单片机外文文献翻译---微型计算机控制系统
集合几篇智能车文献综述有51单片机的飞思卡尔的
CQWU/JL/JWB/ZY012-13重庆文理学院本科生文献综述情况表成绩：西安建筑科技大学毕业设计 (论文)文献综述院（系）：专业班级：自动化0701毕业设计：论文方向综述题目：智能小车设计学生姓名：学号：指导教师：2011 年 3 月日信息与控制工程学院毕业设计（论文）文献综述智能小车设计摘要：智能车技术以汽车电子为背景，涵盖了控制、模式识别、传感、电子、电气、计算机和机械等多个学科，这对进一步提高学生的综合素质，培养创新意识，培养学生从事科学、技术研究能力有着重要意义。
智能小车系统以飞思卡尔16位单片机作为系统处理器，采用基于光电传感器的信号采样模块获取赛道黑线信息，通过算法控制策略和PWM控制技术对智能小车的转向和速度进行控制。
使小车能够自主识别黑色引导线并根据黑色引导线实现快速稳定的寻线行驶。
系统介绍了硬件和软件两个方面。
在硬件方面，设计了具有电源管理、路径识别、车速检测、舵机控制和直流驱动电机控制的相关电路；在软件方面，根据PID控制或模糊控制并使用CodeWarrior软件编程和BDM调试实现小车行驶控制。
关键词：智能车；单片机；光电传感器；路径识别；1. 前言飞思卡尔智能车具体包括一种基于光电传感器的智能寻迹小车的设计和实现。
智能小车硬件系统由XS12微控制器、电源管理模块、路径识别电路、车速检测模块、舵机控制单元和直流驱动电机控制单元组成。
本系统以飞思卡尔16位微处理器MC9S12XS128为控制核心，并采用CodeWarrior软件编程和BDM作为调试工具。
运用红外发射接收原理进行道路信息采集，经单片机AD转换后通过相关算法及控制策略和PWM控制技术对智能小车的转向和速度进行控制，使小车能够自主识别黑色引导线并根据黑色引导线实现快速稳定的寻线行驶。
2.小车机械结构调整与优化车身机构调整包括：底盘调整、前轮的调整、后轮距及后轮差速的调整、齿轮传动机构调整。
信息与控制工程学院毕业设计（论文）文献综述3.硬件设计方案3.1电源模块设计由于电路中的不同电路模块所需要的工作电压和电流容量不相同，因此电源模块应该包含多个稳压电路，将充电电池电压转换成各个模块所需要的电压。
单片机参考文献(二)2024
单片机参考文献（二）这篇文档旨在为单片机的开发和学习提供参考文献，并总结其中的重要信息。
以下内容将分为引言概述、正文和总结三部分展开，不再包含标题。
引言概述：单片机（Microcontroller）是一种集成了处理器核心、存储器和外设接口的微型计算机，广泛应用于嵌入式系统中。
在单片机的学习和开发过程中，参考文献对于理解技术原理、掌握编程技巧以及解决问题起到了至关重要的作用。
本文将从多个方面介绍一些有关单片机的参考文献，希望对读者有所帮助。
正文：1. 单片机基础知识- 单片机原理与应用（王野著）：介绍了单片机的基本原理、应用领域以及常见的开发工具和开发环境。
- 单片机原理与应用（邵其翔著）：讲述了单片机的基本概念、组成结构和工作原理，并提供了大量实例和实践案例。
- 单片机原理与接口技术（吴春英著）：详细介绍了单片机的基础知识和接口技术，包括输入输出、模数转换、串行通信等。
2. 单片机编程技巧- C语言程序设计与单片机应用（刘海洋著）：深入浅出地讲解了C语言在单片机编程中的应用，包括数据类型、控制语句、函数等。
- 单片机常用编程技巧与实例（郑洪波著）：通过实例介绍了单片机开发中的常用编程技巧，如定时器中断、PWM输出、串口通信等。
- 单片机应用编程实践指南（张建平著）：提供了丰富的单片机应用实例，并详细介绍了如何进行程序设计和调试。
3. 单片机外设与扩展- 单片机与外设接口设计（孙燕著）：介绍了单片机与各种常见外设的接口设计方法，包括LCD显示、键盘输入、温度传感器等。
- 单片机与外设接口技术（朱晓东著）：讲解了单片机与各类外设接口的设计原理和技术要点，如ADC、DAC、I2C等。
- 嵌入式系统设计与单片机扩展（李兵著）：详细介绍了如何设计和实现嵌入式系统，包括单片机的选型、外设的接口设计等。
4. 单片机应用实例- 单片机实战（杨洪考著）：通过一系列实际项目案例，探讨了单片机在智能家居、工业控制、医疗器械等领域的应用。
微型计算机控制系统(单片机控制系统 精品推荐
微型计算机控制系统（单片机控制系统）广义地说，微型计算机控制系统（单片机控制系统）是用于处理信息的，这种被用于处理的信息可以是电话交谈，也可以是仪器的读数或者是一个企业的帐户，但是各种情况下都涉及到相同的主要操作：信息的处理、信息的存储和信息的传递。
在常规的电子设计中，这些操作都是以功能平台方式组合起来的，例如计数器，无论是电子计数器还是机械计数器，都要存储当前的数值，并且按要求将该数值增加1。
一个系统例如采用计数器的电子钟之类的任一系统要使其存储和处理能力遍布整个系统，因为每个计数器都能存储和处理一些数字。
现如今，以微处理器为基础的系统从常规的处理方法中分离了出来，它将信息的处理，信息的存储和信息的传输三个功能分离形成不同的系统单元。
这种主要将系统分成三个主要单元的分离方法是冯-诺依曼在20世纪40年代所设想出来的，并且是针对微计算机的设想。
从此以后基本上所有制成的计算机都是用这种结构设计的，尽管他们包含着宽广的物理形式与物理结构，但从根本上来说他们均是具有相同基本设计的计算机。
在以微处理器为基础的系统中，处理是由以微处理器为基础的系统自身完成的。
存储是利用存储器电路，而从系统中输入和输出的信息传输则是利用特定的输入/输出（I/O）电路。
要在一个以微处理器为基础的时钟中找出执行具有计数功能的一个特殊的硬件组成部分是不可能的，因为时间存储在存储器中，而在固定的时间间隔下由微处理器控制增值。
但是，规定系统运转过程的软件却规定了包含实现计数器计数功能的单元部分。
由于系统几乎完全由软件所定义，所以对微处理器结构和其辅助电路这种看起来非常抽象的处理方法使其在应用时非常灵活。
这种设计过程主要是软件工程，而且在生产软件时，就会遇到产生于常规工程中相似的构造和维护问题。
图1.1 微型计算机的三个组成部分图1.1显示出了微型计算机中这三个单元在一个微处理器控制系统中是如何按照机器中的信息通信方式而联接起来的。
该系统由微处理器控制，微处理器能够对其自身的存储器和输入/输出单元的信息传输进行管理。
单片机控制系统外文翻译
Microcomputer SystemsElectronic systems are used for handing information in the most general sense; this information may be telephone conversation, instrument read or a company’s accounts, but in each case the same main type of operation are involved: the processing, storage and transmission of information. in conventional electronic design these operations are combined at the function level; for example a counter, whether electronic or mechanical, stores the current and increments it by one as required. A system such as an electronic clock which employs counters has its storage and processing capabilities spread throughout the system because each counter is able to store and process numbers.Present day microprocessor based systems depart from this conventional approach by separating the three functions of processing, storage, and transmission into different section of the system. This partitioning into three main functions was devised by V on Neumann during the 1940s, and was not conceived especially for microcomputers. Almost every computer ever made has been designed with this structure, and despite the enormous range in their physical forms, they have all been of essentially the same basic design.In a microprocessor based system the processing will be performed in the microprocessor itself. The storage will be by means of memory circuits and the communication of information into and out of the system will be by means of special input/output(I/O) circuits. It would be impossible to identify a particular piece of hardware which performed the counting in a microprocessor based clock because the time would be stored in the memory and incremented at regular intervals but the microprocessor. However, the software which defined the system’s behavior wou ld contain sections that performed as counters. The apparently rather abstract approach to the architecture of the microprocessor and its associated circuits allows it to be very flexible in use, since the system is defined almost entirely software. The design process is largely one of software engineering, and the similar problems of construction and maintenance which occur in conventional engineering are encountered when producing software.The figure1.1 illustrates how these three sections within a microcomputer are connected in terms of the communication of information within the machine. The system is controlled by the microprocessor which supervises the transfer of information between itself and the memory and input/output sections. The external connections relate to the rest (that is, the non-computer part) of the engineering system.Fig.1.1 Three Sections of a Typical MicrocomputerAlthough only one storage section has been shown in the diagram, in practice two distinct types of memory RAM and ROM are used. In each case, the word ‘memory’ is rather inappropriate since a computers memory is more like a filing cabinet in concept; information is stored in a set of numbered ‘boxes’ and it is referenced by the serial number of the ‘box’ in question.Microcomputers use RAM (Random Access Memory) into which data can be written and from which data can be read again when needed. This data can be read back from the memory in any sequence desired, and not necessarily the same order in which it was written, hence the expression ‘random’ access memory. Another type of ROM (Read Only Memory) is used to hold fixed patterns of information which cannot be affected by the microprocessor; these patterns are not lost when power is removed and are normally used to hold the program which defines the behavior of a microprocessor based system. ROMs can be read like RAMs, but unlike RAMs they cannot be used to store variable information. Some ROMs have their data patterns put in during manufacture, while others are programmable by the user by means of special equipment and are called programmable ROMs. The widely used programmable ROMs are erasable by means of special ultraviolet lamps and are referred to as EPROMs, short for Erasable Programmable Read Only