分块矩阵positive definite matrix 正定矩阵positive definite quatratic form 正定二次型positive semidefinite matrix 半正定矩阵positive semidefinite quadratic form 半正定二次型Qquatratic form 二次型rank of matrix A 矩阵 A 的秩 r(A )reduced echelon matrix 最简梯形阵row vector 行向量Sset spanned by { } 由向量 { } 所生成similar matrices 相似矩阵similarity transformation 相似变换singular matrix 奇异矩阵solution set 解集合standard basis 标准基standard matrix 标准矩阵 Isubmatrix 子矩阵subspace 子空间symmetric matrix 对称矩阵Ttrace of matrix A 矩阵 A 的迹 tr ( A )transpose of A 矩阵 A 的转秩triangle inequlity 三角不等式trivial solution 平凡解Uunit vector 单位向量upper triangular matrix 上三角形矩阵vandermonde matrix 范得蒙矩阵vector 向量vector space 向量空间WZzero subspace 零子空间zero vector 零空间概率与统计Probability theory 概率论mathematical statistics数理统计deterministic phenomenon确定性现象random phenomenon随机现象sample space样本空间random occurrence 随机事件fundamental event基本事件certain event必然事件impossible event不可能事件random test随机试验incompatible events互不相容事件frequency频率classical probabilistic model古典概型geometric probability几何概率conditional probability条件概率multiplication theorem乘法定理Bayes's formula贝叶斯公式Prior probability先验概率Posterior probability后验概率Independent events相互独立事件Bernoulli trials贝努利试验random variable随机变量probability distribution概率分布distribution function分布函数discrete random variable离散随机变量distribution law分布律hypergeometric distribution超几何分布random sampling model随机抽样模型binomial distribution二项分布Poisson distribution泊松分布geometric distribution几何分布probability density概率密度continuous random variable连续随机变量uniformly distribution均匀分布exponential distribution指数分布numerical character数字特征mathematical expectation数学期望variance 方差moment矩central moment中心矩n-dimensional random variable n-维随机变量two-dimensional random variable二维离散随机变量joint probability distribution联合概率分布joint distribution law联合分布律joint distribution function联合分布函数boundary distribution law边缘分布律boundary distribution function边缘分布函数exponential distribution二维指数分布continuous random variable二维连续随机变量joint probability density联合概率密度boundary probability density边缘概率密度conditional distribution条件分布conditional distribution law条件分布律conditional probability density条件概率密度covariance协方差dependency coefficient相关系数normal distribution正态分布limit theorem极限定理standard normal distribution标准正态分布logarithmic normal distribution对数正态分布covariance matrix协方差矩阵central limit theorem中心极限定理Chebyshev's inequality切比雪夫不等式Bernoulli's law of large numbers贝努利大数定律statistics统计量simple random sample简单随机样本sample distribution function样本分布函数sample mean样本均值sample variance样本方差sample standard deviation样本标准差sample covariance样本协方差sample correlation coefficient样本相关系数order statistics顺序统计量sample median样本中位数sample fractiles样本极差sampling distribution抽样分布parameter estimation参数估计estimator估计量estimate value估计值unbiased estimator无偏估计unbiassedness无偏性biased error偏差mean square error均方误差relative efficient相对有效性minimum variance最小方差asymptotic unbiased estimator渐近无偏估计量uniformly estimator一致性估计量moment method of estimation矩法估计maximum likelihood method of estimation 极大似然估计法likelihood function似然函数maximum likelihood estimator极大似然估计值interval estimation区间估计hypothesis testing假设检验statistical hypothesis统计假设simple hypothesis简单假设composite hypothesis复合假设rejection region拒绝域acceptance domain接受域test statistics检验统计量linear regression analysis 线性回归分析欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考！致力为企业和个人提供合同协议，策划案计划书，学习资料等等打造全网一站式需求。

