Cavity Flow Pattern Design for Supercaviting Torpedo
注塑行业术语中英对照表(已打)
ejector bushing
保压过程
Packing Process
ejector guide pillar
保压阶段
Packing stage
cold-slug well
保压时间
packing time
male mold face
潜流效应
underflow effect
mold temperature
gate
多点进浇
multiple gating
gate length
牛顿流体
Newtonian fluid
Gate location
非牛顿流体
non-Newtonian fluid
insert
非均匀收缩
Non-uniform Shrinkage
heel lock
喷嘴
nozzle
cavity plate
脱模
demolding
脱模斜度
draft
脱模困难
ejection difficulties
内应力
internal stress
长链高分子
long chain macromolecules
凝固层比例
frozen layer fraction
取出
removal
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
粗加工
rough machining
伺服马达
core-retainer plate
斜度
draft angle
母模面
Famale mold face
动模面
dynnamic mold face
斜槽导板
finger guide plate
模具名词中英文对照
模具名词＊＊＊中英对照**＊*为大家提供点模具方面的中英对照希望对你们有帮助噢top view ——-—俯视图front view -—--前视图side view —-—-侧视图plane view —-—-平面图contour -—-—--外型铣削pocket —--———挖槽flow line ——-—罩一曲面multisurf —-——--多重曲面filter —-———过滤ellipse —--——椭圆polar —-----—极坐标arc endpoints—-—--两点画弧polygon -—--——-多边形isometric —-—--—-等角视图zig zag —--—---双向one way —--——--单向spline ----—-—圆滑曲线blend —-—-——-顺接guide pin ——--———-导针;边针；直边support pin -——-——-——拉杆;水口边support pin collar —-—--———拉杆定位；水口边定位介子tapped hold for eyebolt --——-——吊模螺孔thermal expansion coefficient --—-——-热膨胀系数welding rod —---——-熔接棒cavity plate; A bolster plate(holder material）———--—-—母模板(A板）, 前模板stripper plate —--—————-活动板，推料板core plate —-———-——公模板（B板)，后模板spacer block -—-——--——--间隔板ejector retainer plate —-—-——-——--上顶针板ejector plate -------———-下顶针板pin point gate system ——--————-——小水口系统side gate system ———---—---—大水口系统infrared—transmitter —---—-—---—-红外线发射器infrared-receiver ——————--—-——红外线接受器synthetic resin ——-—-—-———--合成权脂air blow gun(with nozzles&hose) --———--——--———-——气枪spiral hose —————--—--——--———螺旋形的;盘旋的guide strip -————-—-————-—-行位导轨ejector rod -——-—-————---—斜坊set screw ----—--——固定螺丝countersunk screw —---————-沉头螺丝hex screws ———————-胚头螺丝shoulder screw -—-————--——-—----带肩螺丝residual stress ———-—---——-—-——--残余应力tensile ——--—---——----———————--————-—————张力electricity erode ---—--—--——---—-—电蚀刻ohm meter —--——————---—---——-电阻表tubular dowel ---——-------—-—-—管钉，销钉abrasive stone -—---—-—--———-—--研磨石材SPI Mold Finish Comparison Kit ————-———-------——-SPI模具抛光比照工具rolled -———-----—--—---——热轧forged —--——----—--—--—-—热锻extrude ——-—----—--———----挤压cold drawn —-————--—--——-———--冷拉corrosive plastics ---——-——--—--———-防腐塑料tough ---—-———-—---—--—硬度anneal —---——----—-———--n.退火service life ---———-----——-—-----注塑寿命high viscosity ----———--——--——-—粘度较高的extension plug -———--—--—-——--—--延伸尾塞angle plug ——-—-—-----——-———-—斜角尾塞thermocouple connector -——----——-——--—--热电偶连结头hydraulicsystem --—----——————-——--——--(注塑机的)油压系统temperature controlzone —----——-——————-———-温控区barrel heating capacity -—----—-—-————-——-——料筒加热能力screw torque ——-----—--—---—-—---———螺杆力矩screw speed ———-—---——--—--—-—-——--螺杆速度screwstroke -—-——--—-—————-——----—---螺杆行程nozzle contact force —-----—-——-———--—----热嘴接触力screw L/D ratio -——-——-——--—--—螺杆长度/直径比例theoretical shot volume --—-———-—---——理论的注射容量clamp force -—--—----———-————-—-合模力lockforce ----—-——--——---—-—-—-—-————锁模力internalheated ——---—-——-———---——————-—内部加热externalheated —-—--——————--————-—---—-外部加热heatingrod —-—--—-——-—-—---——--————-加热棒air-gapinsulation -————--——------———-—----空气隔绝层sparepart(accesory) —---——---—--———-—---—----—备用件insulating ring -—-—-—---—--——-—--—----绝缘圈sealingwasher —--———-——-——----——-———--—垃圾钉adaptor --—--—-——-—--——--————适配器hole gauge -—--—-———---———--——---孔深量测仪high—temperature grease -—---—-——————高温油脂thermal conductivity paste ————-—-——-----导热膏data cable -—————--————-—数据线compression mold base --—--———---————压缩模胚countersunk ——--————-—-—---——埋头孔锥孔，沉孔mill -——-—--—-—----压榨机；磨坊;碾磨;drill —--—---—-——---—钻头；钻床钻孔；钻通grind —-—---—---——--—-—磨擦；磨碎;磨光turn ——-—-—--——---—-转动；旋转;翻转adapter plate ----—-----—-—----—--适配模板leader pin；shoulder leader pin -———-----—-————-导针；带肩导针（实心)angle pin（horn pin) —--—-—--——-----——-—斜针；斜边straight bushing -----———-—直导套（空心）shoulder bushing —-——-——---带肩导套sprue puller pin ———--—-—--唧咀扣针sprue spreader --—--——---—浇口分流锥runner spreader ——---———---流道分流锥tapered interlocks(round ＆rectangular) ———---—--—--啤把锁bronze plated bushing ————————----——-————镀铜导套guided ejection bushing -—------——----—-----————---—导向导套toggle—lock early ejector return ——-—-————-——--—————-—-———切换式早期回撞装置acceleratedknock—out —---—----—-—-——--—-—-加速顶棍acceleratedejector --—--—————-——--———-—-加速顶针collapsible core —-——-——----—---——-—--可折迭式的型芯slide retainer --——---——---—-—-————--行位固定装置jiffy latch—lock assemblies —-—————------——-—————快速拉杆锁定装置tapped hole ---———-———--———-—-螺丝孔no resettable shot counter --—--————-———---———-非复位注射计数器profiled ejector pin -—-————--—-—-—-—--—-底面在有倾斜截面的顶针copper -—-——-—红铜brass -————-- 黄铜bronze ————-——-青铜BeCu —--——---铍铜counterbore ——--——--————---拔头，介子托fan gate ————-———------—-—扇形入口fillet -—-—--—--——-—-——圆形入口pin point gate ----------—--细水口hose clip -—-——-—---—-——入喉箍jiggle ---—-——--——-—-—-斜顶British Standard Whitworth thread BSW —————-------—-英制螺丝(粗牙）British Standard Fine Thread BSF —-—————--—-—--—-—-—英制螺丝(幼牙)National Pipe Thread ————-——-———————————-——-美制螺牙pressure plug ——-——---—————---喉塞pressure spring -—-——--———-————--压力弹簧vent -——--—-——---—--——- 疏气孔alignment strip —-—-—--—--——----—---斜锁ball catch ----—--—---—-——--——-—弹弓波子bridge piece ———--—----——-—-—-—水口铁Jiffy—maticconnector ————----------—-———-—快速连接喉All ejector blades must have key to avoid rotating。
模具术语中英文对照
模具术语中英文对照模具(Mold) - A shaped cavity or matrix into which molten or uncured material is poured so thatupon solidification it will take on the shape of the cavity.注射模(Injection mold) - A molding cavity created by injecting material into a mold via a runner system.常用于塑料件注塑。
压铸模(Die casting mold) - A metal mold created for die casting processes, usually zinc, copper or aluminum based alloys.充型范(Pattern) - A full sized model of the desired casting, used to create the mold cavity in processes like sand casting.冒口(Sprue) - The primary vertical channel through which liquid material is poured into mold cavities.冒口通过主要供料道向模板腔内引入熔融金属。
气孔(Vent) - A small channel allowing the gases formed (by vaporization,chemical reaction etc.) to escape from mold cavity.用来排出模具腔内气体的小通道。
流道(Gate) - The channel that conveys molten metal from the sprue into the mold cavity.将熔融金属从主流道(冒口)引入模腔的小槽道。
中英模具用语翻译对照
English Chinese(specification of)scrap pit/scrap hole废料坑、废料槽(when) at a bottom/closed position下死点（时）(when) holding a pad加工开始（时）(when）bend starts弯曲开始(when)flange starts弯曲开始90 degree to the surface/right angle to the面垂直surfacea bead is selected to satisfy form选择符合成形内容的筋a block to adjust pressure压力调整块a built-in cam内藏斜锲a scrap chute which is out of die is proper模具外的滑槽的保管性是否良好to stocka way of jaw/penetration groove for jaw爪进入槽A.C.motor交流马达ability of forming pressure成形力acceleration加速acceptance/approval接受access/proximity接近accuracy of panel or part零件精度accuracy/tolerance精度acetylene gas cutter乙炔切割机acute/pinch cut/knife edge锐角adapter插座addendum毛边形状addendum铸件防变形用拉深形状addendum/draw development/punch addendum铸件防变形用拉深adhesive黏附性的adility to assemble装配型adility/capacity能力adjust调整adjustable gib调整式扁栓adjustable stop调整式停止装置adjusted length调整长度adjusted size调整尺寸adjusting allowance调整余量adjusting pad slide卸料板落料adjusting screw/aircraft valve调整螺钉adjusting to suit复合调整adjustment调整adjustment调节adjustment plate/baffle plate调整板advance前进aerial cam slide滑块after form/formed…成形后after treatment后处理air bending/free bending自由弯曲air blast喷气air blow喷气嘴air blow空气喷嘴air blow off放气air chute空气槽air circuit/air piping空气配管air condition调整空气air cushion气垫air cylinder气缸air draw气动拉延air duct空气导管air filter空气配管滤清器air filter/air strainer空气净化器air forming die自由成形模air hammer气锤air header block缸体air hole气孔air inlet吸气口air leakage气体泄漏air lifter弹顶器air outlet放气口air pin气垫用销air pin/pressure pin/cushion pin/transfer弹顶杆pinair pocket气泡air pocket/hole风孔air pusher气体推顶air relief/air escapement排气air surge tank空气稳压箱air vent排气孔air vent hole排气孔air vent tube排气管air ventilation通风，换气air ventilation通风装置Align排成一列Align排成一条线alignment定心all operations全工序alloy合金alternate交互的alternating bend test反复弯曲试验alternating current 交流电流alternating current arc welder交流电弧焊机alternative press备用压机aluminum bronze铝青铜aluminum plate/aluminum panel铝板amend重新amend/modify/correct修正amendment/correction修正amount of picking up a panel零件挑出量amount of product/production quantity生产量amount of spring back回弹量An auto clamper is used自动接线板的使用analyze分析anchor bolt地角螺栓anchor strap紧固夹板angle角度angle block/square block角尺angle grinder圆盘磨光机angle iron角钢angle of grinding/approach of grinding打磨机的插入angle shearing machine角材剪切机annealing退火annealing furnace退火炉annealing to eliminate internal stresses消除应力退火apparent stress公称应力appear/show图示appearance外观applied parts适用零件approach speed接近速度apron front fender前翼子板挡板arber press压入冲压机arc圆弧arc弧arc welding电弧焊arc welding rod电焊条are all scrap cutters strong enough?废料刀口是否有变薄弱处？are the hook pins strong enough to lift with2根起吊时确认吊钩尺寸two wiresare there any acute angles of trim steel?刃口处是否有锐角？are there any vertical wall which need to是否有纵向切削部trim?area of door handle门把手arrangement 配置arrangement for 2nd maching机械加工2次准备arrangement/pre-fitting准备工序ask contractor to design委托设计assemblage集团assemble/fabricate组装assembling drawing/complete assembly组图assumed line点划线attach 添付attach/mount/furnish/equip/fix安装auger木工钻头austenite奥氏体automatic die change自动更换模具automatic slide control滑块自动调整装置auxiliary air tank备用空气冠back door inner后背门内板back door outer后背门外板back panel lower后板下部back panel upper后板上部back shelf panel后搁板back up/cast step背撑backing plate垫板（底板）backing ring垫环，环垫balance/counter-balance平衡balancing cylinder平衡气缸ball bearing球轴承ball bearing球轴承ball bearing die set球轴承式调模ball lock 球锁定ball lock retainer钢球止转式挡板ball screw球螺钉bar杆，拉杆bar lifter杆式升降器base台座base frame底部基座base plate底板base plate/surface plate平台，平板base/foundation基座beam衡量bearing mounting轴承安装bearing point轴承点bearing support轴承支架bearing/spotting研配bed area底面积bed dimension压机座尺寸bed opening底部口部bed/pree bed底部、基部bell crank arm锥形曲轴臂belling报时加工belt conveyer带式输送机belt piece传送带部件bend弯曲的bend punch/flanging punch弯冲头bend/bending弯曲bending fixture折弯夹具beryllium copper铍铜bevel angle斜角bevel gear锥齿轮beveled die edge斜刃binder pressure 缓冲器负载Binder pressure/Blank holder pressure压板力Binder spotting压板面对接binder/binder surface/binder flash模具型面black grind stone黑石blank and draw die落料拉延模blank holder/binder压边圈blank holder/binder防皱装置Blank holder/Pressure pad压板Blank lay out/gauging板材下料Blank lay out/gauging板材下料计划Blank lay out/gauging板材下料布置blank shape of a formal panel成形后的落料形状blank size坯料尺寸blank/stock原料blanking die/blanking tool落料模blanking force冲模力blanking press/punch press冲模blanking punch冲头blanking tolerance落料公差blanking tool落料工具blanking/punching落料blend off渐渐融合blind bead/closed bead盲孔筋blow hole镶块blunt钝bonnet inner机罩内板bonnet outer机罩外板borax硼砂bore镗孔bore expand test/drift test扩孔试验boss凸起bottom surface底面bottoming底bottoming block底块bottoming plate底板bottoming surface底座面box bending箱弯曲brace支柱brass黄铜brass黄铜brass flat head socket screwbrass liningbrazing/braze钎焊break line/character line特征线break line/cutting plance line破裂线，折断线break molding落砂breaking load破坏载荷，断裂荷重breaking load断裂载荷brittleness脆性bucking/folding/formation of wrinkle/wrinkle褶皱的发生formationbuckle/distortion歪斜，形变buckle/distortion/curl up/kink扭转、螺旋buff抛光bulging中央凸起burn out/burn烧环burner 喷枪burr毛刺burring内缘饭边burring/plunging孔翻边成型burst 胀破burst hole胀裂孔burst punch胀裂冲头buy-off验收bypass接续cable电线caharateristic/property特性calculation of development of material计算线长calculation of pressure/force/load载荷设定cam holder滑块用倾斜工作台cam holder倾斜架cam slide bottom plate滑块底板cam slide keeper plate/slide keeper滑块定位件cam slide side plate滑块侧板camber上翘camber侧倾，翘曲cap screw/socket bolt凹头螺钉capacity容量capacity of crank press曲柄式压力机的能力capstan卷绕车轴carbide draw ring超硬拉深环carbide punch超硬冲头carbonzing and harden渗碳淬火carburizing渗碳carry two dies in same time2模重叠起吊carve刻case hardening表面渗碳硬化处理cast in hole/core/cored hole铸件表面粗糙度Cast in hook整体铸造吊耳cast iron铸铁Cast letter/Cast on die铸造文字Cast out/notched hole/core/core pocket/cored铸件减重孔openingcast steel/tool steel casting/steel casting铸钢cast/casting/foundry铸造性cast/iron铸件构成物casting铸件casting pattern模型（铸件用的) casting steel铸钢件casting structure铸件气泡孔caulking/calking铆接caulking/calking,caulk/crimp铆接cavity凹处cavity/collapse/depression凹处、凹面cement steel渗碳钢cemented carbide tool超硬工具center floor中地板center line中心线center of gravity重心center of pressure压力中心center pillar中立柱center punch中心冲头centralize聚集在中央chamfer angle倒角chamfer，chamfered倒角chamfering倒角作业change of dimension尺寸变更chart图表checking fixture/inspection fixture检具chemical components化学成分chip breaker/slug breaker/scrap breaker断屑槽chipped edge/nicked edge卷刀chipped punch刃口崩chipping缺损chisel凿子chisel钢凿chute 槽chuter滑槽circuit回路circuit diagram回路图circuit of pipe配管经路circumferential strain圆周方向变形clamp 夹紧clamp/yoke U字钉clamping fixture/fixture/shank安装工具clamping slot U槽class"1"surface/outer skin surface外部形面claw bar巴clay粘土clay model油泥模型clearance落料间隙clearance间隙clearance 间隙clearance between a blank holder and a lower底面间隙shoeclearance hole/body drill自由尺寸孔clevis U型连接器clip/clamp夹钳、钳closed joint无间隙焊接closing in压环clutch离合器clutch actuating level离合器作动杠杆clutch operating time离合器作动时间clutch/coupling/fitting接头coarse particulate/dust粉尘coarse thread标准螺纹coefficient of expansion膨胀系数coil cradle卷材芯coil feed卷材的送给coil feeder卷材送给装置coil/strip卷材coiled spring/helical spring螺旋弹簧coiler卷绕机coiling卷绕作业coining整形coining die压印加工模cold drawn冷轧cold rolling/cold roll常温压延cold shortness冷脆性collapse压碎Collar环collar环，圈column圆柱combination die组合模combined error/overall error综合误差combustion有机体的氧化commercial item现成品common specification of design设计统一规格书compacting预安装compo/mortar灰泥component构成品Composite die section分型模构成要素compressive ratio压缩比concave凹陷concave凹形的concentricity同心度/同轴度condition of die spotting in principal模具磨配重要管理部control areacone圆锥形conical/conic圆锥形的connecting rod连接棒connecting strap连接金属箍、连接金属带connection接续connection rod连接棒constant常数contour外形contour drawing外形图contour gauge/profile gauge轮廓样板，轮廓量规contour/profile轮廓contraction/necking缩劲control valve/flush plug调节阀control/controller控制converting可变阀convex凸型的convex凸状的convex shear凸型剪切conveyer搬运装置conveyer system/flow operation流水作业方式coolant/quenching liquid冷却液cooling冷却cooling rate冷却速度coordinating hole坐标孔core中心core bar /mandrel心轴core for air relief排气孔corner pillar角立柱corner R R角corner rounding倒角corrected修正完correction after try out试模修正correr post角柱cost reduction降低成本cost/first cost/initial cost原价countemeasure for safety/ precaution安全对策countermeasure对策countermeasure对应法cowl发动机罩cowl side inner发动机罩侧内板cowl top inner发动机罩上内板cowl top outer发动机上罩板crack裂纹、裂缝crack/fracture/scoring/slit裂纹、裂缝crane吊车crank pin曲柄销crank plate曲柄板crank press曲柄式压力机crank/crank shaft曲轴crawling蠕动critical极限的critical forming area成形困难部critical load极限载荷critical surface area机能面cropping棒的切断cross arm托架cross bar十字杆cross bar transfer十字杆传送cross key十字键cross section/transverse section横断面crossbar knockout纵横脱模crosshead十字头curl up/roll弯曲curling die卷边模current transformer/electrical transformer变压器curve弯曲cushion缓冲垫cushion pad缓冲气垫cushion pin/pressure pin弹顶杆cushion pressure缓冲器负荷cushion stroke缓冲器行程cushion stroke机械缓冲垫行程cut edge剪切口cut off切断cut/shear切断cutter刀具cutting allowance切削量cutting die/shear die切断模cutting edge刃口cutting edge 剪切刃cutting edge/trim steel/trim edge修边刃cutting face切刃面cutting land/length of cut/flute length刃长cutting torch气体熔断器cylinder圆筒cylinder 气缸cylinder nut气缸盖螺母cylindrical 圆柱状的cylindrical square柱形量规damaged/damage损伤dash panel仪表板dash panel side仪表板侧面dash riser panel仪表板垫板data数据datum hole加工基准孔datum line/zero line基准线datum surface加工基准面datum surface/nets基准面daylight/open height开口高度deck lid inner车箱盖内板deck lid outer车箱盖外板decoiling开卷作业decoiling device 回绕装置decoiling device/uncoiler开卷机decomposition/resolution分解defect/fault缺陷definition定义deflect偏差deflect使偏斜deflection偏斜deflection at center of bed 底部（压机工作台）中心的弯度、偏移deflection/deviation偏差deformation pattern变形模板deformation processing变形加工deformation resistance curve变形电阻曲线de-grease去处油delay延误delivery送货delivery出厂density浓度dents and dingsdepression for setting调整座depression for stock保管座depression/hollow/dimple凹处dereeler开卷机desigen review设计审查design构思design设计design engineering设计技术design modification/engineering change设计变更design review审图designed radius制件R designer设计者detail 详细图detail schedule小日程detail/detail of data详细detent制动器determine the feed height进给高度设定development展开/展开形状Deviation超出deviation偏转deviation偏移device/equipment装置diagonal对角线的dial gauge标度规diamond file金刚石锉刀die模具die 模具die assembly模具装配die back up plate模具加强板die block模块die bushing模具镶套die button模具凹模die button retainer凹模座die casting模具等级die clearance模具间隙die component模具构成部件die construction模具结构die cushion模具缓冲机构die depth模具深度die engineering department模具技术部门die height模具高度die holder/die retainer模座die layout加工要领图die lifter起模装置die mark碰痕die mark模具标记die radius模具Rdie set调整die set模组die shoe模座die shouder模具肩部die space模具空间die spotting模具研磨die spotting press模具对研机die steel/tool steel型钢die width模具宽dimension尺寸/记录尺寸dimension line尺寸线dimensional accuracy尺寸精度dimensional drawing尺寸图dimensional tolerance/tolerance of dimension尺寸公差dimple凹坑dimple定缝销钉dimpling die压凹模dinking切断direct current直流direct slide直滑动direction of feed/direction of flow/part送给方向flowdirection of press加工方向directionality方向性disappearing gauge/flip gauge定位块disassembling分解作业disk/disc圆盘disposal/treatment处理dispose处理distack feeder送料器Distance轻倒角distance block限程块distortion/curve弯曲、变形distortion/deformation/variant变形distributed load分布载荷document文件、文本door hinge reinforcement门铰链加强件double action双动double action双动double attached左/右件一体成型double cam双斜锲Double fold板重合double gripper feed双面夹钳式松辽装置double row arrangement双行排料double wear plate双防磨板dowel hole定位销孔dowel pin定位销、顶销dowel pin to suit复合顶销drag back毛刺，飞边drain hole排水孔draw as much as possible to consist of trim修边线极力调整到克修正的部位linedraw bending卷弯draw die development/binder /the draw堆油粘土draw part拉延零件draw punch opening拉延冲头外形draw sheet loader拉延板装卸机drawing 制图drawing/design图纸drawn panel拉延板 dressing stone修整工具drill 钻头drilled hole机械加工孔driver 传动器driver arm动力传导部driver arm驱动臂ductility延展性durability耐久性duration耐久dutchman防止落下dwell cam对置斜锲dynamic interference动干涉dynamic load动载荷dynamic review/line die dynamic check动检查E/C(engineering change) level设计变更NO。
水利水电工程英文词汇