Memories. Other new types of device can be erased electrically without the need for ultraviolet light, which are called Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memories, EEPROMs.The microprocessor processes data under the control of the program, controlling the flow of information to and from memory and input/output devices. Some input/output devices are general-purpose types while others are designed for controlling special hardware such as disc drives or controlling information transmission to other computers. Most types of I/O devices are programmable to some extent, allowing different modes of operation, while some actually contain special-purpose microprocessors to permit quite complex operations to be carried out without directly involving the main microprocessor.The microprocessor processes data under the control of the program, controlling the flow ofinformation to and from memory and input/output devices. Some input/output devices are general-purpose types while others are designed for controlling special hardware such as disc drives or controlling information transmission to other computers. Most types of I/O devices are programmable to some extent, allowing different modes of operation, while some actually contain special-purpose microprocessors to permit quite complex operations to be carried out without directly involving the main microprocessor.The microprocessor , memory and input/output circuit may all be contained on the same integrated circuit provided that the application does not require too much program or data storage . This is usually the case in low-cost application such as the controllers used in microwave ovens and automatic washing machines . The use of single package allows considerable cost savings to e made when articles are manufactured in large quantities . As technology develops , more and more powerful processors and larger and larger amounts of memory are being incorporated into single chip microcomputers with resulting saving in assembly costs in the final products . For the foreseeable future , however , it will continue to be necessary to interconnect a number of integrated circuits to make a microcomputer whenever larger amounts of storage or input/output are required.Another major engineering application of microcomputers is in process control. Here the presence of the microcomputer is usually more apparent to the user because provision is normally made for programming the microcomputer for the particular application. In process control applications the benefits lf fitting the entire system on to single chip are usually outweighed by the high design cost involved, because this sort lf equipment is produced in smaller quantities. Moreover, process controllers are usually more complicated so that it is more difficult to make them as single integrated circuits. Two approaches are possible; the controller can be implemented as a general-purpose microcomputer rather like a more robust version lf a hobby computer, or as a ‘packaged’ system, signed for replacing controllers based on older technologies such as electromagnetic relays. In the former case the system would probably be programmed in conventional programming languages such as the ones to9 be introduced later, while in the other case a special-purpose language might be used, for example one which allowed the function of the controller to be described in terms of relay interconnections, In either case programs can be stored in RAM, which allows them to be altered to suit changes in application, but this makes the overall system vulnerable to loss lf power unless batteries are used to ensure continuity of supply. Alternatively programs can be stored in ROM, in which case they virtually become part of the electronic ‘hardware’ and are often referred to as firmware. More sophisticated process controllersrequire minicomputers for their implementation, although the use lf large scale integrated circuits ‘the distinction between mini and microcomputers, Products and process controllers of various kinds represent the majority of present-day microcomputer applications, the exact figures depending on one’s interpretation of the word ‘product’. Virtually all engineering and scientific uses of microcomputers can be assigned to one or other of these categories. But in the system we most study Pressure and Pressure Transmitters. Pressure arises when a force is applied over an area. Provided the force is one Newton and uniformly over the area of one square meters, the pressure has been designated one Pascal. Pressure is a universal processing condition. It is also a condition of life on the planet: we live at the bottom of an atmospheric ocean that extends upward for many miles. This mass of air has weight, and this weight pressing downward causes atmospheric pressure. Water, a fundamental necessity of life, is supplied to most of us under pressure. In the typical process plant, pressure influences boiling point temperatures, condensing point temperatures, process efficiency, costs, and other important factors. The measurement and control of pressure or lack of it-vacuum-in the typical process plant is critical.The working instruments in the plant usually include simple pressure gauges, precision recorders and indicators, and pneumatic and electronic pressure transmitters. A pressure transmitter makes a pressure measurement and generates either a pneumatic or electrical signal output that is proportional to the pressure being sensed.In the process plant, it is impractical to locate the control instruments out in the place near the process. It is also true that most measurements are not easily transmitted from some remote location. Pressure measurement is an exception, but if a high pressure of some dangerous chemical is to be indicated or recorded several hundred feet from the point of measurement, a hazard may be from the pressure or from the chemical carried.To eliminate this problem, a signal transmission system was developed. This system is usually either pneumatic or electrical. And control instruments in one location. This makes it practical for a minimum number of operators to run the plant efficiently.When a pneumatic transmission system is employed, the measurement signal is converted into pneumatic signal by the transmitter scaled from 0 to 100 percent of the measurement value. This transmitter is mounted close to the point of measurement in the process. The transmitter output-air pressure for a pneumatic transmitter-is piped to the recording or control instrument. The standard output range for a pneumatic transmitter is 20 to 100kPa, which is almost universally used.When an electronic pressure transmitter is used, the pressure is converted to electrical signal