【经济类文献翻译】电子商务

合集下载

5 电子商务外文翻译英文文献中英对照管理信息系统

英文原文The Source Of Article：Russ Basiura, Mike BatongbacalManagement Information SystemIt is the MIS(Management Information System ) that we constantly say that the management information system , and is living to emphasize the administration , and emphasizes that it changes into more and more significantly and more and more is universalized in the contemporary community of message . MIS is a fresh branch of learning, and it leaped over several territories, and for instance administers scientific knowledge, system science, operational research, statistic along with calculating machine scientific knowledge. Is living on these the branches of learning base, and takes shape that the message is gathered and the process means, thereby take shape the system that the crossbar mingles.1. The Management Information System Summary20 centuries, in the wake of the flourishing development of whole world economy, numerous economists propose the fresh administration theory one by one. Xi Men propose the administration and was dependent on idea to message and decision of strategic importance in the 50’s 20 centuries. The dimension of simultaneous stage is admitted issuing cybernetics, and he thinks that the administration is a control procedure. In 1958, Ger. write the lid: “ the administration shall obtain without delay with the lower cost and exact message, completes the better control “. This particular period, the calculating machine starts being used accountancy work. The data handling term has risen.In 1970, Walter T.Kennevan give administration that has raised the only a short while ago information system term to get off a definition: “ either the cover of the book shape with the discount, is living appropriately time to director, staff member along with the outside world personnel staff supplies the past and now and message that internal forecasting the approaching relevant business reaches such environment, in order to assist they make a strategic decision”. Is living in this definition to emphasize, yet does not emphasize using the pattern, and mention the calculating machine application in the way of the message support decision of strategic importance.In 1985, admonishing information system originator, title Buddhist nun Su Da university administration professor Gordon B.Davis give the management information system relatively integrated definition, in immediate future “ administer the information system is one use calculating machine software and hardware resources along with data bank man - the engine system.It be able to supply message support business either organization operation, administration or the decision making function. Comprehensive directions of this definition management information system target and meritorious service capacity and component, but alsomake known the management information system to be living the level that attains at that time.1.1 The Developing History of MISThe management information system is living the most primarily phase is counting the system, the substance which researched is the regular pattern on face between the incremental data, it what may separate into the data being mutually related and more not being mutually related series, afterwards act as the data conversion to message.The second stage is the data are replaced the system, and it is that the SABRE that the American airline company put up to in the 50’s 20 centuries subscribes to book the bank note system that such type stands for. It possess 1008 bank note booking spots, and may access 600000 traveler keep the minutes and 27000 flight segments record. Its operation is comparatively more complex, and is living whatever one “spot ”wholly to check whether to be the free place up some one flight numbers. Yet through approximately attending school up to say, it is only a data and replaces the system, for instance it can not let know you with the bank note the selling velocity now when the bank note shall be sell through, thereby takes remedying the step. As a result it also is administer information system rudimentary phase.The third phase is the status reports system, and it may separate into manufacture state speech and service state and make known and research the systems such as status reports and so on. Its type stands for the production control system that is the IBM corporation to the for instance manufacture state speech system. As is known to all, the calculating machine corporation that the IBM corporation is the largest on the world, in 1964 it given birth to middle-sized calculating machine IBM360 and causes the calculating machine level lift a step, yet form that the manufacture administration work. Yet enormously complicatedly dissolve moreover, the calculating machine overtakes 15000 difference components once more, in addition the plant of IBM extends all over the American various places to every one components once more like works an element, and the order of difference possess difference components and the difference element, and have to point out that what element what plant what installation gives birth to, hence not merely giving birth to complexly, fitting, installation and transportation wholly fully complex. Have to there be a manufacture status reports system that takes the calculating machine in order to guarantee being underway successfully of manufacture along with else segment as the base. Hence the same ages IBM establish the systematic AAS of well-developed administration it be able to carry on 450 professional work operations. In 1968, the corporation establishes the communal once more and manufactures informationsystem CMIS and runs and succeeds very much, the past needs 15 weeks work, that system merely may be completed in the way of 3 weeks.It is the data handling system that the status reports system still possess one kind of shape , and that it is used for handles the everyday professional work to make known with manufacture , and stress rests with by the handwork task automation , and lifts the effectiveness with saves the labor power . The data handling system ordinarily can not supply decision of strategic importance message.Last phase is the support systems make a strategic decision, and it is the information system being used for supplementary making a strategic decision. Thatsystem may program and the analysis scheme, and goes over key and the error solve a problem. Its proper better person-machine dialogue means, may with not particularly the personnel staff who have an intimate knowledge of the calculating machine hold conversation. It ordinarily consists of some pattern so as to come into being decision of strategic importance message, yet emphasize comprehensive administration meritorious service capacity.1.2 The Application of Management Information SystemThe management information system is used to the most base work, like dump report form, calculation pay and occurrences in human tubes and so on, and then developing up business financial affairs administrations and inventory control and so on individual event operational control , this pertains to the electron data handling ( EDP Data Processing ) system . When establish the business data bank, thereby possess the calculating machine electric network to attain data sharing queen , the slave system concept is start off , when the implementation the situation as a whole is made program and the design information system ,attained the administration information system phase . In the wake of calculating machine technique progress and the demand adjust the system of people lift further, people emphasize more furthermore administer the information system phase. Progress and people in the wake of the calculating machine technique lift at the demand adjust the system further, people emphasize more furthermore to administer the information system whether back business higher level to lead makes a strategic decision this meritorious service capacity, still more lay special emphasis on the gathering to the external message of business and integrated data storehouse, model library , means storehouse and else artificial intelligence means whether directly to decision of strategic importance person , this is the support system ( DDS ) mission making a strategic decision.There is the part application that few business start MIS inner place the limit of the world at the early da ys of being living in the 70’s 20 centuries. Up at the moment, MIS is living, and there be the appropriatePopularization rate in every state nation in world, and nearly covered that every profession reaches every department.1.3 The Direction of MIS DevelopmentClose 20 curtains; external grand duke takes charge of having arisen3 kinds of alternations:A. Paying special attention to the administration being emphasized toestablishing MIS’s system, and causing the administration technique headfor the ageing.B. The message is the decision of strategic importance foundation, and MISsupplies the message service in the interest of director at all times.C. Director causes such management program getting in touch with togetherwith the concrete professional work maneuver by means of MIS. not merelybig-and-middle-sized business universally establish MIS some small-sizebusiness also not exceptions of self, universally establish the communal datanetwork, like the electronic mail and electron data exchange and so on, MISsupplied the well support environment to the application of Intranet’stechnique to speedily developing of INTERNET especially in the past fewyears in the interest of the business.Through international technique developme nt tendency is see, in the 90’s 20 centuries had arisen some kinds of brand-new administration technique.1. Business Processes Rebuild (BPR)A business should value correctly time and produce quality, manufacturing cost and technical service and so on several section administrations, grip at the moment organization and the process compose once more,andcompletes that meritorious service capacity integrationist, operation processization and organization form fluctuation. Shall act as the service veer of middle layer management personnel staff the decision of strategic importance of the director service?2. Intelligentization Decision Support System (IDSS)The intelligentization decision of strategic importance support system was sufficiently consider demand and the work distinguishing feature of business higher level personnel staff.3. Lean Production (LP)Application give birth to on time, comprehensive quality control and parallel project that picked amount is given birth to and so on the technique, the utmost product design cutting down and production cycle, raise produce quality and cuts down the reproduced goods to reserve, and is living in the manufacture promote corps essence, in order to meet the demand that client continuously changes.4. Agile Manufacture (AM)One kind of business administration pattern that possess the vision, such distinguishing feature is workers and staff members’ quality is high, and the organization simplifies and the multi-purpose group effectiveness GAO message loading is agile and answers client requires swiftly.2. The Effect To The Business Administration of MIS DevelopmentThe effect to the business administration of the management information system development is administered the change to business and business administration of information system development and come into being and is coming into being the far-reaching effect with.Decision of strategic importance, particularly strategic decision-making may be assisted by the administration information system, and its good or bad directly affects living and the development up the business. The MIS is impeding the orientation development that the administration means one another unites through quality and ration. This express to utilize the administration in the calculation with the different mathematical model the problem in the quantitative analysis business.The past administer that the problem is difficult to test, but MIS may unite the administration necessaries, and supply the sufficient data, and simulates to producethe term in the interest of the administration.In the wake of the development of MIS, much business sit up the decentralized message concentration to establish the information system ministry of directly under director, and the chief of information system ministry is ordinarily in the interest of assistant manager’s grade. After the authority of business is centralized up high-quality administration personnel staff’s hand, as if causing much sections office work decrease, hence someone prophesy, middle layer management shall vanish. In reality, the reappearance phase employed layer management among the information system queen not merely not to decrease, on the contrary there being the increase a bit.This is for, although the middle layer management personnel staff getting off exonerate out through loaded down with trivial details daily routine, yet needs them to analyses researching work in the way of even more energy, lift further admonishing the decision of strategic importance level. In the wake of the development of MIS, the business continuously adds to the demand of high technique a talented person, but the scarce thing of capability shall be washed out gradually. This compels people by means of study and cultivating, and conti nuously lifts individual’s quality. In The wake of the news dispatch and electric network and file transmission system development, business staff member is on duty in many being living incomparably either the home. Having caused that corporation save the expenses enormously, the work efficiency obviously moves upward American Rank Zeros corporation the office system on the net, in the interest of the creativity of raise office personnel staff was produced the advantageous term.At the moment many countries are fermenting one kind of more well-developed manufacturing industry strategy, and become quickly manufacturing the business. It completely on the basis of the user requirement organization design together with manufacture, may carry on the large-scale cooperation in the interest of identical produce by means of the business that the flow was shifted the distinct districts, and by means of the once more programming to the machinery with to the resources and the reorganization of personnel staff , constituted a fresh affrication system, and causes that manufacturing cost together with lot nearly have nothing to do with. Quickly manufacturing the business establishes a whole completely new strategy dependence relation against consumer, and is able to arouse the structure of production once more revolution.The management information system is towards the self-adoption and Self-learning orientation development, the decision procedure of imitation man who is be able to be better. Some entrepreneurs of the west vainly hope that consummate MIS is encircles the magic drug to govern the business all kinds of diseases; Yet also someone says, and what it is too many is dependent on the defeat that MIS be able to cause on the administration. It is adaptable each other to comprehend the effect to the business of MIS, and is favor of us to be living in development and the research work, and causes the business organization and administer the better development against MIS of system and administration means , and establish more valid MIS.英文翻译文章的出处：Russ Basiura, Mike Batongbacal管理信息系统管理信息系统就是我们常说的MIS(Management Information System), 在强调管理，强调信息的现代社会中它变得越来越重要、越来越普及。

电子商务中英文文献.doc

电子商务中英献电子商务中英献（一)［１]梁静着.销售互动中的说服效果给予消费者说服应对的视角[Ｍ]．杭州浙江大学，2012：37—38．[2］银成钺，杨雪,王影．基于关键事件技术的服务业顾客问互动行为研究［Ｊ]。

预测20１0:15—20.［3]蒋婷，胡正．服务接触中游客间互动行为研究－—基于关键事件技术的方法［J］.学刊.［３7］张岳.信任与感知风险对客户络购物意愿的影响研究［Ｊ].商业经济,2012(３92），2：150—8６—91。

［4]黄莹，朱建荣。

络口碑质量对服装消费者购买意愿影响的实证研究［J］.现代商业,2013：22－２4。

［5]綦晓燕。

络购物感知风险的研究综述［J］．科技创业月刊，20１0（11),1４４—1４６。

[6]冯建英,穆维松，傅泽田.消费者的购买意愿研究综述［J］．现代管理科学,２０06（11）７-9.［7］李宛颖．在线销售考虑因素之研究[D]。

高雄中山大学,1999:37-38。

[8]井森，周颖，王方华.上购物感知风险的实证研究[J］。

系统管理学报，２０06，２(１6）164—169.［9]孙瑾着。

消费者服务购买决策过程的影响机制研究［Ｍ］。

科学，2010：47-5０。

［10]吴佩勋。

感知质量和感知风险对自有品牌购买意愿的影响[Ｊ］.流通经济，２01３(２)８3-8９．［11］TanS.Ｊ.SｔｒaｔeｇｉｅsfoｒreｄuｃｉnｇcoｎｓumerｓriｓkｅｒsｉontｅｒnｅtShopping［J］.ＪoｕrnalofCｏnsuｍerMａrｋｅting，１９9９（16）-１８0．[1２]李小梅,李定家.络购物之降低风险策略研究[J］．第一届站经营学术暨实务研讨会集，2000：１3２—136．[１3］ＬiｂaｉB。

,ＢolｔｏnＲ.，BgｅlM。

S.,etａl。

Customｅr－to—cｕstoｍeｒinｔeｒａctions:Broadｅnｇthescopeofwｏrdofuthreｓearch［Ｊ］.JournａlofServｉceＲesearcｈ。