数控机床检修：机床检验标准对照表

ISO 230-8:2010 Part 8: Vibrations
ISO 230-9:2005 (2013) Part 9: Estimation of measurement uncertainty for machine tool tests according to series ISO 230, basic equations
ISO 230-2:2006 (2014, 2019) Part 2: Determination of accuracy and repeatability of positioning of numerically controlled axes
ISO 230-3:2001 (2007, 2014) Part 3: Determination of thermal effects
GB/T 18400：加工中心检验条件
GB/T 18400.1-2010 第1部分：卧式和带附件主轴头机床几何精度检验（水平Z轴）
GB/T 18400.2-2010 第2部分：立式或带垂直主回转轴的万能主轴头机床几何精度检验（垂直Z轴）
第2部分：带水平回转轴的整体万能主轴头机床几何精度检验（垂直Z 轴）
ISO 230-10:2016 Part 10: Determination of the measuring performance of probing systems of numerically controlled machine tools
GB/T 17421：机床检验通则
GB/T 17421.1-1998 第1部分：在无负荷或精加工条件下机床的几何精度
ISO 10791-2:2001 (2018) Part 2: Geometric tests for machines with vertical spindle or universal heads with vertical primary rotary axis (vertical Z-axis)

美国历史文化概况(英文版)UNIT 2 Territory and Environment

金融租赁业务会带来更多压力。
TEXT A New Words and Expressions:
5. habitat [ 'hæ bitæ t ] n. 栖息地 • The place is the habitat for giant panda. • 这个地区是大熊猫的生活基地。
6. prairie[ 'prεəri ] n. 大草原】 • Indians hunted the prairie for buffalo. • 印第安人在大草原狩猎野牛。
TEXT A Notes
3. Territorial dispute: A territorial dispute is a disagreement over the possession/control of land between two or more states, or over the possession or control of land by a new state and occupying power after it has conquered the land from a former state no longer currently recognized by the new state.
puppet show . • 因此，当可怜的格培多没有夹克穿在家里发抖时，皮诺奇却在看木偶秀。 13. monitor [ 'mɔnitə ] vt. 监控 • Unless the public can monitor a fund's behaviour, there is no guar Notes
1. Dependent areas : There are varying degrees and forms of dependence, commonly distinguished from other subnational entities in that they are not considered to be part of the motherland or mainland of the governing State. In most cases they also represent a different order of separation. A subnational entity typically represents a division of the State proper, while a dependent territory might be an overseas territory that enjoys a greater degree of autonomy.

局部心肌功能评价的新方法-斑点追踪技术和速度向量显像

值差异有统计学意义。ｗＩ的优势体现在除了纵向，还可以
有效的评价径向和环向的心肌运动的协调性【２１，２２Ｊ。心肌病伴发的收缩功能异常中最普遍是心肌机械运动的不协调，
Ｆｒｉｅｄｂｅｒｇ等¨９Ｊ人用、Ｍ来检测正常对照组和心肌病患儿心
肌运动的协调性，结果发现两组左室室壁运动延迟时间有明显差异（分别为５１±４１ｍｓ、２０±２０ｍｓ，Ｐ＜０．０１）。心脏再同步化治疗（ｃａｒｄｉａｃ
２．１评价局部心肌节段的功能局部心肌节段功能是一直是众多学者研究的热点。根据美国超声心动图学会的推荐【２５Ｊ，二维超声心动图将左室
分为１６个节段，评价左心室内膜运动和左室容积时将左室
分为１７个节段。ｖⅥ软件进行处理时，进入ＳＲ界面，将取样
点置于局部心肌的各个节段，可以得到相应的速度，应变和
应变率曲线。右心室几何结构的不规则，因此一般的超声技术手段难以对其进行测量，在斑点追踪技术出现前，主要是ＴＤＩ对其进行评估【２，５】。斑点追踪技术不依赖角度。不仅可以对左室的长轴和短轴【１＇７Ｊ进行评估，而且可以有效的评价
左室基底部顺时针旋转，心尖部逆时针旋转，扭转定义为心
尖部相对于基底部的旋转，即心尖部和基底部的旋转角度绝对值之和。左室的解旋主要发生在等容舒张期，其迅速的弹性回缩释放了扭转时储存的弹性势能，使舒张期心室内的压力梯度和心房心室问的压力梯度增加，造成抽吸作用，从而引起左室早期充盈【１３Ｊ。超声二维斑点追踪技术可以分别测量扭心尖部和基底部旋转的角度和速度。采集图像，进入二维应变工作系统后，可根据左室基底部和心尖部短轴平面的旋转角度一时问和旋转速度时间曲线，根据其平均值绘制左室整体扭转角度一时间、扭转速度一时间曲线，测定扭转峰值、等容舒张末期，即二尖瓣开放时扭转角度、扭转速度峰值和达峰时间。