thatmay be current or voltage. Its standard range is from 4 to 20mA DC for current signal or from 1 to 5V DC for voltage signal. Nowadays, another type of electrical signal, which is becoming common, is the digital or discrete signal. The use of instruments and control systems based on computer or forcing increased use of this type of signal.Sometimes it is important for analysis to obtain the parameters that describe the sensor/transmitter behavior. The gain is fairly simple to obtain once the span is known. Consider an electronic pressure transmitter with a range of 0～600kPa.The gain isdefined as the change in output divided by the change in input. In this case, the output is electrical signal (4～20mA DC) and the input is process pressure (0～600kPa). Thus the gain. Beside we must measure Temperature Temperature measurement is important in industrial control, as direct indications of system or product state and as indirect indications of such factors as reaction rates, energy flow, turbine efficiency, and lubricant quality. Present temperature scales have been in use for about 200 years, the earliest instruments were based on the thermal expansion of gases and liquids. Such filled systems are still employed, although many other types of instruments are available. Representative temperature sensors include: filled thermal systems, liquid-in-glass thermometers, thermocouples, resistance temperature detectors, thermostats, bimetallic devices, optical and radiation pyrometers and temperature-sensitive paints.Advantages of electrical systems include high accuracy and sensitivity, practicality of switching or scanning several measurements points, larger distances possible between measuring elements and controllers, replacement of components(rather than complete system), fast response, and ability to measure higher temperature. Among the electrical temperature sensors, thermocouples and resistance temperature detectors are most widely used.DescriptionThe A T89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactur ed using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPUkPamA kPa mA kPa kPa mA mA Kr 027.0600160600420==--=with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.Function characteristicThe A T89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.Pin DescriptionVCC：Supply voltage.GND：Ground.Port 0：Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as highimpedance inputs.Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed loworder address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pullups.Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming,and outputs the code bytes during programverification. External pullups are required during programverification.Port 1Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.Port 2Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and canbe used as inputs. As inputs,Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current, because of the internal pullups.Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses. In this application, it uses strong internal pullupswhen emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses, Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.Port 3Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below:Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.RSTReset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. ALE/PROGAddress Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming.In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory.If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.PSENProgram Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory.When the AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.EA/VPPExternal Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset.EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage(VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require12-volt VPP.XTAL1Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.XTAL2Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.Oscillator CharacteristicsXTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively,of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1.Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2.There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.微型计算机控制系统（单片机控制系统）广义地说，微型计算机控制系统（单片机控制系统）是用于处理信息的，这种被用于处理的信息可以是电话交谈，也可以是仪器的读数或者是一个企业的帐户，但是各种情况下都涉及到相同的主要操作：信息的处理、信息的存储和信息的传递。
单片机技术简介
1.1 单片机简介
单片机系统的构成与常见的微型计算机系统类似
其发展也与微型计算机的发展同步
由于面向的应用领域不同
技术进步在产品研发中体现出不同的侧重点
1.1.1 计算机的基本组成
冯·诺伊曼计算机体系结构：存储程序原பைடு நூலகம் 三大硬件系统组成
中央处理器(CPU)，其中包含一个控制器、一个运算器、若干寄存器和一个 程序计数器
1.2.2 存储器设计
冯·诺伊曼结构
也称作普林斯顿(Princeton)结构 用来存储程序和数据的物理存储器是在同一个物理存储器空间中
哈佛(Harvard)结构
将程序指令存储空间与数据存储空间分开的存储器结构
普林斯顿结构和哈佛结构
1.2.3 总线结构
单总线、双总线和多重总线结构 单总线结构比较常见 在单总线结构中，对存储器和I/O接口的寻址方法，又分为独立
单片机原理与应用
什么是单片机
在一块大规模或超大规模集成电路芯片上制成的微型计算机 体积小、功耗低、性价比高、应用灵活 可以作为一个部件嵌入到各种产品中，而不是以常见的计算机
系统形式出现 微控制器(Microcontroller或Micro Control Unit，MCU) 嵌入式微控制器(Embedded Microcontroller)
式系统应用中都有不可估量的发展空间
1.3 单片机的应用与选型
1.3.1 单片机的应用
智能化家用电器、智能化接口的办公自动化设备、商业营销设备、 工业自动化控制、智能化仪表、智能化通信产品、汽车电子产品、 航空航天系统和国防军事、尖端武器等领域
1.3.2 单片机的选型
需要考虑多个方面
单片机原理与应用
主存储器系统，用来保存控制计算机操作的各种程序 输入/输出(I/O)系统
外文翻译原文及译文-基于51单片机的电子秤设计
外文文献翻译译稿1基于电阻应变式称重传感器的高精度和低容量电子秤开发Baoxiang He,Guirong Lu ,Kaibin Chu ,Guoqiang Ma摘要：基于称重传感器的应变计优化设计中除了一些先进的稳定技术比如温度的影响之外，静态超载和计算机模式识别（CRT）技术也被用来进行动态模拟与分析。
这种多谐振荡的压力释放方法是在生产中创造性的使用了压力传感器，由于这种技术，量程30G的压力传感器才能做到高精度，高稳定性。
由于使用了这种压力传感器，使得基于传感器的电子秤拥有300,00种分类和小于0.2mg的精度。
这种压力传感器的量程和精度远远高于市场上的同类产品，而其价格却远低于电磁压力传感器。
因此，这种压力传感器的商业前景是十分广阔的。
关键词：设计；电阻应变式称重传感器；精度；电子秤1.介绍众所周知，压力传感器的精度是决定一个的电子秤精度的关键。
目前，用于高精度称重的传感器主要是电磁平衡式称重传感器。
低成本电阻应变式称重传感器仅能用于使低精度的称量。
主要影响精度应变式称重传感器的误差是蠕变和温度漂移，特别是对于低负荷的传感器来说。
一般来说，高精度传感器的负载能力最低是300克。
称重传感器的最大分配平衡只有50K，最小分辨率是不小于0.01克。
总而言之，对于超低容量称重传感器来说设计和制造技术是很难被应用到敏感的称重传感器的加工和生产中的。
因此很难做出足够好的高精度平衡的称重传感器。
使得低量程和高精度的传感器始终是全世界的热门话题。
本文将分析应力释放及补偿技术，探索低量程高精度应变式称重传感器的制造技术。
2．原理与方法A. 残余应力的释放制作压力传感器主要部件的材料是铝棒。
为了获得更好的综合性能，铝条会在挤压后进行淬火。
由于淬火的残余应力不能被自然老化而得到充分释放，此外，机械加工和固化过程中也会造成很大的残余应力，特别是对于超低容量称重传感器来说，如果这个压力不及时释放，可能就会在压力传感器被测试或者是最终使用的时候释放出来。
单片机LED显示控制系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
单片机LED显示控制系统中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)基于AT89C52单片机的LED显示屏控制系统设计摘要这篇文章介绍了基于AT89C52单片机的LED显示控制系统软硬件的设计过程。
我们用一个简单的外部电路控制尺寸为32*192的显示屏，通过一个动态显示模块，这个显示屏也能显示六个32*32的汉字，也能分成两个小的显示屏，能够显示24 个16*16的汉字。
我们能通过修改程序来改变显示内容。
字幕可以实现滚动功能且滚动速度可以根据要求调节，屏幕也具有暂停功能。
汉字代码储存在数据存储器中，储存器的容量可以根据显示汉字的需要扩展。
该显示屏具有低电压，硬件电路简单等优点。
关键字：LED，汉字，AT89C52一、简介LED显示屏已成为一个重要的标志，在城市照明、现代化、信息社会不断的改善和美化人们的生活环境。
LED灯可以应用于大型购物商场、车站、码头、地下车站,各种管理窗口等等。
LED业务已成为一个快速增长的新兴产业,具有巨大的市场空间和前景。
文本,图片,动画和录像显示(LED)的亮度和内容是可以改变的。
一些元器件的显示装置的模构通常是由显示模块、控制系统和电力系统。
显示模块构成的网格结构由领导,并负责发光显示;屏幕上可以显示文本,图片、视频等，在相应的区域控制系统操控LED光亮或黑暗;电力系统是一个负责屏幕上转换输入电压和电流流进的电压和电流。
LED点阵显示提取显示字符的字体通过PC,通过单片机,然后显示在点阵屏,主要用于室内和室外的显示。