国际工程常用英汉词汇汇编一、基础词汇access 交通agreement 同意、协议allocation 分配、配置approval 同意、批准arbitration 仲裁Asia Development Bank 亚洲开发银行assistant 助理、助手authorize(delegate)授权、委托Bill of Quantities(BOQ) 工程量表civil works 土建工程claim 索赔comment 评论、意见commercial manager 商务经理conditions of contract 合同条件general conditions 通用条件conditions of particular application 专用条件special conditions of contract 特别条件Conditions of contract for Works of Civil Engineering Construction 土木工程施工合同条件construction management 施工管理consultant 顾问contract agreement 合同协议Contractor 承包商cooperation 合作coordination 协作cost 费用cost control 成本控制counterclaim 反索赔demobilization 退场department 部门Designer 设计者drawing 图纸shop drawing 车间图design drawing 设计图as-built drawing 竣工图blue drawing 蓝图transparent drawing 透明图construction drawing 施工图electric works 电气工程Employer(Client/Owner) 业主Engineer 工程师Engineer's representative 工程师代表engineering project 工程项目international project 国际工程overseas project 海外工程domestic project 国内工程equipment 设备expatriate 外籍职员expert 专家export 出口Federation of Civil Engineering Contractor 土木工程承包商联合会formal 正式的hydromechanical works 金结工程import 进口in charge of 负责、主管informal 非正式的Institution of CivilEngineers(ICE) 土木工程师协会instrument 仪器、器械insurance 保险labour 劳务layout 布置leading company(sponsor)牵头公司、责任公司liability(responsibility/obligation) 责任、义务lump sump 总包machinery 机械manpower(human resource) 人力资源Manufacturer 制造商material 材料measure 办法、措施take effective measures 采取有效措施measurement 测量、计量memorandum 备忘录mobilization 进场objection 反对payment 支付plant 设备point of view(opinion) 观点、意见prequalification 资格预审procurement 采购profit 利润progress control 进度控制project manager 项目经理quality control 质量控制request(application) 申请、请求review 审查risk 风险river closure 截流river diversion 导流safety 安全signature 签名site 工地、现场site engineer 现场工程师specification 规格、规范staff 职员Subcontractor 分包商submission 提交supervise 监督、监视Supplier 供货商the International Chamber of Commerce国际商会unit price 单价variation(change) 变更World Bank 世界银行二、工程施工类（一）工程施工-土建类◆开挖与支护（Excavation and Support)明挖（Open Excavation )bench excavation 台阶开挖concrete excavation 砼开挖fault excavation 断层开挖foundation excavation 基础开挖local excavation 局部开挖mass(bulk) excavation 大面积开挖protective layer excavation 保护层开挖rock excavation 岩石开挖slope excavation 边坡开挖soft ground excavation 软基开挖soil excavation 土方开挖structural excavation 结构开挖tooth excavation 齿槽开挖unclassified material excavation 不分类料开挖coefficient of nonuniformity 开挖不均匀系数cutoff trench 截水槽dewatering(drainage) 排水excavation pit 开挖基坑intensity of excavation 开挖强度overexcavate ( overbreak ) 超挖pump sump 水泵坑Underexcavate ( underbreak ) 欠挖underbreak treatment 欠挖处理洞挖及地下开挖（Tunnel and Underground Excavation)a round of excavation 一个开挖循环adit 支洞advance 进尺advances depth 进尺深度breaking hole 崩落孔cushion hole 缓冲孔drift 掏槽bottom drift 底部掏槽center drift 中心掏槽side drift 边部掏槽top drift 顶部掏槽drilling 钻孔driving(progress) rate 进尺率easer 掏槽孔erecting supports for the roof and side wall 对顶拱及边墙进行支护full face excavation 全断面开挖heading and bench excavation 导流与台阶开挖loading and hauling muck(mucking ) 装拉渣loading (charging) 装药perimeter hole 周边孔pilot tunnel 导洞removing dust 除尘removing ground water 清除地面积水shooting the explosive (blasting) 放炮top heading excavation 上导洞开挖ventilation 通风钻孔爆破(Drilling and Blasting)abandoned hole 废孔average hole depth 平均孔深average quantity used in unitvolume blasted 平均单耗blasting result 爆破结果blockness 块度controlled perimeter blasting 周边控制爆破data of explosive filled 装药参数data of holes drilled 钻孔参数delayed blasting 延时爆破exploratory hole 探孔explosive quantity 药量explosive quantity in a sound 单响药量handling misfire 处理哑炮light charge 少量装药loosening blasting 松动爆破pattern 布孔方式distance between holes 孔距distance between rows 排距post shearing blasting 微差爆破prespliting blasting 预裂爆破quantity of holes 孔数smooth blasting 光面爆破延时支护(rock support)expansion shell rock bolt 胀壳式张拉锚杆feature rock anchor 随机锚索feature rock bolt 随机张拉锚杆feature rock dowel 随机砂浆锚杆feature rock reinforcement 随机加固lattice girder 钢桁架、格构大梁pattern cement grouted rockdowel 系统水泥浆锚杆pattern resin grouted rock dowel系统树脂浆锚杆pattern rock dowel 系统砂浆锚杆pattern rock reinforcement 系统加固permanent rock support 永久支护post-tensioned cement grouted tendon rock anchor 后张拉水泥浆锚索rebound material 回弹料return rock bolt 回头张拉锚杆return rock reinforcement 回头加固shotcrete anchorage 喷锚shotcrete with wire mesh 挂网喷砼steel fabric shotcrete 钢纤维喷砼steel rib 钢拱架temporary rock support 临时支护tensioned resin grouted rock bolt 树脂张拉锚杆◆土石料的填筑及碾压施工工序（Working Sequence)backfill 回填blend 混合compact 碾压controlled sprinkling 控制洒水cut the slope 削坡水利水电工程dump 卸料exploit 开采level 整平load 装料moisture condition 水分调节place and spread 摊铺remove 清除replace 重新回填retreat (do the work again) 返工scarify 翻松、刨毛screen and wash 筛分和冲洗take a sample 取样test 测试transport 运输treat 处理trim 修整缺陷（Defects）calcium particles 姜石contaminated material 受污染料declination of the boundary 料界偏差dry 干燥lack of compaction 漏压lump sump 结块muddy 泥泞oversize material 超粒径材料pocket 囊穴seepage 渗流separation 分离shear area 剪力区lens 透镜体其它（Others)bonding surface 结合面byproduct 副产品controlling parameter 控制参数fill placement record 填筑记录frog area 蛙夯区required embankment 必要填方subzone 分区◆混凝土（Concrete ）air-entrained concrete(aerated concrete) 加气砼asphalt concrete 沥青砼blinding concrete 垫层砼cast-in situ(site/place)concrete 现浇砼plastic concrete 塑料砼fibrous concrete 纤维砼first stage concrete 一期砼foamed concrete 泡沫砼high-performance concrete 高性能砼high-strength concrete 高强砼intrusion concrete 压浆砼lean concrete (poor concrete) 贫砼lightweight aggregate concrete 轻骨料砼mass concrete 大体积砼non-fines concrete 无砂砼non-plastic concrete 干硬性砼non-shrinkage concrete 无收缩砼normal concrete 常态砼plain concrete 素砼porous concrete 多孔砼prestressed concrete 预应力砼pump concrete 泵送砼reinforced concrete 钢筋砼roller compacted concrete( rollcrete) 碾压砼second stage concrete 二期砼作业（Activity）clearance(clearing) 清理concretepouring(placement/casting) 砼浇筑curing 养护Membrance curing 薄膜养护moist curing 湿润养护normal curing 标准养护steam curing 蒸汽养护repairing 修理Scabbling (chiping/roughening) 凿毛greencutting 冲毛surface finishing 收面vibrating 振捣缺陷（Defects）bug hole(pitted surface) 麻面cavity 狗洞cold joint 冷缝crack 裂缝deformation 变形depression 坑洼fire-damaged concrete 火损砼formwork shifting(moving) 跑模grout leakage 漏浆（挂帘）honeycomb 蜂窝incomplete vibration 不完全振捣、漏振irregularity 不规则segregation(bleeding) 离析stair(staggered joint) 错台tie rod hole 拉杆孔water leakage 漏水water seepage 渗水外加剂（Admixture）accelerator 速凝剂air-entraining agent 引气剂bloating(bulking /expansion) agent 膨胀剂coring admixture 着色剂early-strength admixture 早强剂gas-forming admixture 发气剂（起泡剂）fluidizer 塑化剂retarding agent 缓凝剂set-controlling admixture 调凝剂super-plasticizer 增塑剂、高效减水剂surface-active agent 表面活性剂water-reducing agent 减水剂accelerating water reducer 速凝型减水剂retarding water reducer 缓凝型减水剂waterproof agent 防水剂指标（Indexes）compressive strength 抗压强度compressive stress 压应力concrete class 砼等级final strength 终凝强度graduation 级配graduation curve 级配曲线impermeability 抗渗性initial setting strength 初凝强度mix design 配比设计resistance to freezing and thawing 抗冻融性shear strength 抗剪强度slump 坍落度specific weight/gravity 比重stability against sliding 抗滑稳定性strain 应变surface finish 表面平整度tensile strength 抗拉强度tensile stress 拉应力thermal stress 温度应力water-cement ratio 水灰比working stress 工作应力其他（Others）acceptance 验收age 龄期aggregate 骨料fine aggregate 细骨料coarse aggregate 粗骨料air pocket 气囊airtightness 气密性alternative 替代物、替换方法apply 应用、施加bending moment 弯矩block 仓号binding strength 黏结强度calibration 标定cement anchor 锚固卷concrete plug 砼塞concrete precast element 砼预制件concrete release sheet 发料单construction joint 施工缝contamination /pollution 污染conversion(reconstruction) 改建coverage 覆盖范围curing agent 养护剂delivery sheet 运料单direct discharge 直接入仓elevation 高程、正视图epoxy mortar application 还氧砂浆抹面existing 现有（存）的expansion joint 伸缩缝facilitate 使容易（便利）gabion 纤丝笼humidity 湿度水利水电工程identity 识别、标记ingredient 成分、配料inspection 检查、验收preliminary inspection 初验final inspection 终验appearance inspection 外观检查intact 完整的、未被触动的inter-tower joint 塔间缝introduce into 将……穿入isolate 隔离laitance 浮浆皮layer(lift)height 层高meet design requirement 满足设计要求moment of inertia 惯性距Pocket (box out/preset hole) 预留孔post-cooling 后冷却post tensioning 后张拉pre-cooling 预冷却pre-stressing 预应力pre-tensioning 先张拉pull-off test 扒拉试验reinforcement cover 钢筋保护层remark 备注section area 截面面积shearkey 抗剪键key groove 键槽shotcrete dry-mix process 干喷砼生产shotcrete wet-mix process 湿喷砼生产simplify 简化simultaneously 同时地spacer 水泥垫块spacing 间距stress concentration 应力集中symmetry 对称technical data 技术参数temperature control 温度控制temperature difference 温差temperature rise(gain) 温度升高theoretical elongation 理论延长量unloading 卸载water stop 止水PVC water stop PVC止水rubber water stop 橡皮止水copper water stop 铜止水watertightness 闭水性winter protection 冬季保温◆模板（Formwok/Shutteringform) erecting(setting up/fixing) formwork 立模Stripping (removing/dismantling) formwork 拆模bond breaker 脱模剂climbing cone 爬升锥dam bracket 大坝支架distance piece 横支撑double-curvature formwork 双曲模板flat formwork 平面模板水利水电工程formwork oil 模板油pigtail anchor 猪尾筋retractable formwork 进退式模板shearkey box 键槽盒sliding formwork 滑模steel form carrier 钢模台车steel formwork 钢模steel waling 钢围令、钢支撑stopend 堵头、封堵模板temporary formwork 临时模板tie rod(form tie) 拉杆tiltable formwork 倾斜式模板vault and invert formwork 顶拱及底拱模板wood formwork 木模◆钢筋（Reinforcement Rebar）distribution bar 分布筋dowel 插筋horizontal bar 水平筋lap length 搭接长度main stress bar 主应力筋overlap 搭接shear bar 剪力筋splice welding 绑条焊接starter bar 起始筋、苗子锦stirrup 箍筋support bar 架立筋vertical bar 竖直筋◆灌浆（Grouting）backfill grouting 回填灌浆consolidation grouting 固结灌浆contact grouting 接触灌浆curtain grouting 帷幕灌浆gap grouting 接缝灌浆gravity grouting 自重灌浆jet grouting 旋喷灌浆multi-stage grouting 多次灌浆pressure grouting 压力灌浆ring grouting 环行灌浆single-stage grouting 一次灌浆工艺过程（Activity）air test 通风试验backfilling of hole 封孔flushing test 通水试验joint washing 洗缝seal 密封soak 浸泡water pressure test 压水试验管路及组件（Circuit and Elements）air supply 风包arising pipe 升降管circuit 回路clamp 卡子cock 旋塞coil 蛇形管cylinder 缸套double nipple 对丝连接套水利水电工程expansion coupling 伸缩节female-quick coupling 内丝快接头fixed clamp 死卡flow rate meter 测量计galvanized elbow 镀锌弯头grout cap 灌浆帽grout cell 出浆盒grout stop plate 止浆片grout valve 灌浆阀inlet pipe 进浆管large radius elbow 大弧弯头main pipe 总管male-quick coupling 外丝快接头outlet pipe 出浆管packer 灌浆塞piston 活塞plug 堵头reducer socket 变径管套return pipe 回浆管tee piece 三通管reduce tee piece 变径三通管swivel-clamp 转卡U-bend U弯头union 活接头ventilation pipe 排气管water supply 水包参数及指标（Parameter and Indexes）consistency 稠度fineness 细度grout take 吃浆量high take 吃浆量大grouting pressure 灌浆压力leakage rate 漏水率Lugeon 吕容mix proportion 浆比pumping rate 泵浆率refusal criteria 排浆标准refusal time 抽浆时间water aborptin 吸水率仪器设备（Plant and Instrument）agitator 搅拌站automatic recorder 自动记录仪chiller plant(cooling plant) 制冷站displancement point 位移点electronic grout flow meter 电子流量计extensometer 变位计flow transmitter 流量传感器foundation displacementindicator 基础位移指示器grout pump 灌浆泵hydrometer 比重计joint meter 测缝计mixing plant 制浆站monitor 监测器osmometer 渗压计水利水电工程pendulum 钟摆portable instrument 便携式仪器pressure gauge 压力表pressure sensor 压力传感器reinforcement meter 钢筋计steel basin 搅拌槽strain meter 应变计temperature sensor 温度传感器terminal station 集线站其他（Others）check hole 检查孔compartment 灌区dense mix 浓浆foundation uplift 基础隆起grout hole 灌浆孔instrument hole 仪器孔primary/secondary and tertiary grout holes 一序、二序、三序灌浆孔spilt spacing 加密灌浆孔距waste mix 弃浆◆测量（Survey）测量方法及术语（Methods and Terms）adjust 校正、调整adjustment 平差allowance 容许误差backsight point 后视点basic point 基础点bench mark 水准点compass 罗盘chainage(station number) 桩号chain of triangulation 三角锁check 校核、对照control point 控制点coordinate point 坐标点datum 基础面datum point 基准点deviation 偏差easily identifiable point 容易识别点error 误差first order triangulation 一等三角测量geodetic 大地测量学的geodetic surveying 大地测量joint survey 联合测量known point 已知点level surface 水准面local triangulation networks 局部三角网national coordination system 国家坐标网observe 观测、监视point to be located 待定点position 定位、位置reconnaissance 选点、踏勘reference point 参考点second order triangulation 二等三角测量set out 放线、放样stake-line 测桩线state plane coordinate system 国家平面坐标系水利水电工程survey point 测点theoretical point 理论点traverse(polygon) 导线（测量）、横断error of traverse 导线闭合差lattice traverse 网格状导线long side traverse 长导线open traverse 非闭合导线short side traverse 短导线traverse closure 导线闭合traverse station 导线点traverse survey 导线测量triangulation 三角测量triangulation network 三角网triangulation of high order 高等级三角网triangulation point 三角点trilateration 三边测量vertical-control net 高程控制网wood pile 木桩角度测量（Angular Measure）azimuth 方位角bearing 方位、象限角buddle 气泡、水准器circle 度盘、圆盘circular bubble 圆水准器collimation axis 视准轴cross-line(cross-hair) 十字丝depression angle 俯角elevation angle 仰角eyepiece(ocular) 目镜field pole(staff) 标杆foot-screw 脚螺栓horizontal angle 水平角mark 标志（明）objective lens 物镜plumb(plummet) 铅垂、垂线sight 瞄准、观测target 目标、瞄准theodolite 经纬仪tranverse axis 横轴tripod 三脚架vertical angle 竖直角vertical axis 竖轴望远镜（Telescope）centering 对中face left 盘左face right 盘右focus 集中、焦点focusing 调焦index error 指标误差inverted position of telescope(reverse telescope)倒镜、盘右normal position of telescope(direct telescope)正镜、盘右optical plummet 光学垂准器round 测回set 套、组station 测站距离测量（Distance Measure）barometer 气压计base line(basic line/datum line) 基线battery 电池EDM(electromagnetic distance measurement) 电磁波测距filter 滤光片、滤波器laser alignment system 激光准直系统laser beam 激光束prism 棱镜range 测程、距离long range 远程medium range 中程short range 短程range finder 测距仪signal 信号spring balance 弹簧称tape 卷尺invar tape 铟瓦钢卷尺高程测量（Height Measurement）altitude/elevation 高程、海拔approximate leveling 近似置平、粗平automatic level 自动定平水准仪difference in altitude(difference of elevation ,height difference) 高差error of closure in leveling 水准闭合差exact leveling 精平、确置平level 水准仪（测点）level circuit 水准闭合环level shoe 水准尺垫line of level 水准线路national geodetic vertical datum 国家大地高程基准面reduced level 归化高差run back 返测run out 往测three-wire leveling 三丝法水准测量地形测量（Topographic Survey）boundary 边界、界线construction stake 施工标桩contour 等高线contour interval 等高距contouring 绘等高线contour-length method 等高线延长法contour line 等高线control network 控制网detail 细部、详图draw 绘图field 外业fix 固定、确定form line 地形图grid 格网information 注记、资料、情报marginal information 轮廓注记large-scale 大比例尺的latitude 纬度、范围latitude circle 纬圈latitude line 纬线legend 图例location 定线、定位longitude 经度longitude line 经线map 地图、制图mapping 制图、测图、地质素描match line 拼接线monument 标石、石柱object 地物、目标plan 平面图、略图plot 绘图profile 断面（图）、纵剖图record 记录、资料setup 定置仪器site location 定位stake out 放样、定线、立桩symbol 符号、记号topographic detail 地形细部topographic map 地形图◆原形观测观测仪器和设施{Instrumentation and Facilities）air-entraining meter 掺气剂Carlson-type piezometer 卡尔逊式渗压计concrete strain meter 砼应变计convergent point 收敛测点direct plumb line 正垂线earth pressure cell 土压力盒embankment piezometer 坝体渗压计embankment strain meter 堤应变计extended wire 引张线foundation piezometer 基础渗压计horizontal inclinometer 水平测斜仪hydraulic instrument 水力学仪器hydrophone 水听器inclinometer casing 测斜管interface joint meter 界面变位计inverted plumb line 倒垂线micro piezometer 微压计multiple position extensometer 多点位移计observation point 观测标点observation well 观测井optical alignment line 视准线plate strain meter 钢板计pneumatic piezometer 气压式渗压计pressure fluctuation meter 脉动压力计prestressed tendon anchorage dynamometer 预应力锚索测力计rock bolt extensometer 锚杆测力计single point extensometer 单点位移计spiral sensor 测扭仪standpipe 测压管strong-motion seismogragh 强震仪surface monument 表面标点temperature sensor 温度传感器terminal house 终端房terminal station 终端站tilt meter 倾角计time average pressure cell 时均压力计total pressure cell 总压力盒velometer 流速计vertical inclinometer 垂直测斜仪vibrating wire piezometer 震旋式渗压计vibrating wire settlement sensor 振旋式沉降仪weir with micro piezometer 带微压计的量水堰working base point 工作基点zero stress-strain meter 砼无应力计附件及配件（Acessories and Spare Parts）coil 盘绕component 零部件coordinator 坐标仪damping box 阻尼角differential resistance 差动电阻double layer rubber sleeve 双层保护forced centering plate 强制对中盘instrument lead 仪器电缆invar wire 铟瓦丝metal ring 金属环plumb coordinate meter 垂线坐标仪pulley 滑轮regulator 调节器riser 立管sensor 传感器spool 绕轴steel socket 钢底座tablet 药片tensioning weight 张拉重锤thermistor 热敏电阻tip 测头安装过程（Procession of Installation）assemble 组装couple 连接embed 埋设install 安装insulate 绝缘maintenance 维护monitor 监测protection of instrumentation 仪器保护reduce 归纳seal 密封splice 拼接supply 提供test 测试资料（Information）assemble schematic 装配简图certificate 合格证书description 使用说明书maintenace guideline 维护指南manual 说明书operating principle 工作原理operating restraint 操作范围procedure 程序trouble shooting procedure 鼓掌分析程序其他（Others）annular space 环行空间data acquisition 数据采集data recording 数据记录leas drilling hole 引线孔permanent record 永久记录readout device 读数设备saturated 饱和的seepage isolation dike 截渗堤trapezoidal 梯形◆水工常规试验砼原材料试验（Test of Raw and Processed Material of Concrete）骨料（Aggregate）abrasion volume by Los Angeles rattler洛杉机磨耗量accumulated retained percentage 累计筛余百分率acicular and flaky grain in aggregate 针状与片状颗粒含量alkali-aggregate reaction 碱骨料反应apparent density 视密度bulk density (unity weight) 容重clay lumps and friable particles in aggregate黏土块及易碎颗粒含量coefficient of softening 软化系数crush index 压碎指标dry state 干燥状态exceeding and inferior grain inaggregate 超逊径颗粒含量fineness modulus 细度模数gaping place rate 空隙率grader retained percentage 分计筛余百分率grain composition 颗粒级配grain size 粒径lightweight matter in aggregate 轻物质含量mica content 云母含量moisture content(water rate) 含水率mud content 含泥量organic content 有机质含量potential reactivity of aggregate 骨料潜在活性saturation 饱和的sieving curve 筛分曲线soft grain in aggregate 软弱骨料含量soundness 坚固性surface moisture content 表面含水率water-soluble sulphide 水溶性硫化物水硬性胶凝材料(Hydraulicity cementitious material)age 龄期cement mark(strength of cement /cement grade) 水泥标号consumptive use of water normal consistance水利水电工程标准稠度用水量degree of mobilization 流动性dissolution heat ( solution heat ) 溶解热final set 终凝flexural strength 抗弯强度flyash 粉煤灰hydration heat 水化热initial set 初凝loss on ignition(ignition loss) 烧矢量setting time 凝结时间silica fume 硅粉soundness 水泥的安定性specific surface area 比表面积specific heat 比热water demand ratio 吸水量比外加剂（Admixture）bubble stability 泡沫稳定性bubbling ability 起泡能力chloride content 氯化物含量compressive strength rate 抗压强度比contract with dry rate 干缩率dispersing coefficient 分散系数dispersing ability of water-reducing agent 减水剂分散能力loss of slump 塌落度损失sulphate content 硫酸盐含量solid content 固体含量surface tension 表面张力water-reducing rate 减水率水（Water）alkalinity 碱度calcion 钙离子carbonic acid 钙酸chlorion 氯离子equivalent concentration 当量浓度oxygen consumption 耗氧量normal solution (standardsolution) 标准溶液PH value PH值water analysis 水值分析砼（Concrete）砼拌和物（Mixture）assurance strength of concrete 砼保证强度bleeding rate 泌水率cement-sand ration 灰砂比design strength of concrete 砼设计标号flowability of concrete 砼的流动性mix proportion (proportion of mixture) 砼配合比mixture uniformity 拌和物的均匀性penetration-obstruction method 贯入阻力法probability of ensuring strength of concrete 砼强度保证率sand rate 砂率unit consumption of water 单位用水量water retention (water retentiveness) 保水性water-cement ratio 水灰比硬化砼（Hardened concrete）axial tensile strength 轴向抗拉强度coefficient of thermal conductivity 导热系数cooling rate 冷却率core of concrete 砼芯样creep deformation (time deformation ) 徐变变形form coefficient(form factor) 形状系数freezing -melting circulation 冻融循环frost-resistance mark 抗冻标号heat property of concrete 砼热学性能height-diameter ration 高径比linear expansion coefficient 线膨胀系数loss of weight 重量损失natural frequency 自振频率permeate 渗透permeated height 渗透高度permeated-resisting mark 抗渗标号relative coefficient of permeability 相对渗透系数resonance frequency 共振频率sample 试件self-grown volume deformation（砼）自生体积变形splitting tensile strength 劈裂抗拉强度static compressive modulus of elasticity 静力抗压弹数temperature conductivity 导温系数tensile modulus of elasticity 抗拉弹性模量thermal insulation warming 绝热温升ultimate tensile strain 极限拉应变ultimate tensile strength 极限抗拉强度wear rate 磨损率wear-resisting strength 抗冲磨强度砂浆（Cement）cement lime mortar 水泥石灰砂浆cement mortar 水泥砂浆cement-clay mortar 水泥黏土砂浆epoxy mortar 环氧砂浆lime mortar 石灰砂浆plastering mortar 抹面砂浆pointing joint mortar 勾缝砂浆土（Soil）accumulation curve (cumulative curve) 累计曲线activity index 活性指标angle of friction 摩擦角Atterberg limits(water content as limit) 阿太堡界限（界限含水量）California bearing ratio 载重比coarse-grained soil 粗粒土coefficient of compressibility 压缩系数coefficient of cubicalcompressibility 体积压缩系数coefficient of curvature 曲率系数compression 压缩compression index 压缩指数compression modulus 压缩模数consolidated-undrained (quick) shear test 固结不排水剪（固结快剪）试验consolidated-drained (slow) shear test 固结不排水剪（慢剪）试验consolidation 固结consolidation coefficient 固结系数consolidation settlement 固结沉降consolidation stress 固结应力continuous grading/gradation 连接级配contraction test(shrinkage test) 收缩试验core cutter method 环刀法creep curve 蠕变曲线critical slope 逸出坡降（临界坡降）Darcy's law 达西定律degree of consolidation 固结度degree of free swelling 