IMPLICATURE 语用学 PPT课件

a) Tom : Are you going to Mark’s party tonight? Annie : My parents are in town. (No.)
Shared knowledge : Annie’s relation with her parents
b) Tom : Where’s the salad dressing? Gabriel : We’ve run out of olive oil. (There isn’t any salad dressing.)
If you were Jane, what implicatures would you have drawn from each of Steve’s responses?
a. Jane: Who used all the printer paper? Steve: I used some of it.
There is a test that is sometimes uesd to distinguish presuppositions from implicatures.
• Cancellation test
Here are four dialogues where Annie has 'cancell' either a presupposition contained in her utterence(the cancellation come after the 'dash'). Do you notice a difference between presuppositions and implicatures when they are cancelled?
A: Shall we hold the football match tomorrow?
B: It is raining.
Semantic and literal meaning: his answer unrelated to the question.
Intended meaning: the football match will be canceled as ground is wet and slippery after the rain.
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These responses are true in technically. However, from a pragmatic point of view, Steve’s utterances have certainly misled Jane because of the implicatures that people normally draw in these circumstances. Steve’s trickery involved what we call Scalar implicatures. All of Steve’s responses use words that participate in a scale of values:
b. Jane: I hear you’re always late with the rent. Steve: Well, sometimes I am.
Implicatures:
a. Steve did not use all of the printer paper, only some of it. b. Steve is not always late with the rent, only sometimes.
IMPLICATURE
Group: 王莉 王妍琨 廖晶 刘靓利
1.Definition of implicature 2.Generalized implicature 3.Particularized implicature 4.How to distinguish implicature and presupposition
Implicature is a technical term in the pragmatics subfield of linguistics, coined by H.P.Grice, which refers to what is suggested in an utterance, even though neither expressed nor strictly implied by the utterance.
Scalar implicatures are a special type of generalized implicature where the inference is made by reference to a scale of values, one of which has been chosen by the speaker. The speaker’s choice implicates ‘not the higher values’.
(a)Carmen: Did you get the milk and the eggs? Dave: I got the milk.
(Did Dave buy the eggs?) →Dave did not buy the eggs.
(b)Carmen: Did you manage to fix that leak? Dave : I tried to. (Did Dave fix the leak?) →Dave did not fix the leak.
Scale of quantity: some most all Scale of frequency: sometimes often always Scale of coldness: cool cold freezing
We normally assume that, where speakers have a scale of values at their disposal, they will chose the one that is truthful and optimally informative. So we normally draw the implicature ‘not any of the higher values on the scale’.
Generalized implicatures can be drawn with very little ‘inside’ knowledge. If you heard a tape recording of the conversation but knew noting about the participants or the physical characteristics of the context, you could still draw those implicatures. They are closely connected to the degree of informativeness that we normally expect a speaker’s utterance to provide.
Shared knowledge : Someone might overhear Jane’s answer.
d) Mat : Want some fudge brownies? Chris : There must be 20000 calories there. (No.)
Shared knowledge : Food with a high number of calories makes people put on
Shared knowledge : Oliver oil is a possible ingredient in salad dressing and they only
use salad dressing made from olive oil.
c) Steve : What’s with your mother? Jane : Let’s go into the garden. (I can’t talk about it here.)
Inferences which require this kind of shared knowledge between the speaker and the hearer are sometimes called particularized conversational implicatures.
There is a gap between what is literally said and what is implied. So in this case, implicature helps to explain how some seemingly unrelated sentences come to mean the same. With the help of context , the use of implicature makes our language use more colorful. We may express the same meaning in different ways to suit appropriate context.(何自然)
(a) Cancelling an existential presupposition: MIke: What happened? Annie: Steve's dog wrecked the garden -- and in fact,
Steve doesn't have a dog.
(b) Cancelling a 'lexical' presupposition: MIke: What's up ? Annie: I'v stopped smoking -- although I'v never smoked.
weight and Chris is trying to lose weight.
Generalized implicatures can be drawn with very little ‘inside’ knowledge.
Particularized implicatures require not only general knowledge but also knowledge which is particular or ‘local’ to the speaker and the hearer, and often to the physical context of the utterance as well.
(c) Carmen: I hear you’ve invite Mat and Chris. Dave : I didn’t invite Mat. (Did Dave invite Chris?) →Dave invited Chris.
The notion of implicature provides some explicit account of how it is possible to mean more than what is actually “said” , or more than what is literally expressed.
Generalized conversational implicature: The implicatures that they are so strong that they do not seem to require any extra knowledge to extract the meaning.