LED点阵显示可分为图形显示,图像显示和视频显示器显示的内容。
相比提高了图像显示的特点图形显示没有区别,无论它是在这两种颜色单色或彩色显示。
因此,图形显示也不能反映丰富的颜色,录像显示不能只把清晰、彩色图像,而且也表现在电视和电脑的信号。
虽然三者之间有一些差异,但是最基本的原则是类似。
单片机具有良好的性价比,小体积、高可靠性强的控制,并广泛应用于聪明仪器、机电一体化,真正的-时间过程控制、机器人、家用电器、模糊控制、通讯系统等。
单片机常用英文缩写全称
单片机常用英文缩写全称单片机（Microcontroller，简称MCU）是一种集成了处理器、存储器和外设功能的微型计算机系统。
它常被用于各种电子设备中，如家电、工业控制、汽车电子等。
在单片机领域中，有许多常用的英文缩写用于表示不同的功能模块和技术，下面将介绍一些常用的单片机英文缩写全称。
1. MCU - Microcontroller Unit（微控制器单元）MCU是单片机的常用缩写，它指的是整个单片机系统，包括中央处理器(CPU)、内存和各种外设。
2. CPU - Central Processing Unit（中央处理器）CPU是单片机中最核心的部分，负责执行指令和控制系统的操作。
3. RAM - Random Access Memory（随机存取存储器）RAM是用于临时存储数据的内存，它可以被CPU快速访问。
4. ROM - Read-Only Memory（只读存储器）ROM是单片机中的一个存储器类型，它存储了程序和数据，不允许对其进行修改。
5. EEPROM - Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory （电可擦可编程只读存储器）EEPROM是一种可擦写的存储器，它可以多次擦除和编程，用于存储非易失性数据。
6. I/O - Input/Output（输入/输出）I/O指单片机与外部设备之间的数据交换接口，用于输入和输出数据。
7. ADC - Analog-to-Digital Converter（模数转换器）ADC用于将模拟信号转换为数字信号，以便单片机进行处理。
8. DAC - Digital-to-Analog Converter（数模转换器）DAC用于将数字信号转换为模拟信号，以便控制外部设备或输出模拟信号。
9. PWM - Pulse Width Modulation（脉宽调制）PWM是一种调节电平的技术，用于控制电流、电压或频率。
单片机控制系统外文翻译
Microcomputer SystemsElectronic systems are used for handing information in the most general sense; this information may be telephone conversation, instrument read or a company’s accounts, but in each case the same main type of operation are involved: the processing, storage and transmission of information. in conventional electronic design these operations are combined at the function level; for example a counter, whether electronic or mechanical, stores the current and increments it by one as required. A system such as an electronic clock which employs counters has its storage and processing capabilities spread throughout the system because each counter is able to store and process numbers.Present day microprocessor based systems depart from this conventional approach by separating the three functions of processing, storage, and transmission into different section of the system. This partitioning into three main functions was devised by V on Neumann during the 1940s, and was not conceived especially for microcomputers. Almost every computer ever made has been designed with this structure, and despite the enormous range in their physical forms, they have all been of essentially the same basic design.In a microprocessor based system the processing will be performed in the microprocessor itself. The storage will be by means of memory circuits and the communication of information into and out of the system will be by means of special input/output(I/O) circuits. It would be impossible to identify a particular piece of hardware which performed the counting in a microprocessor based clock because the time would be stored in the memory and incremented at regular intervals but the microprocessor. However, the software which defined the system’s behavior woul d contain sections that performed as counters. The apparently rather abstract approach to the architecture of the microprocessor and its associated circuits allows it to be very flexible in use, since the system is defined almost entirely software. The design process is largely one of software engineering, and the similar problems of construction and maintenance which occur in conventional engineering are encountered when producing software.The figure1.1 illustrates how these three sections within a microcomputer are connected in terms of the communication of information within the machine. The system is controlled by the microprocessor which supervises the transfer of information between itself and the memory and input/output sections. The external connections relate to the rest (that is, the non-computer part) of the engineering system.Fig.1.1 Three Sections of a Typical MicrocomputerAlthough only one storage section has been shown in the diagram, in practice two distinct types of memory RAM and ROM are used. In each case, the word ‘memory’ is rather inappropriate since a computers memory is more like a filing cabinet in concept; information is stored in a set of numbered ‘boxes’ and it is referenced by the serial number of the ‘box’ in questio n.Microcomputers use RAM (Random Access Memory) into which data can be written and from which data can be read again when needed. This data can be read back from the memory in any sequence desired, and not necessarily the same order in which it was w ritten, hence the expression ‘random’ access memory. Another type of ROM (Read Only Memory) is used to hold fixed patterns of information which cannot be affected by the microprocessor; these patterns are not lost when power is removed and are normally used to hold the program which defines the behavior of a microprocessor based system. ROMs can be read like RAMs, but unlike RAMs they cannot be used to store variable information. Some ROMs have their data patterns put in during manufacture, while others are programmable by the user by means of special equipment and are called programmable ROMs. The widely used programmable ROMs are erasable by means of special ultraviolet lamps and are referred to as EPROMs, short for Erasable Programmable Read Only Memories. Other new types of device can be erased electrically without the need for ultraviolet light, which are called Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memories,EEPROMs.The microprocessor processes data under the control of the program, controlling the flow of information to and from memory and input/output devices. Some input/output devices are general-purpose types while others are designed for controlling special hardware such as disc drives or controlling information transmission to other computers. Most types of I/O devices are programmable to some extent, allowing different modes of operation, while some actually contain special-purpose microprocessors to permit quite complex operations to be carried out without directly involving the main microprocessor.The microprocessor , memory and input/output circuit may all be contained on the same integrated circuit provided that the application does not require too much program or data storage . This is usually the case in low-cost application such as the controllers used in microwave ovens and automatic washing machines . The use of single package allows considerable cost savings to e made when articles are manufactured in large quantities . As technology develops , more and more powerful processors and larger and larger amounts of memory are being incorporated into single chip microcomputers with resulting saving in assembly costs in the final products . For the foreseeable future , however , it will continue to be necessary to interconnect a number of integrated circuits to make a microcomputer whenever larger amounts of storage or input/output