自由膨胀率direct shear test 直接剪切试验direct shear test of reiteration 反复直剪强度试验distribution curve 分布曲线drift soil (shifting soil/mass flow) 流土effective angle of inner friction 有效内摩擦角effective strength envelope 有效强度包线expansion force 膨胀力expansion ration(specific expansion) 膨胀率filtering flow(seepage flow) 渗流fine-grained soil 细粒土flow net(drift net) 流网hydraulic slope 水力坡降hydrometer method 比重计法hydrostatic head method 常水头法limit equilibrium state 极限平衡状态liquefaction 液化liquid limit 液限liquidity index 液化指标maximum dry density 最大干密度method of sieving 筛分法Mohr's stress circle 莫力应力圆Mohr-coulomb failure criteria 莫尔-库伦破坏准则normal stress 法向应力（正应力）oedometer curve 压缩曲线optimum moisture content 最优含水量piping 管涌plastic limit 塑限plasticity index 塑性指标pore water pressure 空隙水压力porosity 空隙率principal stress 主应力Proctor compaction test 普氏击实试验relative density 相对密度sand replacement method 灌砂法saturability (saturation degree/percentsaturation) 饱和度saturated unit weight 饱和容重seepage deformation 渗透变形seepage force(seepage pressure) 渗透力seepage line 渗透线seepage speed 渗透速度shear stress 切向应力（剪应力）shrinkage limit 缩限skip(gap/jump) grading 间断级配specific gravity of soil particle 土粒比重steady seepage field 稳定渗流场stress path 应力路径total strength envelope 总强度包线triaxial compression test 三轴压缩试验unconfined compression strength 无侧限抗压强度unconsolidated undrained test 不固结不排水剪（快剪）试验variable head method 变水头法void(pore) ratio 孔隙比water replacement method 灌水法wet density 湿密度其它建筑材料钢筋（steel ）bending and unbending 反复弯曲cold bending test 冷弯试验elongation test 拉伸试验nominal diameter 公称直径ratio of elongation 伸长率relaxation test 松弛试验steel strand 钢绞线tensile yield strength 拉伸屈服强度ultimate tensile strength 极限抗拉强度木材（Wood）curshing strength paralled to thegrain 顺纹抗压强度tensile strength paralled to thegrain 顺纹抗拉强度crushing strength across th egrain 横纹抗压强度tensile strength across to thegrain 横纹抗拉强度沥青（Asphalt）brittle temperature test 脆化点试验expansion test 延伸度试验penetration test 针入式试验softening point test 软化点试验test of aging 老化试验viscosity test 粘滞性试验质量管理（Quality Management）average 平均值deviation standard(error of mean squares) 均方差deviation coefficient(dispersion coefficient) 离差系数index of correlation 相关系数水利水电工程management limit 管理界限mathematic statistics 数理统计maximum 最大值minimum 最小值normal distribution 正态分布quality assurance 质量保证quality examination 质量检测regression curve 回归曲线relative dampness 相对湿度sample capacity 样本容量sampling frequency 取样频率specimen 样品statistical analysis 统计分析technical specification 技术规范technical standard 技术标准testing circumstance 试验环境testing error 试验误差testing regulation 试验规程variance analysis 方差分析◆地质(Geology)地质年代（Geochronology of Geologic Ages）Archaeozoic era (erathem) 太古代（界）Proterozoic era (erathem) 元古代（界）Palaeozoic era (erathem) 古生代（界）Mesozoic era (erathem) 中生代（界）Cenozoic era (erathem) 新生代（界）Sinian period (system) 震旦纪（系）Cambrian period (system) 寒武纪（系）Ordovician period (system) 奥陶纪（系）Silurian period (system) 志留纪（系）Devonian period (system) 泥盘纪（系）Carboniferous period (system) 石碳纪（系）Permian period (system) 二叠纪（系）Triassic period (system) 三叠纪（系）Jurassic period (system) 侏罗纪（系）Cretaceous period (system) 白垩纪（系）Tertiary period (system) 第三纪（系）Quaternary period (system) 第四纪（系）地质构造（Geologic Structural）fault 断层normal fault 正断层reversed fault 逆断层parallel fault 平移断层gouge 断层泥stria 擦痕joint 节理primary joint 原生节理secondary joint 次生节理tension joint 张节理unloading joint 卸荷节理schistosity 片理bedding 层理foliation 板理（叶理）ripple mark 波痕mud crack 泥痕rain print 雨痕水利水电工程orientation of bedrock 岩层产状strike 走向dip 倾向angle of dip (dip angle ) 倾角fold 褶皱anticline 背斜syncline 向斜Monocline (homocline) 单斜dome 穹隆soft stratum 软弱岩层zone of fracture(broken zone ) 破碎带affected zone 影响带platy structure 板状构造cleavage 解理fracture(rupture) 断裂fissure(crack/fracture) 裂隙岩石类型（Rock type）petrology 岩石学igneous rock 火成岩magmatic rock 岩浆岩lava(vocanic rock) 火山岩intrusive (invade) rock 侵入岩effusive rock 深成岩pypabussal rock 浅成岩acid rock 酸性岩inter-mediate rock 中性岩basic rock 基性岩ultrabasic rock 超基性岩granite 花岗岩porphyry 斑岩rhyolite 玢岩syenite 流纹岩trachyte 粗面岩diorite 闪长岩andesite 安山岩gabbro 辉长岩basalt 玄武岩aplite 细晶岩pegmatite 伟晶岩lamprophyre 煌斑岩diabase 辉绿岩dunite 橄榄岩pumice 浮岩sedimentary rock 沉积岩clastic rock 碎屑岩clay rock 黏土岩chemical rock 化学岩biolith 生物岩conglomerate 砾岩siltstone 粉砂岩mudstone 泥岩shale 页岩saline rock 盐岩limestone 石灰岩dolomite 白云岩marl 泥灰岩。
模具制作的六个流程
模具制作的六个流程英文回答：1. Pattern Design:The initial step in mold making involves designing the pattern, which serves as the blueprint for the mold. The pattern is typically fabricated from wood, plastic, or metal and accurately represents the geometry of the final product.2. Mold Design:Based on the pattern, the mold is designed. It consists of two halves to enable separation and extraction of the molded object. The mold cavities are designed to match the pattern's shape and incorporate features such as gates and vents for material flow during molding.3. Core Making:Cores are used to create hollow or recessed sections within the molded object. They are fabricated separatelyand positioned within the mold to form the desired cavities. Cores must be designed with proper draft angles tofacilitate ejection from the mold.4. Mold Fabrication:The mold is fabricated using various materials, such as aluminum, steel, or composite materials. The mold components are machined or cast to precision tolerances to ensure accurate reproduction of the pattern shape. Gating and venting systems are incorporated into the mold tocontrol material flow.5. Assembly and Testing:The mold halves are assembled and aligned precisely.The core(s), if used, are inserted into the mold cavity.The mold is then tested for proper operation and any necessary adjustments are made to ensure molding efficiencyand product quality.6. Mold Maintenance:Regular mold maintenance is crucial to ensure optimal performance and longevity. Cleaning, lubrication, and inspection are essential maintenance tasks that help extend mold life and minimize production downtime.中文回答：1. 样板设计：模具制作的第一步是设计样板，作为模具的蓝图。
注塑专业英语
共混 凸台 分流道 计算机辅助工程 充填基本流动方式 悬臂式卡扣 毛细管流变仪 型腔压力 型腔 压力曲线 中心温度 热膨胀系数 位移分布 可压缩 冷却效率 冷却过程 冷却速率 冷却速度 冷却阶段 冷却系统 冷却时间 冷却水管 锥板式流变仪 冷却模拟 冷却通道 模面温度差分布 缓冲量 壁厚变化
blend Bosses Branched runners CAE(computer aid engineering) Basic Flow Pattern in Filling Cantilever snap (hook) Capillary viscometer Cavity pressure cavity pressure profile Center Temperature coefficient of thermal expansion displacement distribution compressible cooling efficiency cooling process cooling rate cooling rate Cooling stage cooling system cooling time cooling channel cone-and-plate viscometer cool simulation cooling channel / cooling line distribution of mold temperature difference cushion wall thickness varitor pin man sengle man auto purge loader thermostat
product menut plam control ejector control heat control speed control fulling pressure control packing pressure control excit control alarm view maximum daylight minimum daylight clamping force clamping system control system core-pulling distance core-pulling force Cycle time hydraulic system
拇指血流灌注指数试验与改良Allen试验的比较
硕士学位论文论 文 题 目： 拇指血流灌注指数试验与改良Allen试验的比较Evaluation of the patency of the hand collateralarteries with thumb Perfusion Index test:Comparison with the modified Allen’s test研 究 生 姓 名: 吴阳指导教师: 刘松学科专业: 麻醉学研究方向: 麻醉学临床技能训练与研究论文工作时间: 2015年6月至2016年12月目录中文摘要 (1)英文摘要 (2)正 文 (3)前 言 (3)资料与方法 (7)结 果 (10)讨 论 (15)结 论 (22)参考文献 (23)致 谢 (33)附录A (34)附录B (44)拇指血流灌注指数试验与改良Allen试验的比较中文摘要目的：探讨拇指血流灌注指数(Perfusion Index，PI)试验替代改良Allen试验(modified Allen's test，MAT)评价掌部组织侧支循环血流灌注的可行性。
方法：选择1108例拟行择期手术并需要经桡动脉入路进行有创动脉压力监测的患者，在桡动脉穿刺前先后用MAT和拇指PI值试验分别评价患者试验侧掌部组织侧支循环血流灌注的情况，并将两种试验方法结果进行统计学比较和分析。
结果：在1108例患者中MAT阴性患者1035例(93.41%)，阳性患者73例(6.59%)；拇指PI值试验阴性患者1090例(98.38%)，其中包括57例MAT阳性患者,阳性患者18例(1.62%)。
拇指PI值试验阴性患者行经该侧桡动脉入路进行有创动脉压力监测，两种试验方法结果进行卡方检验，差异有统计学意义(x2=51.27, P＜0.05)。
两种试验方法影响因素进行logistic回归分析发现两种试验方法结果阳性率均与年龄和性别有相关性(P＜0.05)。
结论：在本研究中用拇指PI值试验筛选出1.62%的患者不宜行经桡动脉入路进行有创动脉压力监测。
模具英文词汇
注册登录论坛开通窝窝网页游戏打折机票搜索帮助导航繁體中文中华模具精英社区»出口交流» [分享] 模具英文词汇对照与塑料模专业英词窗体顶端窗体底端返回列表回复发帖狂送千万好礼年终巨献让利空前发新话题发布投票发布悬赏发布辩论发布活动发布视频发布商品发短消息加为好友1# 打印hai 当前离线UID9帖子439精华6积分596威望81金钱184阅读权限50在线时间40 小时注册时间2009-8-6最后登录2010-10-11高级设计师UID9帖子439精华6积分596威望81金钱184阅读权限字体大小: tThai发表于2009-8-6 14:27 | 只看该作者踩窝窝送礼物问候Ta[分享] 模具英文词汇对照与塑料模专业英词窗体顶端窗体底端关于“模流分析相关...”的内容本站搜索更多关于“模流分析相关英文词汇”的内容[分享] 模具英文词汇对照与塑料模专业英词很多初学者找不到相关对照表,我现在发上来供大家学习,如果还有没有说到的,请大家补上来,英文詞匯一、模具結構Mould / Tooling --- 模具Top Clamp Plate ---面板Mould Base ------模胚Runner Stripper Plate---- 水口板Gate ----------------澆口(入水位)A Plate ------------- A 板Side Gate ----------側澆口Stripper Plate------推板Pin Point Gate-----點澆口B Plate--------------B 板Submarine Gate---潛伏澆口Support Plate------托板Disk Gate----------------- 圓盤澆口Spacer Block------------- 方鐵Tab Gate------------------ 薄片澆口Ejector Retainer Plate--- 面針板Spoke Gate--------------- 輪輻澆口Ejector Plate------------- 底針板Direct Gate--------------- 直接澆口Bottom Clamp Plate---- 底板Cavity--------------------- 型腔Insert---------------------- 鑲件Core----------------------- 型芯50在线时间40 小时注册时间2009-8-6 最后登录2010-10-11 二、加工工具Bushing Borers----- 杯司鑽頭Tapered Reamers--- 爹把絞刀Core Pins------------ 哥針Ejector Pin Reamers----- 頂針絞刀Capscrew Counterbores--杯頭螺絲撥頭Leader Pin Reamers----- 導邊絞刀Ejector Pin Counterbores----- 頂針撥頭Springs“A”Type (Orange Color)------扁線壓力彈弓“A”(橙色) Leader Pin Counterbores----- 導邊撥頭Springs“B”Type (Silver Color)------- ----扁線壓力彈弓“B”(銀色) Return Pin Counterbores----- 回針撥頭Tapered Drills----------------- 爹把鑽Shoulder Bushing Counterbores-------- 有托杯司撥頭“R”Cutters-----------------唧咀弧度刃三、螺紋標準名稱BSW----------------- 英制粗螺紋Metric (Coarse)---- 公制粗螺紋BSF ----------------- 英制幼螺紋Metric (Fine)------- 公制幼螺紋BSPP---------------- 英制管平衡螺紋Pg------------------- 公制電力螺紋BSPT---------------- 英制管斜度螺紋UNC---------------- 美制粗螺紋BA------------------ 英國協會螺紋UNF---------------- 美制幼螺紋四、標準模具零件Angular Pins------- 斜度邊釘Return Pins--------- 回針Dowel Pins--------- 管位釘Shoulder Bushings--有托杯司E.G. Bushing--------中托司套Shoulder Leader Pins--有托導邊Ejector Pin---------- 圓身頂針Special Water Junctions--特殊喉咀Hotwork Ejector Pins--- 耐熱頂針Spring-------------- 彈簧HS Ejector Pins--- 高速度鋼頂針Sprue Bushings--- 唧咀Ejector Blade----- 扁身頂針Stop Pins ---------- 限位釘Ejector Return Assembly--- 頂針板回歸器Straight Bushings-------- 直身杯司Ejector Sleeves----------- 頂針司筒Straight Leader Pins------直身導邊Gas Expeller------------------- 疏氣針Support Pillars ---------------- 撐頭Jiggle pin---------------------- 斜頂Support Pins------------------ 細水口導邊Locating Rings--------------- 定位圈Tapered Interlocks----------- 爹把邊釘“P”Locks------------------ 定位扣Tension Link-------------------- 拉力板Puller Bolt Collars------------- 拉桿介指Thermo Pin--------------------- 導熱針Puller Bolts--------------------- 脫水口螺絲Water Junctions---------------- 標准喉咀Puller Lock----------------------拉模扣Hot Runner System------------ 熱流道系統五、不良成形現象Air Trap----------------------- 困氣Flash--------------------------- 披鋒Air Vent----------------------- 排氣Jetting------------------------- 摺紋Black Spots------------------- 黑點Short Shots-------------------- 走膠不全Burning 燒焦Sinks------------------------- 局部收縮Burr--------------------------- 毛刺Splay-Silver Streaks-------- 水花白Cold Well--------------------- 冷料穴Weld Line--------------------- 夾水紋Distortion--------------------- 扭曲六、圖紙用字Drawn By------------- 繪圖者Chamfer-------------- 倒角Checked By---------- 核對者Fillet------------------ 倒圓角Approved by--------- 批核者Draft Angle---------- 脫模斜度Client / Customer--- 客戶Parting Line---------- 分型線Title ------------------- 題目Center Line---------- 中心線Drawing No---------- 圖紙編號Tolerance ------------- 公差Part name------------ 零件名稱Detail View---------- 詳細圖Tool No--------------- 模具編號Top View ------------- 頂視圖Tool Type------------ 模具種類Front View----------- 正視圖No of Cavity--------- 模腔數Side View------------ 側視圖Shrinkage------------------ 收縮率Section View--------------- 切面圖Issue------------------------ 發行Notes------------------------ 告示Modification--------------- 更改Wall Thickness------------ 膠位厚度Item ------------------------ 項目Texture--------------------- 花紋Material-------------------- 材料Radius---------------------- 半徑BOM------------------------ 物料菜單Diameter------------------- 直徑Date ------------------------ 日期Colour---------------------- 顏色Scale------------------------ 比例Coarse---------------------- 粗NTS------------------------- 不按比例Fine------------------------- 幼Unspecified---------------- 未註明的Projection------------------ 投影七、一般加工方法Boring---------------- 鏜加工Milling---------------- 銑床加工CNC------------------ 數控銑床加工Polishing------------- 拋光Sand Blasting-------------- 噴砂Engraving------------------ 雕刻Sand Casting--------------- 砂模鑄造Etching--------------------- 蝕紋Sawing---------------- 鋸Forging--------------- 鍛造Sintering-------------- 燒結Grilling--------------- 鑽床加工Tap-------------------- 攻螺絲Grinding-------------- 磨床加工Turning--------------- 車床加工Heat Treatment------ 熱處理Welding-------------- 燒焊Latheing-------------- 車床加工Wire Cut-------------- 線切割加工八、其他Injection-------------- 注射Key-------------------- 鑰匙Plastic----------------- 塑膠Lens------------------- 鏡片Rubber---------------- 橡膠Handle---------------- 手柄Resin------------------ 樹脂Cover----------------- 蓋Feet------------------- 英尺Panel------------------ 表板Inch------------------- 英吋Shaft------------------ 軸Meter----------------- 米/ 公尺Motor----------------- 馬達Millimeter------------ 毫米Rust------------------- 生鏽Height---------------- 高度Dimension----------- 尺寸Depth----------------- 深度Rib-------------------- 骨位Weight---------------- 重量Glass Fiber----------- 玻璃纖維Speed----------------- 速度Friction--------------- 摩擦力Temperature--------- 溫度Tension--------------- 拉力Screw----------------- 螺絲Pressure-------------- 壓力Screw Driver-------- 螺絲刀Alarm----------------- 警報Thread---------------- 螺紋Pneumatic------------ 氣動Pitch------------------ 螺距Hydraulic------------- 液壓Base------------------- 基座Cylinder-------------- 唧筒Button---------------- 按鈕Lubricating Oil------ 潤滑油Gear------------------- 齒輪Magnet--------------- 磁石Pulley----------------- 滑輪Spanner--------------- 扳手Housing--------------- 外殼Fixture---------------- 夾具收藏分享评分回复引用订阅TOP发短消息加为好友hai 当前离线UID9帖子439精华6积分596威望81金钱184阅读权限50在线时间2#hai发表于2009-8-6 14:28 | 只看该作者踩窝窝送礼物问候Ta常用朮語中英文對照short shot缺膠break斷裂flash披鋒gap too large after assembly裝配間隙大dimension NG尺寸NGfailed to assembked不能裝配no conduct due to broken wire銅絲線斷,不導電力度不良defective forcedistortion變形poor plating電鍍不良damage破損returned by production line生產線退貨wire come off端子松脫printing defect tapping defect打印不良,滑絲40 小时注册时间2009-8-6 最后登录2010-10-11高级设计师UID9帖子439精华6积分596威望81金钱184阅读权限50在线时间40 小时注册时间2009-8-6 最后登录2010-10-11 hurt批傷Crack爆裂bruise碰傷broken snap斷扣Rust生銹Reworked by supplier供應商返工Hurt on wire線披傷Holes有針孔Scratch划傷Foreign material異物Dust灰塵Cable come off線脫落Press hurt壓傷Which caused the abnormal voice from assembly造成裝配有異音Broken pins扞腳斷Lead wire導線Motor馬達It cannot rotate smoothly轉動不暢Loose gear齒輪松Lead wire導線Loose tube and bad insertion wire線頭熱熔膠管脫落Panel按健表板Key defect按健不良Fold皺折Structure different with sample結构與樣板不符Broken tab柱子斷Lead wire assy導線組Adaptor火牛Black specks黑點Hole blocked up塞孔Crack 破裂Mixed color料花Spec標准Actual實測Spring彈弓Non homogeneouse colour混色Hole larger孔徑大There are oil on the part surface部品表面有油Gear dent齒輪位碰傷Thickness NG厚度NGE-PIN too high頂針位高Higher gate水口位高Colour different異色Contamination 雜物Grease 油污Cosmetic defects熔膠不良Rusting 銹斑Resilience NG彈力NGSmudge 污跡Without chamfer未倒角Wire is broken線斷White plastie of terminal peal off白膠脫落Wire is broken線破損Broken snap扣位斷Loose connector線頭松脫焊線脫落The welded wire looseThe boss is shorter柱子低Oddment 碎屑Rand pick 選別游標卡尺/Vemier Caliper ( VC)電子卡尺/Digital Caliper( DC)三座標測量儀(三次元)/Coordinate Measuring Maching(CMM) 電子千分尺/Digital Micrometer( DM)游標千分尺/Vernier Micrometer(VM)針規/Pin Gauge( PG)投影儀/Projector( P)電子高度尺/Digital Height Gauge( DH)游標高度尺/ V emier Height Gauge( VH)塞尺/Thickness Gauge( TG)直尺/Ruler( R)百分表/Dial Indicator( DI)涂層厚度計/Coating Thickness Gauge( CT)塊規/Block Gauge( BG)角度規(尺)/Goniometer/Bevel Protracter( G)直角尺/Right Angle Ruler/Spuare( AR)溫適度計表/Hygrothermograph( H)平台板/Flat/Plate( F)色差儀/Chromometer( C)鈕具表/Torfque Gauge( TE)推拉力計/Pull-Push Gauge( PP)數字鈕鉅儀/Digital Torfque Gauge( DT)電子稱/ Digital Scale( DS)法碼/Weights( WT)天平/Balance( BG)照度計/Light Meter( LM)萬用表/Multimeter(M)螺紋規/Thread Gauge( TD) 表面粗糙度樣塊/Roughness Block( RB) 功力表/Power Meter( PM) 硬度計/Sclerometer( S) 秒表/Stop Watch( SW) 刀口尺/Knife Gauge( KG) 放大鏡/Amlifer( A) 水平儀/Level Balance ( LB) 內徑千分尺/Internal Micrometer( IM) 卷尺/Roll Meter( RM) 耐壓測試儀器/Pressure Meter( PM) 千分尺/Micrometer( M) 內側千分尺/Insiele Micrometer( IM) 深度千分尺/Depth Micrometer( DM)回复 引用 TOP发短消息 加为好友hai 当前离线 UID 9帖子 439 精华 6积分 596 威望 81 金钱 184 阅读权限 50在线时间 40 小时 注册时间2009-8-6 最后登录2010-10-11 3# hai 发表于 2009-8-614:29 | 只看该作者踩窝窝送礼物 问候Ta 塑料模专业英语 1、ejector unit 顶出单元，包括一切有顶出功能的零件：ejector pin, ejector plate,ejector sleeve,ejector rod, ejector leader busher 顶出导销（顶出板导杆）的衬套，也叫ejector guide bush ejector stopper,用于顶出制动的，或限位的 ejector pin retaining plate:顶针固定板。
参数化特征的耀瓷牡丹纹饰重构方法与实践
摘要：文章提出一种基于传统耀州瓷牡丹纹饰的参数化图案梳理、转化、生成的设计方法。
通过对传统耀瓷植物纹饰进行深入研究，发掘出隐藏的瓷纹饰构成规律，并结合参数化设计原理，利用Grasshopper 编程软件的Kangraoo 参数算法，进而模拟传统耀瓷刻花的方式生成新的数字图案，应用到新的文创产品之中。
通过将模拟生成的二维图案投射到三维形体上，形成可视化肌理。
最终利用3D 金属打印的方式，完成茶滤器的设计制作。
文章通过以茶滤器为载体的参数化设计及制造的数字过程，验证了利用参数化重新设计生成传统耀瓷植物纹饰的可行性，为其他历史名瓷的再设计提供了新的思路。
关键词：耀瓷牡丹纹饰 参数化设计 数字图案生成 纹饰重构 3D 金属打印中图分类号：TS936 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1003-0069（2023）10-0010-04Abstract：This paper proposes a design method of combing ，transforming and generating parametric patterns based on traditional Yaozhou porcelain peony patterns.Through in-depth research on the traditional Yao porcelain plant ornamenta-tion ，the hidden pattern of porcelain ornamentation is discovered ，and Combined with the parametric design principle ，the Kangraoo parameter algorithm of Grasshopper programming software is used to simulate the traditional Yao porcelain engraving method to generate new digital pattern ，applied to new cultural and creative products.The visual texture is formed by projecting the simulation-generated 2D pattern onto the three-dimensional form.Finally ，the tea filter was designed and made by using 3D metal printing.Through the digital process of parametric design and manufacture with tea filter as the carrier ，this paper verifies the feasibility of using parametric redesign and provides a new idea for the redesign of other historical famous porcelain.Keywords：Yao porcelain peony pattern Parametric design Digital pattern generation Decoration reconstruction 3D metal printing西安理工大学艺术与设计学院 钦 松 石亮亮 薛艳敏参数化特征的耀瓷牡丹纹饰重构方法与实践RECONSTRUCTION METHOD AND PRACTICE OF YAO PORCELAIN PEONY DECORATION WITH PARAMETRIC FEATURES引言耀州窑从最初的唐代创烧逐渐演变为华夏乃至陕西特有的凝炼形态，成为历史陕西稳定性和连贯性的文化视觉符号，耀瓷器物形态引导着封建王朝的秩序和规则，用纹饰图案解读地域文化的良造和淳善[1]。
流体力学英语词汇