文献翻译----电子商务中英文对照

外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：Electronic Commerce外文文献：Electronic CommerceElectronic commerce, or Electronic trade, or electronic business as a newly rising mode of commerce will have far-reaching influence on social economy and play an important role in social development worldwide. It represents the trend of world trade in the 21st century and beyond.1. What is Electronic Commerce?Electronic commerce refers to commercial data exchange in digital form through electronic transmission means and commercial activities conducted on-line. Usually, electronic commerce can be divided into two levels: One is low-level electronic commerce that is, electronic commercial intelligence, electronic trade, and electronic contracts. Another is high-level electronic commerce which includes all commercial activities done via Internet, ranging from searching for clients, commercial negotia-tion, making orders, on-line payment, releasing electronic invoice, to electronic dec-laration to Customs, electronic tax-payment, all conducted on Internet.Electronic commerce means electrification of all trade transactions. It is featured by these characters: ①fairness and freedom, ②high efficiency, ③globalization, ④virtualization, ⑤interactivity, ⑥autonomy, ⑦personalized service. With electronic commerce, clients andsuppliers can closely and conveniently contact with each other on a global scale, so that clients can find satisfactory suppliers from all comers of the world to meet their demands.Electronic commerce will change the environment in which enterprises compete with each other and reduce costs which would otherwise be high in traditional market structure. Low costs in transactions, convenience in market entry and government encouragement to use Internet (exemption from tax) activate electronic commerce and boost it to develop rapidly right from its beginning. As experts predicted, by 2000, electronic commerce would reach a scale of 300billion US dollars worldwide. And it has exceeded this scale.To ensure security of electronic commerce, an electronic certification center should be established. Digital ID is used to validate identity. Digital 11 is trusted to a third party, namely, an authorized agency, to release, including identifying informa-tion of the holder (name, address, liaison way, ID card number), an encryptive key for common use by the both parties, period of validity, password and identification in-formation of the authorized agency, etc. With digital ID, both parties in transactions can be assured of identifying the other party and validate that the information sent out from the other party has not been subject to alteration.2. Influence That Electronic Commerce May HaveCompared with traditional commerce, electronic commerce has superiorities as follows *Extensive coverage. A network system combining Internet, Intranet (local area network inside enterprises) and Extranet (networks outside enterprises) enables buy-ers, sellers, manufacturers and their partners to contact with each other and conven-iently transmit commercial intelligence and documents worldwide.*Complete functions. In electronic commerce, users of different types and on dif-ferent tiers can realize different targets in trade, for example, releasing commercial intelligence,on-line negotiation, electronic payment, establishment of virtual com-mercial market place and on-line banking, etc.*Convenience and flexibility in use.. Based on Internet, electronic commerce is free from restriction by specialized protocol for data exchange. Transactions can be conducted conveniently on computer screen, by using any type of PCs, at any place around the world.*Low cost. Use of electronic commerce can cut down costs for hiring employees, maintaining warehouse and storefront, expense for international travel and postage to a great extent. The cost for using Internet is very low.Electronic commerce will have substantial influence on social economy:*Electronic commerce will change the way people used to take in commercial ac-tivities. Through networks, people can enter virtual stores and browse around, select what they are interested in, and enjoy various on-line services. On the other hand, merchants can contact with consumers through networks, decide on buying in goods (categories and quantities) and perform settlement of accounts. Government agencies can perform electronic tendering and pursue government purchase through networks.*The core of electronic commerce is people. It is a social system. On-line shop-ping changes the way of people's daily life and fully embodies autonomy of consum-ers in trade.*Electronic commerce changes the way enterprises produce their goods. Through networks, manufacturers know market demand directly and make arrangement of production, in accordance with consumers' need.*Electronic commerce dramatically raises efficiency of trade. Intermediate links can be cut down; costs for sales will be reduced to minimum. Production can be ar-ranged in "small batches plus diverse varieties", and "zero stock" will be reality.*Electronic commerce calls for reformation of banking services. New concepts like on-line bank, on-line cash card and credit card, on-line settlement of accounts, electronic invoice, electronic "cash"-consumers will no longer use the real cash when shopping-will become reality.*Electronic commerce will change government behavior. Called "on-line gov-ernment", an on-line administration plays the important role of a social channel, maintaining order and fairness and detecting and cracking down on-line fraud.3. The Present Situation of Electronic Commerce in Developed CountriesIn the mid-1990s, when Internet experienced explosive development and micro-computers entered homes in great numbers, computer networks became an indispen-sable part of people's daily life. People expect for more interests and convenience brought in by computer networks. Electronic Commerce emerged just in time. In de-veloped countries, governments timely made policies to boost electronic commerce to practical use and dominant position in a new round of worldwide competition.In 1998, Internet helped the United States to create productive out put of 507 bil-lion US dollars, national income of 301 billion US dollars, and 1. 2 million job op-portunities; of these, electronic commerce created an income of 100 billion US dollars. Internet has be-come the first big industry with yearly productive output increasing by 60%，and accounting for 6% of GDP. Service export from the United States has at-tained 160 billion US dollars each year, and it is predicted that it can compensate trade deficit in commodity trade. Internet played an important role in promoting ex-port from the United States: in 1999, books, automobiles and services were sold through electronic commerce to foreign countries, exceeding 102 billion US dollars.Advocated by the United States, 132 members of WTO decided to turn Internet into a freetrade zone within at least one-year term. Some countries and organizations scrambled to work out development framework for electronic commerce and made laws and regulations for developing electronic commerce. In 1996, the UN Confer-ence on Trade and Development passed "Model Law of Electronic Commerce". In December, 1996, the US government issued "Policy Framework for Global Electronic Commerce"．In April 1997, European Union issued "Proposal for Electronic Com-merce in Europe"．On July 1 1997, US President Clinton promulgated" A framework for Global Electronic Commerce" which has had great influence on global electronic commerce. In May 1998, WTO minister conference passed "A Manifesto on Global Electronic Commerce", and in September 1998, WTO general council passed "Scheme for Electronic Commerce Work"．In October 1998, UN Organization of Economy and Cooperation ＆Development (OECD) held minister conference at Ottawa, Canada on electronic commerce, which is praised as a milestone of global electronic commerce. In September 1999, Global Business Dialog on Electronic Commerce (GBDE) was held in France and is-sued "Paris Proposal"．In December 1999, the United States issued another Internet commerce standard.Electronic commerce in the United States takes the rein of the trade in the world. At present, there are 60 million subscribers of Internet in the United States. More than 98% of purchasing managers seek targets on-line. As estimated, by 2002, the value involved in transactions done through electronic commerce between US enterprises will account for 6.1% of GDP. Fortune magazine's statistics show the 500 top com-panies in the world all engaged in on-line business.25% of income to IBM (about 20 billion US dollars) is related with electronic commerce. Thanks to electronic com-merce, IBM saved its expenses of 250 million US dollars during 1999. HP Company designated its electronic Commerce solution as E-world-anelectronized world. This solution is oriented to medium-and small-size enterprises, and great investment was made to third parties-software companies to develop software suited for medium-and small-size enterprises to engage in electronic commerce. Intel places its risky invest-ment mainly on Internet and electronic commerce. In July 1998, Intel began on-line transactions Its monthly business turn electronic commerce reached one billion US dollars.As a survey made by European Information Technology Observation shows, of the surveyed 570 companies, 47% have implemented electronic commerce of some sorts, and 4/5 of them began their electronic commerce in the latest two years. Execu-tive Committee of European Union plans at least 25% of its purchase done through electronic commerce by 2001. In1998, in Australia, web sites related with electronic commerce on Internet doubled in number, and 11% of Australian enterprises have their web sites. 80% of Australian companies use Internet to transmit E-mails and conduct commercial activities. In 1998, Singapore government promulgated，for electronic commerce. Singapore is the only country in Southeast Asia that formally joined the "Rights and Obligation Electronic commerce In cooperation with US manufacturers and firms, Singapore established an electronic commerce entry in Asia, providing comprehensive Business-to-Business (B to B) service, so as to enable Asian trade companies to enter the rank of global electronic commerce.4. Development of Electronic Commerce in ChinaExploration in electronic commerce, governmental and civil began in 1993 in China. Today, electronic commerce has found its applications in foreign trade, Cus-toms, finance and commerce. Local frameworks have been established in Beijing and Shanghai for electronic commerce. Some electronic commerce web sites have been opened to on-line shopping and on-line settlement of accounts.The Ministry of Foreign Trade set up in February 1996 China Electronic Com-merce Center responsible for research, construction, and operation of international electronic commerce project in CT he Center established "China Commodity Trade Market" on Internet, to put rich resources of goods in China to world market, opening new channel for our exports. The subject "Security Proof of Electronic Commerce" as a key item in science and technology during th9th Five-year Plan period was ap-praised in early 1996 by State Department of Science and Technology and State En-cryptive Code Administration, which laid a foundation for establishing a safe and normal environment for electronic commerce in our country.In March 1999, the Ministry of Information Industry approved the electronic commercial network of pharmaceutics and health as a model project of electronic commerce for all trades. It is one of the six specialized networks in China, which pro-vide all-direction serve of market information, product transaction, warehousing and delivery, and account settlement, etc.In Shanghai, in 1999, "Shanghai Administrative Center of Electronic Commerce Security Certificate" was set up, which provide security platform for electronic com-merce and is responsible for application, appraisal, making and management of digital certificate domestic and foreign clients in Shanghai, and offers services such as certi-fication of digital identity and digital signature, electronic notarization, secure E-mail and secure encryption, etc. In January 1 the first on-line bookstore in China-Shanghai Book City On-line standard. It provides VISA cardholders and card-holders of domestic Great Wall card, Dragon card, Peony card and Pacific card with instant and authorized security service.The measure taken in Beijing to develop electronic commerce is to build a capital electronic commerce city. In November 1998, the capital electronic commerce project formally activated, and a frame-work formally showed off. The Legend Computer Company open editselectronic commerce system in June 1999, and web sites 8848, sina, 163, all activated their electronic commerce.In April 2000, sponsored by the Ministry of Information Indus-try，National Economy and Trade Commission, and China Council for Promotion of International Trade, the 4th China International Electronic Commerce Conference was held. State leaders and superintendents of various ministries and commissions joined the opening conference. Mr. Levy, secretary of Commercial Department of the US government led a delegation of famous US enterprises and media, totally more than 100 persons, to join the conference. More than 60 seminars were held during the conference, to dis-cuss extensive topics on electronic commerce.Despite all these efforts, companies engaged in electronic commerce service in China suffer losses in their B-to-C business (B refers to Business, C refers to Con-sumers). Some Chinese experts attribute this to Chinese shopping habit-Chinese con-sumers treat shopping as an interesting hobby; they enjoy the pleasure of spending their money through appreciating and comparing merchandise, and bargaining; but all these will vanish from on-line shopping. Other experts attribute this phenomenon to the ubiquitous incredulity in society-banks can-not interconnect their business be-cause they fear their customers will be captured by their rivals; cash cards cannot be popularized because banks do not trust civilians; and civilians do not like to do on-line shopping because they do not trust on-line stores,…etc. Why？That's because many things on-line and in society are false, for ex-ample, false number of subscribers, false statistics of access flux, shoddy goods, forged diploma, sham curriculum vitae, sham investment, sham listing, false revenue to listed enterprises, etc. Such an over-all environment will not change within a long period of time. In such environment, no commercial activity can be done. Many IT practitioners are disheartened with elec-tronic commerce in our country.5. Prospects of Electronic CommerceAlthough developing rapidly and seeming to have brilliant prospects, electronic commerce faces a series of real problems, for example, problems involving security, technology, expense, legal system, tax system, conception, protection of privacy, in-frastructure, etc. However, electronic commerce is the mainstream of enterprises in the new century and will develop rapidly in the coming years. Some companies pre-dict that by 2003, electronic commerce between enterprises in developed countries will account for over 9%of the total turnover（1,300 billion US dollars）, and in consumer electronic commerce the turnover will attain 76. 3 billion US dollars by 2002. And as experts predicted, electronic commerce in China will catch up with de-veloped countries on the average level, in 10 years. They suggested 3 to 5 years be spent on working out plans, policies and regulations necessary for developing elec-tronic commerce, building substantial and tangible electronic commerce systems, fos-tering specialized talents, optimizing of the electronic commerce systems in some trades and areas; and then 5 to 7 years be spent on linking with international elec-tronic commerce to enable our electronic commerce system as an important compo-nent of international electronic commerce; popularizing of electronic commerce in application, raising electronic commerce in our country to a higher level in research, development and application, to the average level in developed countries.The following description tells what major I/e strategies some major manufactur-ers in the world are taking in development of electronic commerce.IBM: IBM is the pioneer that held up the banner of electronic commerce as a new application of Internet. In people's mind, IBM is now not only manufacturer of main-frames, PCs, servers, software but also the “godfather" of electronic commerce. IBM has always been dedicated to promoting secure commerce over the Internet. It sin-come from selling servers hasaccounted for 60% of its total in-come.IBM not only provides products for large-scale applications of secure, efficient, reliable electronic commerce and payment over Internet, but also for small electronic business as well.IBM Micro Payments an application enabling buyers to purchase low cost items over Internet-is another example of how IBM is expanding to new areas of commerce. By enabling billing servers, content providers and other merchants to profitably sell items for even a few cents, IBM opens up a whole new market.IBM Micro Payments allows buyers, sellers and billing systems to sell content, information, and services over Internet, for small amounts. IBM's commitment to electronic commerce and electronic business makes it a leader in the area of electronic payments. An automated compiler tool transforms existing HTML pages, creating "click and pay" links with either fixed or dynamic prices. Content and service provid-ers can take advantage of the extensive set of APIs and authoring tools to extend IBM Micro Payments available from OEMs. Billing servers can easily integrate the IBM Micro Payments application with existing billing systems and use it to attract content providers and open new sources of revenue.IBM Micro Payments provides scalability and interoperability, which allows widespread availability across Internet, including multi-currency and multilingual support, and low operational costs it easily supports transactions as low as one cent.SUN: SUN as a global leading supplier treats Internet not only a tool but also a new mode of commerce. SUN has provided very flexible solutions to commercial af-fairs for BBC, ETRADE, Federal Express, First Auction, Fruit of the Loom, Kodak, Thomas Cook, Virgin.Microsoft: Microsoft aims at helping enterprises to set up more powerful relation with their clients and partners by three means: (I)Windows 2000, BackOffice, Site Server, Biztalk,etc; (2) MSN (in the United States, more than 40% web users access MSN, and consumers can conduct comparative study when buying articles and ser-vices); (3) Partners provide customers with various products and services on Mi-crosoft MSN platform, realizing electronic commerce solutions, including settling account, paying tax, shopping, logistics, purchasing, accounting, ERP (Electronic Remote Processing) and EDI (Electronic Data Interchange), etc.Site Server and Biz talk are the two major products of Microsoft adopted in exist-ing system for enterprises to develop electronic commerce. Site Server is used for constructing web stores, based on data-it enables the client to easily realize on-line catalog, buying/selling order, exchange of documents for promoting sale, etc. Disre-garding what platform, operating system or technology used in low layer.Novell: Novell defines itself as "NET Service Supplier" after2000. The word NET includes intranet, extranet, Internet, company net, public net, cable net, wireless net. Its aim is to breakout the existing service domain in which most software products can provide services only in a specific environment or for a specific procedure or server (rather than the whole network)．Novell's network service software NDS eDirectory as a nucleus helps clients to reduce complexity of business on network, and improve security, so that it enables network, applications and business processing to adapt to electronic commerce, and thus speed up their transfer to electronic commerce.SCO: SCO’s Tarantella is the best solution for existing users to conduct elect ronic commerce. Users can use only a browser to access any applications of platforms in back counter, without the need of re-writing existing applications, in their effort to transfer their business to electronic commercial mode. To ensure electronic commerce to continually operate, SCO provides an incessant cluster solution based on UNIXWARE 7. This product is easy to use,easy to manage and its cost is one-tenth of large-scale product of the same sort for mainframes while its performance doubles. It is a security solution with higher performance/ cost ratio among the same sort for electronic commerce.Tivoli Systems Inc. today announced Tivoli Business Systems Manager, a new, fully integrated solution that allows businesses to manage their IT environments from the top down, creating a powerful view of business systems management.The Tivoli Business Systems Manager solution provides us with business views and control mechanisms to manage all of our distributed IT resources in the retail, banking and electronic commerce environments-including system resources, data-bases, application servers, web servers and electronic commerce applications-from one central location. The Graphical User Interface allows us to monitor all of our re-sources on a single screen, regardless of geographical location.Combining the features of Tivoli Global Enterprise and Tivoli Manager for OS/390, Tivoli Business Systems Manager provides true end-to-end enterprise management from one console, simplifying the administration of heterogeneous environments. Tivoli Business Systems Manager enables customers to manage and control multiple applications that are required for different business functions.中文译文：电子商务电子商务或电子贸易，电子商业，或作为一个新兴的商业模式将产生深远的影响，经济和社会中发挥重要作用的社会发展世界各地。

电子商务英文参考文献

The Development of E-commerceA perfect marketMay 13th 2004From The Economist print edition E-commerce is coming of age, says Paul Markillie, but not in the way predicted in the bubble yearsWhen the technology bubble burst in 2000, the crazy valuations for online companies vanished with it, and many businesses folded、The survivors plugged on as best they could, encouraged by the growing number of internet users、Now valuations are rising again and some of the dotcoms are making real profits, but the business world has become much more cautious about the internet’s potential、The funny thing is that the wild predictions made at the height of the boom—namely, that vast chunks of the world economy would move into cyberspace—are, in one way or another, coming true、The raw numbers tell only part of the story、According to America’s Department of Commerce, online retail sales in the world’s biggest market last year rose by 26%, to $55 billion、That sounds a lot of money, but it amounts to only 1、6% of total retail sales、The vast majority of people still buy most things in the good old “bricks-and-mortar” world、But the commerce department’s figures deal with only part of the retail industry、For instance, they exclude online travel services, one of the most successful and fastest-growing sectors of e-commerce、InterActiveCorp (IAC), the owner of expedia、com and hotels、com, alone sold $10 billion-worth of travel last year—and it has plenty of competition, not least from airlines, hotels and car-rental companies, all of which increasingly sell online、Nor do the figures take in things like financial services, ticket-sales agencies, pornography (a $2 billion business in America last year, according to Adult Video News, a trade magazine), online dating and a host of other activities, from tracing ancestors to gambling (worth perhaps $6 billion worldwide)、They also leave out purchases in grey markets, such as the online pharmacies that are thought to be responsible for a good proportion of the $700m that Americans spent last year on buying cut-price prescription drugs from across the border in Canada、And there is more、The commerce department’s figures include the fees earned by internetauction sites, but not the value of goods that are sold: an astonishing $24 billion-worth of trade was done last year on eBay, the biggest online auctioneer、Nor, by definition, do they include the billions of dollars-worth of goods bought and sold by businesses connecting to each other over the internet、Some of these B2B services are proprietary; for example, Wal-Mart tells its suppliers that they must use its own system if they want to be part of its annual turnover of $250 billion、So e-commerce is already very big, and it is going to get much bigger、But the actual value of transactions currently concluded online is dwarfed by the extraordinary influence the internet is exerting over purchases carried out in the offline world、That influence is becoming an integral part of e-commerce、To start with, the internet is profoundly changing consumer behaviour、One in five customers walking into a Sears department store in America to buy an electrical appliance will have researched their purchase online—and most will know down to a dime what they intend to pay、More surprisingly, three out of four Americans start shopping for new cars online, even though most end up buying them from traditional dealers、The difference is that these customers come to the showroom armed with information about the car and the best available deals、Sometimes they even have computer print-outs identifying the particular vehicle from the dealer’s stock that they want to buy、Half of the 60m consumers in Europe who have an internet connection bought products offline after having investigated prices and details online, according to a study by Forrester, a research consultancy (see chart 1)、Different countries have different habits、In Italy and Spain, for instance, people are twice as likely to buy offline as online after researching on the internet、But in Britain and Germany, the two most developed internet markets, the numbers are evenly split、Forrester says that people begin to shop online for simple, predictable products, such as DVDs, and then graduate to more complex items、Used-car sales are now one of the biggest online growth areas in America、People seem to enjoy shopping on the internet, if high customer-satisfaction scores are any guide、Websites are doing ever more and cleverer things to serve and entertain their customers, and seem set to take a muc h bigger share of people’s overall spending in the future、This has enormous implications for business、 A company that neglects its website may becommitting commercial suicide、A website is increasingly becoming the gateway to a company’s brand, products and services—even if the firm does not sell online、A useless website suggests a useless company, and a rival is only a mouse-click away、But even the coolest website will be lost in cyberspace if people cannot find it, so companies have to ensure that they appear high up in internet search results、For many users, a search site is now their point of entry to the internet、The best-known search engine has already entered the lexicon: people say they have “Googled” a company, a product or their plumber、The search business has also developed one of the most effective forms of advertising on the internet、And it is already the best way to reach some consumers: teenagers and young men spend more time online than watching television、All this means that search is turning into the internet’s next big battleground as Google defends itself against challenges from Yahoo! and Microsoft、The other way to get noticed online is to offer goods and services through one of the big sites that already get a lot of traffic、Ebay, Yahoo! and Amazon are becoming huge trading platforms for other companies、But to take part, a company’s products have to stand up to intense price competition、People check online prices, compare them with those in their local high street and may well take a peek at what customers in other countries are paying、Even if websites are prevented from shipping their goods abroad, there are plenty of web-based entrepreneurs ready to oblige、What is going on here is arbitrage between different sales channels, says Mohanbir Sawhney, professor of technology at the Kellogg School of Management in Chicago、For instance, someone might use the internet to research digital cameras, but visit a photographic shop for a hands-on demonstration、“I’ll think about it,” they will tell the sales assistant、Back home, they will use a search engine to find the lowest price and buy online、In this way, consumers are “deconstructing the purchasing process”, says Professor Sawhney、They are unbundling product information from the transaction itself、It is not only price transparency that makes internet consumers so powerful; it is also the way the net makes it easy for them to be fickle、If they do not like a website, they swiftly move on、“The web is the most selfish environment in the world,” says Daniel Rosensweig, chief operatingofficer of Yahoo! “People want to use the internet whenever they want, how they want and for whatever they want、”Yahoo! is not alone in defining its strategy as working out what its customers (260m unique users every month) are looking for, and then trying to give it to them、The first thing they want is to become better informed about products and prices、“We operate our business on that belief,” says Jeff Bezos, Amazon’s chief executive、Amazon became famous for books, but long ago branched out into selling lots of other things too; among its latest ventures are health products, jewellery and gourmet food、Apart from cheap and bulky items such as garden rakes, Mr Bezos thinks he can sell most things、And so do the millions of people who use eBay、And yet nobody thinks real shops are finished, especially those operating in niche markets、Many bricks-and-mortar bookshops still make a good living, as do flea markets、But many record shops and travel agents could be in for a tougher time、Erik Blachford, the head of IAC’s travel side and boss of Expedia, the biggest internet travel agent, thinks online travel bookings in America could quickly move from 20% of the market to more than half、Mr Bezos reckons online retailers might capture 10-15% of retail sales over the next decade、That would represent a massive shift in spending、How will traditional shops respond? Michael Dell, the founder of Dell, which leads the personal-computer market by selling direct to the customer, has long thought many shops will turn into showrooms、There are already signs of change on the high street、The latest Apple and Sony stores are designed to display products, in the full expectation that many people will buy online、To some extent, the online and offline worlds may merge、Multi-channel selling could involve a combination of traditional shops, a printed catalogue, a home-shopping channel on TV, a phone-in order service and an e-commerce-enabled website、But often it is likely to be the website where customers will be encouraged to place their orders、One of the biggest commercial advantages of the internet is a lowering of transaction costs, which usually translates directly into lower prices for the consumer、So, if the lowest prices can be found on the internet and people like the service they get, why would they buy anywhere else?One reason may be convenience; another, concern about fraud, which poses the biggest threat to online trade、But as long as the internet continues to deliver price and productinformation quickly, cheaply and securely, e-commerce will continue to grow、Increasingly, companies will have to assume that customers will know exactly where to look for the best buy、This market has the potential to become as perfect as it gets、。