are required.Another major engineering application of microcomputers is in process control. Here the presence of the microcomputer is usually more apparent to the user because provision is normally made for programming the microcomputer for the particular application. In process control applications the benefits lf fitting the entire system on to single chip are usually outweighed by the high design cost involved, because this sort lf equipment is produced in smaller quantities. Moreover, process controllers are usually more complicated so that it is more difficult to make them as single integrated circuits. Two approaches are possible; the controller can be implemented as a general-purpose microcomputer rather like a more robust version lf a hobby computer, or as a ‘packaged’ system, signed for replacing controllers based on older technologies such as electromagnetic relays. In the former case the system wouldprobably be programmed in conventional programming languages such as the ones to9 be introduced later, while in the other case a special-purpose language might be used, for example one which allowed the function of the controller to be described in terms of relay interconnections, In either case programs can be stored in RAM, which allows them to be altered to suit changes in application, but this makes the overall system vulnerable to loss lf power unless batteries are used to ensure continuity of supply. Alternatively programs can be stored in ROM, in which case they virtually become part of the electronic ‘hardware’ and are often referred to as firmware.More sophisticated process controllers require minicomputers for their implementation, although the use o f large scale integrated circuits ‘the distinction between mini and microcomputers, Products and process controllers of various kinds represent the majority of present-day microcomputer applications, the exact figures depending on one’s interpretation of the word ‘product’. Virtually all engineering and scientific uses of microcomputers can be assigned to one or other of these categories. But in the system we most study Pressure and Pressure Transmitters. Pressure arises when a force is applied over an area. Provided the force is one Newton and uniformly over the area of one square meters, the pressure has been designated one Pascal. Pressure is a universal processing condition. It is also a condition of life on the planet: we live at the bottom of an atmospheric ocean that extends upward for many miles. This mass of air has weight, and this weight pressing downward causes atmospheric pressure. Water, a fundamental necessity of life, is supplied to most of us under pressure. In the typical process plant, pressure influences boiling point temperatures, condensing point temperatures, process efficiency, costs, and other important factors. The measurement and control of pressure or lack of it-vacuum-in the typical process plant is critical.单片机控制系统广义地说，微型计算机控制系统（单片机控制系统）是用于处理信息的，这种被用于处理的信息可以是电话交谈，也可以是仪器的读数或者是一个企业的帐户，但是各种情况下都涉及到相同的主要操作：信息的处理、信息的存储和信息的传递。
单片机温度控制系统外文翻译外文文献英文文献_中英翻译
Design of the Temperature Control System Based on AT89C51ABSTRACTThe principle and functions of the temperature control system based on micro controller AT89C51 are studied, and the temperature measurement unit consists of the 1-Wire bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20. The system can be expected to detect the preset temperature, display time and save monitoring data. An alarm will be given by system if the temperature exceeds the upper and lower limit value of the temperature which can be set discretionarily and then automatic control is achieved, thus the temperature is achieved monitoring intelligently within a certain range. Basing on principle of the system, it is easy to make a variety of other non-linear control systems so long as the software design is reasonably changed. The system has been proved to be accurate, reliable and satisfied through field practice.KEYWORDS: AT89C51; micro controller; DS18B20; temperature1 INTRODUCTIONTemperature is a very important parameter in human life. In the modern society, temperature control (TC) is not only used in industrial production, but also widely used in other fields. With the improvement of the life quality, we can find the TC appliance in hotels, factories and home as well. And the trend that TC will better serve the whole society, so it is of great significance to measure and control the temperature. Based on the AT89C51 and temperature sensor DS18B20, this system controls the condition temperature intelligently. The temperature can be set discretionarily within a certain range. The system can show the time on LCD, and save monitoring data; and automatically control the temperature when the conditiontemperature exceeds the upper and lower limit value. By doing so it is to keep the temperature unchanged. The system is of high anti-jamming, high control precision and flexible design; it also fits the rugged environment. It is mainly used in people's life to improve the quality of the work and life. It is also versatile, so that it can be convenient to extend the use of the system. So the design is of profound importance. The general design, hardware design and software design of the system are covered.1.1 IntroductionThe 8-bit AT89C51 CHMOS microcontrollers are designed to handle high-speed calculations and fast input/output operations. MCS 51 microcontrollers are typically used for high-speed event control systems. Commercial applications include modems, motor-control systems, printers, photocopiers, air conditioner control systems, disk drives, and medical instruments. The automotive industry use MCS 51 microcontrollers in engine-control systems, airbags, suspension systems, and antilock braking systems (ABS). The AT89C51 is especially well suited to applications that benefit from its processing speed and enhanced on-chip peripheral functions set, such as automotive power-train control, vehicle dynamic suspension, antilock braking, and stability control applications. Because of these critical applications, the market requires a reliable cost-effective controller with a low interrupt latency response, ability to service the high number of time and event driven integrated peripherals needed in real time applications, and a CPU with above average processing power in a single package. The financial and legal risk of having devices that operate unpredictably is very high. Once in the market, particularly in mission critical applications such as an autopilot or anti-lock braking system, mistakes are financially prohibitive. Redesign costs can run as high as a $500K, much more if the fix means 2 back annotating it across a product family that share