流体力学英语词汇acceleration 加速度average velocity 平均速度Bernoulli 伯努力boundary layer 边界层calculus 微积分coefficient of viscosity 粘性系数compressible(incompressible) ( 不) 可压的conservation of mass(momentum, energy) 质量(动量, 能量) 守恒continuum 连续介质control-volume 控制体density(mass per unit volume) 密度differential 微分dimension 量刚尺度dynamics 动力学Euler 欧拉eulerian (lagrangian) method of description 欧拉(拉格郎日)观点,方法field of flow 流场flow pattern 流型( 谱) fluid mechanics 流体力学function 函数inertia 惯性, 惯量integral 积分kinematics 运动学kinetic (potential, internal) energy 动( 势, 内) 能Lagrange 拉格郎日liquid 流体Newtonian fluids 牛顿流体（non）linear （非）线性（non）uniform （非）均匀one-dimensional 一维pathline 迹线perfect-gas law 理想气体定律pressure 压力压强Reynolds 雷诺shear（normal） stress 剪（正）应力solution 解答statics 静力学steady（unsteady）（非）定常strain 应变streamline（tube）流线（管） thermal conductivity 热传导thermodynamics 热力学variable 变量vector 矢量velocity distribution 速度分布velocity field 速度场velocity gradient 速度梯度viscous（inviscid）（无）粘性的volume rate of flow 体积流量CHAPTER -2 absolute （gage,vacuum） pressure绝对（表, 真空）压力area moment of inertia 惯性面积矩atmospheric pressure 大气压力barometer 气压计body force 体力Cartesian [rectangular] coordinates 直角坐标（系）centroid 质心elliptic 椭圆的equilibrium 平衡horizontal 水平的hydrostatic 水静力学, 流体静力学hyperbolic 双曲线的mercury 水银moment 矩parabolic 抛物线plane (curved) surface 平( 曲) 面plate 板pressure center 压力中心pressure distribution(gradient) 压力分布( 梯度) reservoir 水库rigid-body 刚体scalar 标量specific weight 比重surface force 表面力vertical 垂直的, 直立的CHAPTER -3 Bernoulli equation 伯努力方程Boundaries 边界Conservation of mass 质量Control volume 控制体Energy(hydraulic) grade line能级线Flux 流率Free body 隔离体Heat transfer 热传到Imaginary 假想Inlet, outlet 进, 出口Integrand 被积函数Jet flow 射流Linear(Angular)-momentum relation 线( 角) 动量关系式Momentum(energy)-flux 动量( 能量) 流量Net force 合力No slip 无滑移Nozzle 喷嘴Rate of work 功率Reynolds transport theorem 雷诺输运定理Shaft work 轴功Stagnation enthalpy 制止焓Surroundings 外围System 体系Time derivative 时间导数Vector sum 矢量合Venturi tube 文图里管Volume(mass) flow 体积( 质量) 流量Volume(mass) rate of flow 体积( 质量) 流率CHAPTER -4Soomth 平滑Laminar 层流Transition 转捩Roughness 粗糙度Random fluctuations 随机脉动Reynolds number 雷诺数(Re)Instability 不稳定性Breakdown 崩溃Mean value 平均值Drag 阻力Osborne Reynolds Dye filament 染色丝Internal (external) flow 内( 外) 流Cartesian 笛卡坐标Infinitesimal 无限小local acceleration 当地加速度dot product 点乘total derivative 全导数convective acceleration 对流加速度substantial(material) derivative 随体(物质) 导数operator 算子partial differential equation 偏微分方程Newtonian fluid 牛顿流体Navier-Stokes Equations N-S 方程Second-order 二阶Similarity 相似Nondimensionalization 无量纲化Flat-plate boundary layer 平板边界层Thermal conductivity 热传导Heat flow 热流量Fourier's law 傅立叶定律Couette Flow 库塔流动Channel 槽道Parallel plates 平行平板Pressure gradient 压力梯度No-slip condition 无滑移条件Poiseuille flow 伯肖叶流动Parabola 抛物线Wall shear stress 壁面剪应力Prandtl 普朗特Karman 卡门Momentum-integral relation 动量积分关系Momentum thickness 动量厚度Skin-friction coefficient 壁面摩擦系数Displacement thickness 排移厚度Blasius equation 布拉修斯方程Coordinate transformation 坐标变换Composite dimensionless variable 组合无量纲变量Shape factor 形状因子Velocity profile 速度剖面流体动力学fluid dynamics 连续介质力学mechanics of continuous media 介质medium 流体质点fluid particle无粘性流体nonviscous fluid, inviscid fluid 连续介质假设continuous medium hypothesis 流体运动学fluid kinematics 水静力学hydrostatics液体静力学hydrostatics 支配方程governing equation伯努利方程Bernoulli equation伯努利定理Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律Biot-Savart law欧拉方程Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理Helmholtz theorem开尔文定理Kelvin theorem涡片vortex sheet库塔-茹可夫斯基条件Kutta-Zhoukowski condition布拉休斯解Blasius solution达朗贝尔佯廖d'Alembert paradox雷诺数Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数Strouhal number随体导数material derivative不可压缩流体incompressible fluid质量守恒conservation of mass动量守恒conservation of momentum能量守恒conservation of energy动量方程momentum equation能量方程energy equation控制体积control volume液体静压hydrostatic pressure涡量拟能enstrophy 压差differential pressure 流［动］ flow 流线stream line 流面stream surface 流管stream tube 迹线path, path line 流场flow field 流态flow regime 流动参量flow parameter 流量flow rate, flow discharge 涡旋vortex 涡量vorticity 涡丝vortex filament 涡线vortex line 涡面vortex surface 涡层vortex layer涡环vortex ring 涡对vortex pair涡管vortex tube 涡街vortex street 卡门涡街Karman vortex street 马蹄涡horseshoe vortex 对流涡胞convective cell 卷筒涡胞roll cell 涡eddy 涡粘性eddy viscosity 环流circulation 环量circulation 速度环量velocity circulation 偶极子doublet, dipole 驻点stagnation point 总压［力］ total pressure 总压头total head 静压头static head 总焓total enthalpy 能量输运energy transport速度剖面velocity profile库埃特流Couette flow单相流single phase flow单组份流single-component flow均匀流uniform flow非均匀流nonuniform flow二维流two-dimensional flow三维流three-dimensional flow准定常流quasi-steady flow非定常流unsteady flow, non-steady flow暂态流transient flow周期流periodic flow振荡流oscillatory flow分层流stratified flow无旋流irrotational flow有旋流rotational flow轴对称流axisymmetric flow不可压缩性incompressibility不可压缩流[ 动] incompressible flow 浮体floating body 定倾中心metacenter 阻力drag, resistance 减阻drag reduction 表面力surface force 表面张力surface tension 毛细［管］作用capillarity 来流incoming flow 自由流free stream 自由流线free stream line 外流external flow 进口entrance, inlet 出口exit, outlet 扰动disturbance, perturbation 分布distribution 传播propagation 色散dispersion 弥散dispersion 附加质量added mass ,associated mass收缩contraction镜象法image method 无量纲参数dimensionless parameter 几何相似geometric similarity 运动相似kinematic similarity 动力相似[ 性] dynamic similarity 平面流plane flow 势potential 势流potential flow 速度势velocity potential 复势complex potential 复速度complex velocity 流函数stream function 源source 汇sink 速度[水]头velocity head 拐角流corner flow 空泡流cavity flow 超空泡supercavity超空泡流supercavity flow空气动力学aerodynamics 低速空气动力学low-speed aerodynamics 高速空气动力学high-speed aerodynamics 气动热力学aerothermodynamics 亚声速流[ 动] subsonic flow 跨声速流[ 动] transonic flow 超声速流[ 动] supersonic flow 锥形流conical flow 楔流wedge flow 叶栅流cascade flow 非平衡流[ 动] non-equilibrium flow 细长体slender body 细长度slenderness 钝头体bluff body 钝体blunt body 翼型airfoil 翼弦chord 薄翼理论thin-airfoil theory构型configuration后缘trailing edge 迎角angle of attack 失速stall脱体激波detached shock wave 波阻wave drag诱导阻力induced drag 诱导速度induced velocity 临界雷诺数critical Reynolds number 前缘涡leading edge vortex 附着涡bound vortex 约束涡confined vortex 气动中心aerodynamic center 气动力aerodynamic force 气动噪声aerodynamic noise 气动加热aerodynamic heating 离解dissociation 地面效应ground effect气体动力学gas dynamics稀疏波rarefaction wave热状态方程thermal equation of state喷管Nozzle普朗特- 迈耶流Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流Rayleigh flow可压缩流[ 动] compressible flow可压缩流体compressible fluid绝热流adiabatic flow非绝热流diabatic flow未扰动流undisturbed flow等熵流isentropic flow匀熵流homoentropic flow兰金- 于戈尼奥条件Rankine-Hugoniot condition状态方程equation of state量热状态方程caloric equation of state完全气体perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管Laval nozzle马赫角Mach angle马赫锥Mach cone马赫线Mach line马赫数Mach number 马赫波Mach wave 当地马赫数local Mach number 冲击波shock wave 激波shock wave 正激波normal shock wave 斜激波oblique shock wave 头波bow wave 附体激波attached shock wave 激波阵面shock front 激波层shock layer 压缩波compression wave 反射reflection 折射refraction 散射scattering 衍射diffraction 绕射diffraction 出口压力exitpressure超压[ 强] over pressure反压back pressure爆炸explosion 爆轰detonation 缓燃deflagration 水动力学hydrodynamics 液体动力学hydrodynamics 泰勒不稳定性Taylor instability 盖斯特纳波Gerstner wave 斯托克斯波Stokes wave 瑞利数Rayleigh number 自由面free surface 波速wave speed, wave velocity 波高wave height 波列wave train 波群wavegroup 波能wave energy 表面波surface wave 表面张力波capillary wave规则波regular wave不规则波irregular wave浅水波shallow water wave深水波deep water wave重力波gravity wave椭圆余弦波cnoidal wave潮波tidal wave涌波surge wave破碎波breaking wave船波ship wave非线性波nonlinear wave孤立子soliton水动［力］噪声hydrodynamic noise 水击water hammer空化cavitation空化数cavitation number空蚀cavitation damage超空化流supercavitating flow水翼hydrofoil水力学hydraulics洪水波flood wave涟漪ripple消能energy dissipation海洋水动力学marine hydrodynamics谢齐公式Chezy formula欧拉数Euler number弗劳德数Froude number 水力半径hydraulic radius 水力坡度hvdraulic slope 高度水头elevating head 水头损失head loss 水位water level 水跃hydraulic jump 含水层aquifer 排水drainage 排放量discharge 壅水曲线back water curve 压［强水］头pressure head 过水断面flow cross-section明槽流open channel flow孔流orifice flow无压流free surface flow有压流pressure flow缓流subcritical flow急流supercritical flow渐变流gradually varied flow急变流rapidly varied flow临界流critical flow异重流density current, gravity flow 堰流weir flow掺气流aerated flow含沙流sediment-laden stream 降水曲线dropdown curve沉积物sediment, deposit 沉［降堆］积sedimentation, deposition 沉降速度settling velocity流动稳定性flow stability 不稳定性instability奥尔- 索末菲方程Orr-Sommerfeld equation 涡量方程vorticity equation 泊肃叶流Poiseuille flow 奥辛流Oseen flow 剪切流shear flow 粘性流[ 动] viscous flow 层流laminar flow 分离流separated flow 二次流secondary flow 近场流near field flow 远场流far field flow 滞止流stagnation flow 尾流wake [flow] 回流back flow 反流reverse flow 射流jet 自由射流free jet 管流pipe flow, tube flow 内流internal flow拟序结构coherent structure 猝发过程bursting process 表观粘度apparent viscosity 运动粘性kinematic viscosity 动力粘性dynamic viscosity 泊poise 厘泊centipoise 厘沱centistoke 剪切层shear layer 次层sublayer 流动分离flow separation 层流分离laminar separation 湍流分离turbulent separation 分离点separation point 附着点attachment point 再附reattachment 再层流化relaminarization 起动涡starting vortex驻涡standing vortex涡旋破碎vortex breakdown 涡旋脱落vortex shedding 压［力］降pressure drop 压差阻力pressure drag 压力能pressure energy 型阻profile drag 滑移速度slip velocity 无滑移条件non-slip condition 壁剪应力skin friction, frictional drag 壁剪切速度friction velocity 磨擦损失friction loss 磨擦因子friction factor 耗散dissipation 滞后lag相似性解similar solution 局域相似local similarity 气体润滑gas lubrication液体动力润滑hydrodynamic lubrication浆体slurry泰勒数Taylor number纳维-斯托克斯方程Navier-Stokes equation牛顿流体Newtonian fluid边界层理论boundary later theory边界层方程boundary layer equation边界层boundary layer附面层boundary layer层流边界层laminar boundary layer湍流边界层turbulent boundary layer温度边界层thermal boundary layer边界层转捩boundary layer transition边界层分离boundary layer separation边界层厚度boundary layer thickness位移厚度displacement thickness本文来自: 恒星英语学习网() 详细出处参考：/word/sxwl/2009-01-26/66896.html动量厚度momentum thickness 能量厚度energy thickness 焓厚度enthalpy thickness 注入injection 吸出suction 泰勒涡Taylor vortex 速度亏损律velocity defect law 形状因子shape factor 测速法anemometry 粘度测定法visco[si] metry 流动显示flow visualization 油烟显示oil smoke visualization 孔板流量计orifice meter 频率响应frequency response 油膜显示oil film visualization 阴影法shadow method 纹影法schlieren method 烟丝法smoke wire method 丝线法tuft method 氢泡法nydrogen bubble method 相似理论similarity theory 相似律similarity law 部分相似partial similarity 定理pi theorem, Buckingham theorem 静[ 态] 校准static calibration 动态校准dynamic calibration 风洞wind tunnel 激波管shock tube 激波管风洞shock tube wind tunnel 水洞water tunnel 拖曳水池towing tank 旋臂水池rotating arm basin 扩散段diffuser 测压孔pressure tap 皮托管pitot tube 普雷斯顿管preston tube 斯坦顿管Stanton tube 文丘里管Venturi tubeU 形管U-tube压强计manometer 微压计micromanometer 多管压强计multiple manometer 静压管static [pressure]tube 流速计anemometer 风速管Pitot- static tube 激光多普勒测速计laser Doppler anemometer, laser Doppler velocimeter 热线流速计hot-wire anemometer 热膜流速计hot- film anemometer 流量计flow meter 粘度计visco[si] meter 涡量计vorticity meter 传感器transducer, sensor 压强传感器pressure transducer 热敏电阻thermistor 示踪物tracer 时间线time line 脉线streak line 尺度效应scale effect壁效应wall effect 堵塞blockage堵寒效应blockage effect 动态响应dynamic response 响应频率response frequency 底压base pressure 菲克定律Fick law 巴塞特力Basset force 埃克特数Eckert number 格拉斯霍夫数Grashof number 努塞特数Nusselt number 普朗特数prandtl number 雷诺比拟Reynolds analogy 施密特数schmidt number 斯坦顿数Stanton number 对流convection 自由对流natural convection, free convec-tion 强迫对流forced convection 热对流heat convection 质量传递mass transfer 传质系数mass transfer coefficient 热量传递heat transfer 传热系数heat transfer coefficient 对流传热convective heat transfer 辐射传热radiativeheat transfer 动量交换momentum transfer 能量传递energy transfer 传导conduction 热传导conductive heat transfer 热交换heat exchange 临界热通量critical heat flux 浓度concentration 扩散diffusion 扩散性diffusivity 扩散率diffusivity 扩散速度diffusion velocity 分子扩散molecular diffusion 沸腾boiling 蒸发evaporation 气化gasification 凝结condensation 成核nucleation 计算流体力学computational fluid mechanics 多重尺度问题multiple scale problem 伯格斯方程Burgers equation 对流扩散方程convection diffusion equation KDL方程KDV equati on 修正微分方程modified differential equation 拉克斯等价定理Lax equivalence theorem 数值模拟numerical simulation 大涡模拟large eddy simulation 数值粘性numerical viscosity。
注塑专业用语
Air tapped between the granules at the hopper end
Intermitent flow in the cavity 模腔内间歇流动
Injection speed too fast 注射速度过快
Reduce temperature of nozzle降低管口/喷嘴温度
Preheat material 预热原材料
Reduce rear cylinder temperature and use uniform granulation 降低后料桶温度，使用统一的颗粒
Balance gate position , relocate gates,平衡流道位置，重新定位流道
Mould temperature too low 模温过低
Injection pressure too high 注射压力过高
Moisture and volatiles in the material原料湿度大
Material too hot 原料太热
Contamination of foreign material 混料
Poor venting排气不良
Insufficient plunger forward time 活塞前进时间不足
Insufficient injection speed注射速度不足
Improper balance of plastic flow in multiple cavity moulds.多穴模具中塑料流动失衡
Sprue held up in sprue bush due to inadequate taper 因锥度不合适导致注料口卡住
塑料模具 流道潜水口 英文
塑料模具流道潜水口英文Plastic Mold Runner and Submarine Gate Design.In the world of plastic molding, the runner and submarine gate are two crucial components that play a pivotal role in the entire molding process. These components work in tandem to ensure efficient material flow and consistent part quality. Understanding their design, function, and importance is essential for anyone working in the plastic molding industry.The runner is the channel that carries molten plastic from the injection unit to the cavity where the part is formed. It's essentially a pathway that ensures the plastic reaches the mold cavity under the right conditions at the correct temperature, pressure, and velocity. The runner design is critical as it affects the fill pattern, part quality, and overall molding efficiency.Submarine gates, on the other hand, are a specific typeof gate design that allows the plastic to enter the mold cavity from below the surface, hence the name "submarine." This design is often used when a smooth, uninterrupted surface is desired on the part's exterior. Submarine gates minimize the visibility of the gate mark, which is thepoint where the plastic enters the cavity, resulting in a cleaner, more aesthetically pleasing part.When designing a plastic mold, the runner and submarine gate must be carefully considered. The runner's length, width, and cross-sectional shape all affect the flow of plastic and can influence factors like fill time, pressure distribution, and part quality. Similarly, the size, shape, and location of the submarine gate can significantly impact the part's appearance and structural integrity.The material being molded is also a crucial factor. Different plastics have different flow characteristics and require runners and gates that are tailored to their specific needs. For example, some plastics require wider runners to maintain a consistent flow rate, while others may benefit from a narrower runner to increase shearheating and improve material mixing.The molding machine's capabilities and limitations must also be taken into account. The size and configuration of the runner and submarine gate must be compatible with the machine's injection capacity, clamp force, and other relevant parameters.In addition to these considerations, the runner and submarine gate design must also account for factors like cycle time, part ejection, and mold maintenance. For instance, an overly complex runner design may increase cycle time by prolonging the cooling period. Similarly, a poorly designed submarine gate may make part ejection difficult or lead to premature wear and tear on the mold.To ensure optimal runner and submarine gate design, a combination of experience, expertise, and simulation software is often employed. Designers rely on their knowledge of plastic flow behavior, molding machines, and mold design principles to create initial designs. These designs are then tested and optimized using simulationsoftware, which allows designers to visualize the plastic flow within the mold and identify potential issues beforethe mold is even built.In summary, the runner and submarine gate are integral components of any plastic mold. Their design is a crucial aspect of the molding process, affecting part quality,cycle time, and overall molding efficiency. By carefully considering factors like material properties, machine capabilities, and the desired part characteristics, designers can create runner and submarine gate designs that optimize the molding process and produce high-quality parts.。
塑料模具专业英文名词解释
塑料模具专业英文名词解释Plastic mold, also known as plastic mold, is a toolthat is used to shape, size, and finish plastic materials during the injection molding process. It is an essential component of the plastic molding industry, allowing manufacturers to produce a wide range of plastic parts and components for various applications.Here is a detailed explanation of some common plastic mold terminologies:1. Mold Base: It is the foundation of the mold, providing support and alignment for other mold components. It typically consists of two plates: the top clamping plate and the bottom clamping plate.2. Cavity and Core: The cavity is the negative impression of the desired part shape in the mold, while the core is the insert that forms the internal features of the part. Together, they define the external and internalgeometry of the final part.3. Ejector System: This system is responsible for ejecting the molded part from the mold cavity after the molding process is complete. It typically consists ofejector pins, ejector sleeves, and ejector plates.4. Gating System: It is the system that directs the plastic material into the mold cavity. The design of the gating system affects the flow of plastic, filling pattern, and the overall quality of the molded part.5. Cooling System: This system consists of channels or holes within the mold that allow cooling fluid to circulate, controlling the temperature of the mold and the plastic material. Effective cooling is essential for achieving consistent part quality and minimizing cycle time.6. Runner and Sprue: The runner is the channel that carries the plastic material from the injection machine to the mold cavity, while the sprue is the initial point where the plastic enters the mold.7. Mold Plates: These are the main structural components of the mold that hold all other components in place. They are typically made of high-quality steel andare precision-machined to ensure accurate part dimensions.8. Slides and Lifters: Slides and lifters are mechanical devices used to create undercuts or overhangs in the molded part. They allow for the movement of certainmold components during the molding process.9. Ejector Pins: These are small, precision-machined pins that are used to eject the molded part from the mold cavity. They are typically made of hardened steel and are precision-placed to avoid damaging the part.10. Clamping System: This system is responsible for holding the mold halves together during the molding process. It typically consists of clamping plates, tie bars, and hydraulic or pneumatic clamping devices.In conclusion, plastic mold terminology covers a widerange of specialized concepts and components. Understanding these terms is crucial for anyone working in the plastic molding industry, as it helps them to communicate effectively, design and fabricate molds efficiently, and produce high-quality molded parts consistently.。
Runnerandgatedesign：流道和浇口的设计