地理词汇英语翻译(C开头)

地理词汇英语翻译(C开头) cadastral map 地籍图cadastral mapping 地籍测图cadastral photogrammetry 地籍摄影测量cadastre 地籍簿cadmium 镉cadmium pollution 镉污染caesium 铯cainozoic era 新生代caked mass 硬块caking coal 粘结性煤caking property 粘结性calamine 异极矿calc alkali basalt 钙碱性玄武岩calcarenite 钙屑灰岩calcareous algae 钙性藻类calcareous argillaceous sediments 石灰性粘质沉积物calcareous brown soil 石灰性棕色土calcareous concretion 石灰结核calcareous hardpan 石灰性硬磐calcareous lithosol 石灰性岩成土calcareous marl 钙质泥灰岩calcareous regosol 石灰性粗骨土calcareous sandstone 石灰质砂岩calcareous shale 石灰质页岩calcareous sinter 钙质凝灰岩calcareous skarn 钙质夕卡岩calcareous soil 石灰性土壤calcareous soils 石灰性土壤calcareous swamp meadow 钙质沼泽草旬calcareous tuff 钙质凝灰岩calcaric cambisols 石灰性始成土calcaric chernozems 石灰性黑钙土calcaric fluvisols 石灰性冲积土calcaric gleysols 石灰性潜育土calcaric phaiozems 石灰性黑土calcaric regosols 石灰性粗骨土calciaquoll 石灰性潮软土calciboroll 石灰性极地软土calcic cambisols 钙质始成土calcic chernozems 石灰性黑钙土calcic geochemical barrier 钙地球化学障calcic horizon 钙积层calcic kastanozems 石灰性栗钙土calcic luvisols 石灰性淋溶土calcic mull 钙质腐殖质calcic xerosols 钙质干旱土calcic yermosols 钙质漠境土calcicole plant 喜钙植物calcification 钙化calcifuge 嫌钙植物calcined phosphate fertilizer 烧制磷肥calciorthid 石灰磐旱成土calciphilous plant 喜钙植物calciphobe plant 嫌钙植物calciphyte 钙土植物calcite 方解石calcium oxide 氧化钙calciustoll 石灰磐干软土calcomalachite 钙孔雀石calculating rule 计算尺calculation 计算calculation accuracy 计算精度calculation method 计算方式calculation of vegetation covering ratio 植被率计算calculator 计算器计算机caldera 破火山口caldera lake 火口湖caledonian movement 加里东运动calibration 校准calibration curves 校正曲线californium 锎calm 无风caloric value 热价calorimetry 热量测定法calyx 萼cambic arenosols 过渡性红砂土cambic horizon 过渡层cambisols 始成土camborthid 厚层典型旱成土camera 摄影机camera deflection 镜箱偏转camera of transformer 纠正投影器camouflage 伪装camouflage net 伪装网camouflage with colors 迷彩伪装campaign intelligence 战役情报campos 热带草原canal 运河canal reach 运河河段canalization 沟渠化cancer 癌症cancrinite 钙霞石cannel coal 长焰煤canon of marine transgression 大陆海水进规程canonical correlation analysis 典型相关分析canonical correlation coefficient 典型相关系数canopy 株冠cantalite 疗松脂岩canyon 峡谷cap rock 盖岩capability 能力cape 岬capillaries 毛细管capillarity 毛细管现象capillary capacity 毛管容量capillary condensation 毛管凝结capillary force 毛管力capillary fringe 毛管边缘capillary humidity 毛管湿度capillary interstice 毛管孔隙capillary layer 毛管层capillary migration 毛管运行capillary movement 毛管运动capillary number 毛管值capillary percolation 毛管渗透capillary porosity 毛管孔隙度capillary potential 毛管势capillary rise 毛管上升capillary rising 毛管上升capillary seepage 毛管渗漏capillary water 毛管水capillitite 铁菱锰矿capturing 捕捉carbohemoglobin 碳酸血红蛋白carbohydrase 糖酶carbohydrate 碳水化物carbon 碳carbon compound 碳化合物carbon cycle 碳循环carbon dioxide spring 碳酸泉carbon nitrogen ratio 碳氮比carbon nutrition 碳素营养carbonaceous shale 碳质页岩carbonate 碳酸盐carbonate apatite 碳酸磷灰石carbonate concretion 碳酸盐结核carbonate soils 石灰性土壤carbonate spring 碳酸盐泉carbonatite 碳酸岩carbonatization 碳酸盐化carbonic acid 碳酸carbonification 碳化酌carbonization 碳化酌carboxylase 羧化酶carbuncle 痈carcinogenesis 癌形成carcinoma 癌症cardiac reflex 