电子商务外文资料翻译译文 2

附件2：外文原文The e-commerce strategyIt may be useful for development organizations to consider the many issues involved before embarking on an e-commerce initiative,in relation to the organization's mandate,development goals,and organizational structure.The primary issues involved would include:Resource Expansion--Is the main goal of selling goods and services online the generation of revenue to offset operational costs?If so,how much revenue does the organization expect/wish to generate?These strategic questions will allow the organization to assess how much funding will go toward e-commerce activities.If the organization is approaching e-commerce as a means of covering not only the costs of producing the goods and services and disseminating development-focused products,but wishes to expand its revenue base to support other project costs,then it may want to develop an e-commerce platform and strategy that can attract customers.The organization may have to approach e-commerce as a resource expansion activity that uses business strategies and a full marketing approach.This leads to the question of whether this fits in with the development mandate of the organization and its charitable organization status.Will e-commerce activities distort the tax-free status of the development organization?Is the organization liable in the case of legal conflicts?Most development organizations have already faced these questions if they sell publications and other products by"traditional"means. Capital Costs--How much funding is the organization willing to put into e-commerce activities? E-commerce platforms can be high priced,depending on the level of sophistication.A development organization undertaking e-commerce activities should consider whether it wants to incur higher costs,with the possibility of cost recovery from an expected higher level of sales. What are the possibilities of receiving financial assistance from donor agencies or partner organizations for this activity?Development organizations pursuing e-commerce activities may have to decide between a variety of options for their online selling activities,depending on their financial capacities.These options can be divided into1)technical hardware and2)site design and maintenance.The organization will have to decide whether it wants to invest in setting up its own in-house server,depending on the organization's size and computing requirements,or find a third party that is willing to host the site on its server.Is the third party another development-focused organization,or is it a private company/ISP?Regarding design and maintenance of the e-commerce site,is the organization able to hire in-house technical personnel to handle design,development,and maintenance,or is it more cost effective to hire an outside party to handle these tasks?Developing an e-commerce site that generates high levels of revenue will have to respond to the changes in e-commerce platforms in the commercial sector. The development organization may want to consider using security encryption software for credit card payment,increasing costs to an extent yet benefiting from increasing customer confidence in the transaction process.Will the site be eye-catching,with the hope of attracting customers, possibly increasing site development costs for higher level graphics and design?Pan Partners currently do not have to bear all of the above-mentioned capital costs,but may one day have to consider them when they initiate an e-commerce site on their own.Marketing--As evident from the discussion above,a good marketing strategy forms the basis of the operational strategy,in order to attract customers to the e-commerce site and ensure asteady pattern of sales.Development organizations often need not employ capital-intensive marketing programs in order to have a successful marketing campaign.The marketing strategy can be divided into two main categories:1)online markets and2)offline markets.Purchasing Patterns of Online Customers--The frequency of updating new products can impact the number of items purchased by customers and the number of returning customers.In order to encourage customers to purchase more than one item at a time,it is important to offer a(wide) variety of products.Returning to the marketing strategies,development organizations can offer sales promotions mentioned above.This can increase the per-customer volume of sales, increasing overall revenue.Development organizations can consider organizing a schedule for updating their e-commerce site,adding new products and promotional offers on a regular basis. This way,previous customers will see that new products are available for sale and may be attracted to purchasing a second or third time.Developing an e-commerce strategy can allow development organizations to approach this initiative with an understanding of what they want to achieve and how to achieve it.This can encourage strategic thinking of how to attract potential customers to the site and how to keep them returning.In order for e-commerce initiatives to be successful,whether generating revenue to offset production costs or increasing overall revenue to offset operational costs,development organizations can often use business strategies to more effectively achieve their overall goals.。

电子商务专业外文文献

本科毕业论文外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIPMANAGEMENT文献、资料来源：加勒斯特经济学院文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2000.3.25院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期：外文文献：CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT1. IntroductionIn the last decade, the majority of the companies were preoccupied with production, recession, mergers, new technologies and business regulation. Romania’s accession in the European Union will bring many advantages for further development, together with membership in a Common Market with common policies on product regulation, and freedom of movement for all the four factors of production (goods, services, capital and labor). This means that Romanian companies will compete with other companies from the EU directly in their home market. European companies are more flexible and mobile and will put a high pressure on the local companies in order to produce better products, launch better offers and services and orientate more towards their customers. High revenue equals important customer is a classic rule when the company organises its customer policy. “An important customer brings a gross amount of money for our enterprise” has become a reflex for many companies a broad and perhaps in Romania, too. But is this always true, or do we need more information than a simple figure reported at the end of the year?2. Marketing information systemA winning company is more productive in acquiring and retaining customers, to expand its clientele (Kotler, 2003). This company improves the value of the customers by reducing the rate of defection, increasing the longevity of customer Management & marketing relationship, making low-profit customers more profitable or terminating them etc. Gathering information on the actual or potential marketplace not only allows the organisation to monitor trends and issues concerning its current customers, but also helps it identify and profile potential customers and new markets, to keep track of its competition, their strategies, tactics and future plans (Brassington and Pettitt,2003). In order to collect and organize a high quantity of diverse information, the enterprises started to build marketing information systems. There are, mainly, a set of procedures and methods by which pertinent, timely and accurate information is continually gathered, sorted, analysed, evaluated, stored and distributed for the use of marketing decisionmakers (Zikmund and D´Amico,1993). The marketing information system includes data from external and internal sources (sales records, customer records, marketing communications, and sales force information). The focus on the customer and the integration of the marketing function helps the company to create customer databases with comprehensive information about individual customers or prospects.3. Customer relationship managementCustomer Relationship Management has been around for the last 30 years, but it became very important when companies changed their attitude towards marketing function. Nowadays, the cross-functional approach to marketing requires an organizational culture and climate that encourages collaboration and cooperation between departments. People within the business must understand their role in serving customers, internal or external one. CRM builds on the principles of relationship marketing and recognizes that customers are a business asset and not simply a commercial audience, implies the structuring of the company from functions to processes, information are used proactively rather than reactively and develops the ne-to-one marketing approaches (Payne, 2006).When defining CRM, we must first explain the difference between customer acquisition and customer retention. The two concepts have different drivers. Attracting customers has become very difficult these days, when people are harder to please. They are smarter, price conscious and sensitive, more demanding, less forgiving, and they are approached by many more competitors with equally good or better offers (Kotler,2003). Companies focus more on sales analysis, customer segmentation, advertising, merchandising and campaign management. The more difficult part is keeping the customers. According to Bruhn, a customer is satisfied when the comparison between offer and consumption fulfils his/her expectations, after he/she accepts the company, trusts it and exhibits a positive attitude towards it, becomes loyal to that company. In this situation, the customer talks favourably about the company and about its products, pays less attention to competing brands and is less sensitive to price, which turns transactions into routine (Bruhn, 1999). With customer retention, the company must pay attention to service satisfaction and trust in Customer relationship management the organization and its staff. Some companies believe that if a customer complaints the problem will be solved, but 96% ofunsatisfied customers don’t complain and go to another company. Therefore, Customer Relationship Management is the mechanism for retaining customers (Russell-Jones, 2003). Mainly CRM allows the company to understand who their customer is, isolate the best customer (those with whom you desire to have long-standing relationships), create relationships stretching over time and involving multi-interactions, manage the relationship to mutual advantage, seek to acquire more of those “best” customers. Inputs like marketing strategy, customer base, products, and regulation, competitors and staff skills are synthesized in a CRM programme which creates outputs as customer service, customer retention, higher share of wallet, customer referral, more predictable revenues streams, improved profitability, lower costs and better compliance (Russell-Jones, 2003).4. Developing a strategy in customer relationship managementBecause CRM is a cross-functional activity and large companies have thousands and millions of customers, the need for a strategic framework is very high. The dimensions of a CRM strategy are mainly focused on defining the following topics:- object of the customer relationship management – the company has three options: focusing on the company itself, on a brand or on the distributor;- target segment – the company usually sets priorities between different customer segments, it defines strategic customers based on the portfolio analyses, factors as revenue, length of the relationship, income, collaboration with the customer. These are its analysis criteria;- ways of retaining the customers –customers’ satisfaction is in the centre of all the decisions, but customers retention can also become a central issue through contractual clauses, such as service, leasing and warranty;- choosing the instruments of CRM – the company combines the instruments of the 4P´s with focus on the customer;- intensity and timing of the CRM decisions –show when and how should the company introduce different instruments; programmes can last from one day to one week, or from three month to two years;- cooperation within the CRM programme – sometimes the company must cooperate with other partners from the distribution channel, mainly between producer and wholesaler and retail.5. Instruments of customer relationship managementThe communication policy plays an important role in the instruments mix. It follows two objectives: first, to build a permanent dialogue with the customer in order to stabilize or change its expectations, and second, to counteract influences after consumption. The main CRM instruments within the communication policy are: Direct-Mail is material distributed through the postal service to the recipients’ home or business address to promote a product or service. In CRM the mailed issue can vary from a simple letter to a catalogue, and its sending will always occur at a particular moment in customer’s life (birthday, invitation for an event). It must incorporate sticky gadgets to increase their chances of being opened and read; Newsletters are distributed to customers for free and contain information about new products, offers for special events and others; Fidelity cards (store cards) are an important tool in gathering information about customer behaviour. By accumulating points of fidelity, the customer can benefit from different special offers; Clients club designates a concept which has grown in parallel with the fidelity cards. Its main forms are VIP-Club, Fan-Club, Product-Interest-Club, and Lifestyle-Club. The club represents an opportunity for the company to make offers in accordance with the social status, acceptance, prestige and expectations of its customers;Telemarketing allows companies to undertake marketing research and is highly measurable and accountable; the number of positive and negative responses are easily recorded and monitored. It provides for interaction, is flexible and permits immediate feed-back. Online-marketing includes many forms such as on-line advertising, on-line sales promotions, on-line direct marketing, on-line public relations, one-line personal selling. The medium used is the internet and the main instrument is the email. Virtual promotions are cheaper than hard copy versions, but the challenge is to drive traffic to your company’s Web site. Event-marketing takes place in three main areas: the product (here, it focuses on increasing sales), the corporation (for developing a corporate body) and the community (to make a difference in the life of the local community) (Bruhn, 1999& Fill, 2002).The price policy can be thought about in various ways when building a CRM programme: discounts for special customers, underselling or matching competitors, loyalty refunds, bundling items together and offering overall prices. Although price is not a measure of inherent value received, it is often used by customers as a benchmark, ignoring any other features or differences.Key factors in the product policy are the product itself, with quality, design, technical features, packaging and service management which includes lifelong warranty, price warranty or a customer telephone line. An active management in the distribution policy can focus on the customer or on the distribution channel. The producer evaluates the activity of the distribution partner and Customer relationship management intervenes when needed. The focus on the customers is realised through a Key Account Management which develops programmes for special customers.6. Customer relationship management in financial servicesFinancial services differ from many other industries. This can be seen particularly in Romania, where 40 commercial banks fight for a population of 21 million citizens. They cover the whole spectrum of customers from individuals to partnerships, institutions, corporations and governments. As a result, it can be very difficult to focus on single markets. Customers are often in two positions: they may have a deposit and savings accounts, but also loans and overdrafts. They are very service focused, they sell only intangibles. Financial services require processing billions of transactions worldwide and they are one of the heaviest regulated industries in the world (Rusell-Jones, 2003).The customers in the financial services are better informed, are switching channels, and seem to be more demanding of service, and used to change. The market is also highly competitive and new entrants are coming with diverse products and approaches.The industry of financial services in Romania has a very high potential and registers every year high growth rates. Till now, the location in a major city of the country with a population around 300.000 people was an advantage of the business and a success factor. Now the battlefield has moved in the small towns. The competition became tougher; banks began to develop and to introduce new products. Some experts say that a weakness of the banking sector is market segmentation. There is lots of information about customers, but it seems that banks prefer to focus on clients with large savings accounts. The main banks in Romania, as BRD, BCR, ING, and HVB-Tiriac announced for the year 2005 an increase in the number of the private banking clients. These are mainly customers with accounts between 50.000 and 100.000 Euros, they benefit of private consultancy, special interest rates, commissions, and special insurances. Customers have also a word to say about their bank. A market study made by DeadalusConsulting revealed that the customer profile for banking services is: person aged between 45-55 years, with higher or middle education. The most utilized service is the bank card for salaries payment (32,6%). Next, savings accounts (10,2%), credits for personal needs (11,1%), credits for buying electronics (9,2%) and auto leasing. The best grades were received by Raiffeisen Bank (8,83), BCR (8,58) and BRD Societe Generale (8,57). A customer’s criteria when choosing a bank are the trust in the bank, the environment in the branch, the quality of the staff, the advice they receive, the best interest rate they can receive, the information about the credit costs, and the conditions for obtaining a credit. A successful service provided by the majority of the banks is internet banking. It allows clients to save time and money, without going to the bank, 24 of 24 from inside or abroad. The access is free of charge or very cheap, and includes all kinds of activities from money transfer, payment orders, currency exchange, payment of current bills, external payments etc. The rate of penetration is still low, ranking between 10% and 30% of the customers in one middle bank.7. ConclusionsRomanian companies must focus in the future on the Customer Relationship Management and try to turn a “susceptible” client into a “partner”, to transform people who once needed their product/service, or occasional business partners into supporters and advocates and, eventually, into loyal partners that “sell” on the behalf of the company. Companies must create a permanent dialogue with their customers, and fight for them, because the clientele is not given for free. Customers that were price sensitive show now a higher interest in quality, service and behaviour of staff, and a company which concentrated on a price strategy should check how prepared its rivals are for a competition in the aforementioned fields. Customer Relationship Management increases its flexibility and adaptability to the market, in a world of capricious clients.中文译文：客户关系管理1.介绍在过去的十年中，大多数企业正在忙于生产，经济衰退，合并，新技术和商业管理。