Runner and gate design.The Important FeaturesIntroduction;The following is a brief summary of the important factors to consider when designing runner and gating systems for Zinc and Aluminium pressure die casting dies.In the past runner systems were designed using empirical knowledge and developed using trial and error methods which involved excessive time and often multiple die trials. Today, computer programmes exist which eliminate these problems and are able to give good results immediately but, many of the most basic design issues are often neglected during the design stage particularly if the die is designed by the tool maker without consultation to the die casting technicians.These brief notes are intended as guidelines for use during training and as an aide memoiré for die design technicians and designers. They are not intended to cover all aspects of die design practice.____________________________Objective:The runner and gate system should achieve the following in basic terms:•Produce a casting of the specified quality; in terms of finish, size and tolerance, casting integrity, mechanical properties, cycle time and consistency.••Achieve first time success; to avoid wasted time on successive machine trials, delays in delivery of samples, loss of customer confidence and excessive die developmentcosts.••Provide optimum yield; increases efficiency by optimising the casting to runner yield ratio, improve metal losses due to lower re-melt weights, reduces cycle times due toimproved thermal efficiency.THE BROCK METAL COMPANY LIMITED,WALSALL ROAD. NORTON CANES, CANNOCK, STAFFS, UK WS11 9NR.Runner and gate design.Influencing factors.Designing a runner system:Selection of the machine should be based on several factors but not just shot weight and platen area. Most machines are supplied with a PQ2 diagram or one exists from measurements taken on other similar machines. Runner designs should be based on machine performance with a given plunger or shot sleeve diameter, known hydraulic pressure and in the case of hot chamber die casting the nozzle size. Both projected area and lock tonnage should also be considered if the proposed runner plus casting is liable to approach the machine limits.Casting geometry:The cavity should be positioned to promote the best cavity fill conditions while accommodating essential die features such as core slides, cooling channels, sensitive casting features, number of cavities and robotic removal constraints. Other process criteria such as second operation locations, clipping orientation, break off de-gating and finishing requirements should also be considered before the cavity position is decided.Uniform flow path:The runner should establish a uniform metal flow rate deigned to promote the best hydraulic system, stable metal pressure and velocity. Most computer design programmes will control these features but the designer will still have institute a flow path allows these features conform to the desired parameters.Cavity fill conditions:Modern pressure die casting machines often have more power at the shot end than is required to achieve the optimum fill conditions. Consequently, the performance offers many gate area options capable of achieving the desired fill conditions – the designer must select the most suitable based on the casting specification and process limitations.Cavity fill pattern:Is invariably decided by the casting geometry and gate position but the metal pressure and velocity will have influence but to a lesser extent. The influence of casting features such as vertical surfaces and ribs, variable section thicknesses, isolated bosses and cores must be considered when the gate position is decided.Venting and overflow wells:Should all be considered at the design stage – are directly related to the cavity fill conditions and casting geometry but also the introduction of over flow wells or pockets may have significant cost implications.THE BROCK METAL COMPANY LIMITED,WALSALL ROAD. NORTON CANES, CANNOCK, STAFFS, UK WS11 9NR.Runner and gate design.Machine Performance.Effects of change.Injection pressure: Reduce or increase .• Increased injection pressure – will increase flash, raise galvanising and die erosion.Optimum pressure levels will improve casting integrity, maintain speed and velocity and improve cavity fill conditions.Reduced injection pressure – reduces flow rates, and static metal pressure on hot chamber pressure die casting machines.• Plunger diameter – on hot chamber die casting machines smaller plungers give thebest casting results with higher injection pressure and faster delivery. On aluminium cold chamber machines plunger diameter choice is less critical but effect is far more significant in performance terms - increasing delivery velocity and reducing cavity fill times.• Plunger speeds - high terminal velocities can produce pressure spikes on older diecasting machines leading flash and die wear. High gate speeds result in expensive die maintenance due to die erosion and galvanising.• Runner Area/volume - die designer should create a uniform flow through the runnerby establishing nozzle area (hot chamber) as the largest section in the runner.Progressively reducing the cross sectional area of the runner at each section to the gate which should be the smallest area in the runner system. Similarly, on cold chamber dies the sprue post runner should be the largest runner section down to the gate which should be smallest section of the runner.Flow rate histogram.N o z z l e a r e aGateAreaTHE BROCK METAL COMPANY LIMITED,WALSALL ROAD. NORTON CANES, CANNOCK, STAFFS, UK WS11 9NR.Runner and gate design.Runner features‘Y’ Junction not ‘T’‘Y’ JunctionReduces area and increases pressure progressively.‘T’ JunctionIncreases volume at the junction creating low pressure area at the centre of the gate.THE BROCK METAL COMPANY LIMITED,WALSALL RO D. NORTON CANES, CANNOCK, STAFFS, UK WS11 9NR.ARunner and gate design .Runner featuresTaper tangential runner - with shock absorber – showing section change A to B toSmaller diagram – illustrates poor runner design small access radius,increased e taper,maintain pressure and velocityrunner volume at the radius, small runner cross section at the end of th and no shock absorber.THE BROCK METAL COMPANY LIMITED,WALSALL RO D. NORTO NES, CANNOCK, STAFFS, UK WS11 9NR.A N CARunner and gate design .Runner featuresDrawings – Show section through sprue posts on Aluminium (top ) and Zinc (bottom )This area most commonly inte d incorrectly by toolmakers.Note; Th radiusdies.rprete e reduction from the sprue faces to die face and the size and blend which are struck from the same centre to ensure even transition from sprue to die.THE BROCK METAL COMPANY LIMITED, WALSALL ROAD,. NORTON CANES, CANNOCK, STAFFS, UK WS11 9NR.Runner and gate design .Runner featuresRunner sections: Need to be adjusted by differing percentages tor l10% reduction in runnerarea- down stream of metalaccommodate larger angular direction changes30% reduction in runner a ea - down stream of meta flow – for 900 bend.flow – for a 200 bend.THE BROCK METAL COMPANY LIMITED, WALSALL ROAD. NORTON CANES, CANNOCK, STAFFS, UK WS11 9NR,Runner and gate design .Gate Areasate Areas:ptimum for Zinc alloy pressure die-casting :ed / velocity – 35 – 45 metres per second.ish – 20 milli seconds or functionalOptimum for Aluminium alloy pressure die casting:5 metres per second..ortant on large castings asFil a etry: has the largest influence on cavity flow paths – high metal velocitypplied to vertical casting faces causes turbulence, galvanising and impedes metal. All of which and areas; It is possible to assess parts of the casting separately nd this may be advantageous if they are unlikely to be fed directly from the gate. of a given part sing separate gates for each zoned area. This will often improve fill characteristics low: It must be stressed that the gates and runner both fluence flow direction. Once the runner is established metal under pressure will G O • Gate spe • Cavity fill time – plated or powder coated fin parts – 40 milli seconds.• Gate depth – 0.15 – 0.5 mm.• Gate speed / velocity – 25 to 3To avoid die erosion and control cavity fill characteristics • Cavity fill time – end of fill temperature is most imp solidification can occur prior to cavity filling.• Depth 1.25 – 3 mm (1.5 mm minimum for machine intensification to be effective ).l P ttern:Casting geom a can result in expensive die repairs / maintenance. Section changes and cores change pressure and direction and these effects need to be considered and understood when considering gate position options.Zones volumes a Using computer programmes allows each separate zone to be quantified in volume and surface area terms. If treated as un-gated the fill time and end of fill temperature can be determined as a comparison with the main body of the total casting.Gating separate zones: It is possible also to examine separate zones u and reduce the risks of defects. The uses of multiple gates are not a risk if designed and implemented correctly.Runner will direct metal f in enter the cavity in the same direction and flow angle. Varying injection speed and metal pressure may alter this angle slightly but this is only a fine tuning method.THE BROCK METAL COMPANY LIMITED, WALSALL ROAD. NORTO NES, CANNOCK, STAFFS, UK WS11 9NR,N CARunner and gate design .Fill pattern.Influence of casting geometry ertain casting shapes are best filled in a predetermined way, if the toolingre the depth is 50% of the edge length or more he box :C configuration allows. Deep boxes, whe can be fed using the gate runner configuration shown below – alternatively t can be turned through 450 to shorten the runner distance and improve shot yield.THE BROCK METAL COMPANY LIMITED, WALSALL ROAD. NORTON CANES, CANNOCK, STAFFS, UK WS11 9NR,Runner and gate design .Fill pattern.vals or round castings: Try to fill the centre first using either a runneronfiguration below or a more traditional fan feed. With fan feeds it is essential to getO c the ratio of the approach angle and width of gate correct.THE BROCK METAL COMPANY LIMITED, WALSALL ROAD. NORTON CANES, CANNOCK, STAFFS, UK WS11 9NR,Runner and gate design .Fill pattern.nnular rings: Can be fed using the runner configuration indicated below. A smallver flow well should positioned in the centre hole to take away any lubrication fume A o and another well placed on the out side perimeter adjacent to the last segment of the part to fill.THE BROCK METAL COMPANY LIMITED, WALSALL ROAD. NORTON CANES, CANNOCK, STAFFS, UK WS11 9NR,Runner and gate design .Fill pattern.Rectangular Plates: Fill across shortest distance whenever possible – t cut downow distance and increase end of fill temperature. It is therefore advisable to avoido fl the option shown in the upper diagram if possible.THE BROCK METAL COMPANY LIMITED, WALSALL ROAD. NORTON CANES, CANNOCK, STAFFS, UK WS11 9NR,Runner and gate design .Fill pattern.Diagram show e – to resolve problems ofporosity and poor ximately 6 mm deep, with a gate depth of between 1.8 and 2.5 mm. Casting weighed approximately 5 Kg and with a flow distance of 510 m s: runner developed over a period of tim fill results. The darker blue area is appro m.THE BROCK METAL COMPANY LIMITED, WALSALL ROAD. NORTON CANES, CANNOCK, STAFFS, UK WS11 9NR,Runner and gate design .Fill pattern.Diagram show niform gate thickness of 2 mm. The runner and a subsequent increase in yield of 18% and a reduction in pr ected area of some 22% allowing improved shot speed and increased in injecs: Revised runner with balance fill and u shows reduced shot weight by over 1 Kg oj tion pressure.THE BROCK METAL COMPANY LIMITED, WALSALL ROAD. NORTON CANES, CANNOCK, STAFFS, UK WS11 9NR,Runner and gate design .Vents and Overflow wells.Points to remember:• Over flow w tal flow, but rarely remove gas and fume as the cavity is normal sealed before they become a .only work for less than half of the cavity fill time as they arefinal fill is achieved. • Over flow wells are a poor method of die heating both inefficient and wasteful.See reference material from ILZRO, IZA.JWTSep ells can be used to change or divert mective ly • Similarly vents can sealed off before the• Use only one connection per over flow to avoid back feeding through theoverflow and reintroducing gas and cold metal. • Always vent over flow wells – as a precaution.Many are lost before re-melting and therefore increase metal losses.t 05 – issue 5。
小浪底水利工程英语词汇表
一、基础词汇 access 交通 agreement 同意、协议 allocation 分配、配置 approval 同意、批准 arbitration仲裁Asia Development Bank 亚洲开发银行 assistant助理、助手 authorize(delegate) 授权、委托 Bill of Quantities(BOQ) 工程量表 civil works 土建工程 claim 索赔 comment评论、意见 commercial manager 商务经理 conditions of contract 合同条件 general conditions 通用条件conditions ofparticularapplication专用条件special conditions of contract特别条件Conditions of contract for Works of Civil Engineering Construction 土木工程施工合同条件 construction management 施工管理 consultant顾问 contract agreement 合同协议 Contractor 承包商 cooperation 合作 coordination 协作 cost 费用 cost control 成本控制 counterclaim 反索赔 demobilization 退场 department 部门 Designer 设计者 drawing 图纸 shop drawing 车间图 design drawing 设计图 as-built drawing 竣工图 blue drawing 蓝图 transparent drawing 透明图 construction drawing 施工图 electric works电气工程 Employer(Client/Owner) 业主 Engineer工程师Engineer's representative 工程师代表 engineering project 工程项目 international project 国际工程 overseas project 海外工程 domestic project 国内工程 equipment 设备 expatriate 外籍职员 expert 专家 export 出口 Federation of Civil Engineering Contractor 土木工程承包商联合会 formal正式的 hydromechanical works 金结工程 import 进口 in charge of 负责、主管 informal非正式的 Institution of CivilEngineers(ICE) 土木工程师协会instrument 仪器、器械 insurance 保险 labour 劳务 layout布置leading company(sponsor)牵头公司、责任公司liability(responsibility/obligation) 责任、义务 lump sump 总包 machinery机械 manpower(human resource) 人力资源 Manufacturer 制造商 material 材料 measure办法、措施 take effective measures 采取有效措施 measurement 测量、计量 memorandum 备忘录 mobilization 进场 objection 反对 payment 支付 plant设备 point of view(opinion) 观点、意见 prequalification 资格预审 procurement 采购 profit利润progress control 进度控制 project manager 项目经理 quality control 质量控制 request(application) 申请、请求 review 审查 risk 风险 river closure 截流 river diversion 导流 safety 安全 signature 签名 site工地、现场 site engineer 现场工程师 specification 规格、规范 staff职员 Subcontractor 分包商 submission 提交 supervise 监督、监视 Supplier供货商the International Chamber of Commerce 国际商会 unit price 单价 variation(change) 变更 World Bank 世界银行 二、工程施工类 （一）工程施工-土建类◆开挖与支护（Excavation and Support) 明挖（Open Excavation ) bench excavation 台阶开挖 concrete excavation 砼开挖 fault excavation 断层开挖 foundation excavation 基础开挖 local excavation 局部开挖 mass(bulk) excavation 大面积开挖 protective layer excavation 保护层开挖 rock excavation 岩石开挖 slope excavation 边坡开挖 soft ground excavation 软基开挖 soil excavation 土方开挖 structural excavation 结构开挖 tooth excavation齿槽开挖unclassified material excavation 不分类料开挖 coefficient of nonuniformity 开挖不均匀系数 cutoff trench 截水槽 dewatering(drainage) 排水 excavation pit 开挖基坑 intensity of excavation 开挖强度 overexcavate ( overbreak ) 超挖 pump sump水泵坑Underexcavate ( underbreak ) 欠挖underbreak treatment欠挖处理洞挖及地下开挖（Tunnel and Underground Excavation) a round of excavation 一个开挖循环 adit 支洞 advance 进尺 advances depth 进尺深度 breaking hole 崩落孔 cushion hole 缓冲孔 drift 掏槽 bottom drift 底部掏槽 center drift 中心掏槽 side drift 边部掏槽 top drift 顶部掏槽 drilling钻孔 driving(progress) rate 进尺率 easer掏槽孔erecting supports for the roof and side wall 对顶拱及边墙进行支护 full face excavation全断面开挖 heading and bench excavation 导流与台阶开挖loading and haulingmuck(mucking ) 装拉渣loading (charging) 装药 perimeter hole 周边孔 pilot tunnel 导洞 removing dust 除尘removing ground water清除地面积水shooting the explosive (blasting) 放炮top heading excavation 上导洞开挖ventilation 通风钻孔爆破(Drilling andBlasting)abandoned hole 废孔average hole depth 平均孔深average quantity used in unitvolume blasted 平均单耗blasting result 爆破结果blockness 块度controlled perimeter blasting 周边控制爆破data of explosive filled 装药参数data of holes drilled 钻孔参数delayed blasting 延时爆破exploratory hole 探孔explosive quantity 药量explosive quantity in a sound 单响药量handling misfire 处理哑炮light charge 少量装药loosening blasting 松动爆破pattern 布孔方式distance between holes 孔距distance between rows 排距post shearing blasting 微差爆破prespliting blasting 预裂爆破quantity of holes 孔数smooth blasting 光面爆破岩石支护(rock support)expansion shell rock bolt 胀壳式张拉锚杆feature rock anchor 随机锚索feature rock bolt 随机张拉锚杆feature rock dowel 随机砂浆锚杆feature rock reinforcement 随机加固lattice girder 钢桁架、格构大梁pattern cement grouted rockdowel 系统水泥浆锚杆pattern resin grouted rock dowel 系统树脂浆锚杆pattern rock dowel 系统砂浆锚杆pattern rock reinforcement 系统加固permanent rock support 永久支护post-tensioned cement groutedtendon rock anchor后张拉水泥浆锚索rebound material 回弹料return rock bolt 回头张拉锚杆return rock reinforcement 回头加固shotcrete anchorage 喷锚shotcrete with wire mesh 挂网喷砼steel fabric shotcrete 钢纤维喷砼steel rib 钢拱架temporary rock support 临时支护tensioned resin grouted rock bolt 树脂张拉锚杆◆土石料的填筑及碾压施工工序（Working Sequence)backfill 回填blend 混合compact 碾压controlled sprinkling 控制洒水cut the slope 削坡dump 卸料exploit 开采level 整平load 装料moisture condition 水分调节place and spread 摊铺remove 清除replace 重新回填retreat (do the work again) 返工scarify 翻松、刨毛screen and wash 筛分和冲洗take a sample 取样test 测试transport 运输treat 处理trim 修整缺陷（Defects）calcium particles 姜石contaminated material 受污染料declination of the boundary 料界偏差dry 干燥lack of compaction 漏压lump sump 结块muddy 泥泞oversize material 超粒径材料pocket 囊穴seepage 渗流separation 分离shear area 剪力区lens 透镜体其它（Others)bonding surface 结合面byproduct 副产品controlling parameter 控制参数fill placement record 填筑记录frog area 蛙夯区required embankment 必要填方subzone 分区◆混凝土（Concrete ）air-entrained concrete(aeratedconcrete) 加气砼asphalt concrete 沥青砼blinding concrete 垫层砼cast-in situ(site/place)concrete 现浇砼plastic concrete 塑料砼fibrous concrete 纤维砼first stage concrete 一期砼foamed concrete 泡沫砼high-performance concrete 高性能砼high-strength concrete 高强砼intrusion concrete 压浆砼lean concrete (poor concrete) 贫砼lightweight aggregate concrete 轻骨料砼mass concrete 大体积砼non-fines concrete 无砂砼non-plastic concrete 干硬性砼non-shrinkage concrete 无收缩砼normal concrete 常态砼plain concrete 素砼porous concrete 多孔砼prestressed concrete 预应力砼pump concrete 泵送砼reinforced concrete 钢筋砼roller compactedconcrete( rollcrete) 碾压砼second stage concrete 二期砼作业（Activity）clearance(clearing) 清理concretepouring(placement/casting) 砼浇筑curing 养护Membrance curing 薄膜养护moist curing 湿润养护normal curing 标准养护steam curing 蒸汽养护repairing 修理Scabbling (chiping/roughening) 凿毛greencutting 冲毛surface finishing 收面vibrating 振捣缺陷（Defects）bug hole(pitted surface) 麻面cavity 狗洞cold joint 冷缝crack 裂缝deformation 变形depression 坑洼fire-damaged concrete 火损砼formwork shifting(moving) 跑模grout leakage 漏浆（挂帘）honeycomb 蜂窝incomplete vibration 不完全振捣、漏振irregularity 不规则segregation(bleeding) 离析stair(staggered joint) 错台tie rod hole 拉杆孔water leakage 漏水water seepage 渗水外加剂（Admixture）accelerator 速凝剂air-entraining agent 引气剂bloating(bulking /expansion)agent 膨胀剂coring admixture 着色剂early-strength admixture 早强剂gas-forming admixture 发气剂（起泡剂）fluidizer 塑化剂retarding agent 缓凝剂set-controlling admixture 调凝剂super-plasticizer 增塑剂、高效减水剂surface-active agent 表面活性剂water-reducing agent 减水剂accelerating water reducer 速凝型减水剂retarding water reducer 缓凝型减水剂waterproof agent 防水剂指标（Indexes）compressive strength 抗压强度compressive stress 压应力concrete class 砼等级final strength 终凝强度graduation 级配graduation curve 级配曲线impermeability 抗渗性initial setting strength 