the same core and/or peripheral design flaw. In addition, field replacements ofcomponents is extremely expensive, as the devices are typically sealed in modules with a total value several times that of the component. To mitigate these problems, it is essential that comprehensive testing of the controllers be carried out at both the component level and system level under worst case environmental and voltage conditions. This complete and thorough validation necessitates not only a well-defined process but also a proper environment and tools to facilitate and execute the mission successfully. Intel Chandler Platform Engineering group provides post silicon system validation (SV) of various micro-controllers and processors. The system validation process can be broken into three major parts. The type of the device and its application requirements determine which types of testing are performed on the device.1.2 The AT89C51 provides the following standard features4Kbytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bittimer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duple ser-ial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt sys -tem to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscil–lator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.1.3Pin DescriptionVCC Supply voltage.GND Ground.Port 0：Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, thepins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pull ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull ups are required during program verification.Port 1：Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/so -urce four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.Port 2：Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX@DPTR). In this application, it uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals durin Flash programming and verification.Port 3：Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/sou -rce four TTL inputs. When 1s are written toPort 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull ups.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below:RST：Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device.ALE/PROG：Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped duri-ng each access to external Data Memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.PSEN：Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When theAT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.EA/VPP：External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin alsreceives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP.XTAL1：Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.XTAL2 ：Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. Oscillator CharacteristicsXTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2.There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed. Idle Mode In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on chip peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset. It should be noted that when idle is terminated by a hard ware reset, the device normally resumes program execution, from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that invokes Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory.Power-down ModeIn the power-down mode, the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes power-down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers retain their values until the power-down mode is terminated. The only exit from power-down is a hardware reset. Reset redefines the SFRS butdoes not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize. The AT89C51 code memory array is programmed byte-by byte in either programming mode. To program any nonblank byte in the on-chip Flash Memory, the entire memory must be erased using the Chip Erase Mode.2 Programming AlgorithmBefore programming the AT89C51, the address, data and control signals should be set up according to the Flash programming mode table and Figure 3 and Figure 4. To program the AT89C51, take the following steps.1. Input the desired memory location on the address lines.2. Input the appropriate data byte on the data lines.3. Activate the correct combination of control signals.4. Raise EA/VPP to 12V for the high-voltage programming mode.5. Pulse ALE/PROG once to program a byte in the Flash array or the lock bits. The byte-write cycle is self-timed and typically takes no more than 1.5 ms. Repeat steps 1 through 5, changing the address and data for the entire array or until the end of the object file is reached. Data Polling: The AT89C51 features Data Polling to indicate the end of a write cycle. During a write cycle, an attempted read of the last byte written will result in the complement of the written datum on PO.7. Once the write cycle has been completed, true data are valid on all outputs, and the next cycle may begin. Data Polling may begin any time after a write cycle has been initiated.2.1Ready/Busy:The progress of byte programming can also be monitored by the RDY/BSY output signal. P3.4 is pulled low after ALE goes high during programming to indicate BUSY. P3.4 is pulled high again when programming is done to indicate READY.Program Verify:If lock bits LB1 and LB2 have not been programmed, the programmed code data can be read back via the address and data lines for verification. The lock bits cannot be verified directly. Verification of the lock bits is achieved by observing that their features are enabled.2.2 Chip Erase:The entire Flash array is erased electrically by using the proper combination of control signals and by holding ALE/PROG low for 10 ms. The code array is written with all “1”s. The chip erase operation must be executed before the code memory can be re-programmed.2.3 Reading the Signature Bytes:The signature bytes are read by the same procedure as a normal verification of locations 030H, 031H, and 032H, except that P3.6 and P3.7 must be pulled to a logic low. The values returned areas follows.