文献翻译-电子商务

电子商务增强私营企业的竞争力国贸140（26140401）胡雪强本文译自：The Second China Private Economy Innovation International Forum 2009 – Enhance the Private Enterprises Competitiveness by E-commerce , Written by Xiao-Hong Zhang, Si-Jing Li, Wei-Min Sun ―Chinese Agricultural Scie nce and Technology Press, Beijing China‖摘要：现今随着信息技术的快速发展和互联网的影响，也因为市场的猛烈竞争和企业的自身需求，许多私营企业采用电子商务来改善他们的竞争力和运营管理水平。

电子商务会改变企业内部结构，决策，合作，控制等。

电子商务给私营企业带来了很大的影响。

这篇文章会从价值链的角度分析电子商务对企业的研发，采购方式，运营模式，市场模式和客户服务方面的影响。

通过研究电子商务对私营企业的影响，我们会意识到电子商务的重要性，正确全面发挥电子商务优势作用来加强私营企业的竞争力。

关键词：电子商务，影响，私营企业1介绍电子商务是一个总的概念，是关于企业间，企业和客户间，企业和政府间任何使用信息通讯技术来进行商业交易，信息交换的形式。

（Esprit,1997)[1]．越来越多的国内民营企业意识到,在IT行业快速发展的时代面临激烈的竞争，全面使用电子商务是企业求生存的唯一方法。

这是因为电子商务给私营企业带来的影响不仅在管理方面，如：计划，组织，管控等。

也影响研发，采购，生产，加工，制造，储存，销售和客户服务等方面。

这篇文章会试图从价值链的角度来分析电子商务的影响力以此来引起民营企业对电子商务的关注。

2电子商务对私营企业的影响1.1电子商务对私营企业研发的影响研发是保持商业企业不断发展的基本动力，商业企业的电子商务系统不仅提供市场信息和需求信息给研发系统，而且提供国内和国际上先进的技术和新产品。

电子商务对国际贸易的影响中英文对照外文翻译文献

电子商务对国际贸易的影响中英文对照外文翻译文献原文：The Impact of Electronic Commerce on International Trade E-Commerce is doing business through electronic media or the practice of buying and selling products and services over the Internet,utilizing technologies such as the Web,Electronic Data Interchange(EDI),Email,electronic fund transfers and smart cards,without face-to-face meeting between two parties of the transactions.In brief,E-Commerce is the online exchange or sale and purchase of goods and services.The BackgroundWith the extension of internet in application area, from academies, enterprises tothe government departments, the network reaches variable aspects of our society. From knowledge learning, message obtaining to e-commerce, the digital network is all proved a strong pushing strength. With network, the difference of time and space are eliminated, the exchange and communication among people, the resources sharing are becoming much more easier, based on that, more and more applications are developed, and one of which is the network university and remote learning which will be a great revolution to the traditional teaching and learning way. People can study online, exchange thoughts interactively with teachers and schoolmates through network rather than special classrooms in the campus, this will provide a chance to learn knowledge all the life for those who are in work or can’t go into colleges, perhaps the network university will be the most important model to study in a not long future.Abstract：The 21st century is the century of the network, with the growing popularity of the network, making e-commerce has become the most important international trade as a means of convenient e-commerce has brought the entire international trade an in-depth change, a great impact the development of international trade.In this paper, the impact of electronic commerce on international trade research, first on the meaning and mode of e-commerce and international trade, a simple introduction to basic concepts,followed by analysis to identify the impact of electronic commerce on international trade, and found that not only e-commerce promote the rapid development of international trade transactions, but also changed the way of making small and medium enterprises to become more involved in international trade to; and making the international market truly be realized, but also the international trade business management major changes.Key Words：Electronic commerce; international trade; InternetIntroductionIn recent year, e-commerce has emerged as the fastest growing sector of the world marketplace. Despite the contraction in the high-tech industry during the recent recession, firms have continued to enter and expand their presence in e-commerce, and consumers have increased the number of purchases made online. E-commerce currently represents a very small share of overall commerce, but it is expected to continue to expand rapidly in coming years. As e-commerce grows, so will its impact on the overall economy.1．The Overview of E-commerce1.1 The Meaning of E-commerceE-commerce usually refers to the use of computer technology, network technology and telecommunication technology to achieve the entire business process become computerization, digitization and networking.E-commerce is a new business model making that both buyers and sellers do not have to meet each other in various business activities in a wide range of business around the world trade. It also contributes to the consumer's online shopping, online transactions between merchants and online electronic payment in different business activities, trading activities, financial activities and activities related to integrated services in the Internet, an open network environment which based on WEB / server applications ways.E-commerce permeates every stage of trade activities, including information exchange, pre-sales service, sales, electronic payments, transportation, the formation of virtual enterprise and sharing resources. The participants of E-commerce include consumers, vendors, suppliers, financial institutions, enterprises, government and other institutions or individuals, whose purpose is to achieve a business and the whole society efficiency and low-cost trade.1. 2 The E-commerce PatternThe E-commerce pattern is refers to the basic mode which the enterprises obtain the business income using the Internet development management, it is based on a certain technology based commercial operation way and the profit pattern in the network environment. The research and the analysis of the E-commerce pattern’s classified system is helpful in unearths the new E-commerce pattern, provides the way for the E-commerce pattern innovation and be helpful in the enterprise formulates the specific E-commerce strategy and the implementation step. The E-commerce pattern can establish different classification framework from different angles. From the traditional viewpoint, E-commerce pattern is summed up as B2C(Business to Consumer), B2B(Business to Business), C2B(Consumer to Business), C2C(Consumer to Consumer), B2G(Business to Government), BMC（Business Medium Consumer）..1.2.1 The Emergence of E-commerceDuring the 1940s’ and 1950s’, the fiber optic communication technologies and computer technology based on microelectronics has detonated the information technology revolution which still has not ceased until now. Whether it is data processing or information transmission, the human beings have entered an unprecedented era of efficient. In the 1970s, the production of EDI technology (Electronic Data Interchange, Electronic Data Interchange) causes the people began to try to exchange business data automatically between different computers, which is the primary form of e-commerce.E-commerce originated in the 1960s’ and development in the 1990s’, and the important conditions of its emergence and development are mainly:● Government's support and impetusAfter the European Union issued Europe Electronic Commerce Agreement in 1997 and the US issued the “Framework for Global Electronic Commerce”, the electron ic commerce has been valued by the governments all over the world.● Widespread use of computerIn the recent 30 years, the faster speed of computer's processing, the stronger handling ability, the lower price and the broader application area provided the solid foundation for use ofE-commerce.● Popularity and maturity of the networkUp to December 31, 2008, the Chinese net citizen achieves at 298, 000, 000 people, and the popularizing rate achieves 22.6%, which surpasses the global average level.● Impeccable network serviceAccording to the statistics, there are more than 4000 influential websites in the world, and almost every website can provide the electronic commerce information and the service. And theOn-line payment technology and the electronic currency payment technology are reliable and popular used all over the world.A recent study of the marketplace by Nielsen//Net Ratings found more than 200 million Americans (or 75%) are using the Internet. Those who shopped online in 2003 spent $17.2 billion online in just the fourth quarter alone. Research firms anticipate that, in 2004, the number of online shoppers will increase by 14 percent, representing 30 percent of the U.S. population. In four more years, half the country’s population will be purcha sing online.1.2.2 The Meaning of International TradeThe international trade refers the exchange between commodity and service in different countries (and/or area), the business of buying and selling commodities beyond national borders. It is the international shift of commodity and service which is also called the world trade and composed of two parts, imports and exports.International trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries. This type of trade gives rise to a world economy, in which prices, or supply and demand, affect and are affected by global events. Political change in Asia, for example, could result in an increase in the cost of labor, thereby increasing the manufacturing costs for an American sneaker company based in Malaysia, which would then result in an increase in the price that you have to pay to buy the tennis shoes at your local mall. A decrease in the cost of labor, on the other hand, would result in you having to pay less for your new shoes.Trading globally gives consumers and countries the opportunity to be exposed to goods and services not available in their own countries. Almost every kind of product can be found on the international market: food, clothes, spare parts, oil, jewelry, wine, stocks, currencies and water. Services are also traded: tourism, banking, consulting and transportation. A product that is sold to the global market is an export, and a product that is bought from the global market is an import. Imports and exports are accounted for in a country's current account in the balance of payments.2 The Impact of Electronic Commerce on International Trade2.1 Promote the Rapid Development of International TradeThe electronic transaction can replace other trading method to a certain extent. In this case, the rise in e-commerce trade will offset the decline in trade in other ways. For example, the increase of international commercial volume through the Internet means the decrease of the volume through the mail or services across the border. However, electronic commerce improve the transaction efficiency and creates the extra commercial opportunity unceasingly by reducing the transaction cost and the price, which on one hand from the superiority that the electronic commerce can reduce the price and increases the international demand; On the other hand it can create the new trade partner and develop the new business partner, making these overtop cost or implementation difficulties transaction becomes feasible.Moreover, electronic commerce can be supplement of the traditional transaction method to complete the transaction together with the transportation of tangible goods. For example, electronic commerce can be the supplementary means of trade through advertisement, marketing, purchase and electronic payment. In short, electronic commerce makes the cross-border transfer of information and resource sharing truly meet the requirements as breaking the space and time limit, thus promoted the international trade development.websites through the provision of goods price and seeking the lowest prices all over the world and use the online auction bidding and other forms of collective bargaining to buy goods at lower prices. This can reduce the prices of imported goods in the country and be conducive to the development of the country's import trade and growth, and form the expansion effects of trade to a certain extent. 2.2 Changed the Trade ModeThe traditional marketing model is the first with the product to look for customers, and sellers are basically telephone communication, mailing product catalogs, all kinds of exhibitions, and so the traditional way to exchange views and suggestions. The changes arising from electronic eommerce marketing, the promotion of international trade, marketing, generate new forms of marketing - e-marketing (e-marketing). E-marketing, there are two meanings: one refers to the use of electronic means of marketing; the other one refers to the Internet as the core e-marketing. However, the latter is developing as a modern international trade, an important way of marketing.The emergence of e-commerce makes a significant change in the trade transactions of the international market, and contributes to the appearance of the virtual trading market without cashtransaction. Electronic commerce developed a brand-new opening, multi-dimensional, the three-dimensional market environment through the exchange of on-line “virtual” information, which broke through the premise condition in which traditional market must take certain time and area. the whole world are connected into a unified "big market" by the information network, promoting to form a world economics marketability. Meanwhile, it drove the development of our country’s social economy in great extent and urged deepen the reform of our country’s enterprise in industrial structure and the trading mode.The existing network has achieved the real-time transmission and exchange of the standard format among the business users document such as contracts, bills of lading, invoices and so on). Both buyers and sellers can handle the order, the negotiations, signing, the declaration, the inspection, the chartering, the taxes payment and other trade service procedure directly online, which reduced the trading hours greatly and made the transaction more fast and convenient and promote the working efficiency of the finance, the customs, the transportation and the insurance. The capital, the commodity and the technology brought by the fast flowing information accelerate the global flows of production elements and promote network economy to the computer network technology as the platform and electronic commerce for the pattern in the rapidly developing economy world. The economic and trade and the connection among countries can strengthen greatly under this kind of network trade's environment and bring the new energy and spirit to the development of world’s economic.2.3 Making SMEs More Involved in International TradeThe rapid development of e-commerce in the world makes the position where the large enterprises plays a leader role in the international trade in traditional trade pattern decrease day by day and ushered a brand-new development opportunities and a broader international market. The emergence of electronic commerce makes the Small and medium-sized enterprises have more opportunities to show their good brand image and product on the international stage, which is mainly manifested in two aspects:On the one hand, e-commerce is helpful for the small and medium-sized enterprise displays its unique superiority of products and greatly develops the brand products. in environmental impact of the traditional mass production and marketing, people often tend to buy the most satisfying products in the lowest price, which often has the relative advantage of the advantage in large scale of economies, mass production capabilities by large enterprises, the formation of cost, so that to bea dominant position in the small and medium-sized enterprise competition. However, electronic commerce provided customers an effective way that they can talk face to face with manufacturers of products and ordered services personalized, by which customers can massively visit enterprise's related website, describe their products and business needs and different requirements in the web sides, and make a transform from large scale production's pattern into the personalized product ordering pattern。

电子商务信息安全中英文对照外文翻译文献

电子商务信息安全中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：E-commerce Information Security ProblemsⅠ. IntroductionE-commerce (E-Business) is in open networks, including between enterprises (B2B), business and consumers (B2C) commercial transactions, compared with the traditional business model, e-commerce with efficient, convenient, covered wide range of characteristics and benefits. However, e-commerce open this Internet-based data exchange is great its security vulnerabilities, security is a core e-commerce development constraints and key issues.In this paper, the basic ideas and principles of systems engineering, analyzes the current security threats facing e-commerce, in this based on security technology from the perspective of development trend of e-commerce.Ⅱ. E-commerce modelModern e-commerce technology has focused on the establishment and operation of the network of stores. Network in the department stores and real stores no distinction between structure and function, differences in their function and structure to achieve these methods and the way business operate.Web store from the front view is a special kind of WEB server. WEB site of modern multimedia support and a good interactive feature as the basis for the establishment of this virtual store, so customers can, as in a real supermarket pushing a shopping cart to select goods, and finally in the checkout check out. These online stores also constitute the three pillars of software: catalog, shopping cart and customer checkout. Customers use an electronic currency and transaction must store customers and stores are safe and reliable.Behind the store in the network, enterprises must first have a product storage warehouse and administration; second network to sell products by mail or other delivery channels to customers hands; Third, enterprises should also be responsible for product after-sales service, This service may be through networks, may not. Internet transactions are usually a first Pay the bill and getting goods shopping. For customers, convenience is that the goods purchased will be directly delivered to their home, but hard to feel assured that the goods can not be confirmed until the handsreach into their own hands, what it is.Therefore, the credibility of the store network and service quality is actually the key to the success of e-commerce.Ⅲ.the key to development of electronic commerceE-commerce in the telecommunications network to develop. Therefore, the advanced computer network infrastructure and telecommunications policy easing the development of electronic commerce has become a prerequisite. Currently, telecom services, high prices, limited bandwidth, the service is not timely or not reliable and so the development of e-commerce has become a constraint. Speed up the construction of telecommunications infrastructure, to break the telecommunications market monopoly, introduce competition mechanism to ensure fair competition in the telecommunications business, to promote networking, ensure to provide users with low-cost, high-speed, reliable communications services is a good construction target network environment, but also all of the world common task.E-commerce the most prominent problem is to solve the on-line shopping, trading and clearing of security issues, including the establishment of e-commerce trust between all the main issues, namely the establishment of safety certification system (CA) issues; choose safety standards (such as SET , SSL, PKI, etc.) problems; using encryption and decryption method and encryption strength problems. Establishment of security authentication system which is the key.Online trading and traditional face to face or written transactions in different ways, it is transmitted through the network business information and trade activities. The security of online transactions means:Validity: the validity of the contract to ensure online transactions, to prevent system failure, computer viruses, hacker attacks.Confidentiality: the content of the transaction, both transactions account, the password is not recognized by others and stealing.Integrity: to prevent the formation of unilateral transaction information and modify.Therefore, the e-commerce security system should include: secure and reliable communications network to ensure reliable data transmission integrity, prevent viruses, hackers; electronic signatures and other authentication systems; complete data encryption system and so on.Ⅳ.e-commerce security issues facingAs e-commerce network is the computer-based, it inevitably faces a number of security issues.(1) Information leakPerformance in e-commerce for the leakage of business secrets, including two aspects: the parties are dealing transactions by third parties to steal the contents; transaction to the other party to provide documents used illegal use by third parties.(2) AlteredE-commerce information for business performance in the authenticity and integrity issues. Electronic transaction information in the network transmission process may be others to illegally modify, delete or re-changed, so that information about its authenticity and integrity.(3) IdentificationWithout identification, third-party transactions is likely to fake the identity of parties to a deal breaker, damage the reputation of being counterfeit or stolen by one party to the transaction fake results and so on, for identification, the transaction between the two sides can prevent suspicion situation.(4) Computer virusesComputer virus appeared 10 years, a variety of new virus and its variants rapidly increasing, the emergence of the Internet for the spread of the virus has provided the best medium. Many new viruses directly using the network as its transmission, as well as many viruses spread faster through dried networks, frequently causing billions of dollars in economic losses.(5) HackerWith the spread of a variety of application tools, hackers have been popular, and are not in the past; non-computer expert can not be a hacker. Have kicked Yahoo's mafia boy did not receive any special training, only a few attacks to the users to download software and learn how to use the Internet on a big dry.Ⅴ.e-commerce security and safety factorsEnterprise application security is the most worried about e-commerce, and how to protect the security of e-commerce activities, will remain the core of e-commerce research. As a secure e-commerce system, we must first have a safe, reliable communication network, to ensure that transaction information secure and rapidtransmission; second database server to ensure absolute security against hackers break into networks to steal information. E-commerce security technologies include encryption, authentication technology and e-commerce security protocols, firewall technology.(A), encryption technologyTo ensure the security of data and transactions to prevent fraud, to confirm the true identity of transaction parties, e-commerce to adopt encryption technology, encryption technology is through the use of code or password to protect data security. For encrypted data is called plaintext, specifically through the role of a encryption algorithm, the conversion into cipher text, we will express this change as the cipher text is called encryption, the cipher text by the decryption algorithm to form a clear role in the output of this a process known as decryption. Encryption algorithm known as the key parameters used. The longer the key, the key space is large, traverse the key space the more time spent, the less likely cracked.Encryption technology can be divided into two categories: symmetric encryption and asymmetric encryption. Symmetric encryption to the data encryption standard DES (Data Encryption Standard) algorithm is represented. Asymmetric encryption is usually RSA (Rivets Shamir Aleman) algorithm is represented.(B), authenticationCommonly used security authentication technologies: digital signatures, digital certificates, digital time stamp, CA security authentication technology.(C), hacker protection technologyCurrently, hackers have become the biggest e-commerce security threats, thus preventing hacking network security technology has become the main content, by governments and industry are highly valued. Hacking techniques include buffer overflow attacks, Trojans, port scans, IP fraud, network monitoring, password attacks, and denial of service Dos attacks. At present, people have made many effective anti-hacker technologies, including firewalls, intrusion detection, and network security evaluation techniques.Ⅵ.the future security of e-commerceIncreasingly severe security problems, are growing threat to national and global economic security, governments have been based on efforts in the following areas: (1) Strengthen the legislation, refer to the advanced countries have effective legislation, innovative, e-commerce and improve the protection of the laws againstcyber-crime security system.(2) Establishment of relevant institutions, to take practical measures to combat cyber crime. Development of the law, the implementing agencies should also be used for its relevant laws, which must establish an independent oversight body, such as the executing agency to implement the law.(3) Increase investment in network security technology; improve the level of network security technology. E-commerce security law is the prerequisite and basis for development and secure e-commerce security technology is a means of protection. There are many security issues are technical reasons, it should increase the technology resources, and continuously push forward the development of old technologies and developing new security technology.(4) To encourage enterprises to protect themselves against Internet crime against. To avoid attack, companies can not hold things to chance, must attach great importance to system vulnerabilities, in time to find security holes to install the operating system and server patches, and network security detection equipment should be used regularly scan the network monitoring, develop a set of complete security protection system to enable enterprises to form a system and combined with the comprehensive protection system.(5) To strengthen international cooperation to strengthen global efforts to combat cyber crime. As e-commerce knows no borders, no geographical, it is a completely open area, so the action against cyber crime e-commerce will also be global. This will require Governments to strengthen cooperation, can not have "the saying which goes, regardless of others, cream tile" misconception.(6) To strengthen the network of national safety education, pay attention to the cultivation of outstanding computer.Ⅶ. ConclusionE-commerce in China has developed rapidly in recent years, but the security has not yet established. This has an impact on the development of electronic commerce as a barrier.To this end, we must accelerate the construction of the e-commerce security systems. This will be a comprehensive, systematic project involving the whole society. Specifically, we want legal recognition of electronic communications records of the effectiveness of legal protection for electronic commerce; we should strengthen the research on electronic signatures, to protect e-commerce technology; we need to build e-commerce authentication system as soon as possible, to organize protection for electronic commerce. Moreover, for e-commerce features without borders, we shouldalso strengthen international cooperation, so that e-commerce truly plays its role. Only in this way, we can adapt to the timesPromoting China's economic development; also the only way we can in the economic globalization today, to participate in international competition, and thus gain a competitive advantage.Source: Michael Hecker, Tharam S. Dillon, and Elizabeth Chang IEEE Internet Computing prentice hall publishing, 2002电子商务中的信息安全问题一、引言电子商务（E-Business）是发生在开放网络上的包括企业之间（B2B）、企业和消费者之间（B2C）的商业交易，与传统商务模式相比，电子商务具有高效、便捷、覆盖范围广等特点和优点。