初凝强度mix design 配比设计resistance to freezing andthawing 抗冻融性shear strength 抗剪强度slump 坍落度specific weight/gravity 比重stability against sliding 抗滑稳定性strain 应变surface finish 表面平整度tensile strength 抗拉强度tensile stress 拉应力thermal stress 温度应力water-cement ratio 水灰比working stress 工作应力其他（Others）acceptance 验收age 龄期aggregate 骨料fine aggregate 细骨料coarse aggregate 粗骨料air pocket 气囊airtightness 气密性alternative 替代物、替换方法apply 应用、施加bending moment 弯矩block 仓号binding strength 黏结强度calibration 标定cement anchor 锚固卷concrete plug 砼塞concrete precast element 砼预制件concrete release sheet 发料单construction joint 施工缝contamination /pollution 污染conversion(reconstruction) 改建coverage 覆盖范围curing agent 养护剂delivery sheet 运料单direct discharge 直接入仓elevation 高程、正视图epoxy mortar application 还氧砂浆抹面existing 现有（存）的expansion joint 伸缩缝facilitate 使容易（便利）gabion 纤丝笼humidity 湿度identity 识别、标记ingredient 成分、配料inspection 检查、验收preliminary inspection 初验final inspection 终验appearance inspection 外观检查intact完整的、未被触动的inter-tower joint 塔间缝introduce into 将……穿入isolate 隔离laitance 浮浆皮layer(lift)height 层高meet design requirement 满足设计要求moment of inertia 惯性距Pocket (box out/preset hole) 预留孔post-cooling 后冷却post tensioning 后张拉pre-cooling 预冷却pre-stressing 预应力pre-tensioning 先张拉pull-off test 扒拉试验reinforcement cover 钢筋保护层remark 备注section area 截面面积shearkey 抗剪键key groove 键槽shotcrete dry-mix process 干喷砼生产shotcrete wet-mix process 湿喷砼生产simplify 简化simultaneously 同时地spacer 水泥垫块spacing 间距stress concentration 应力集中symmetry 对称technical data 技术参数temperature control 温度控制temperature difference 温差temperature rise(gain) 温度升高theoretical elongation 理论延长量unloading 卸载water stop 止水PVC water stop PVC止水rubber water stop 橡皮止水copper water stop 铜止水watertightness 闭水性winter protection 冬季保温◆模板（Formwok/Shutteringform)erecting(setting up/fixing)formwork 立模Stripping (removing/dismantling)formwork 拆模bond breaker 脱模剂climbing cone 爬升锥dam bracket 大坝支架distance piece 横支撑double-curvature formwork 双曲模板flat formwork 平面模板formwork oil 模板油pigtail anchor 猪尾筋retractable formwork 进退式模板shearkey box 键槽盒sliding formwork 滑模steel form carrier 钢模台车steel formwork 钢模steel waling 钢围令、钢支撑stopend 堵头、封堵模板temporary formwork 临时模板tie rod(form tie) 拉杆tiltable formwork 倾斜式模板vault and invert formwork 顶拱及底拱模板wood formwork 木模◆钢筋（Reinforcement Rebar）distribution bar 分布筋dowel 插筋horizontal bar 水平筋lap length 搭接长度main stress bar 主应力筋overlap 搭接shear bar 剪力筋splice welding 绑条焊接starter bar 起始筋、苗子锦stirrup 箍筋support bar 架立筋vertical bar 竖直筋◆灌浆（Grouting）backfill grouting 回填灌浆consolidation grouting 固结灌浆contact grouting 接触灌浆curtain grouting 帷幕灌浆gap grouting 接缝灌浆gravity grouting 自重灌浆jet grouting 旋喷灌浆multi-stage grouting 多次灌浆pressure grouting 压力灌浆ring grouting 环行灌浆single-stage grouting 一次灌浆工艺过程（Activity）air test 通风试验backfilling of hole 封孔flushing test 通水试验joint washing 洗缝seal 密封soak 浸泡water pressure test 压水试验管路及组件（Circuit and Elements）air supply 风包arising pipe 升降管circuit 回路clamp 卡子cock 旋塞coil 蛇形管cylinder 缸套double nipple 对丝连接套expansion coupling 伸缩节female-quick coupling 内丝快接头fixed clamp 死卡flow rate meter 测量计galvanized elbow 镀锌弯头grout cap 灌浆帽grout cell 出浆盒grout stop plate 止浆片grout valve 灌浆阀inlet pipe 进浆管large radius elbow 大弧弯头main pipe 总管male-quick coupling 外丝快接头outlet pipe 出浆管packer 灌浆塞piston 活塞plug 堵头reducer socket 变径管套return pipe 回浆管tee piece 三通管reduce tee piece 变径三通管swivel-clamp 转卡U-bend U弯头union 活接头ventilation pipe 排气管water supply 水包参数及指标（Parameter and Indexes）consistency 稠度fineness 细度grout take 吃浆量high take 吃浆量大grouting pressure 灌浆压力leakage rate 漏水率Lugeon 吕容mix proportion 浆比pumping rate 泵浆率refusal criteria 排浆标准refusal time 抽浆时间water aborptin 吸水率仪器设备（Plant andInstrument）agitator 搅拌站automatic recorder 自动记录仪chiller plant(cooling plant) 制冷站displancement point 位移点electronic grout flow meter 电子流量计extensometer 变位计flow transmitter 流量传感器foundation displacementindicator 基础位移指示器grout pump 灌浆泵hydrometer 比重计joint meter 测缝计mixing plant 制浆站monitor 监测器osmometer 渗压计pendulum 钟摆portable instrument 便携式仪器pressure gauge 压力表pressure sensor 压力传感器reinforcement meter 钢筋计steel basin 搅拌槽strain meter 应变计temperature sensor 温度传感器terminal station 集线站其他（Others）check hole 检查孔compartment 灌区dense mix 浓浆foundation uplift 基础隆起grout hole 灌浆孔instrument hole 仪器孔primary/secondary and tertiarygrout holes一序、二序、三序灌浆孔spilt spacing 加密灌浆孔距waste mix 弃浆◆测量（Survey）测量方法及术语（Methods andTerms）adjust 校正、调整adjustment 平差allowance 容许误差backsight point 后视点basic point 基础点bench mark 水准点compass 罗盘chainage(station number) 桩号chain of triangulation 三角锁check 校核、对照control point 控制点coordinate point 坐标点datum 基础面datum point 基准点deviation 偏差easily identifiable point 容易识别点error 误差first order triangulation 一等三角测量geodetic 大地测量学的geodetic surveying 大地测量joint survey 联合测量known point 已知点level surface 水准面local triangulation networks 局部三角网national coordination system 国家坐标网observe 观测、监视point to be located 待定点position 定位、位置reconnaissance 选点、踏勘reference point 参考点second order triangulation 二等三角测量set out 放线、放样stake-line 测桩线state plane coordinate system 国家平面坐标系survey point 测点theoretical point 理论点traverse(polygon) 导线（测量）、横断error of traverse 导线闭合差lattice traverse 网格状导线long side traverse 长导线open traverse 非闭合导线short side traverse 短导线traverse closure 导线闭合traverse station 导线点traverse survey 导线测量triangulation 三角测量triangulation network 三角网triangulation of high order 高等级三角网triangulation point 三角点trilateration 三边测量vertical-control net 高程控制网wood pile 木桩角度测量（Angular Measure）azimuth 方位角bearing 方位、象限角buddle 气泡、水准器circle 度盘、圆盘circular bubble 圆水准器collimation axis 视准轴cross-line(cross-hair) 十字丝depression angle 俯角elevation angle 仰角eyepiece(ocular) 目镜field pole(staff) 标杆foot-screw 脚螺栓horizontal angle 水平角mark 标志（明）objective lens 物镜plumb(plummet) 铅垂、垂线sight 瞄准、观测target 目标、瞄准theodolite 经纬仪tranverse axis 横轴tripod 三脚架vertical angle 竖直角vertical axis 竖轴望远镜（Telescope）centering 对中face left 盘左face right 盘右focus 集中、焦点focusing 调焦index error 指标误差inverted position oftelescope(reverse telescope)倒镜、盘右normal position oftelescope(direct telescope)正镜、盘右optical plummet 光学垂准器round 测回set 套、组station 测站距离测量（Distance Measure）barometer 气压计base line(basic line/datum line) 基线battery 电池EDM(electromagnetic distance measurement) 电磁波测距filter 滤光片、滤波器laser alignment system 激光准直系统laser beam 激光束prism 棱镜range 测程、距离long range 远程medium range 中程short range 短程range finder 测距仪signal 信号spring balance 弹簧称tape 卷尺invar tape 铟瓦钢卷尺高程测量（Height Measurement）altitude/elevation 高程、海拔approximate leveling 近似置平、粗平automatic level 自动定平水准仪difference in altitude(differenceof elevation ,height difference)高差error of closure in leveling 水准闭合差exact leveling 精平、确置平level 水准仪（测点）level circuit 水准闭合环level shoe 水准尺垫line of level 水准线路national geodetic vertical datum国家大地高程基准面reduced level 归化高差run back 返测run out 往测three-wire leveling 三丝法水准测量地形测量（TopographicSurvey）boundary 边界、界线construction stake 施工标桩contour 等高线contour interval 等高距contouring 绘等高线contour-length method 等高线延长法contour line 等高线control network 控制网detail 细部、详图draw 绘图field 外业fix 固定、确定form line 地形图grid 格网information 注记、资料、情报marginal information 轮廓注记large-scale 大比例尺的latitude 纬度、范围latitude circle 纬圈latitude line 纬线legend 图例location 定线、定位longitude 经度longitude line 经线map 地图、制图mapping制图、测图、地质素描match line 拼接线monument 标石、石柱object 地物、目标plan 平面图、略图plot 绘图profile 断面（图）、纵剖图record 记录、资料setup 定置仪器site location 定位stake out 放样、定线、立桩symbol 符号、记号topographic detail 地形细部topographic map 地形图◆原形观测观测仪器和设施（Instrumentation andFacilities）air-entraining meter 掺气剂Carlson-type piezometer 卡尔逊式渗压计concrete strain meter 砼应变计convergent point 收敛测点direct plumb line 正垂线earth pressure cell 土压力盒embankment piezometer 坝体渗压计embankment strain meter 堤应变计extended wire 引张线foundation piezometer 基础渗压计horizontal inclinometer 水平测斜仪hydraulic instrument 水力学仪器hydrophone 水听器inclinometer casing 测斜管interface joint meter 界面变位计inverted plumb line 倒垂线micro piezometer 微压计multiple position extensometer 多点位移计observation point 观测标点observation well 观测井optical alignment line 视准线plate strain meter 钢板计pneumatic piezometer 气压式渗压计pressure fluctuation meter 脉动压力计prestressed tendon anchoragedynamometer 预应力锚索测力计rock bolt extensometer 锚杆测力计single point extensometer 单点位移计spiral sensor 测扭仪standpipe 测压管strong-motion seismogragh 强震仪surface monument 表面标点temperature sensor 温度传感器terminal house 终端房terminal station 终端站tilt meter 倾角计time average pressure cell 时均压力计total pressure cell 总压力盒velometer 流速计vertical inclinometer 垂直测斜仪vibrating wire piezometer 震旋式渗压计vibrating wire settlement sensor 振旋式沉降仪weir with micro piezometer 带微压计的量水堰working base point 工作基点zero stress-strain meter 砼无应力计附件及配件（Acessories andSpare Parts）coil 盘绕component 零部件coordinator 坐标仪damping box 阻尼角differential resistance 差动电阻double layer rubber sleeve 双层保护forced centering plate 强制对中盘instrument lead 仪器电缆invar wire 铟瓦丝metal ring 金属环plumb coordinate meter 垂线坐标仪pulley 滑轮regulator 调节器riser 立管sensor 传感器spool 绕轴steel socket 钢底座tablet 药片tensioning weight 张拉重锤thermistor 热敏电阻tip 测头安装过程（Procession ofInstallation）assemble 组装couple 连接embed 埋设install 安装insulate 绝缘maintenance 维护monitor 监测protection of instrumentation 仪器保护reduce 归纳seal 密封splice 拼接supply 提供test 测试资料（Information）assemble schematic 装配简图certificate 合格证书description 使用说明书maintenace guideline 维护指南manual 说明书operating principle 工作原理operating restraint 操作范围procedure 程序trouble shooting procedure 鼓掌分析程序其他（Others）annular space 环行空间data acquisition 数据采集data recording 数据记录leas drilling hole 引线孔permanent record 永久记录readout device 读数设备saturated 饱和的seepage isolation dike 截渗堤trapezoidal 梯形◆水工常规试验砼原材料试验（Test of Raw andProcessed Material ofConcrete）骨料（Aggregate）abrasion volume by Los Angelesrattler 洛杉机磨耗量accumulated retainedpercentage 累计筛余百分率acicular and flaky grain inaggregate针状与片状颗粒含量alkali-aggregate reaction 碱骨料反应apparent density 视密度bulk density (unity weight) 容重clay lumps and friable particlesin aggregate黏土块及易碎颗粒含量coefficient of softening 软化系数crush index 压碎指标dry state 干燥状态exceeding and inferior grain inaggregate 超逊径颗粒含量fineness modulus 细度模数gaping place rate 空隙率grader retained percentage 分计筛余百分率grain composition 颗粒级配grain size 粒径lightweight matter in aggregate 轻物质含量mica content 云母含量moisture content(water rate) 含水率mud content 含泥量organic content 有机质含量potential reactivity of aggregate 骨料潜在活性saturation 饱和的sieving curve 筛分曲线soft grain in aggregate 软弱骨料含量soundness 坚固性surface moisture content 表面含水率water-soluble sulphide 水溶性硫化物水硬性胶凝材料(Hydraulicitycementitious material)age 龄期cement mark(strength of cement/cement grade) 水泥标号consumptive use of waternormal consistance 标准稠度用水量degree of mobilization 流动性dissolution heat ( solution heat ) 溶解热final set 终凝flexural strength 抗弯强度flyash 粉煤灰hydration heat 水化热initial set 初凝loss on ignition(ignition loss) 烧矢量setting time 凝结时间silica fume 硅粉soundness 水泥的安定性specific surface area 比表面积specific heat 比热water demand ratio 吸水量比外加剂（Admixture）bubble stability 泡沫稳定性bubbling ability 起泡能力chloride content 氯化物含量compressive strength rate 抗压强度比contract with dry rate 干缩率dispersing coefficient 分散系数dispersing ability of water-reducing agent 减水剂分散能力loss of slump 塌落度损失sulphate content 硫酸盐含量solid content 固体含量surface tension 表面张力water-reducing rate 减水率水（Water）alkalinity 碱度calcion 钙离子carbonic acid 钙酸chlorion 氯离子equivalent concentration 当量浓度oxygen consumption 耗氧量normal solution (standardsolution) 标准溶液PH value PH值water analysis 水值分析砼（Concrete）砼拌和物（Mixture）assurance strength of concrete 砼保证强度bleeding rate 泌水率cement-sand ration 灰砂比design strength of concrete 砼设计标号flowability of concrete 砼的流动性mix proportion (proportion ofmixture) 砼配合比mixture uniformity 拌和物的均匀性penetration-obstruction method 贯入阻力法probability of ensuring strengthof concrete 砼强度保证率sand rate 砂率unit consumption of water 单位用水量water retention (waterretentiveness) 保水性water-cement ratio 水灰比硬化砼（Hardened concrete）axial tensile strength 轴向抗拉强度coefficient of thermalconductivity 导热系数cooling rate 冷却率core of concrete 砼芯样creep deformation (timedeformation ) 徐变变形form coefficient(form factor) 形状系数freezing -melting circulation 冻融循环frost-resistance mark 抗冻标号heat property of concrete 砼热学性能height-diameter ration 高径比linear expansion coefficient 线膨胀系数loss of weight 重量损失natural frequency 自振频率permeate 渗透permeated height 渗透高度permeated-resisting mark 抗渗标号relative coefficient ofpermeability 相对渗透系数resonance frequency 共振频率sample 试件self-grown volume deformation（砼）自生体积变形splitting tensile strength 劈裂抗拉强度static compressive modulus ofelasticity 静力抗压弹数temperature conductivity 导温系数tensile modulus of elasticity 抗拉弹性模量 thermal insulation warming 绝热温升 ultimate tensile strain 极限拉应变 ultimate tensile strength 极限抗拉强度 wear rate磨损率 wear-resisting strength 抗冲磨强度 砂浆（Cement ）cement lime mortar 水泥石灰砂浆 cement mortar 水泥砂浆 cement-clay mortar 水泥黏土砂浆 epoxy mortar 环氧砂浆 lime mortar 石灰砂浆 plastering mortar 抹面砂浆 pointing joint mortar 勾缝砂浆 土（Soil ） accumulation curve (cumulativecurve) 累计曲线 activity index 活性指标 angle of friction摩擦角Atterberg limits(water content as limit) 阿太堡界限（界限含水量） California bearing ratio 载重比 coarse-grained soil粗粒土 coefficient of compressibility 压缩系数coefficient of cubicalcompressibility 体积压缩系数coefficient of curvature 曲率系数 compression 压缩 compression index 压缩指数 compression modulus压缩模数consolidated-undrained (quick) shear test 固结不排水剪（固结快剪）试验 consolidated-drained (show) shear test 固结不排水剪（慢剪）试验consolidation固结 consolidation coefficient 固结系数 consolidation settlement 固结沉降 consolidation stress 固结应力 continuous grading/gradation连接级配contraction test(shrinkage test) 收缩试验 core cutter method环刀法creep curve蠕变曲线critical slope 逸出坡降（临界坡降） Darcy's law达西定律 degree of consolidation 固结度 degree of free swelling 自由膨胀率 direct shear test直接剪切试验 direct shear test of reiteration 反复直剪强度试验 distribution curve分布曲线drift soil (shifting soil/mass flow) 流土 effective angle of inner friction 有效内摩擦角 effective strength envelope 有效强度包线 expansion force 膨胀力expansionration(specificexpansion)膨胀率filtering flow(seepage flow) 渗流 fine-grained soil 细粒土 flow net(drift net) 流网 hydraulic slope 水力坡降 hydrometer method 比重计法 hydrostatic head method 常水头法 limit equilibrium state 极限平衡状态 liquefaction 液化 liquid limit 液限 liquidity index 液化指标 maximum dry density 最大干密度 method of sieving 筛分法 Mohr's stress circle莫力应力圆 Mohr-coulomb failure criteria 莫尔-库伦破坏准则 normal stress 法向应力（正应力）oedometer curve 压缩曲线 optimum moisture content 最优含水量 piping 管涌 plastic limit 塑限 plasticity index 塑性指标 pore water pressure 空隙水压力 porosity 空隙率 principal stress 主应力 Proctor compaction test 普氏击实试验 relative density相对密度sand replacement method 灌砂法 saturability(saturationdegree/percent saturation)饱和度 saturated unit weight 饱和容重 seepage deformation 渗透变形seepage force(seepagepressure) 渗透力seepage line 渗透线 seepage speed 渗透速度shear stress 切向应力（剪应力） shrinkage limit 缩限 skip(gap/jump) grading 间断级配 specific gravity of soil particle 土粒比重 steady seepage field 稳定渗流场 stress path应力路径 total strength envelope 总强度包线 triaxial compression test 三轴压缩试验unconfined compressionstrength无侧限抗压强度unconsolidated undrained test 不固结不排水剪（快剪）试验 variable head method 变水头法 void(pore) ratio孔隙比 water replacement method 灌水法 wet density 湿密度 其它建筑材料 钢筋（steel ） bending and unbending 反复弯曲 cold bending test 冷弯试验 elongation test 拉伸试验 nominal diameter 公称直径 ratio of elongation 伸长率 relaxation test 松弛试验 steel strand 钢绞线 tensile yield strength 拉伸屈服强度 ultimate tensile strength 极限抗拉强度 木材（Wood ）curshing strength paralled to the grain 顺纹抗压强度 tensile strength paralled to the grain 顺纹抗拉强度crushing strength across th e grain横纹抗压强度tensile strength across to the grain 横纹抗拉强度 沥青（Asphalt ）brittle temperature test 脆化点试验 expansion test 延伸度试验 penetration test 针入式试验 softening point test 软化点试验 test of aging 老化试验 viscosity test 粘滞性试验质量管理（QualityManagement ） average平均值deviation standard(error of mean squares) 均方差 deviation coefficient(dispersion coefficient) 离差系数 index of correlation 相关系数 management limit 管理界限 mathematic statistics 数理统计 maximum 最大值 minimum最小值 normal distribution 正态分布 quality assurance 质量保证 quality examination 质量检测 regression curve 回归曲线 relative dampness 相对湿度 sample capacity 样本容量 sampling frequency 取样频率 specimen 样品 statistical analysis 统计分析 technical specification 技术规范 technical standard 技术标准 testing circumstance 试验环境 testing error 试验误差 testing regulation 试验规程 variance analysis 方差分析 ◆地质(Geology)地质年代（Geochronology ofGeologic Ages ） Archaeozoic era (erathem)太古代（界）Proterozoic era (erathem) 元古代（界）Palaeozoic era (erathem) 古生代（界）Mesozoic era (erathem) 中生代（界）Cenozoic era (erathem) 新生代（界）Sinian period (system) 震旦纪（系）Cambrian period (system) 寒武纪（系）Ordovician period (system) 奥陶纪（系）Silurian period (system) 志留纪（系）Devonian period (system) 泥盘纪（系）Carboniferous period (system) 石碳纪（系）Permian period (system) 二叠纪（系）Triassic period (system) 三叠纪（系）Jurassic period (system) 侏罗纪（系）Cretaceous period (system) 白垩纪（系）Tertiary period (system) 第三纪（系）Quaternary period (system) 第四纪（系）地质构造（Geologic Structural）fault 断层normal fault 正断层reversed fault 逆断层parallel fault 平移断层gouge 断层泥stria 擦痕joint 节理primary joint 原生节理secondary joint 次生节理tension joint 张节理unloading joint 卸荷节理schistosity 片理bedding 层理foliation 板理（叶理）ripple mark 波痕mud crack 泥痕rain print 雨痕orientation of bedrock 岩层产状strike 走向dip 倾向angle of dip (dip angle ) 倾角fold 褶皱anticline 背斜syncline 向斜Monocline (homocline) 单斜dome 穹隆soft stratum 软弱岩层zone of fracture(broken zone ) 破碎带affected zone 影响带platy structure 板状构造cleavage 解理fracture(rupture) 断裂fissure(crack/fracture) 裂隙岩石类型（Rock type）petrology 岩石学igneous rock 火成岩magmatic rock 岩浆岩lava(vocanic rock) 火山岩intrusive (invade) rock 侵入岩effusive rock 深成岩pypabussal rock 浅成岩acid rock 酸性岩inter-mediate rock 中性岩basic rock 基性岩ultrabasic rock 超基性岩granite 花岗岩porphyry 斑岩rhyolite 玢岩syenite 流纹岩trachyte 粗面岩diorite 闪长岩andesite 安山岩gabbro 辉长岩basalt 玄武岩aplite 细晶岩pegmatite 伟晶岩lamprophyre 煌斑岩diabase 辉绿岩dunite 橄榄岩pumice 浮岩sedimentary rock 沉积岩clastic rock 碎屑岩clay rock 黏土岩chemical rock 化学岩biolith 生物岩conglomerate 砾岩siltstone 粉砂岩mudstone 泥岩shale 页岩saline rock 盐岩limestone 石灰岩dolomite 白云岩marl 泥灰岩volcanic breccia 火山角砾岩volcanic agglomerate 火山块集岩tuff 凝灰岩metamorphic rock 变质岩slate 板岩phyllite 千枚岩schist 片岩gneiss 片麻岩quartzite 石英岩marble 大理岩mylonite 糜棱岩migmatite 混合岩cataclasite 碎裂岩sediment(deposit) 沉积物（层）boulder 漂石、顽石cobble 卵石gravel 砾石sand 砂siltstone 粉土clay 黏土sandy clay 砂质黏土clayey sand 粘质砂土sandy loam 壤土、亚黏土regolith ( topsoil ) 浮土、表土loess 黄土laterite 红土peat 泥炭ooze 软泥、海泥造岩矿物（Rock-formingMinerals）talc 滑石gypsum 石膏calcite 方解石fluorite 萤石apatite 磷灰石feldspar 长石quartz 石英topaz 黄玉corundum 刚玉diamand 金刚石orthoclase 正长石plagloclase 斜长石biotite 黑云母muscovite 白云母amphibole 角闪石phroxene 辉石olivine 橄榄石dolomite 白云石kaolinite 高岭石montmorillonite 蒙脱石bentonite 斑脱石、膨润土illite 伊力石garnet 石榴子石chlorite 绿泥石serpentine 蛇纹石pyrite 黄铁矿hematite 赤铁矿magnetite 磁铁矿limonite 褐铁矿工程地质（EngineeringGeology）Geotechnics ( geotechnique)土工学（土工技术、岩石工程）rock mechanics 岩石力学soil mechanics 土力学geomechanics地质力学、岩石力学engineering geologicalconditons 工程地质条件engineering geological problem 工程地质问题rock mass structure 岩体结构geographic and geomorphicconditions 地形地貌条件geophysical phenomenon 物理地质现象hydrogeological conditions 水文地质条件natural materials 天然材料reservoir 水库settlement 沉降displacement 位移deformation 变形。
花瓣平面纹理
花瓣平面纹理Floral patterns have long been a popular choice for adding a touch of elegance and beauty to various design elements, whether it be in fashion, interior design, or graphic design. These delicate and intricate designs bring a sense of femininity and charm to any space or object they adorn. 花朵图案长期以来一直是为各种设计元素增添优雅和美感的热门选择，无论是在时尚、室内设计还是平面设计中。