心反射cardinal point 四方cardiology 心病学cardioneourosis 心神经症caribou 驯鹿carnivores 肉食动物carnivorous animals 肉食动物carnotite 钒钾铀矿carpet like alpine meadow 高山寒毡草甸carried soil 运积土carrier 载体carrollite 硫铜钴矿carrot 胡萝carrying capacity of river 水列载量cartogram 统计图cartographic base 底图cartographic catalog system 地图目录系统cartographic communication 地图传输cartographic convention 制图规则cartographic data 制图数据cartographic data base 制图数据库cartographic document 制图资料cartographic generalization 制图综合cartographic grid 制图格网cartographic hardware 制图硬件cartographic information 地图信息cartographic program 制图程序cartographic represenation of area 面积表示cartographic representation 地图表示cartographic sketching 绘草图cartographic software 制图软件cartographic symbol 地图符号cartographic symbolization 图式符号cartographic technique 制图技术cartographic type 制图字体cartography 绘图法cartology 地图学cartometry 地图量算cartouche 图廓花边caryopilite 肾硅锰矿caryoplasm 核质cascade 小瀑布cascade control 级联控制cassette 暗匣cassiterite 锡石catabolism 异化酌cataclasis 压碎cataclasite 压碎岩cataclastic rock 压碎岩catalysis 催化cataract 急流catastrophism 灾变说catchment 集水catchment area 汇伶积catchment basin 集水硫category 类catena 土链catenary complex 土链复域cathetometer 测高计cathode ray tube 阴极射线管cation exchange capacity 阳离子交换量cation fixation 阳离子固定cationogenic elements 阳离子基因元素cattail march 香蒲沼泽causality 因果律caustobiolith 可燃性有机岩cave animal 穴居动物cave deposits 洞穴沉积cave ices 洞穴冰cave site 洞穴遗迹cavern 洞cavern lake 岩洞湖cavernicole 穴居动物cavernous porosity 穴管状孔隙cavernous structure 穴管状结构caving zone 坍塌区cavity filling deposit 洞穴填充矿床cavity of dissolutiion 溶解洞cedar 雪松cedar forest 雪松林cedar grove 罗汗柏林cedarite 松脂石ceilometer 测云仪ceitocybe bescens 根腐病celadonite 绿鳞石celestial coordinates 天球坐标celestial equator 天球赤道celestial latitude 黄纬celestial longitude 黄经celestial meridian 天球子午线celestial pole 天极celestial sphere 天球celestine 天青石cell division 细胞分裂cell echo 单体回波cell membrane 细胞膜cellular cloud 细胞状云cellular dolomite 细胞状白云岩cellular soil 多孔状土壤cellulose decomposing bacteria 纤维素分解细菌celsian 钡长石cement 胶结物cementation 胶结cementation factor 胶结系数cenogenesis 新性发生cenotypal rocks 新相岩cenozoic era 新生代center line 中心线center of dispersal 分散中心center of glaciation 冰蚀中心center of gravity 重心center of origin 发源中心center of reticule 十字丝中心center of rotation 旋转中心centering 对中central cyclone 中心低气压central eruption 中心喷发central inhibition 中枢抑制central meridian 中央子午线central projection 中心投影centration 对中centrifugal moisture of soil 土壤离心含水量centrifuge moisture equivalent 离心持水当量centrosphere 地心圈cephalitis 脑炎cephalopoda 头足类ceraunograph 雷电仪cereal crops 谷物cerebral paralysis 脑性麻痹cerite 硅铈石cerium 铈cerolite 镁质多水高岭土cerussite 白铅矿cesarolite 铅锰矿chabasite 菱沸石chain 测链chain compound 链化合物chalcedony 玉髓chalcocite 辉铜矿chalcophile elements 亲铜元素chalcopyrite 黄铜矿chalk 白垩chalky soil 白垩质土壤chamaephytes 地上芽植物chamber of ore 矿袋chambered vein 囊状矿脉chamosite 鲕绿泥石change of shoreline 滨线变化changes of weather 天气变化channel 海峡channel by pass 泄水渠channel capacity 信道容量channel erosion 河槽冲刷channel fill deposit 河床沉积channel line 深泓线channel roughness 河道糙率character 性状character form of a map 地图特性character species 特罩characteristic curve 特性曲线characteristic