电子商务信用中英文对照外文翻译文献

电子商务信用中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)英文：Towards Enhancing Trust on Chinese E-Commerce Abstract:E-Commerce has been much more popular in western countries where the development of E-Commerce systems has been relatively matured. While the technology and social credit environment are well developed, E-Commerce is relatively new and receives fewer acceptances within commercial industries in China. Building trust has been identified as one of the major concerns in E-Commerce.In this paper, we will develop an computational model, which may be used to improve the trust-building relationship among consumers, retailers and authorities. This model considers a number of factors including direct experiences, customer recommendations, and authority certification, while parties involved in the E-Commerce activities can confidently establish and reliably enhance the trustworthiness.We also conduct a case study on how to improve consumer-retailer trust relationship in an E-Commerce application by the use of the trust model, which is one of functional electronic storefronts with the consideration of trustworthiness in China. In addition, the findings from this research will also be helpful for national policy maker on legislation of Chinese E-Commerce activities.Key Words: Trust, E-Commerce, Trust-building, Computational model, Chinese E-Commerce.I. Introduction“With the rapid development of Internet technology, the landscape of exchanging information and doing business has been com pletely changed”. As a new way of doing business, E-Commerce is increasingly affecting, changing and even replacing the traditional commerce approach. People are increasingly accepting and using E-Commerce than ever before. Without any doubt, many network applications, based on initial Door to Door to B2B, B2C, and C2C models, have a profound influence on the global economy. However most of the development of E-Commerce is primarily achieved within a handful of countries, particularly in countries like US, Japan and some of European countries. Since the advent of the Internet in the late 1990’s in China, various applications can be seen in the following years, which stirred thousands of ambitious young Chinese people to establish their own business on-line with a dream of getting wealthy overnight. Over the past few years, almost 70% of the growth in Internet users from all over the world occurred only in China. However, in terms of E-Commerce development, there is still a gap between China and the developed countries. With the increased popularity of the Internet and the continuous improvement of Internet technologies, the development of E-Commerce has just made an impressive start. What hinder the development of Chinese E-Commerce can be attributed to various problems and barriers. Some of these problems such as payment method, distribution problem, and security issues have been partially alleviated. Unfortunately the consumers’ lack of trust towards E-Retailers has been identified as the biggest barrier that needs to be overcome in long-term.In the paper, we will identify the challenges in developing Chinese E-Commerce and propose a model to cooperate with current E-Commerce system as a mean of enhancing trustworthiness. The paper is organized into 6 sections. Section 2 introduces the current standing of E-Commerce, and then Section 3 briefly reviews the challenges in developing E-Commerce, and examines the “Trust problem”, which is identified as the major obstacle that hinders the spreading of E-Commerce in China. In Section 4, we propose a computational model that can be used to address the trust problem. Section 5 specifically discusses how to apply the model to improve trustworthiness, and gives a case study in Section 6. Section 7 concludes the paper by discussing further directions for improving trust between E-Commerce users.II. Current Chinese E-Commerce Standing(I) Issues in E-CommerceTrust has always been the main concern among most of Chinese E-Commerce companies. On one hand, people are impressed by doing business on-line, but on the other hand they are still worried about using E-Commerce widely. Consequently, a gap appeared between on-line retailers’interest in attracting shoppers to their electronic storefronts and many consumers’ trust in those activities. Nevertheless, researches have shown that the trust problem is not only technical problem, but more of a social problem caused by various reasons. First and foremost, for historical reasons, people may lack of confiden ce with others, therefore it’s quite difficult to puttrust in someone else in the beginning. Secondly, the commercial law and regulation for E-Commerce cannot fully protect the interests of consumers and merchants. Therefore E-Commerce users lack the confidence to take the risk when communicating with an unfamiliar party. Thirdly, the social credit system and payment system in China are still not strong enough when carrying complex E-Commerce transactions, so that on-line business frauds may happen, and harm consumers. Last but not least Internet security and cryptography techniques, which can increase consumers’confidence in on-line activity, are still under development. Due to all these issues, E-Commerce specialists commonly regard that the bottleneck of Chinese E-Commerce is as a trust problem than anything else.(II) Opportunities of Chinese E-CommerceIn 2005, Chinese E-Commerce has been experiencing the upsurge of B2C markets. With the recognition of trust problem, many retailers are experimenting with various trust building strategies to establish trustworthiness towards E-Retailers. Establishing trust between E-Commerce users is a long term process. Apart from more education or training in the long term, we can resort to technology to enhance consumer trust in an unfamiliar E-retailer. One effective method is to participate in third-party assurance programs, which assist consumers in an accessible level of trust they should place in an E-Commerce transaction. In that way, merchants who agree to meet a third party assures standards can either use the assure certified technology, or agree to be bound in some way by the assure procedures or oversight are registered by the assure and permitted to display an identifying logo or assurance seal on their website. Consumers can reveal specific validation of the merchants good-standing with the assure or additional disclosures related to the merchants’ business practices or history. Some theories suggest that trust in an E-retailer can be speci fically defined as consumers’ willingness to accept vulnerability in an on-line transaction based on their positive expectations regarding an E-Retailers future behavior. By evaluating a party’s post behavior and tracking its activities, the party’s futu re behavior can be expected and trust level can be considered so that consumers can make purchasing decision according to the trust level of E-Retailer. In this paper, a third party assurance program that can be cooperated with the current E-Commerce system is proposed. Through tracking E-Retailer ’s activity records, collecting consumer experiences, and recommendations, the computation model is capable of considering the level that consumer can trust an unfamiliar E-Retailer. More detail about the model is described in Section 4.III. Challenges in Developing Chinese E-CommerceChinese E-Markets is undeniably of great potential. E-Markets are not only beneficial for national economy, but also for the global economy, especially since China has entered the World Trade Organization (WTO). However, in terms of developing E-Commerce, there is a gap between China and other developed countries. The primary cause is that the advent of information age has a great impact on the economy of industrialized countrie s, while the social environment and China hasn’t become used to its coming. These can be noticed from various aspects including information infrastructure, barriers of social environment, degree of technologyinnovation, level of awareness, and trustworthiness and so on. Technically, the improvement is obvious, but it’s difficult to catch up in short term for some social problems.(I) Informationization GapCurrent social environment in China is yet to match the rapid informationization. The understanding of the relation and interaction between industrialization and informationization is inadequate. In addition, the importance and urgency of informationization in social and economic development haven’t been fully appreciated. Apart from that, for a long term progress, the awareness and acceptance to informationization are still underway both theoretically and practically.Furthermore, the global information infrastructure are building up, China is not a exception. However, the popularity of informational and electronic facilities in China is still behind the USA, even though 70% of the growth in Internet users occurred in China. That is mainly due to the huge population of China and the imbalanced development of different regions.In terms of the innovation of information technology, China is catching up to the developed countries progressively, although the exploring and utilization of information resources and services are not yet adequate.(II) Social Barriers in E-CommerceIn China, E-Commerce activities are impeded by some social barriers as well. For instance, the law and regulation are not flawless. E-commerce gives a full impetus to social and economic development; in the meantime, it raises some new problems. So we need to address the inadequacy of traditional policy and laws in the new circumstance, and recommend new and effective law and regulation system. E-commerce may cause multi-facet problems, such as legitimacy and authentication of E-currency, E-contract, and E-bill. Taxation is another problem. It includes how to collect business tax and custom; whether new tax and collecting methods are needed for some intangible products (e.g. software, electrical audio and video); how to secure market and prevent monopoly, especially telecommunication monopoly; how to protect privacy and Intellectual Property(IP); how to manage and control export and import of intangible products, and so on.There is a lack of E-Commerce standard. Standardization and legislation is a difficult but important task in developing E-Commerce. For instance, before the E-Signature Standard was invented in China, there was no particular standard to normalize the behaviors on Internet, therefore, it could not setup a standard business environment compatible with international standards, which has a huge impact on integration of individual country and global economy.Another problem associated with E-Commerce is the social credit system and payment system. The present E-Commerce can only be regarded as quasi-E-Commerce. Since the credit system lacks of trust, effective monitoring and payment mechanism. The Internet commodity transaction centers only fulfilled parts of E-Commerce processes, but by no mean to be full processes from pre-purchase to post-purchase. The current distribution system for Chinese E-Commerce is still not satisfied enough. For instance, the delivery of products has yet to be separated frommanufacturing and commercial enterprisers. The incomplete distribution system still responds passively to production and sales departments, where different processing links such as warehousing, transporting and loading functions as independent entities so that the distribution problem has not been solved well at present.In summary, these informationization gaps and social barriers indeed hinder the development of Chinese E-Commerce, but many people consider lack of consumers trust in E-Commerce merchants, technology, social, financial and legal infrastructures of E-Commerce environment as the most concerned issues that affect the development in an individual country, since most traditional cues for assessing trust in physical world are not available on-line.(III)Trust IssueTrust is a catalyst for human cooperation, and it has received considerable attention in the business and social science literature. Lack of trust can result in a waste of time and resources on protecting ourselves against possible harm and thereby clogs up the economy. Consumer’s trust in an E-Retailer can be defined as consumers’willingness to accept vulnerability in an on-line transaction based on their positive expectations in regard with an E-Retailers future behavior. Factors that affect trust in E-Commerce for consumers include security risks, privacy risks, and lack of reliability in E-Commerce processes in general. As pointed by Nielsen, real trust builds through a company’s actual behavior towards its customers over time, and it is seen to be difficult to build and easy to lose. Theoretically, there are three trust-building processes summarized in:1. Knowledge-based trust is described as a form of trust that develops over time as one party learns about intentions, capabilities, and activity experiences. Example can be recommendation, evaluations, and reputations.2. Institutional-based trust relied on the creation of a “trust infrastructure”, of socially recognized third-party intermediaries that certify the trustworthiness of parties in a commercial exchange or actually enforce trustworthy behaviors on the part of one or both partners. Such example is certificate, membership of association.3. Trust transfer happens when one party ascribes trustworthiness to an unfamiliar exchange partner based on that partner’s association with a trusted party.In the ext section, we will describe a computational model, which can be used to facilitate the trust- building process in E-Commerce, particularly for Chinese E-Commerce market.In this paper, we surveyed the E-Commerce activities currently under going in China. We have closely analyzed the gap between the informationization and barriers of Chinese E-Commerce systems. Among the topics of facilitating development of a positive, effective and satisfied E-Commerce system, “trust” is a major issue, which has not received adequate attention in past decades. We have proposed a computational trust model (ERC2G), which can foster a trust relationship between consumers and merchants, and illustrate how to apply the model in a Chinese E-Commerce system. From the case study of EI Computer, we briefly talked about the implementation of E-Commerce systems with the consideration of enhancing trust. However, establishing trust must be a complex process, which involves moreinformation sources, so continuous improving and enhancing the trustworthiness will be the main objective we need to achieve in future work.翻译：提升中国电子商务信用度摘要电子商务在西方国家已经非常流行，并且电子商务系统在这些国家的发展也相对成熟。

电子商务-文献翻译：电子商务与旅游业精品

信息学院设计(论文)外文资料翻译系别电子商务系专业电子商务姓名学号外文出处E-Business: The E-Business Legal Survival Kit (用外文写)（Writer: J.T.Westermeier and Lee J. Plave）http://.piperrudnick.附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文附件1：外文资料翻译译文电子商务与旅游业摘要电子商务的鼎盛时期已经过去还是仅仅只是在休整？商业和股市期望没有得到满足。

但是，抛去其强硬的经济问题和数量稀少旅客，电子商务在诸如旅游和旅游业的网上交易的一些部门依然不断增加。

这个行业是在B2C（企业对消费者）领域的领导型应用。

而在其他行业有较强的坚持传统工艺，旅游业正经历一个电子商务的接受过程，该行业的结构正在发生变化。

网络不仅用于收集信息；通过互联网订购服务正在被接受。

一个新型的用户正在出现，接受成为他自己的旅行社，并建立自己的旅游套票。

在20XX年美国在线旅游市场增长了45％至27亿元。

占市场总值的14.4％，欧洲在线旅游增加了67％，占市场总额的3.6％（根据区域与旅游研究，.crt.dk丹麦中心）。

同年美国32％的旅客已使用互联网预订旅游安排（见.nua./surveys/）。

预测到20XX年30%的B2C交易在欧洲的德国将在互联网上完成。

然而，其他的市场研究机构发布其他，高和低，编号。

这些统计数据问题，他们是基于不同，要么宽或窄、定义：要么区分：电子商务和电子商务(看到后者作为部分的第一)或不是，并且使用不同的变量和测量方法。

但是，即使证明不同的定义，给出了所有的统计数字旅游域点向上。

然而，在所有这些定义亏缺了一个重要方面我们可以看出在旅游案例：他们是所有交易和商业导向和忽略了这个事实，即网络也是一个中等的好奇心、创建社区或刚一件有趣的事，所有这一切都可能发生，也可能不会获得业务。