One particular type of floral pattern that has gained a lot of attention is the petal pattern. This pattern mimics the delicate and graceful petals of flowers, creating a soft and romantic aesthetic. The intricate details of petal patterns allow for a versatile design element that can be used in various ways, from creating textiles and wallpapers to embellishing stationary and stationery. 一种特别受关注的花瓣图案类型是花瓣纹理。
这种图案模仿了花瓣的细腻和优雅，营造出柔和浪漫的美感。
花瓣纹理的复杂细节使其成为一种多功能的设计元素，可以用于多种用途，从创造纺织品和墙纸到装饰文具和信纸。
换热器外文翻译 (2)
Heat ExchangersKey Terms Baffles—evenly spaced partitions in a shell and tube heat exchanger that support the tubes, prevent vibration, control fluid velocity and direction, increase turbulent flow, and reduce hot spots. Channel head—a device mounted on the inlet side of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger that is used to channel tube-side flow in a multipass heat exchanger.Condenser—a shell-and-tube heat exchanger used to cool and condense hot vapors.Conduction—the means of heat transfer through a solid, nonporous material resulting from molecular vibration. Conduction can also occur between closely packed molecules.Convection—the means of heat transfer in fluids resulting from currents. Counterflow—refers to the movement of two flow streams in opposite directions; also called countercurrent flow.Crossflow—refers to the movement of two flow streams perpendicular to each other.Differential pressure—the difference between inlet and outlet pressures; represented as ΔP, or delta p.Differential temperature—the difference between inlet and outlet temperature; represented as ΔT, or delta t.Fixed head—a term applied to a shell-and-tube heat exchanger that has the tube sheet firmly attached to the shell.Floating head—a term applied to a tube sheet on a heat exchanger that is not firmly attached to the shell on the return head and is designed to expand (float) inside the shell as temperature rises. Fouling—buildup on the internal surfaces of devices such as cooling towers and heat exchangers, resulting in reduced heat transfer and plugging.Kettle reboiler—a shell-and-tube heat exchanger with a vapor disengaging cavity, used to supply heat for separation of lighter and heavier components in a distillation system and to maintain heat balance. Laminar flow—streamline flow that is more or less unbroken; layers of liquid flowing in a parallel path.Multipass heat exchanger—a type of shell-and-tube heat exchanger that channels the tubeside flow across the tube bundle (heating source) more than once.Parallel flow—refers to the movement of two flow streams in the same direction; for example, tube-side flow and shell-side flow in a heat exchanger; also called concurrent.Radiant heat transfer—conveyance of heat by electromagnetic waves from a source to receivers.Reboiler—a heat exchanger used to add heat to a liquid that was onceboiling until the liquid boils again.Sensible heat—heat that can be measured or sensed by a change in temperature.Shell-and-tube heat exchanger—a heat exchanger that has a cylindrical shell surrounding a tube bundle.Shell side—refers to flow around the outside of the tubes of ashell-and-tube heat exchanger. See also Tube side.Thermosyphon reboiler—a type of heat exchanger that generates natural circulation as a static liquid is heated to its boiling point.Tube sheet—a flat plate to which the ends of the tubes in a heat exchanger are fixed by rolling, welding, or both.Tube side—refers to flow through the tubes of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger; see Shell side.Turbulent flow—random movement or mixing in swirls and eddies of a fluid. Types of Heat Exchangers换热器的类型Heat transfer is an important function of many industrial processes. Heat exchangers are widely used to transfer heat from one process to another.A heat exchanger allows a hot fluid to transfer heat energy to a cooler fluid through conduction and convection. A heat exchanger provides heating or cooling to a process. A wide array of heat exchangers has been designed and manufactured for use in the chemical processing industry. In pipe coil exchangers, pipe coils are submerged in water or sprayed with water to transfer heat. This type of operation has a low heat transfer coefficient and requires a lot of space. It is best suited for condensing vapors with low heat loads.The double-pipe heat exchanger incorporates a tube-within-a-tube design. It can be found with plain or externally finned tubes. Double-pipe heat exchangers are typically used in series-flow operations in high-pressure applications up to 500 psig shell side and 5,000 psig tube side.A shell-and-tube heat exchanger has a cylindrical shell that surrounds a tube bundle. Fluid flow through the exchanger is referred to as tubeside flow or shell-side flow. A series of baffles support the tubes, direct fluid flow, increase velocity, decrease tube vibration, protect tubing, and create pressure drops.Shell-and-tube heat exchangers can be classified as fixed head, single pass; fixed head, multipass; floating head, multipass; or U-tube.On a fixed head heat exchanger (Figure 7.1), tube sheets are attached to the shell. Fixed head heat exchangers are designed to handle temperature differentials up to 200°F (93.33°C). Thermal expansion prevents a fixed head heat exchanger from exceeding this differential temperature. It is best suited for condenser or heater operations.Floating head heat exchangers are designed for high temperature differentia is above 200°F (93.33°C).During operation, one tube sheet is fixed and the other “floats” inside the shell.The floatingend is not attached to the shell and is free toexpand.Figure 7.1 Fixed Head Heat ExchangerReboilers are heat exchangers that are used to add heat to a liquid that was once boiling until the liquid boils again. Types commonly used in industry are kettle reboilers and thermosyphon reboilers.Plate-and-frame heat exchangers are composed of thin, alternating metal plates that are designed for hot and cold service. Each plate has an outer gasket that seals each compartment. Plate-and-frame heat exchangers have a cold and hot fluid inlet and outlet. Cold and hot fluid headers are formed inside the plate pack, allowing access from every other plate on the hot and cold sides. This device is best suited for viscous or corrosive fluid slurries. It provides excellent high heat transfer. Plate-and-frame heat exchangers are compact and easy to clean. Operating limits of 350 to 500°F (176.66°C to 260°C) are designed to protect the internal gasket. Because of the design specification, plate-and-frame heat exchangers are not suited for boiling and condensing. Most industrial processes use this design in liquid-liquid service.Air-cooled heat exchangers do not require the use of a shell in operation. Process tubes are connected to an inlet and a return header box. The tubes can be finned or plain. A fan is used to push or pull outside air over the exposed tubes. Air-cooled heat exchangers are primarily used in condensing operations where a high level of heat transfer is required.Spiral heat exchangers are characterized by a compact concentric design that generates high fluid turbulence in the process medium. As do otherexchangers, the spiral heat exchanger has cold-medium inlet and outlet and a hot-medium inlet and outlet. Internal surface area provides the conductive transfer element. Spiral heat exchangers have two internal chambers.The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association (TEMA) classifies heat exchangers by a variety of design specifications including American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) construction code, tolerances, and mechanical design:●Class B, Designed for general-purpose operation (economy and compactdesign)●Class C. Designed for moderate service and general-purpose operation(economy and compact design)●Class R. Designed for severe conditions (safety and durability) Heat Transfer and Fluid FlowThe methods of heat transfer are conduction, convection, and radiant heat transfer (Figure 7.2). In the petrochemical, refinery, and laboratory environments, these methods need to be understood well. A combination of conduction and convection heat transfer processes can be found in all heat exchangers. The best conditions for heat transfer are large temperature differences between the products being heated and cooled (the higher the temperature difference, the greater the heat transfer), high heating or coolant flow rates, and a large cross-sectional area of the exchanger.ConductionHeat energy is transferred through solid objects such as tubes, heads,baffles, plates, fins, and shell, by conduction. This process occurs when the molecules that make up the solid matrix begin to absorb heat energy from a hotter source. Since the molecules are in a fixed matrix and cannot move, they begin to vibrate and, in so doing, transfer the energy from the hot side to the cooler side.ConvectionConvection occurs in fluids when warmer molecules move toward cooler molecules. The movement of the molecules sets up currents in the fluid that redistribute heat energy. This process will continue until the energy is distributed equally. In a heat exchanger, this process occurs in the moving fluid media as they pass by each other in the exchanger. Baffle arrangements and flow direction will determine how this convective process will occur in the various sections of the exchanger.Radiant Heat TransferThe best example of radiant heat is the sun’s warming of the earth. The sun’s heat is conveyed by electromagnetic waves. Radiant heat transfer is a line-of-sight process, so the position of the source and that of the receiver are important. Radiant heat transfer is not used in a heat exchanger.Laminar and Turbulent FlowTwo major classifications of fluid flow are laminar and turbulent (Figure 7.3). Laminar—or streamline—flow moves through a system in thin cylindrical layers of liquid flowing in parallel fashion. This type of flow will have little if any turbulence (swirling or eddying) in it. Laminar flow usually exists atlow flow rates. As flow rates increase, the laminar flow pattern changes into a turbulent flow pattern. Turbulent flow is the random movement or mixing of fluids. Once the turbulent flow is initiated, molecular activity speeds up until the fluid is uniformly turbulent.Turbulent flow allows molecules of fluid to mix and absorb heat more readily than does laminar flow. Laminar flow promotes the development of static film, which acts as an insulator. Turbulent flow decreases the thickness of static film, increasing the rate of heat transfer. Parallel and Series FlowHeat exchangers can be connected in a variety of ways. The two most common are series and parallel (Figure 7.4). In series flow (Figure 7.5), the tube-side flow in a multipass heat exchanger is discharged into the tubeside flow of the second exchanger. This discharge route could be switched to shell side or tube side depending on how the exchanger is in service. The guiding principle is that the flow passes through one exchanger before it goes to another. In parallel flow, the process flow goes through multiple exchangers at the same time.Figure 7.5 Series Flow Heat ExchangersHeat Exchanger EffectivenessThe design of an exchanger usually dictates how effectively it can transfer heat energy. Fouling is one problem that stops an exchanger’s ability to transfer heat. During continual service, heat exchangers do not remain clean. Dirt, scale, and process deposits combine with heat to form restrictions inside an exchanger. These deposits on the walls of the exchanger resist the flow that tends to remove heat and stop heat conduction by i nsulating the inner walls. An exchanger’s fouling resistance depends on the type of fluid being handled, the amount and type of suspended solids in the system, the exchanger’s susceptibility to thermal decomposition, and the velocity and temperature of the fluid stream. Fouling can be reduced by increasing fluid velocity and lowering the temperature. Fouling is often tracked and identified usingcheck-lists that collect tube inlet and outlet pressures, and shell inlet and outlet pressures. This data can be used to calculate the pressure differential or Δp. Differential pressure is the difference between inlet and outlet pressures; represented as ΔP, or delta p. Corrosion and erosion are other problems found in exchangers. Chemical products, heat, fluid flow, and time tend to wear down the inner components of an exchanger. Chemical inhibitors are added to avoid corrosion and fouling. These inhibitors are designed to minimize corrosion, algae growth, and mineral deposits.Double-Pipe Heat ExchangerA simple design for heat transfer is found in a double-pipe heat exchanger.A double-pipe exchanger has a pipe inside a pipe (Figure 7.6). The outside pipe provides the shell, and the inner pipe provides the tube. The warm and cool fluids can run in the same direction (parallel flow) or in opposite directions (counterflow or countercurrent).Flow direction is usually countercurrent because it is more efficient. This efficiency comes from the turbulent, against-the-grain, stripping effect of the opposing currents. Even though the two liquid streams never come into physical contact with each other, the two heat energy streams (cold and hot) do encounter each other. Energy-laced, convective currents mix within each pipe, distributing the heat.In a parallel flow exchanger, the exit temperature of one fluid can only approach the exit temperature of the other fluid. In a countercurrent flowexchanger, the exit temperature of one fluid can approach the inlet temperature of the other fluid. Less heat will be transferred in a parallel flow exchanger because of this reduction in temperature difference. Static films produced against the piping limit heat transfer by acting like insulating barriers.The liquid close to the pipe is hot, and the liquid farthest away from the pipe is cooler. Any type of turbulent effect would tend to break up the static film and transfer heat energy by swirling it around the chamber. Parallel flow is not conducive to the creation of turbulent eddies. One of the system limitations of double-pipe heat exchangers is the flow rate they can handle. Typically, flow rates are very low in a double-pipe heat exchanger, and low flow rates are conducive to laminar flow. Hairpin Heat ExchangersThe chemical processing industry commonly uses hairpin heat exchangers (Figure 7.7). Hairpin exchangers use two basic modes: double-pipe and multipipe design. Hairpins are typically rated at 500 psig shell side and 5,000 psig tube side. The exchanger takes its name from its unusual hairpin shape. The double-pipe design consists of a pipe within a pipe. Fins can be added to the internal tube’s external wall to increase heat transfer. The multipipe hairpin resembles a typical shell-and-tube heat exchanger, stretched and bent into a hairpin.The hairpin design has several advantages and disadvantages. Among its advantages are its excellent capacity for thermal expansion because of its U-tube type shape; its finned design, which works well with fluids that have a low heat transfer coefficient; and its high pressure on the tube side. In addition, it is easy to install and clean; its modular design makes it easy to add new sections; and replacement parts are inexpensive and always in supply. Among its disadvantages are the facts that it is not as cost effective as most shell-and-tube exchangers and it requires special gaskets.Shell-and-Tube Heat ExchangersThe shell-and-tube heat exchanger is the most common style found inindustry. Shell-and-tube heat exchangers are designed to handle high flow rates in continuous operations. Tube arrangement can vary, depending on the process and the amount of heat transfer required. As the tube-side flow enters the exchanger—or “head”—flow is directed into tubes that run parallel to each other. These tubes run through a shell that has a fluid passing through it. Heat energy is transferred through the tube wall into the cooler fluid. Heat transfer occurs primarily through conduction (first) and convection (second). Figure 7.8 shows a fixed head,single-pass heat exchanger.Fluid flow into and out of the heat exchanger is designed for specific liquid–vapor services. Liquids move from the bottom of the device to the top to remove or reduce trapped vapor in the system. Gases move from top to bottom to remove trapped or accumulated liquids. This standard applies to both tube-side and shell-side flow.Plate-and-Frame Heat ExchangersPlate-and-frame heat exchangers are high heat transfer and high pressure drop devices. They consist of a series of gasketed plates, sandwiched together by two end plates and compression bolts (Figures 7.20 and 7.21). The channels between the plates are designed to create pressure drop and turbulent flow so high heat transfer coefficients can be achieved.The openings on the plate exchanger are located typically on one of the fixed-end covers.As hot fluid enters the hot inlet port on the fixed-end cover, it is directed into alternating plate sections by a common discharge header. The header runs the entire length of the upper plates. As cold fluid enters the countercurrent cold inlet port on the fixed-end cover, it is directed into alternating plate sections. Cold fluid moves up the plates while hot fluid drops down across the plates. The thin plates separate the hot and cold liquids, preventing leakage. Fluid flow passes across the plates one time before entering the collection header. The plates are designed with an alternating series of chambers. Heat energy is transferred through the walls of the plates by conduction and into the liquid by convection. The hot and cold inlet lines run the entire length of the plate heater and function like a distribution header. The hot and cold collection headers run parallel and on the opposite side of the plates from each other. The hot fluid header that passes through the gasketed plate heat exchanger is located in the top. This arrangement accounts for the pressure drop and turbulent flow as fluid drops over the plates and into the collection header. Cold fluid enters the bottom of the gasketed plate heat exchanger and travels countercurrent to the hot fluid. The cold fluid collection header is located in the upper section of the exchanger.Plate-and-frame heat exchangers have several advantages and disadvantages. They are easy to disassemble and clean and distribute heat evenly so there are no hot spots. Plates can easily be added or removed. Other advantages of plate-and-frame heat exchangers are their low fluid resistance time, low fouling, and high heat transfer coefficient. In addition, if gaskets leak, they leak to the outside, and gaskets are easy to replace.The plates prevent cross-contamination of