(030H) = 1EH indicates manufactured by Atmel(031H) = 51H indicates 89C51(032H) = FFH indicates 12V programming(032H) = 05H indicates 5V programming2.4 Programming InterfaceEvery code byte in the Flash array can be written and the entire array can be erased by using the appropriate combination of control signals. The write operation cycle is self timed and once initiated, will automatically time itself to completion.A microcomputer interface converts information between two forms. Outside themicrocomputer the information handled by an electronic system exists as a physical signal, but within the program, it is represented numerically. The function of any interface can be broken down into a number of operations which modify the data in some way, so that the process of conversion between the external and internal forms is carried out in a number of steps. An analog-to-digital converter(ADC) is used to convert a continuously variable signal to a corresponding digital form which can take any one of a fixed number of possible binary values. If the output of the transducer does not vary continuously, no ADC is necessary. In this case the signal conditioning section must convert the incoming signal to a form which can be connected directly to the next part of the interface, the input/output section of the microcomputer itself. Output interfaces take a similar form, the obvious difference being that here the flow of information is in the opposite direction; it is passed from the program to the outside world. In this case the program may call an output subroutine which supervises the operation of the interface and performs the scaling numbers which may be needed for digital-to-analog converter(DAC). This subroutine passes information in turn to an output device which produces a corresponding electrical signal, which could be converted into analog form using a DAC. Finally the signal is conditioned(usually amplified) to a form suitable for operating an actuator. The signals used within microcomputer circuits are almost always too small to be connected directly to the outside world”and some kind of interface must be used to translate them to a more appropriate form. The design of section of interface circuits is one of the most important tasks facing the engineer wishing to apply microcomputers. We have seen that in microcomputers information is represented as discrete patterns of bits; this digital form is most useful when the microcomputer is to be connected to equipment which can only be switched on or off, where each bit might represent the state of a switch or actuator. To solve real-world problems, a microcontroller must have more than just a CPU, a program, and a data memory. In addition, it must contain hardware allowing the CPU to access information from the outside world. Once theCPU gathers information and processes the data, it must also be able to effect change on some portion of the outside world. These hardware devices, called peripherals, are the CPU’s window to the outside.The most basic form of peripheral available on microcontrollers is the general purpose I70 port. Each of the I/O pins can be used as either an input or an output. The function of each pin is determined by setting or clearing corresponding bits in a corresponding data direction register during the initialization stage of a program. Each output pin may be driven to either a logic one or a logic zero by using CPU instructions to pin may be viewed (or read.) by the CPU using program instructions. Some type of serial unit is included on microcontrollers to allow the CPU to communicate bit-serially with external devices. Using a bit serial format instead of bit-parallel format requires fewer I/O pins to perform the communication function, which makes it less expensive, but slower. Serial transmissions are performed either synchronously or asynchronously.3 SYSTEM GENERAL DESIGNThe hardware block diagram of the TC is shown in Fig. 1. The system hardware includes the micro controller, temperature detection circuit, keyboard control circuit, clock circuit, Display, alarm, drive circuit and external RAM. Based on the AT89C51, the DS18B20 will transfer the temperature signal detected to digital signal. And the signal is sent to the micro controller for processing. At last the temperature value is showed on the LCD 12232F. These steps are used to achieve the temperature detection. Using the keyboard interface chip HD7279 to set the temperature value, using the micro controller to keep a certain temperature, and using the LCD to show the preset value for controlling the temperature. In addition, the clock chip DS1302 is used to show time and the external RAM 6264 is used to save the monitoring data. An alarm will be given by buzzer in time if the temperature exceeds the upper and lower limit value of the temperature.3.1 HARDWARE DESIGNA. Micro controllerThe AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit micro controller with 4K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using At mel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the At mel AT89C51 is a powerful micro controller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. Minimum system of the micro controller is shown in Fig. 2. In order to save monitoring data, the 6264 is used as an external RAM. It is a static RAM chip, low-power with 8K bytes memory.B. Temperature Detection CircuitThe temperature sensor is the key part in the system. The Dallas DS18B20 is used, which supports the 1-Wire bus interface, and the ON-BOARD Patented is used internally. All the sensor parts and the converting circuit are integrated in integrated circuit like a transistor [1]. Its measure range is -55℃~125 ℃, and the precision between -10℃~85℃is ±0.5℃[2 ,3]. The temperature collected by the DS18B20 is transmitted in the 1-Wire bus way, and this highly raises the system anti-jamming and makes it fit in situ temperature measurement of the rugged environment [4]. There are two power supply ways for the DS18B20. The first is external power supply: the first pin of the DS18B20 is connected to the ground; the second pin serves as signal wire and the third is connected to the power. The second way is parasite power supply [5]. As the parasite power supply will lead to the complexity of the hardware circuit, the difficulty of the software controland the performance degradation of the chip, etc. But the DS18B20(s) can be connected to the I/O port of the micro controller in the external power supply way and it is more popular. Therefore the external power supply is used and the second pin is connected to the pin P1.3 of the AT89S51. Actually, if there are multipoint to be detected, the DS18B20(s) can be connected to the 1-Wire bus. But when the number is over 8, there is a concern to the driving and the more complex software design as well as the length of the 1-Wire bus. Normally it is no more than 50m. To achieve distant control, the system can be designed in to a wireless one to breakthe length limit of the 1-Wire bus [6].C. LCD CircuitThe LCD 12232F is used, which can be used to show characters, temperature value and time, and supply a friendly display interface. The 12232F is a LCD with 8192 128×32 pixels Chinese character database and 128 16×8 pixels A SCII character set graphics. It mainly consists of row drive/column drive and 128×32 full lattice LCD with the function of displaying graphics as well as 7.5×2 Chinese characters. It is in a parallel or serial mode to connect to external CPU [7]. In order to economize