特别是旅游产品与情感体验，有趣但并不仅仅是业务。

电子商务外文翻译文献

文献信息：文献标题：ELECTRONIC COMMERCE（电子商务）国外作者：Đerić Slavko文献出处：《Economics》,2017,4字数统计：英文2060单词，11447字符；中文3455汉字外文文献：ELECTRONIC COMMERCESUMMARY Electronic commerce can be defined in different ways. Any definition helps to understand and explain that concept as better as possible. Electronic commerce is a set of procedures and technologies that automate the tasks of financial transactions using electronic means. Also, according to some authors, electronic commerce is defined as a new concept, which is being developed and which includes process of buying and selling or exchanging products, services or information via computer networks, including the Internet. Electronic commerce is not limited just to buying and selling, but it also includes all pre-sales and after-sales ongoing activities along the supply chain. Introducing electronic commerce, using the Internet and Web services in business, realizes the way to a completely new type of economy—internet economy.Keywords:electronic commerce, development, purchase, sale, economy, InternetINTRODUCTIONToday, development of modern means of communication, especially electronic, which radically change the existing power relations and the power on the global market, have a significant role in more evident process of globalization. The magnitude of impact of the development of communication and information resources on the world economy may be implied by the fact that it goes into traditional laborintensive activities, where before there were not opportunities for the application of modern information technology.Managers of large companies, as well as small and medium-sized enterprises, need to understand first of all the importance, as well as many advantages that use of modern digital technology enables them in the creation of new business ideas and their realization. In the new digital era the benefits and opportunities of e-business represent a significant potential that should be used in the best and the most efficient way. Thanks to the internet there are some changes in the way of business, geographical boundaries are disappearing, language barriers and currency restrictions are being bowed down.ELECTRONIC COMMERCEToday’s way of doing business is completely changed, mostly thanks to the Internet. E-commerce has a great role in the process of globalization and in the development of modern means of communication, especially electronic, by radically changing the existing power relations and the power on the global market. In modern business there is a transition from mechanical to electronic phase of business. Besides the technological aspect it is necessary to emphasize the economic aspect and define e-commerce as a new market that offers new types of goods and services, such as digital products through digital processes. Sellers of physical goods are also being included in digital processes, such as on-line ordering, market research and payment, which are the parts of the new market.Electronic commerce is the exchange of business information, maintaining business relationships, and conducting business transactions between different organizations via telecommunication networks and is more than a set of Internet technologies.E-commerce can be viewed from the narrower and wider point of view. In the narrow sense electronic commerce involves buying and selling through the Internet, and in a broader sense it includes the exchange of business information, maintaining business relationships, and conducting business transactions by means oftelecommunications networks. In fulfilling tasks it uses electronic communication media such as the Internet, extranets, e-mail, database and mobile telephony. Electronic commerce includes several activities such as electronic sales and purchases of goods and services, online delivery of digital content, electronic funds transfer, public procurement, direct consumer marketing and other after-sales services. The basis of e-business is often called a fully digital business and it contains three components: product, process and participants, which have two components, physical and digital. Everything that can be sent and received via the Internet is considered to be a digital product.Electronic commerce creates new markets and economic activities, which are characterized by rapid information processes and market dynamics. Electronic networks provide the infrastructure for collecting and disseminating information. They also serve as a new channel for the sales, promotion of products and services delivery. Moreover, network integrate information for managing business activities at all levels of the company and provide new electronic connections with customers and partners in the supply chain. An increasing number of activities that add value to the economy take place in cyberspace through globally connected electronic networks. The Internet has expanded the premises to which companies reach. Managers can detect a greater number of business opportunities due to obtaining many additional business information from the Internet.ELECTRONIC MARKETMilicevic (2002) states that the Internetand new information technologies are leading to restructuring of markets on a global level and some industrial and service sectors. As well as on traditional (physical) market, also in electronic market, customers and sellers exchange goods and services for money or other goods or services, but only electronically. Electronic market uses electronic transactions leading to a new way of distribution of products and services to ultimate consumers. Electronic market means a place where electronic commerce is conducted, that is to say a network of interactions and communication where the information, products,services and payments are exchanged. In recent years, electronic market is gaining importance in the modern way of doing business. When it comes to e-business, business center is a network based on the locations where there are customers, sellers and other participants and they all find each other electronically and do business so.MODELS OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCEThere are many models of electronic commerce that vary according to the relations which exist between participants in trade (companies, customers, employees, government). Some of the models are: B2B, B2C, B2E, C2C, C2B, but lately there are also more complex forms that are created as a combination and updating of existing models such as B2B2C and C2B2C.B2B (Business to Business) is the automated exchange of information between different organizations;B2C (Business to Consumer) means the sale of goods and services to end consumers;B2E (Business to Employee) is a model which is also known as Intranet, or the Web site that gives products or information to employees;C2B (Consumer to Business) is a model where the consumer requests a product or service from the seller;C2C (Consumer to Consumer) is a model in which customers sell to each other;B2B2C (Business to Business to Consumer) is a model that is realized using B2B model that supports the company’s operations on the model of B2C;C2B2C (Consumer to Business to Consumer) is a model that connects consumers using on-line company as an intermediary.LEGAL ISSUES SPECIFIC TO ELECTRONIC COMMERCEThe most important legal issues specific to e-commerce are: assigning domain names, tax collection from incomes generated electronically and intellectual property protection. When assigning Internet addresses or domain names, problems arise when several companies that have similar names compete around the domain. The problemis solved in court or before an international arbitration system. Federal, state and local authorities are trying in every way to calculate how to get a share of revenue generated electronically. The problems are particularly prominent in international trade, when the question is where you need to pay a tax for a business license, income tax, value-added tax, the annual income tax and the like, as well as who controls the charge. Protection of software and other intangible creations is difficult to be implemented over the Web, which is why the issues of copyright and protection of intellectual property are subjects of frequent discussions. One solution might be a tax that is unique to the Internet, the so-called “bit tax”. The idea of this tax is based on the fact that each bit that travels through the network represents a subject to taxation at a rate that is unique. It could be collected in telephone exchanges or at the service provider and to be submitted to the competent tax authorities. However, such a tax would not take account of the nature of the information or goods that are purchased. The largest amount of bits on the Internet belongs to the children’s video games which are in most countries, wheree-business is developed, tax-exempt or taxed at the lowest rate. It is also unclear which government would take over the tax that is a result of cross-border data flow. Besides safety problems, the problem of unclear model of taxation of commercial transactions on the Internet certainly inflicts great torments to fiscal experts worldwide.ADV ANTAGES AND DISADV ANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE The main characteristic of e-commerce is a profound and very rapid change in the way trade is conducted. Today, e-commerce has many advantages over traditional conducting commercial transactions. Extensive use of e-commerce leads to new advantages. A set of interactive, content-rich and personalized messages can be delivered tospecifically selected consumers to increase sales. Today companies have a lot more information than before, which allows them to take advantage of this information as efficiently as possible, to segment the market and to adapt their products or services to potential customers or service users as well as possible.The impact of e-commerce is especially expressed in industries engaged in theproduction of computers, software and computer equipment and other elements necessary for realization of e-commerce. E-commerce has enabled companies to choose suppliers all over the world regardless of their geographical location, and to sell and market their products or services anywhere in the global market.Compared to traditional commerce the advantages of Internet commerce are numerous because properties are not necessary, as well as window dressing, sales staff is reduced to a minimum, there is a possibility of selling around the world, instant communication, presentation of interactive multimedia catalog that can provide the information that the customer wants (there is no classic catalog and postal shipping), promotion is much cheaper, it is easier to achieve publicity on the internet, there are more opportunities to adapt to customer needs, and with allthat the customer is enabled easier purchases carried out from an armchair, with no time limit (nonstop) ,without affecting the sales staff in the decision-making and various other benefits. Due to the complexity of the system of electronic trade problems in the sale or purchase over the Internet may occur. Problems refer to the fact that many potential customers still do not have Internet access or do not use it, some do not have fast Internet connection, online purchase involves a lot of confidence, privacy is compromised and there is a problem of the actual existence of stores on the Internet. Internet is a public network that is accessible to everyone, and because of that there is a possibility that someone monitors comunication without authorization and to abuse it later. Because of these reasons, it is necessary to find mechanisms that will ensure the protection of information, information integrity, and their authenticity. Cryptography is the science that deals with methods of maintenance of the confidentiality of information and which has its own features such as encryption, decryption and key. Defining and verifying the identity of the sender is achieved by using digital signatures and certificates. The purpose of the digital signature is authentication of the message content, as well as provision of guarantee of identity of the sender of the message.CONCLUSIONWith the advent of the Internet a lot has changed in terms of business and trade. Once the operating was based on the principle of face-toface, but now with the advent of the Internet participants in trade do not need to know, nor meet and see each other. With the advent of e-commerce there are no more geographical borders, nor language barriers and currency constraints. In modern business there is a transition from mechanical to electronic phase of business, which leads to more rapid penetration of technical progress in trade. It comes to development of electronic stores, which have significant benefits for end consumers, but there are new problems related to payments and the security of transactions carried out in this way. E-commerce and e-business are becoming inevitable everyday. Paper, pencil, stamp and other equipmentare replaced by computer and the Internet, thanks to which it is much easier and better to conduct an increasing number of business transactions. Online purchase and e-commerce are developing very fast, thus opening up new business opportunities, which affects an increase in productivity, reduction of costs and faster capital turnover. E-commerce creates employment opportunities, stimulates economic growth, investment in innovations, new technologies and knowledge, which contributes to the emergence of new operators in the market.中文译文：电子商务摘要电子商务可以用不同的方式进行定义。

国际经济与贸易外文翻译外文文献英文文献电子商务的竞争优势及发展前景

英文原版：Electronic Commerce Competitive AdvantageAnd Prospects For DevelopmentGaoJing .Electronic business world，2009（03）As the human society soon entered in the 21st century, a great swell of world information swept into human society swiftly and violently. The information technology revolution becomes the modern science technological revolution the core and the mainstream, the information resource and the energy, the material becomes the national economy and the social development three grand strategy resources, who has the information resource, who has grasped the competition and the development initiative. Emerges vigorously the informationization tide, sped up the world industrial structure adjustment and the reorganization, urges the world economics to transform from the industry economy to the information economy, has the profound influence to human society's production method and the life style, is also changing the people tradition type of trading. Today, electronic commerce, specially based on Internet electronic commerce, because was reducing the expenses, to develop the market and so on various superiority to bring to more and more person's attentions. Electronic commerce is refers to the computer and in the communication network foundation, realizes the commercial exchange and the commercial work activity entire process using the electronic tool. It has emerged since the early 90s, from services and so in-line shopping expanded to bank, securities business aspects and so on operation, becomes one kind through the networking application, fast and carries on each kind of business dealing effectively the newest method. Some people estimated that to 2000, electronic commerce will become in the Internet application a most essential part. Electronic commerce not only causes the commercial revolution, also has provided the new turning point for the information industries, to global scale's economy, cultural even politics will have the profound influence.First, electronic commerce competitive advantage Electronic commerce has provided the global trade environment for the enterprise, has established the new commercial channel, raised the commercial activity level and the grade of service greatly. On enhancement enterprise competitive power's various links, it has the incomparable function: (one) electronic commerce can enhance the commercial activity efficiency electronic commerce to cause to limit production to market ability is more easy to do, the enterprise through the network demonstrated that own product, the service and the payment terms and so on, customer according to his need, issues the order form, the enterprise Production department basis network order information prompt arrangement or the adjustment scale of production and the variety, thus realizes the small batch, the multi-varieties, zero stock, the immediate manufacture and the delivery ideal pattern. Meanwhile may also reduce the artificial negligence, avoids loss which and waste possibly occurs. (two) electronic commerce can improve the work quality, expanded market electronic commerce to increase the customer andsupplier's relation. The bilateral space's barrier already vanished, the system network causes the customer and the supplier can understand the opposite party most recent data, moreover may provide 365/7/24 pattern service, strengthens the market competition status. (three) electronic commerce may reduce the cost, is advantageous in enhances profit of enterprise to reduce the transaction cost, has saved the latent expenditure, if the email has saved the correspondence postage, the electron data exchange greatly has saved management and the personnel link's expenses. In addition, electronic commerce may optimize the enterprise to supply the chain. Reduces the supply cost. Statistics indicated that under the traditional commerce pattern, the commodity approximately composes the private costs from ordering to the selling process's in physical distribution expense 18%~20%, after the partial enterprises use the electronic commerce optimization supply chain, reduces 10%~12% this expense proportion.Second, overseas electronic commerce prospects for development In overseas Internet and the Web development's early stage, electronic commerce already appeared. For these years, along with in-ternet high speed development and relevant technology's day-by-day consummation, various countries' government took electronics trade's development in our country information infrastructural facilities the important work, intended to through the network construction and the application, won the market superiority, developed the global trade. For example: The US government continuously close attention electronics trade technology's development, and has established the US Business association in the Silicon Valley; European Union in 1995 proposed constructs Europe information society the plan; The Japanese government invested 320,000,000 US dollar impetus electronics trade in 1996 the master plan; The APEC subordinate's telecommunication work team has begun at present also to carry out every year two time electronic commerce impetus deliberation plan. The report which according to April, 1998 US Department of commercial affairs announced - - "Rose Digital Economy" the statistics, at the end of 1997 US and the Canadian on-line shopping population increased a half year ago 470,000 people to 1,000,000 people, the electronic commerce transaction income by every 100 day of 1 time of speed growth, to 2002, the US and Canada electronic commerce transaction income will achieve 3 100,000,000 US dollars; According to the IDC (IDC) forecast that to 2001, the Western Europe on-line transaction's profit might increase from last year's 100,000,000 US dollars to 3,000,000,000 US dollars. The electronic commerce broad prospects for development also cause each big computer manufacturer to step in this domain in abundance, like Microsoft, Sun, HP and so on one after another have promoted the safe electronic commerce solution. in June, 1997, two big credit cards organized Visa and the MasterCard unit exploitation security electron transaction (SET) the agreement promoted the electronic commerce development. Simultaneously many famous software companies already invested into the electronic commerce related support SET agreement software development. electronic commerce technology although now is also at the start stage, but Internet on-line already had many success application example, perhaps most influential is known as the world biggest bookstore's on-line hypothesized bookstore supermarket -- Amazon Bookstore (忽略此处). Besides more convenient, accesses the net this bookstore supermarket person not to be able to feel that it with has differently what to genuine bookstore purchase books. Moreover, but also has the Electronic bank, the electron to go, the electronic authentication, the electronic information consultation and so on.Third, China electronic commerce prospects for development Electronic commerce is application domain union and so on enterprise informationization and financial informationization inevitable products. The developing country must speed up the construction electronic commerce the speed, specially looked like China like this already to advance into the world trade 10 strong developing countries, if did not speed up the electronic commerce advancement, will not participate in the electronic commerce rule the formulation, the national benefit will suffer injury. At present, Chinese society various domains and so on professions economy, trade, finance already realized particularly to the informationization advancement's urgency, starts to take the measure, enlarges the manpower financial resource the investment, has created the good market condition for electronic commerce's development. However, must note is not very also high in the Chinese various trades and occupations informationization degree, in the information infrastructural facilities also quite weak foundation, the barrier which electronic commerce's development must overcome mainly has: (does 1) regarding the electronic commerce activity, how formulate one to conform to the network characteristic and the prospects for development reasonable tax revenue system. Very obvious, the present tax revenue system does not conform to the electronic commerce and the online retail trade's new characteristic, but if continues to carry out the old tax revenue system, then emerging electronic commerce will be unable to withstand the load inevitably. The US once passed Inter-net in October 21, 1998 to force 3 year tax holiday bill for this reason, simultaneously stipulated that will assign a just related network tax revenue by a related electronic commerce's Advisory commission in 18 months the plan. (2), if each country according to own trading mode operation electronic commerce, will be only able to carry on the domestic trade, but is impossible to realize the global electronic commerce. Therefore, must have a global standard and the rule, guarantees the electronic commerce the smooth implementation. (3) did business can avoid having the dispute, when had the dispute, how to solve? At present did not have one maturely, the unification law to carry on the arbitration. (4) intellectual property rights question in electronic commerce activity especially important. How to prevent the right infringement commodity or counterfeit the commodity the sale, also how attacks the abuse of authority is powerfully all quarters must consider. (5) electronic commerce involves economic society's many aspects, various departments, how should various links coordinate to correspondingly solve. (6) entire society to electronic commerce understanding question. Only then solves these problems, can in the Chinese smoothly promotion and popular electronic commerce. Electronic commerce in the development initial period, already had demonstrated the very strong vitality. China must comply with this tendency, takes seriously take the electronics trade as the characteristic type of trading transformation, enlarges the government to supportdynamics, formulates China's electronics trade development strategy promptly, realizes China take the information technology industry as the forerunner, leads professions and so on commodity production, circulation, capital, technology, service to achieve a quicker development. At present, the Control section, the bank, the business, the customer to reach the mutual recognition and the tacit understanding to the electronic commerce, along with the Chinese network construction in the coverage and the quality unceasing enhancement, surfer expense's unceasing reduction, related policies and regulations' formulation releasing one after another, China electronic commerce will have a bigger development.中文翻译：电子商务的竞争优势及发展前景在人类社会即将进入21世纪之时，一场席卷全球的信息浪潮迅猛而来。

电子商务专业大学外文文献(本科)

本科毕业论文外文文献及译文文献、资料题目:On The E—Commerce BusinessDevelopment Is Inevitable文献、资料来源:网络文献、资料发表（出版）日期:2015。