radiation 特性辐射characteristic species 特罩characterizing element 示性元素charged particle 带电粒子chart 图chart datum 海图基准面chart paper 海图纸chasmophilous plant 石隙植物chasmophyte 石隙植物check dam 节制坝check irrigation 畦灌check station 检测站checking 检查chelate 螯形化合物chelate compound 螯形化合物chelating agent 螯合剂chelation 螯合酌chelatometric titration 螯合滴定chelatometry 螯合滴定chementation zone 胶结带chemical adsorption 化学吸附chemical affinity 化学亲合势chemical age 化学年龄chemical atomic weight scale 化学原子量标度chemical bond energy 化学键能量chemical change 化学变化chemical composition 化学成分chemical compound 化合物chemical constitution 化学结构chemical decomposition 化学分解chemical deposits 化学沉积chemical element 化学元素chemical eluvial ore deposit 化学残积矿床chemical energy 化学能chemical environment 化学环境chemical equilibrium 化学平衡chemical equivalent 化学当量chemical erosion 化学侵蚀chemical evolution 化学进化chemical evolution of environment 环境化学演化chemical formula 化学式chemical fossil 化学的化石chemical hydrology 水文化学chemical kinetics 化学动力学chemical mechanism 化学历程chemical mineralogy 矿物化学chemical mutagen 化学突然变异诱发源chemical oceanography 海洋化学chemical oxygen demand 化学需氧量chemical potential 化学势chemical precipitation 化学沉积酌chemical process 化学过程chemical property 化学性质chemical reaction 化学反应chemical remnant magnetization 化学剩余磁化chemical sediment 化学沉积物chemical subtraction 化学除杂chemical symbol 化学符号chemical treatment 化学处理chemical weathering 化学风化chemism 化学历程chemisorption 化学吸着chemonasty 感药性chemosphere 光化圈chemosynthesis 化学合成chemotaxis 签性chemotherapy 化学疗法chemotropism 向化性chenevixite 绿砷铁铜矿chenier plain 贝壳堤平原chernozem like aluvial soil 黑钙土状冲积土chernozem like soil 黑钙土状土壤chernozems 黑钙土chersophyte 干荒植物chert 燧石cherty loam 石英质壤土chessom 疏松土壤chessylite 蓝铜矿chestnut brown soil 栗钙土型棕钙土chestnut coloured soil 栗钙土chevron fold 尖顶褶皱chimera 嵌合体chimney 喷烟口chimney rocks 海蚀柱china clay 瓷土chionophile 适雪植物chionophobous organisms 嫌雪生物chip 破片chiseling 心土深耕chlorenchyma 绿色组织chloride 氯化物chlorination 氯化chlorine 氯chlorinity 氯度chlorinity of sea water 海水含氯量chlorite 绿泥石chlorite schist 绿泥片岩chloritization 绿泥石化chloritoid 硬绿泥石chlorophyll 叶绿素chlorophyll absorption band 叶绿素吸收带chlorophyll content 叶绿素含量chlorophyll detection 叶绿素探测chlorophyll effect 叶绿素效应chlorophyll high steep slope 叶绿素陡坡chlorophytes 绿藻纲植物chloroplast 叶绿体chloroplast pigment 叶绿体色素chlorosis 萎黄病chocolate soil 巧克力色土cholera 霍乱chomophyte 石隙植物chondrite 球粒陨石chondrodystrophia 软骨营养障碍chonolith 畸形岩盘chorographic map 地区一览图choroisotherm 空间等温线chorologic unit 分布单位chorology 生物分布学choropleth map 等值区域线图choropleth technique 分区统计图法chroma 色饱和度chromatic aberration 色差chromatic adaptation 彩色适应chromatic sensation 色觉chromatometer 比色计chromatophore 色素细胞chrome 铬chromic cambisols 深色始成土chromic luvisols 深色淋溶土chromic rendzinas 深色石灰土chromic vertisols 深色变性土chromite 铬铁矿chromite deposit 铬铁矿床chromium 铬chromium pollution 铬污染chronic endemic fluorosis 慢性地方性氟中毒chronograph 记时仪chronometer 时计chronomorphric soil 土壤年龄系列chronostratigraphy 年代地层学chronozone 年代带chrysolite 贵橄榄石chrysotile 纤蛇纹石chrysotile asbestos 纤蛇纹石ciminite 正边粗面粗玄岩cimolite 水磨土cinder 火山渣cinder cone 火山渣锥cinerite 火山凝灰岩cinnabar 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