products. Plate-and-frame heat exchangers provide high turbulence and a large pressure drop and are small compared with shell-and-tube heat exchangers.Disadvantages of plate-and-frame heat exchangers are that they have high-pressure and high-temperature limitations. Gaskets are easily damaged and may not be compatible with process fluids.Spiral Heat ExchangersSpiral heat exchangers are characterized by a compact concentric design that generates high fluid turbulence in the process medium (Figure 7.22). This type of heat exchanger comes in two basic types: (1) spiral flow on both sides and (2) spiral flow–crossflow. Type 1 spiral exchangers are used in liquid-liquid, condenser, and gas cooler service. Fluid flow into the exchanger is designed for full counterflow operation. The horizontal axial installation provides excellent self-cleaning of suspended solids.Type 2 spiral heat exchangers are designed for use as condensers, gas coolers, heaters, and reboilers. The vertical installation makes it an excellent choice for combining high liquid velocity and low pressure drop on the vapor-mixture side. Type 2 spirals can be used in liquid-liquid systems where high flow rates on one side are offset by low flow rates on the other.Air-Cooled Heat ExchangersA different approach to heat transfer occurs in the fin fan or air-cooled heat exchanger. Air-cooled heat exchangers provide a structured matrix of plain or finned tubes connected to an inlet and return header (Figure 7.23). Air is used as the outside medium to transfer heat away from the tubes. Fans are used in a variety of arrangements to apply forced convection for heattransfer coefficients. Fans can be mounted above or below the tubes in forced-draft or induced-draft arrangements. Tubes can be installed vertically or horizontally.The headers on an air-cooled heat exchanger can be classified as cast box, welded box, cover plate, or manifold. Cast box and welded box types have plugs on the end plate for each tube. This design provides access for cleaning individual tubes, plugging them if a leak is found, and rerolling to tighten tube joints. Cover plate designs provide easy access to all of the tubes. A gasket is used between the cover plate and head. The manifold type is designed for high-pressure applications.Mechanical fans use a variety of drivers. Common drivers found in service with air-cooled heat exchangers include electric motor and reduction gears, steam turbine or gas engine, belt drives, and hydraulic motors. The fan blades are composed of aluminum or plastic. Aluminum blades are d esigned to operate in temperatures up to 300°F (148.88°C), whereas plastic blades are limited to air temperatures between 160°F and 180°F(71.11°C, 82.22°C).Air-cooled heat exchangers can be found in service on air compressors, in recirculation systems, and in condensing operations. This type of heat transfer device provides a 40°F (4.44°C) temperature differential between the ambient air and the exiting process fluid.Air-cooled heat exchangers have none of the problems associated with water such as fouling or corrosion. They are simple to construct and cheaper to maintain than water-cooled exchangers. They have low operating costs and superior high temperature removal (above 200°F or 93.33°C). Their disadvantages are that they are limited to liquid or condensing service and have a high outlet fluid temperature and high initial cost of equipment. In addition, they are susceptible to fire or explosion in cases of loss of containment.。
模具术语中英对照
为大家提供点模具方面的中英对照top view ----俯視圖front view ----前視圖side view ----側視圖plane view ----平面圖contour ------外型銑削pocket ------挖槽flow line ----罩一曲面multisurf ------多重曲面filter -----過濾ellipse -----橢圓polar -------極座標arc endpoints-----两點畫弧polygon -------多邊形isometric -------等角視圖zig zag -------雙向one way -------單向spline -------圓滑曲線blend -------順接guide pin --------導針;邊針;直邊support pin ---------拉杆;水口邊support pin collar --------拉杆定位;水口邊定位介子tapped hold for eyebolt -------吊模螺孔thermal expansion coefficient -------熱膨脹系數welding rod -------熔接棒cavity plate; A bolster plate -----母模板 (A板), 前模板stripper plate ---------活動板,推料板core plate --------公模板 (B板),后模板spacer block -----------間隔板ejector retainer plate -----------上頂針板ejector plate -----------下頂針板pin point gate system ---------小水口系統side gate system -----------大水口系統infrared-transmitter --------紅外線發射器infrared-receiver ------------紅外線接受器synthetic resin ------------合成權脂air blow gun(with nozzles&hose) -------------气槍spiral hose -------------螺旋形的;盤旋的guide strip ---------------行位導軌ejector rod --------------斜坊set screw ---------固定螺絲countersunk screw ---------沉頭螺絲hex screws --------胚頭螺絲shoulder screw -----------------帶肩螺絲residual stress -----------------殘余應力tensile ---------------------------------張力electricity erode -----------------電蝕刻ohm meter -------------------電阻表tubular dowel -----------------管釘,銷釘abrasive stone -----------------研磨石材SPI Mold Finish Comparison Kit --SPI模具拋光比照工具rolled ------------------熱軋forged ------------------熱鍛extrude ------------------擠壓cold drawn -------------------冷拉corrosive plastics -----------------防腐塑料tough -----------------硬度anneal -----------------n.退火service life --------------------注塑壽命high viscosity -----------------粘度較高的extension plug ------------------延伸尾塞angle plug -------------------斜角尾塞thermocouple connector ---熱電偶連結頭hydraulic system ---(注塑機的)油壓系統temperature control zone -------------------溫控區barrel heating capacity ----料筒加熱能力screw torque ----------------螺杆力矩screw speed -------------------螺杆速度screw stroke ----------------螺杆行程nozzle contact force --------熱嘴接觸力screw L/D ratio ------螺杆長度/直徑比例theoretical shot volume ---理論的注射容量clamp force --------------------合模力lock force ---------------------------鎖模力internal heated ------------------------內部加熱external heated ------------------------外部加熱heating rod -------------------------加熱棒air-gap insulation ------------------------空气隔絕層spare part(accesory) -------------備用件insulating ring -----------------------絕緣圈sealing washer -------------------垃圾釘adaptor ---------------------適配器hole gauge ----------------------孔深量測儀high-temperature grease ------高溫油脂thermal conductivity paste --------導熱膏data cable --------------數據線compression mold base -------壓縮模胚countersunk -----------------埋頭孔錐孔,沉孔mill --------------壓榨機;磨坊;碾磨;drill ---------------鑽頭;鑽床鑽孔;鑽通grind -----------------磨擦;磨碎;磨光turn ---------------轉動;旋轉;翻轉adapter plate -----------------適配模板leader pin; shoulder leader pin ----導針;帶肩導針( 實心) angle pin(horn pin) ---------斜針;斜邊straight bushing ----------直導套(空心)shoulder bushing ----------帶肩導套sprue puller pin ----------唧咀扣針sprue spreader -----------澆口分流錐runner spreader -----------流道分流錐tapered interlocks(round & rectangular) ---------啤把鎖bronze plated bushing ------鍍銅導套guided ejection bushing ------導向導套toggle-lock early ejector return ----切換式早期回撞裝置accelerated knock-out ----------加速頂棍accelerated ejector ------------加速頂針collapsible core ---------可折疊式的型芯slide retainer ------------行位固定裝置jiffy latch-lock assemblies -------------快速拉杆鎖定裝置tapped hole ------------------螺絲孔no resettable shot counter -----------非复位注射計數器profiled ejector pin ------------底面在有傾斜截面的頂針copper -------紅銅brass ------- 黃銅bronze --------青銅BeCu --------鈹銅counterbore ---------------拔頭,介子托fan gate -----------------扇形入口fillet ----------------圓形入口pin point gate -------------細水口hose clip --------------入喉箍jiggle ----------------斜頂British Standard Whitworth thread BSW --英制螺絲(粗牙) British Standard Fine Thread BSF -------英制螺絲(幼牙) British Standard Pipe Thread (BSP) --------英制喉牙National Pipe Thread -----------------------美制螺牙pressure plug ----------------喉塞pressure spring -----------------壓力彈簧vent ------------------ 疏气孔alignment strip --------------------斜鎖ball catch ---------------------彈弓波子bridge piece ------------------水口鐵Jiffy-matic connector ---------------------快速連接喉All ejector blades must have key to avoid rotating. 扁頂针要止轉ejector bearing length 彈弓壓縮長度reinforcement rib 加強筋steel pad 方鐵latch 拉杆sprue puller insert 扣針導套stage ejector=knock out 頂棍ejector retainer plate 上頂針板ejector base plate 下頂針板stripper plate 活動板runner stripper plate 脫料板P/L flash 分形面披鋒scrape 拖花burn 燒黑safety strap 碼板side gate system 大水口系統three plate type system 簡化型細水口系統pin point gate system 細水口系統guide pin/guide bush 直邊/托司top clamp plate 工字板stripper plate 推板spacer block 方鐵bottom clamp plate 底板shoulder guide pin 帶肩導針shoulder guide bush 托司straight guide bush 直司/直導套guide pin 直邊screw thread 螺紋air pump 空气泵alloy 合金alloy steel 合金鋼fixed clamp plate;top clamping plate;top plate定模座塊動模座塊moving clamp plate;bottom clamping plate上模座塊upper clamping plate下模座塊lower clamping plate凹模固定板cavity-retainer plate型芯固定板core-retainer plate突模固定板punch-retainer plate模套chase;bolster;frame支承板backing plate;support plate墊塊spacer;parallel支架ejector housing,mould base leg斜銷angle pin,finger cam滑塊slide,cam slide側芯型滑塊side core slide滑塊導板side guide strip楔緊塊,撐雞heel block,wedge bock斜槽導板finger guide plate彎銷dog-leg cam斜滑塊angle-lift splits導向零件導柱guide pillar;guide pin;leader pin推板導柱ejector guide pillar;ejector guide pin 帶頭導套guide bush;guide bushing推板導套ejector guide bush;ejector bushing 定位和限位零件錐形定位件mould bases locting elements复位杆ejector plate return pin,push-back pin 限位塊stop block; stop pad定距拉杆length bolt; puller bolt定距拉板puller plate; limit plate推出零件推流道板runner stripper plate分流道拉料杆runner puller; runner lock pin 拉流杆;扣針sprue puller鉤形拉料杆sprue puller, Z-shaped球頭拉料杆sprue puller,ball-headed圓錐頭拉料杆sprue puller,conical headed連接推杆ejector tie rod推板ejector plate;ejection plate推杆固定板ejector retainer plate推件環(盤) stripper ring(disk)推件板stripper plate推塊ejector pad推管(司筒,導筒) ejector sleeve推杆ejector pin圓柱頭推杆ejector pin with cylindrical head 帶肩推杆shouldered ejector pin扁推杆flat ejector pin塑料成型模具的主要設計要素脫模距stripper distance脫模斜度draft投影面積projected area最大開距maximum daylight;open daylight閉合高度mould-shut height抽芯距core-pulling distance抽芯力core-pulling force脫模力ejector force開模力mould opening force模內壓力internal mould pressure;cavity pressure 成型壓力moulding pressure背壓環back-up ring1 bar = 14.5psi高壓接頭bite type fitting液壓馬達hydraulic motor冷卻水流量計waterflow regulator打磨器材abrasive material打磨砂輪grinding wheels切割砂輪cutting wheels碼模夾(注塑機使用) mould clamps; lifting clamps 小五金工具piping tools高壓力軟管high pressure hose風管,水軟管air .water hose高壓油表pressure gauge壓力油喉hydraulic hoses光塑檢測photoelastic testing吹塑模plastic blow mould注塑模plastic injection mould沖扎复合模blank & form compound die精密沖模precision blanking die熔料流動率MFR=melt flow rate熔料流動指數MET=melt flow index推板導柱guide pin for ejector plater座板clamping plate墊塊space block(plate)推板ejector block(plate)afdek plate 檔塵板guide stripe 行位后板cavity sub-insert 前模鑲件core sub-insert 后模鑲件sprue puller insert 扣針鑲件stage ejector 頂棍spacer rock(risers) 間隔板變形distortion彎曲warp拖花drag marks火花紋EDM marks困氣venting燒黑burns表面縮水shrinkage料位過薄/砸穿thin wall stock走水不平行uneven fill pattern夾水紋/流紋witness line;mismatch;stress marks 走水紋knit lines走水不齊short shotsorifice 料口nozzle seat 熱嘴墊圈nozzle plate 射嘴板cross pin 十字頭銷sled 射台seal ring 封密圈spacer rail 介子座heater groove 發熱管槽heater cement 發熱管的結合劑soak 浸泡seat 墊圈ream 鉸大圓孔直徑grind 磨床drill 鑽床mill 銑床caliper 卡尺G-caliper 分厘卡Depth Gauge 深厚計hardness tester 硬度計angle gauge 角規marble table 雲台石projector 投影儀height gauge 高度儀microscope 顯微鏡plug gauge 塞規leveller 水平器R gauge R 規Inter caliper 內分厘卡surface 平面儀item number 細目編碼catalog number 材料分類編碼undercut lip 倒扣口hot tip = hot drop = nozzle 熱嘴blow-off strip 放氣板blow-off nozzle 吹風口spiral hose 螺旋式的連接喉rust solvent 除鏽劑shaft 曲軸tensile strength 拉伸力yield strength 屈服力spark erosion 電火花蝕刻etch(photo-etch) 電蝕harden 淬硬copper electrode 銅公corrosion resistance 耐腐蝕anneal 退火heat treatment 淬火FEM(finite elemnet method) 有限元法preliminary tool design 初期模具設計圖zone 熱流道區域reverse taper 倒啤把clamp plate 碼板toggle clamp 快速夾vacuum furnace 真空爐cavity insert rounds 圓柱鑲件cavity insert b0locks 方柱鑲件tensile strength 抗張強度,抗拉強度Concept drawing 概念圖Assembly drawing 裝配圖mismatch;witness line 夾紋shut-off(n.) 枕位venting valves 疏氣閥venting plug 疏氣塞valve casing 閥門罩twist drill 旋鑽harden/nitride 碎硬anneal 退火temper 回火stess crack 應力斷裂corrosion resistance 防腐,防鏽tensile strength 物】抗張強度,抗拉強度split mould (分離)組合式的模具inclined plate 斜面inclined bolt 斜栓jaw (工具,機械等)夾住東西的部分,鉗口step change of the P/L 分形面枕位的改變thin steel section 較薄的料位clean-up 清理,清除,清掃Mold Dating Insert 模具日志鑲件Hot Sprue Bushing 熱澆口套semi-automatic 半自動quick disconnector 快速斷開接頭full shot 足量注射mismatch 夾痕;夾水紋ejector mark 頂痕screw boss 螺絲孔,螺絲基座sink mark 縮坑15% glass filled ABS 摻有15%玻璃的ABS spraying mold release 脫模劑drag mark 拖痕stress mark 應力痕reinforcement rib 加強筋slght stoning 輕度磨砂soliid line 實線dotted line 虛線internal diameter 內徑external diameter 外徑nickel-plated 電鍍的handling hole;lifting hole 吊裝孔parallel 平行塊piston 活塞plunger 柱塞carrier 導軌rest 支架item number 項目編號catalog item 商品目錄編碼dimensional datum 尺寸基準heat treatment certification 淬硬証明文件back-up bushing 支撐導套jacking screw 起重螺絲,千斤頂tapped hole (帶有螺旋角度的)螺絲孔diagonal corner 成對角的角落burn mark 燒痕hot runner mainfold (熱流道板)分流板texuring 蝕紋clamping screw (注塑機)碼模螺絲imperial 英制的metric 公制的puller bushing 水口套puller bar 水口鐵drool bushing 防漏膠套筒safety switch 限位制water line connected internally or hard tubing 不可用膠喉連接運水lifter on square rod or locked from rotation 用方形柱或用管釘止转gate insert 入水鑲件gate shut-offs 流道開關配件guided ejection 中托司parting line shutoff 前后模接觸面waterlines clear tie bars. 運水喉咀接駁位要避開啤機呵林柱.BGV=Balanced Gate Value 平衡入水值spacer 墊塊pocket 挖槽rough 粗加工finish 精加工plunge rate 進刀率retract rate 提刀速率splindle rate 主軸轉速coolant 冷卻液SPLIT RING 開口環(鑰匙圈)側向抽芯力side pulling-core forceconvert.transfer 轉圖guide pin 邊針Tee slot cutter T形SLOT CUTTERzigzag 雙向切削constant overlap spiral 等距環切parallel spiral 環繞切削parallel spiral clean corners 環切並清角morph spiral 依外形環繞true spiral 螺旋切削one way 單向end mill 平銑刀spher mill 球刀bull mill 圓鼻刀face mill 面銑刀rad mill 圓角成型刀chamfer mill 倒角刀slot mill 槽刀taper mill 推拔銑刀dove mill 鳩尾銑刀lot mill 棒狀drill 鑽孔reamer 紋刀bore bar 搪刀tap RH 右牙刀Tap LH 左牙刀ctr Drill 中心鑽spot drill 點鑽cntr bore 沉頭孔刀c. sink 魚眼孔鑽loft surface 舉升曲面coons surface 昆氏曲面ruled surface 直紋曲面revolved surface 旋轉曲面swept surface 掃描曲面draft surface 牽引曲面grinding wheel 磨砂使用的輪子quench steel 將...淬火,使冷卻stress relieving 應力消除molten 熔熱的oxide film 氧化層guide pin and sleeve, locating ring ,導邊,司筒,定位圈ejector ,ejector balde, ejector sleeve,頂針,扁頂針,頂針司筒, lifters, wear plate,horn pin,斜坊,磨損板,氣頂針,O ring, water baffle, water pipe plug,O形圈,隔片,運水管道塞, water line connector,wear plate ,運水管道轉接頭,耐磨板air cylinder,hydraulic cylinder,氯壓缸,液壓缸micro switch,oil nipple, spring,開關裝置,油槍接頭,彈弓sprue bushing,early return system,澆口套,早期回撞裝置, accelerated ejectors, slied holder,加速頂針,注塑周期計數器, cycle counter,date stamper，滑塊固定板,生產日期銘牌,hot runner system ，熱流道系統chemical composition 化學成份thermal conductiivity 導熱性能thermal diffusivity 熱擴散性能dimensonal stablity 尺寸穩定性能cooling effiency 冷卻效率easiler ejection 易于脫模alloy insert 合金鑲件(cooling) duct 輸送管;導管maintenance cost 維護費用ultrasonic testing 超聲波檢測crack 斷裂direct gate 直接澆口ring gate 環形澆口disk gate;disphragm gate 盤形澆口spoke gate;spider gate 輪輻澆口pin-point gate 點澆口edge gate 側澆口submarine gate;tunnel gate 潛伏澆口fan gate 扇形澆口tab gate 護耳澆口runner plate 流道板(或冷或熱)secondary nozzle 二級噴嘴torpedo;torpedo body assembly 魚雷形組合體catridge heater 管式加熱器heat pipe 熱管valve gate 閥式澆口force plunger;pot plunger 柱塞flash groove;spew groove 溢料槽impression;cavity block;cavity plate 凹模punch;force 凸模movable insert;loose detail 活動鑲件cavity splits;core splits(凹模拼塊) (型芯拼塊) 拼塊side core 側型芯thread plug;threaded core 螺紋型芯thread ring;threaded cavity 螺紋型環cutting wheel 切割砂輪grinding wheel 打磨砂輪abrasive material 打磨器材mould clamps;lifting clamp 砂模夾(注塑機使用) air (water) hose 風管,水輪管pressure gauge 高壓油表hydraulic hose 壓力油喉plastic blow mould 吹塑模plastic injection mould 注塑模blandk&form compound die 沖扎復合模precisiion blanking die 精密沖模MFR=melt flow rate 熔料流動率MFT=melt flow index 熔料流動指數handling hole 拉鈴孔stop plate 限位塊linder bush 襯套spacer block(plate) 墊塊,方鐵back-up ring 背位環standoff 限位塊American Safety Hoist Rings. 英制安全吊裝環Mechanical Properties 機械性能Tensile Strength(MPa) 抗拉強度elongation 延伸率hardness(Brinell) 硬度shear stength(MPa) 剪切力impact strength 冲韧性Physical Properties 物理性能solidification shrinkage 凝固收縮率freezing range 凝固與熔范围thermal expansion 熱膨脹系數specific heat 比熱thermal conductivity 熱導率electrical conductivity 電導率micro-structure 金相分析hot work tool steel 熱作鋼circular motion 環形運動variable 變數,參數graphics window 圖形視窗45 degree entry and a zero degree exit. 進刀口45度,退刀口0度runner stripper plate 脫料板stripper plate 活動板spacer rock(risers) 間隔板stage ejector 頂棍sprue puller insert 扣針導套guide strip 行位后板afdek plate 擋塵板side gate 大水口pinpoint gate 細水口SHCS 杯頭螺絲FHCS 平頭螺絲set screw 無頭螺絲ball catch 波子螺絲wedge 行位較杯gib 線條,(撐雞的導軌)latch 拉杆clamp 碼仔spring guide pin 彈弓導柱steel pad disc 橙仔方ejector cam insert 斜頂塊(screw) nut 螺母taper 嗲把/ 斜度taper interlock 嗲把鎖texture 花紋toggle-lok 回撞裝置top clamping plate 頂碼板unified national coarse (UNC) 美制螺絲(粗牙) unified national fine (UNF) 美制螺絲(幼牙) set screw 噴頭螺絲side gate 大水口slide retainer 行位管位water junction 喉咀spacer block 登仔jiffy-matic socket 喉咀套jiffy-tite plug 喉咀公spring plunger 彈弓座sprue puller 勾針/勾粒spring washer 彈簧塑圈stepped ejector pin 有托頂針strippers plate 推板/細水口板submarine gate 潛水口support pin 拉杆support plate 暗板surface finish 光潔度alignment strip 斜鎖angle pin 斜針fan gate 扇形入水fillet 圓口ball catch 彈弓波子blade ejector 扁頂bottom clamping plate 底碼板free length 自然長度bridge piece 水口鐵helix spindle 鍋杆hose clip 水喉箍bubbler 隔氣運水jiggle 斜頂jiggle witness line 斜頂片位置center distance (CRS) 山打距離(中心線距離) clamp 碼仔contour 外形leader pin 導針location ring(flange) 法蘭counterbore 拔頭,介子托mock-up;prototype 手辦die cast 合金壓鑄national pipe thread(NPT) 美制喉牙overflow 垃圾位ejection sleeve 司筒,頂套epoxy 膠樣pin point gate 細水口pressure plug 喉塞pressure spring 壓力彈簧parting line flash 披鋒burned 燒黑underfilled 缺料insert mismatch 鑲件夾口ejector pins not flush 頂針有高低ejector pins skid 頂針滑動insert flash 鑲件披鋒pressure transducer 壓力探測頭hydraulic schematic 油積筒油路接駁圖jiffy connector recessed 安裝喉嘴后不可突出模胚knock out pullback stud -flush with clamp plate 頂棍鑲件與底板有否空間safety switches 限位开关stop block 限位塊safety strap 安全帶drool bushing 防漏膠套筒insert mismatch 鑲件夾口EDM visible 明顯火花紋lifter scrapes 斜頂拖花short shots 走水不齊wall stock 料位厚薄knit lines 走水紋stress marks 夾水紋uneven fill pattern 走水不平行drag marks 拖花sprue pretrusion 唧嘴突出高度sprue orifice and radil size 唧嘴R尺寸sprue bushing-keyed 唧嘴有管釘English Chineseprogram name 產口名稱part name 零件名稱tool name 模具名稱tool source 模具來源tool steel 模具鋼材resin 塑料program number 產品編號part number 零件編號tool number 模具編號customer 客戶名稱No of cavities 內模編號machine size 啤機噸數drum miller 鼓形銑床duplex horizontal miller 復式臥銑床face miller 端面銑床grinding miller 研磨機plain miller 平面銑床planer-type miller 刨式銑床rack miller 齒條銑床slab miller 大型平面銑床slot miller 鍵槽銑刀spline miller 花鍵銑刀thread miller 螺紋銑刀vertical miller 立式銑刀,立輥,立輥軋機endmill 立銑刀plastic mould steel 塑膠模鋼cold work steel 冷作鋼hot work steel 熱作鋼high speed steel 高速鋼electric magnetic clutch 電磁離合器pad printer 移印機screen printer 絲印機hot stamper 燙印機solid carbide slitting saw 鑽石鋼鋸片convex cutter 凸鑼刀片concave cutter 凹鑼刀片side&face cutters,staggered teeth 正側雙用鑲鑽石鋼鑼刀end-mill 鑼刀semi-rod 半圓刀split double end 雙頭刀single end 單頭刀2-flute 兩辨3-flute 三辨4-flute 四辨reamer 直拈centre drill 中心鑽solid carbide drill 鑽咀zinc ingot 鋅錠aluminium ignot 鋁錠tin ignot 錫錠heater cement 發熱管的結合劑heater groove 發熱管槽spacer rail 介子座cross pin 十字頭銷nozzle plate 射嘴板nozzle seat 熱嘴addendum 齒冠dedendum 齒根air compressor 空氣壓縮機air exhauster 抽氣機air intake 進氣口air seal 空氣隔離層。