3。

3院(部）：专业：班级:姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期：外文文献:On The E-Commerce Business Development Is InevitableAbstractPaper Introduction: E—commerce refers to the use of computer and Internet technologies to support the business activities carried out. Business efficiency, the paper Daquan，On the development of e-commerce business is inevitable。

Keywords: E—Commerce, E—Business,Business EfficiencyIntroductionE—commerce refers to the use of computer and Internet technology to support business activities carried out. Paper Encyclopedia, business efficiency。

E-commerce is not so much in the development of enterprise innovation to as it is inevitable，as has its unique advantages。

Today，enterprises in the market economy, the ring, who can take advantage of e-commerce，one might get the winning edge。

电子商务译文

农业综合型企业应用因特网和电子商务的情况：2004Jason R. Henderson, Jay T. Akridge, and Frank J. Dooley2001年，气泡破裂，美国电子商务发展很缓慢电子商务的成长可能是电子商务在农业企业公司的使用和观念上的明显的改变。

为了认识和识别因特网和电子商务对农业综合型企业的作用2004年调查农业综合型企业的经理询问他们对于因特网和电子商务的认识。

这项调查是在1999年一个类似的调查发展而来的。

在2004年，农业综合型企业公司和他们的供应商使用电子商务比顾客更频繁。

认识关于因特网和电子商务的使用程度不同，关于英特网和电子商务的不同观点电子商务在农业综合企业中的能力将在未来的时期里保持高度的多样性。

因特网和电子商务技术已经迅速的渗入了美国的商业和家庭，食品和农业产业迅速采纳了因特网和电子商务技术，在电子商务货物公有的基础上，饮料和烟草制造厂家排在了第二，其中在1999.2他们制造的货物上电子商务占了33%。

在2001年43%的农民有网络通道，其中5%的农场从事于电子商务活动。

许多预言家假设电子商务活动的增长将持续。

然而2001年的经济衰退减缓了急速增长的电子商务，经济衰退也混杂着影响在食品和农业方面电子商务的发展。

在1999年到2004年的美国商业发展数据的基础上，电子商务货物（食品和饮料产业）上升了17%，但是从2001年到2003年只有11。

2%，相比之下电子商务批发售业的增长（关于农产品，未加工的材料产业）。

从2001年到2004年（1999年到2001年的衰退之后上升了17%）。

结果是关于在农业综合型企业中电子商务的使用出现了一些问题。

例如，在最近电子商务发展中的减缓影响了英特网和电子商务被农业综合型产业公司采纳吗？关于在农业中的电子商务和因特网的观念改变了吗？在因特网和电子商务经验增长和变化的网络环境下农业综合型企业的经理们对因特网和电子商务的使用和观念可能已经改变，而且可能有潜在的深远影响对未来的电子商务在农业上的使用。

电子商务简介外文翻译文献

电子商务简介外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Electronic commerceElectronic commerce, or the electronics trade, or the electronic business is regarded as a new kind of rising business model which will bring about profound influence on social economy. And it can be said as the important function in the social development of the world-wide locations. It represents the current of the world trade in late of 21 centuries.1). What is the electronic commerce?Electronic commerce point is through the teleportation method to carry on the business data's exchange with the numerical form and on-line business ually, electronic commerce can be divided into dichotomouslayers:The first is a low level electronic commerce, namely electronic business intelligence report, the electronic bargain and electronics contract.The second one is a high electronic commerce, including all kinds of business activities which ask for helping Internet's be engaged ins, from searching the customer, the business negotiation, order, on-line payment,the electronics invoice, going to the electronics to pay customs duties, the electronics pay tax, all of these are engaged in the Internet.The electronic commerce means that all trades with the realization electronical.It has the following characteristics:①Fair freedom, the ②is efficiently, globalization of ③ , the conjecture of ④ turn, interaction of ⑤ , ⑥independence, ⑦ humanization service.Making use of the electronic commerce, customer and provider can contact in the global scope mutually closely and conveniently. As a result the customers can find out their satisfy demanding ideals to provide the goods to the company from each corner in the world. The electronic commerce will change the environment that the business enterprise competes mutually, lower under the residing in the market structure of tradition is high not of cost. trade the cost low and easy to entered person's market and governments to encourage to use Internet( tax-free) to activate the electronic commerce, push its start 伊to start to develop then and quickly. Predict according to the expert, to 2000, the whole world electronic commerce will attain the scale of USD 300,000,000,000.But it has already exceeded this scale. For insuring the safety of the electronic commerce, should build up theelectronics certificate center. The numerical ID card uses to the definite evidence body.The numerical ID card issues to entrust to the third square, namely an authorization machineThe organ carry out, it includes the holder to identify the information( name, address, the contact method, the ID card serial number), both parties pooling key of secret , term of validity, password and the authorization organizations to identify information etc..Make use of the numerical ID card, trade the both parties and can insure to identify another one square's body, and definite evidence another the information that a square send out has not yet to change. 2). the influence that the electronic commerce may produce Compared with the traditional business, the electronic commerce has the following advantage:* Overlay the scope wide:A network system that combines Internet, intranet( the area net of the bureau of the business enterprise inner part) and extranet( the business enterprise exterior network)s make buyer, selling party, manufactory and it cooperate colleague can in the world of scope contact and deliver the business intelligence report and documents expediently mutually.* The function is well-found: In the electronic commerce, different from the customer of different layer can carry out bargain target of different category, for example, release the business intelligence report, on-line negotiation, the electronics payment and build up virtual market and on-line bank etc.s.* Usage the convenience is vivid: According to Internet, the electronic commerce is free from the restrict that the specialized data exchanges theagreement.Can use personal calculator of any type, at in the world any location, carry on the bargain expediently on the calculator screen.* The cost is low:Make use of the electronic commerce, the expenditure that can cut down to used for expenses and international trips that employs the employee, the maintenance warehouse and shop front and mail consumedly. The expenses that uses Internet is very low.The electronic commerce will bring about important influence on social economy:* The electronic commerce will change the people the behavior method that adopt habitually in the business activity. Pass the network, the people can enter the virtual store of person, browsing every where, choose their interested in thing, and enjoy various on-line service. On the other hand, company's house can pass the network and the consumer contacts, deciding to purchase the product( category and quantity) to combine the close book.The government organ can carry on the electronics invitation to bid and government purchases through a network.* The core of the electronic commerce is a person.It is a social system.The on-line store changed the people's daily life method, full body now the consumer is in independent power in the bargain.* The electronic commerce change business enterprise produces the way of the product.Pass the network, the manufactory direct understanding market need, and arrange the production according to the demand of the consumer.* The electronic commerce raised the trade efficiency biggest, can remove in the center link;The biggest limit lowers the sale cost.Produce the arrangement can carry out" the small batch quantity adds the species diverse", but" zero stocks"s become realistic.* The electronic commerce calls the bank service reform.Be like the on-line bank, on-line cash card and credit card, on-line close book, electronics invoice, the electronics" cash"s- hour of the consumer purchase any further need not actual cash- these new the concept will become realistic.* The electronic commerce will change the government behavior.So-called" on-line government", an on-line administration management organization is exertive the important function of the social outlet, keep order and fair, fish for and smash on-line cheat.3). the present condition of the flourishing and national electronic commerce90's in 20 centuries middle, Internet experiences the development of explode the type, the tiny machine enters ten thousand of person's thousand, the calculator network has already become people's daily life in the necessary part.People the in hopes of calculator network brings more advantages and convenience.The electronic commerce emerge with the tide of the times.At flourishing nation, actual applied policy of the government well timed establishment push electronic commerce, occupy the predominant position in newly a competition of scope of world.The electronic commerce of the United States controls the trade ofworld.Currently, there are 60,000,000 customers of Internet in the United States.98% buys the manager above on-line look for the target.According to the estimate of, to 2002, of the American business enterprise pass the value that the electronic commerce completes the trading post to involve and will have 6.1% an of GDP 《wealth 》the covariance enunciation of the magazine,500 strong companies in world all open the on-line business of exhibition.The IBM accepts the person's 25%( about USD 20,000,000,000) to have something to do with electronic commerce.Had the electronic commerce luckily, make the IBM save the expenditure of USD 250,000,000 in 1999.4). the development of the Chinese electronic commerceThe development of the Chinese government and civil electronic commerce begins from 1993.Today, the electronic commerce has already been apply in foreign trade, maritime customs, finance and business realm.Peking and Shanghai has already built up the native electronic commerce frame.Some electronic commerce Web addresses have already openned to the on-line shopping and on-line close book.Though do all these effort, China open the company of the exhibition electronic commerce to suffer the loss in one business of C( the B department points the business, C the department points the consumer) of one to of its Bosomed Chinese experts love this shopping habit that attributes to the Chinese- Chinese consumer the amateur that the shopping sees as a kind of interesting; They enjoy to pass to enjoy and compare the merchandise and haggle to the expensive fun; But all these will start disappear from the on-line shopping.Other experts can't practice the business this phenomenon attributes to the society in the widespread and existent doubt attitude 11 banks with each other because of frightened its rival pulls to walk customer; The bank has to pull to the walk customer; The cash card can't make widely available because the bank does not believe the common people; But the common people do not like the on-line shopping etc. Because of the belief of the on-line store.Why?The reason lies in on-line and society in many affairs that are all deceitful, for example the deceitful customer quantity, deceitful interview flowing the covariance, counterfeits the merchandise, forges the diploma, forges the resume, deceitful investment, deceitful rank, appears on market the business enterprise deceitful accept person etc..Thus a comprehensive environment will not change in very long time recently.In such environment, it can't be engaged in any business activity.So many operators of IT's electronic commerce of our nations lost the confidence.5). the electronic commerce outlookThough the development is quick and seems to have the bright future. The electronic commerce faces a series of actual problems, for example, involving safety, technique, expenses, law system, revenue from tax system, idea, privacy protection, infrastructure etc. problems.However, the electronic commerce has the main current of the new business enterprise of century, and will develop quickly in several years of after time.Some company estimates, until to 2003, the electronic commerce between the developed countries of business enterprises which will have 9% of the business total amount(13, USD 0)above.But in all aspects the online consumes of the electronic commerce ,untilto 2002, the sales amount will attain USD 76,300,000,000.But positive such as the expert's estimate, the electronic commerce of China will catch up within 10 years in the developed countries.They put forward spending 3 to 5 years to draw up developing the electronic commerce. That of plan, policy and regulation, construct huge and solid true at of electronic commerce system, will encourage the specialized talented person, excellent turn the electronic commerce system of some professions and region; Then with 5 to 7 years ,international electronic commerce’s, making our electronic commerce system become the importance of the international electronic commerce to constitute the part; Making widely available the electronic commerce application, we promote the electronic commerce of the our country to the higher level in the aspects of the study, develops and apply, attains average level of the flourishing nation.电子商务电子商务，或者电子贸易，或者电子商业作为一种新兴的商业模式，将对社会经济产生深远的影响，并且在世界各地的社会发展中发挥重要作用。

电子商务外文文献

电子商务外文文献Title: E-commerce: A Review of the Literature and Perspectives for Future ResearchE-commerce, or electronic commerce, has become a fundamental aspect of business and economic activity in the globalized digital age. The交易研究领域的一个重要组成部分。

在这个日益数字化的时代，电子商务已经成为全球商业和经济活动的一个重要组成部分。

本文旨在回顾和分析电子商务领域的研究现状，探讨未来可能的研究方向和挑战。

The literature on e-commerce has been extensive, covering a range of topics from online retailing to global supply chain management. The Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations (JECO) and Journal of Electronic Commerce Research (JECR) are two of the leading journals in the field, publishing high-quality research on various aspects ofe-commerce. Additionally, several books and conference proceedings provide valuable insights into the development and evolution of e-commerce.E-commerce research has examined the impact of technology on business processes, explored innovative business models, andanalyzed the role of e-commerce in global trade and development. The literature has addressed a range of important issues, including security and privacy, electronic payment systems, and the impact of social media on e-commerce.Despite the significant progress made in e-commerce research, several areas for future exploration remn. These include the development of new e-commerce technologies, such as blockchn and artificial intelligence, and their potential impact on global trade and supply chns. Additionally, research on the role of e-commerce in sustnable development, particularly in terms of environmental sustnability and social inclusivity, represents an important area for future investigation.In conclusion, e-commerce has become a fundamental aspect of business and economic activity in the digital age. The literature on e-commerce has provided valuable insights into its development and evolution, but there remn several areas for future exploration. Future research should address these unexplored areas and contribute to the development ofe-commerce as a transformative force in global trade and development.商学院电子商务外文文献Title: E-commerce in Business Schools: A Critical Analysis of Curriculum, Teaching Methods, and Future TrendsThe rise of e-commerce in recent years has revolutionized business education, with business schools across the globe scrambling to keep up with the latest trends and prepare students for the digital economy. This article delves into the world of e-commerce education in business schools, exploring curriculum, teaching methods, and predicting future trends. E-commerce has become an integral part of modern business, and business schools are responding to this trend by incorporating e-commerce courses into their curriculum. The primary objective of these courses is to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the e-commerce industry, including the latest trends, tools, and techniques. In addition to fundamental topics such as online marketing and web design, today's e-commerce courses also cover more specialized topics such as cloud computing, big data analysis, and social media marketing.Business schools are adopting a variety of teaching methods to impart knowledge on e-commerce, ranging from traditional classroom lectures to more innovative hands-onbs and simulations. These experiential learning opportunities allow students to gain practical experience in real-world settings, providing them with a deeper understanding of the dynamics and challenges of the e-commerce industry.With the continuous evolution of the internet and e-commerce landscape, it is essential to track and predict future trends in this field. Business schools are playing a crucial role in this regard by staying abreast of industry developments and incorporating relevant content into their courses. The trend towards more personalized and interactive learning experiences is likely to continue, with business schools tloring their teaching methods to suit the needs of individual students. Additionally, the integration of technology into every aspect of business will continue to drive changes in e-commerce education, with an increasing focus on areas such as cybersecurity and artificial intelligence.In conclusion, business schools have responded to the rise of e-commerce with a comprehensive approach that includes updating curriculum, adopting innovative teaching methods, and predicting future trends. However, there are still challengesahead, such as keeping up with the rapidly changing landscape and providing all students with equal opportunities to access e-commerce education. By continuing to adapt and innovate, business schools can help shape a brighter future fore-commerce and prepare students to thrive in the digital economy.电子商务外文翻译文献电子商务的发展及其影响：外文翻译文献随着全球互联网的迅速普及，电子商务在全球范围内得到了前所未有的发展。

【计算机专业文献翻译】电子商务简介

附录：文献翻译二十一世纪是信息化的时代，第三产业在各国的比重不断上升，特别是服务业，信息服务业成为21世纪的主导产业，这导致了电子商务的产生和发展，在全球信息化大势所驱的影响下，各国的电子商务不断的改进和完善，电子商务成为各个国家和各大公司争夺的焦点。

研究探讨电子商务现状和制定实施恰当的电子商务的政策问题就十分迫切。

而在我国，计算机与网络技术的普及与发展，电子商务迅速崛起，众多的信息技术企业、风险投资公司、生产流通企业纷纷开展电子商务。

电子商务源于英文ELECTRONIC COMMERCE，简写为EC。

顾名思义，其内容包含两方面，一是电子方式，二是商贸活动。

一般来说是指利用电子信息网络等电子化手段进行的商务活动，是指商务活动的电子化、网络化。

广义而言，电子商务还包括政府机构、企事业单位各种内部业务的电子化。

电子商务可被看作是一种现代化的商业和行政作业方法，这种方法通过改善产品和服务质量、提高服务传递速度，满足政府组织、厂商和消费者的降低成本的需求，并通过计算机网络加快信息交流以支持决策。

