欧洲文化入门Europe Culture3 The Middle Ages

b) Church Fathers and Early Monasticism
St. Jerome
Augustine of Hippo
St. Benedict Benedictine Rule
c) the power and influence of the Catholic Church
under feudalism, people of western Europe were mainly divided into three classes: clergy, lords and peasants.
After a knight was successful in his trained and tournaments， there was always a special ceremony (选择) to award him with a title， knight. This special ceremony is called dubbing.
People pay taxes to churches.
nobles and Kings often gave lands, crops or cattle to support the church.
Many high church officals were themselves big landowners and influencial nobles.
knight trained for war by fighting each other in mock battles called tournaments.(模拟战场)
2. The Church After 1054， the church was divided into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
As a knight，he were pledged to protect the weak，to fight for the church， to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry， from which the western idea of good manners developed.
Manor and Church
1. Feudalism
Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding---a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.
The pope not only ruled Rome and part of Italy as a king, he was also
the head of all Christian churches in western Europe.
The church set up a church court--- the inquisition to stamp out heresy.
a) The organization of Church
The word “catholic” means “universal”
The Catholic Church was a highly centralized and disciplined international organization.
very few peasants were freemen---workers (made ploughs, shod the horses, and made harnnesses) In 732 Charles Martel, a Frankish ruler gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as reward for their service.
a)Growth of feudalism
most of peasants became serfs (attacks from invaders and robbers---sought protection from powerful landowners--gave their land and freedom)
Kings, nobles and church officials worked together to rule the people.
Clergymen were the only teachers, as they were the best-educated men in their day.
Medieval Castle
c) Knighthood and code of chivalry:
Almost all nobles were knights in the medieval days. But they had to experienced a long and hard training.
b)Manor : The centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. the fiefs of the lords (农场主)。 By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.