电子商务可以包括通过电子方式进行的各项社会活动。

随着信息技术的发展，电子商务的内涵和外延也在不断充实和扩展，并不断被赋予新的含义，开拓出更广阔的应用空间。

电子商务源于英文ELECTRONIC COMMERCE，简写为EC。

顾名思义，其内容包含两方面，一是电子方式，二是商贸活动。

一般来说是指利用电子信息网络等电子化手段进行的商务活动，是指商务活动的电子化、网络化。

广义而言，电子商务还包括政府机构、企事业单位各种内部业务的电子化。

电子商务可以包括通过电子方式进行的各项社会活动。

随着信息技术的发展，电子商务的内涵和外延也在不断充实和扩展，并不断被赋予新的含义，开拓出更广阔的应用空间。

电子商务英文参考文献

附件1：外文原文（复印件）The Development of E-commerceA perfect marketMay 13th 2004From The Economist print edition E-commerce is coming of age, says Paul Markillie, but not in the way predicted in the bubble yearsWhen the technology bubble burst in 2000, the crazy valuations for online companies vanished with it, and many businesses folded. The survivors plugged on as best they could, encouraged by the growing number of internet users. Now valuations are rising again and some of the dotcoms are making real profits, but the business world has become much more cautious about the internet’s potential. The funny thing is that the wild predictions made at the height of the boom—namely, that vast chunks of the world economy would move into cyberspace—are, in one way or another, coming true.The raw numbers tell only part of the story. According to America’s Department of Commerce, online retail sales in the world’s biggest market last year rose by 26%, to $55 billion. That sounds a lot of money, but it amounts to only 1.6% of total retail sales. The vast majority of people still buy most things in the good old “bricks-and-mortar” world.But the commerce department’s figures deal with only part of the retail industry. For instance, they exclude online travel services, one of the most successful and fastest-growing sectors of e-commerce. InterActiveCorp (IAC), the owner of and , alone sold $10 billion-worth of travel last year—and it has plenty of competition, not least from airlines, hotels and car-rental companies, all of which increasingly sell online.Nor do the figures take in things like financial services, ticket-sales agencies, pornography (a $2 billion business in America last year, according to Adult Video News, a trade magazine), online dating and a host of other activities, from tracing ancestors to gambling (worth perhaps $6 billion worldwide). They also leave out purchases in grey markets, such as the online pharmacies that are thought to be responsible for a good proportion of the $700m that Americans spent last year on buying cut-price prescription drugs from across the border in Canada.And there is more. The commerce department’s figures include the fees earned by internet auction sites, but not the value of goods that are sold: an astonishing $24 billion-worth of tradewas done last year on eBay, the biggest online auctioneer. Nor, by definition, do they include the billions of dollars-worth of goods bought and sold by businesses connecting to each other over the internet. Some of these B2B services are proprietary; for example, Wal-Mart tells its suppliers that they must use its own system if they want to be part of its annual turnover of $250 billion.So e-commerce is already very big, and it is going to get much bigger. But the actual value of transactions currently concluded online is dwarfed by the extraordinary influence the internet is exerting over purchases carried out in the offline world. That influence is becoming an integral part of e-commerce.To start with, the internet is profoundly changing consumer behaviour. One in five customers walking into a Sears department store in America to buy an electrical appliance will have researched their purchase online—and most will know down to a dime what they intend to pay. More surprisingly, three out of four Americans start shopping for new cars online, even though most end up buying them from traditional dealers. The difference is that these customers come to the showroom armed with information about the car and the best available deals. Sometimes they even have computer print-outs identifying the particular vehicle from the dealer’s stock that they want to buy.Half of the 60m consumers in Europe who have an internet connection bought products offline after having investigated prices and details online, according to a study by Forrester, a research consultancy (see chart 1). Different countries have different habits. In Italy and Spain, for instance, people are twice as likely to buy offline as online after researching on the internet. But in Britain and Germany, the two most developed internet markets, the numbers are evenly split. Forrester says that people begin to shop online for simple, predictable products, such as DVDs, and then graduate to more complex items. Used-car sales are now one of the biggest online growth areas in America.People seem to enjoy shopping on the internet, if high customer-satisfaction scores are any guide. Websites are doing ever more and cleverer things to serve and entertain their customers, and seem set to take a much bigger share of people’s overall spending in the future.This has enormous implications for business. A company that neglects its website may be committing commercial suicide. A website is increasingly becoming the gate way to a company’s brand, products and services—even if the firm does not sell online. A useless website suggests a useless company, and a rival is only a mouse-click away. But even the coolest website will be lost in cyberspace if people cannot find it, so companies have to ensurethat they appear high up in internet search results.For many users, a search site is now their point of entry to the internet. The best-known search engine has already entered the lexicon: people say they have “Googled” a compan y, a product or their plumber. The search business has also developed one of the most effective forms of advertising on the internet. And it is already the best way to reach some consumers: teenagers and young men spend more time online than watching television. All this means that search is turning into the internet’s next big battleground as Google defends itself against challenges from Yahoo! and Microsoft.The other way to get noticed online is to offer goods and services through one of the big sites that already get a lot of traffic. Ebay, Yahoo! and Amazon are becoming huge trading platforms for other companies. But to take part, a company’s products have to stand up to intense price competition. People check online prices, compare them with those in their local high street and may well take a peek at what customers in other countries are paying. Even if websites are prevented from shipping their goods abroad, there are plenty of web-based entrepreneurs ready to oblige.What is going on here is arbitrage between different sales channels, says Mohanbir Sawhney, professor of technology at the Kellogg School of Management in Chicago. For instance, someone might use the internet to research digital cameras, but visit a photographic shop for a hands-on demo nstration. “I’ll think about it,” they will tell the sales assistant. Back home, they will use a search engine to find the lowest price and buy online. In this way, consumers are “deconstructing the purchasing process”, / says Professor Sawhney. They are unbundling product information from the transaction itself.It is not only price transparency that makes internet consumers so powerful; it is also the way the net makes it easy for them to be fickle. If they do not like a website, they swiftly move on. “The web is the most selfish environment in the world,” says Daniel Rosensweig, chief operating officer of Yahoo! “People want to use the internet whenever they want, how they want and for whatever they want.”Yahoo! is not alone in defining its strategy as working out what its customers (260m unique users every month) are looking for, and then trying to give it to them. The first thing they want is to become better informed about products and prices. “We operate our business on that belief,” says Jeff Bezos, Amazon’s chief executive. Amazon became famous for books, but long ago branched out into selling lots of other things too; among its latest ventures are health products,jewellery and gourmet food. Apart from cheap and bulky items such as garden rakes, Mr Bezos thinks he can sell most things. And so do the millions of people who use eBay.And yet nobody thinks real shops are finished, especially those operating in niche markets. Many bricks-and-mortar bookshops still make a good living, as do flea markets. But many record shops and travel agents could be in for a tougher time. Erik Blachford, the head of IAC’s travel side and boss of Expedia, the biggest internet travel agent, thinks online travel bookings in America could quickly move from 20% of the market to more than half. Mr Bezos reckons online retailers might capture 10-15% of retail sales over the next decade. That would represent a massive shift in spending.How will traditional shops respond? Michael Dell, the founder of Dell, which leads the personal-computer market by selling direct to the customer, has long thought many shops will turn into showrooms. There are already signs of change on the high street. The latest Apple and Sony stores are designed to display products, in the full expectation that many people will buy online. To some extent, the online and offline worlds may merge. Multi-channel selling could involve a combination of traditional shops, a printed catalogue, a home-shopping channel on TV, a phone-in order service and an e-commerce-enabled website. But often it is likely to be the website where customers will be encouraged to place their orders.One of the biggest commercial advantages of the internet is a lowering of transaction costs, which usually translates directly into lower prices for the consumer. So, if the lowest prices can be found on the internet and people like the service they get, why would they buy anywhere else?One reason may be convenience; another, concern about fraud, which poses the biggest threat to online trade. But as long as the internet continues to deliver price and product information quickly, cheaply and securely, e-commerce will continue to grow. Increasingly, companies will have to assume that customers will know exactly where to look for the best buy. This market has the potential to become as perfect as it gets.附件2：外文资料翻译译文日趋完善的电子商务当2000年科技泡沫爆发时，备受炒作的网上公司好象随之蒸发了，众多的网上贸易也被迫流产。

电子商务网络营销外文翻译文献

电子商务网络营销外文翻译文献标题：电子商务网络营销的外文翻译文献随着全球互联网的迅速发展和普及，电子商务（E-commerce）已经成为企业进行商务活动的重要形式。

其中，网络营销（Internet marketing）作为电子商务的重要组成部分，亦受到广泛关注。

网络营销是以互联网为主要手段进行的营销活动，其目的是实现企业市场营销目标。

本文将对电子商务网络营销的相关外文翻译文献进行介绍和评价。

一、简介网络营销是一种利用互联网技术进行的市场营销活动，其主要形式包括搜索引擎营销、社交媒体营销、电子邮件营销、搜索引擎优化等。

与传统的营销方式相比，网络营销具有成本低、效率高、覆盖面广等优势。

对于电子商务企业而言，有效的网络营销可以显著提高品牌知名度、吸引潜在客户、提升销售额。

二、外文翻译文献1、E-commerce and Internet Marketing: A Practical Guide这篇文献是由知名作者团队编写的一本实用指南，主要介绍了电子商务和网络营销的基本概念、策略和方法。

书中详细阐述了各种网络营销手段的优点和缺点，并提供了实际操作建议。

此外，还介绍了电子商务安全、用户体验等与网络营销相关的关键问题。

总体来说，这本书内容全面、实用性强，适合电子商务从业者和市场营销专业的学生阅读。

2、The State of E-commerce and Internet Marketing in 2023这篇文献是基于对2023年全球电子商务和网络营销的深入研究和趋势分析。

文章探讨了当前电子商务和网络营销的主要趋势，如移动化、社交化、本地化等。

此外，还分析了电子商务企业的成功案例和策略，并提出了未来电子商务和网络营销的发展方向和建议。

总体来说，这篇文章具有较高的参考价值，为读者提供了深入了解电子商务和网络营销未来发展趋势的机会。

三、总结评价电子商务和网络营销是当前商业领域的重要趋势，对于企业实现业务目标具有重要作用。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

电子商务电子商务（Electronic Commerce）是在Internet开放的网络环境下，基于浏览器/服务器应用方式，实现消费者的网上购物、商户之间的网上交易和在线电子支付的一种新型的商业运营模式Internet上的电子商务可以分为三个方面：信息服务、交易和支付。

主要内容包括：电子商情广告；电子选购和交易、电子交易凭证的交换；电子支付与结算以及售后的网上服务等。

主要交易类型有企业与个人的交易(BtoC方式)和企业之间的交易(BtoB方式)两种。

参与电子商务的实体有四类：顾客(个人消费者或企业集团)、商户(包括销售商、制造商、储运商)、银行(包括发卡行、收单行)及认证中心。

电子商务是Internet爆炸式发展的直接产物，是网络技术应用的全新发展方向。

Internet本身所具有的开放性、全球性、低成本、高效率的特点，也成为电子商务的内在特征，并使得电子商务大大超越了作为一种新的贸易形式所具有的价值，它不仅会改变企业本身的生产、经营、管理活动，而且将影响到整个社会的经济运行与结构。

1．电子商务将传统的商务流程电子化、数字化，一方面以电子流代替了实物流，可以大量减少人力、物力，降低了成本；另一方面突破了时间和空间的限制，使得交易活动可以在任何时间、任何地点进行，从而大大提高了效率。

2．电子商务所具有的开放性和全球性的特点，为企业创造了更多的贸易机会。

3．电子商务使企业可以以相近的成本进入全球电子化市场，使得中小企业有可能拥有和大企业一样的信息资源，提高了中小企业的竞争能力。

4．电子商务重新定义了传统的流通模式，减少了中间环节，使得生产者和消费者的直接交易成为可能，从而在一定程度上改变了整个社会经济运行的方式。

5．电子商务一方面破除了时空的壁垒，另一方面又提供了丰富的信息资源，为各种社会经济要素的重新组合提供了更多的可能，这将影响到社会的经济布局和结构。

电子商务指的是利用简单、快捷、低成本的电子通讯方式，买卖双方不谋面地进行各种商贸活动。

电子商务可以通过多种电子通讯方式来完成。

简单的，比如你通过打电话或发传真的方式来与客户进行商贸活动，似乎也可以称作为电子商务；但是，现在人们所探讨的电子商务主要是以EDI（电子数据交换）和INTERNET来完成的。

尤其是随着INTERNET技术的日益成熟，电子商务真正的发展将是建立在INTERNET技术上的。

所以也有人把电子商务简称为IC （INTERNET COMMERCE）。

从贸易活动的角度分析，电子商务可以在多个环节实现，由此也可以将电子商务分为两个层次，较低层次的电子商务如电子商情、电子贸易、电子合同等；最完整的也是最高级的电子商务应该是利用INTENET网络能够进行全部的贸易活动，即在网上将信息流、商流、资金流和部分的物流完整地实现，也就是说，你可以从寻找客户开始，一直到洽谈、订货、在线付（收）款、开据电子发票以至到电子报关、电子纳税等通过INTERNET一气呵成。

要实现完整的电子商务还会涉及到很多方面，除了买家、卖家外，还要有银行或金融机构、政府机构、认证机构、配送中心等机构的加入才行。

由于参与电子商务中的各方在物理上是互不谋面的，因此整个电子商务过程并不是物理世界商务活动的翻版，网上银行、在线电子支付等条件和数据加密、电子签名等技术在电子商务中发挥着重要的不可或缺的作用。

Electronic commerceElectronic commerce (Electronic Commerce) is under the network environment which Internet opens, based on browser/The server application way, realizes on consumer's net between the shopping, on merchant's network the transaction and on the online electronic payment one kind of new commercial operationpattern Internet electronic commerce may divide into three aspects: Information service, transaction and payment. The primary coverage includes: Electronic market condition advertisement; The electron selects and purchases with the transaction, the electronic transaction certificate exchange; Electronic payment and settlement as well as on post-sale net service and so on. The main transaction type has the enterprise and individual transaction (B to the C way) and between enterprise's transaction (B to the B way) two kinds. The participation electronic commerce entity has four kinds: The customer (individual consumer or enterprise group), the merchant (including seller, manufacturer, the Chu salt merchant), the bank (including sends card line, receives single line) and the authentication center.Electronic commerce is the Internet detonation type development direct product, is the networking application brand-new development direction. Internet itself has open, global, low cost, high efficiency characteristic, also becomes the electronic commerce the intrinsic characteristic, and caused the electronic commerce to surmount greatly had taken one kind of new trade form had not only the value, it could change enterprise itself the production, the management, management, moreover will affect the entire society's economical movement and the structure.1. electronic commerce traditional commercial flow computerization, digitization, on the one hand has replaced the solid physical distribution by the electron stream, may reduce the manpower, the physical resource massively, reduced the cost; On the other hand broke through the time and the spatial limit, causes the transaction activityto be possible in any time, any place to carry on, thus enhanced the efficiency greatly.2. electronic commerce have openness and the global characteristic, has created the more trade opportunity for the enterprise.3. electronic commerce enable the enterprise to be possible to enter the global computerization market by the close cost, enables the small and medium-sized enterprise to have the possibility to have with the big enterprise same information resource, sharpened the small and medium-sized enterprise competitive ability.4. electronic commerce have redefined the traditional circulation pattern, simplified the middle link, causes the producer and consumer's direct exchange becomes possibly, thus to a certain extent changed the entire social economy movement way.5. electronic commerce have eradicated the space and time barrier, on the other hand has provided the strong message resources, has provided more possibilities for each kind of social economy essential factor again combination, this will affect society's economical layout and the structure.Electronic commerce refers is the use simple, quick, the low cost electronic communication way, the round turns does not seek a meeting carries on each kind of business activity. Electronic commerce may complete through many kinds of electronic communication way. Simple, for instance you through telephone or send facsimile the way to come with the customer to carry on the business activity, as if also may be called as for the electronic commerce; But, the people discuss now electronic commerce mainly is (electron data exchange) and INTERNET completes by EDI. In particular along with INTERNET technology day by day mature, the electronic commerce true development will be the establishment in the INTERNET technology. Therefore also some human of electronic commerce Jian Chengwei IC (INTERNET COMMERCE).From the trade activity angle analysis, electronic commerce may in many link realization, also be possible to divide into from this the electronic commerce two levels, low level electronic commerce like electron market condition, the electronics trade, the electron gather same level; Most complete also is most high-qualityelectronic commerce should be can carry on the complete trade activity using the INTENET network, namely on the net the information flow, the commercial interchange, the fund flows with the part physical distribution realizes completely, in other words, you may from seek the customer to start, down to arrives the discussion, the ordering continuously, online pays (receives) the funds, opens according to the electronic receipt to the electronic declaration, the electronic tax payment and so on forms a coherent whole through INTERNET.Must realize the integrity electronic commerce also to be able to involve to very many aspects, except outside buyer, seller, but also must have organizations and so on bank or financial organ, government apparatus, authentication organization, allocation center joins only then good. Because in participation electronic commerce all quarters are do not seek a meeting mutually in physics, therefore the entire electronic commerce process is not the physical world commerce activity reprint, on the net conditions and the data encryption, the electron and so on bank, online electronic payment sign and so on the technologies to play the vital indispensable role in the electronic commerce.。

【经济类文献翻译】电子商务

5 电子商务 外文翻译 英文文献 中英对照 管理信息系统

电子商务中英文文献.doc

文献翻译----电子商务中英文对照

电子商务英文参考文献

电子商务外文资料翻译译文 2

电子商务专业外文文献

文献翻译-电子商务

电子商务对国际贸易的影响中英文对照外文翻译文献

电子商务信息安全中英文对照外文翻译文献

电子商务信用中英文对照外文翻译文献

电子商务-文献翻译：电子商务与旅游业 精品

电子商务外文翻译文献

国际经济与贸易 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 电子商务的竞争优势及发展前景

电子商务专业大学外文文献(本科)

电子商务译文

电子商务简介外文翻译文献

电子商务外文文献

【计算机专业文献翻译】电子商务简介

电子商务英文参考文献

电子商务网络营销外文翻译文献

5 电子商务外文翻译英文文献中英对照管理信息系统

电子商务-文献翻译：电子商务与旅游业精品

国际经济与贸易外文翻译外文文献英文文献电子商务的竞争优势及发展前景