the hardware resource, the 12232F should be connected to the AT89S51 in serial mode with only 4 output ports used. The LCD grayscale can be changed by adjusting the variable resistor connected the pin Vlcd of the LCD. CLK is used to transmit serial communication clock. SID is used to transmit serial data. CS is used to enable control the LCD. L+ is used to control the LCD backlight power.D. Clock CircuitThe Dallas DS18B20 is used, which is a high performance, low-power and real-time clock chip with RAM. The DS18B20 serves in the system with calendar clock and is used to monitor the time. The time data is read and processed by the AT89C51 and then displayed by the LCD. Also the time can be adjusted by the keyboard. TheDS18B20 crystal oscillator is set at 32768Hz, and the recommended compensation capacitance is 6pF. The oscillator frequency is lower, so it might be possible not to connect the capacitor, and this would not make a big difference to the time precision. The backup power supply can be connected to a 3.6V rechargeable battery.E. Keyboard Control CircuitThe keyboard interface in the system is driven by the HD7279A which has a +5V single power supply and which is connected to the keyboard and display without using any active-device. According to the basic requirements and functions of the system, only 6 buttons are needed. The system's functions are set by the AT89C51 receiving the entered data. In order to save the external resistor, the 1×6 keyboard is used, and the keyboard codes are defined as: 07H, 0FH, 17H, 1FH, 27H, 2FH. The order can be read out by reading the code instruction. HD7279A is connected to the AT89S51 in serial mode and only 4 ports are need. As shown in Fig. 6, DIG0~DIG5 and DP are respectively the column lines and row line ports of the six keys which achieve keyboard monitoring, decoding and key codes identification.F. Alarm CircuitIn order to simplify the circuit and convenient debugging, a 5V automatic buzzer is used in the alarm circuit [8]. And this make the software programming simplified. As shown in Fig. 7, it is controlled by the PNP transistor 9012 whose base is connected to the pin P2.5 of the AT89C51. When the temperature exceeds the upper and lower limit value, the P2.5 output low level which makes the transistor be on and then an alarm is given by the buzzer.G. Drive CircuitA step motor is used as the drive device to control the temperature. The four-phase and eight-beat pulse distribution mode is used to drive motor and thesimple delay program is used to handle the time interval between the pulses to obtain different rotational speed. There are two output states for the step motor. One: when the temperature is over the upper value, the motor rotates reversely (to low the temperature), while when lower than the lower limit value, the motor rotates normally (to raise the temperature); besides not equals the preset value. Two: when the temperature is at somewhere between the two ends and equals the preset value, the motor stops. These steps are used to achieve the temperature control. In addition, the motor speed can also be adjusted by relative buttons. As shown in Fig. 8, the code data is input through ports A11~A8 (be P2.3~P2.0) of the AT89C51 and inverted output by the inverter 74LS04. Finally it is amplified by the power amplifier 2803A to power the motor.3.2 SOFTWARE DESIGNAccording to the general design requirement and hardware circuit principle of the system, as well as the improvement of the program readability, transferability and the convenient debugging, the software design is modularized. The system flow mainly includes the following 8 steps: POST (Power-on self-test), system initiation, temperature detection, alarm handling, temperature control, clock chip DS18B20 operation, LCD and keyboard operation. The main program flow is shown in Fig. 9. Give a little analysis to the above 8 tasks, it is easy to find out that the last five tasks require the real time operation. But to the temperature detection it can be achieved with timer0 timing 1 second, that is to say temperature detection occurs per second. The system initiation includes global variable definition, RAM initiation, special function register initiation and peripheral equipment initiation. Global variable definition mainly finishes the interface definition of external interface chip connected to the AT89C51, and special definition of some memory units. RAM initiation mainly refers to RAM processing. For example when the system is electrified the time code will be stored in theinternal unit address or the scintillation flag will be cleared. The special function register initiation includes loading the initial value of timer and opening the interrupt. For example, when the system is electrified the timer is initialized. The peripheral equipment initiation refers to set the initial value of peripheral equipment. For example, when the system is electrified, the LCD should be initialized, the start-up display should be called, the temperature conversion command should be issued firstly and the clock chip DS18B20 should also be initialized. The alarm handling is mainly the lowering and the raising of temperature to make the temperature remain with the preset range. When the temperature is between the upper and the lower limit value, it goes to temperature control handling, that is to say the temperature need to be raised or lowered according to the preset value. By doing so make the condition temperature equal to the preset value and hence to reach the temperature target.4 CONCLUSIONThe temperature control system has the advantages of friendly human-computer interaction interface, simple hardware, low cost, high temperature control precision (error in the range of ±1 ℃), convenience and versatility, etc. It c an be widely used in the occasions with -55℃to 125℃range, and there is a certain practical value.温度控制系统的设计摘要研究了基于AT89C51单片机温度控制系统的原理和功能，温度测量单元由单总线数字温度传感器DS18B20构成。
单片机设计外文翻译--单片机的历史
附录A 译文单片机的历史1971年十一月，一家名为英特尔的公司公开推出了世界上第一个单芯片微处理器，英特尔4004（美国专利＃3821715），这是由英特尔的工程师Mazor费德里科Faggin，特德Hoff和斯坦发明的。
在发明了集成电路这一革命性的电脑设计后，电脑芯片愈来愈小的趋势开始显现出来。
英特尔4004芯片通过将所有的电脑系统（即中央处理单元，存储器，输入和输出控制）都集中在一块集成电板上而使电脑芯片越来越小。
这些也都使得人类对非生命性物质的智能化处理成为了可能。
英特尔的历史1968年，正在为Fairchild半导体公司工作的鲍勃诺伊斯和戈登摩尔两个工程师工作的并不快乐，因此他们准备离开公司去创造属于他们自己的公司，而当时Fairchild的许多员工也都纷纷离开公司去寻求更好的出路。
诺伊斯和摩尔人喜欢被昵称为―Fairchildren‖。
鲍勃•诺伊斯自己写了一网页关于他想要创办的新公司的构思，而这些构思也足已说服旧金山风险资本家罗克参与到诺伊斯和摩尔的新公司创建中。
而事实上罗克在不到两天内就赚了$250万美元。
一个芯片是否能具有12种功能1969年年底，一位来自日本的潜在客户Busicom预定了12种特制的电脑芯片。
而这些具有键盘扫描，显示控制，打印机控制及其他功能的芯片都被运用在Busicom制造的计算器。
虽然英特尔没有适合做这项工作的人才，但他们确能提出一个关于这项工作的解决方案。
英特尔工程师泰德霍夫觉得英特尔可以制作出具有12项功能的芯片。
最终英特尔和Busicom在共同资助新的可编程，多用途逻辑芯片上达成了协议。
作为新型芯片的程序编写员，费德里科Faggin领导了这个新型芯片设计团队，当然泰德霍夫和斯坦Mazor也在这个团队中。
九个月后，一项革命性的成果诞生了，它填补了之前芯片的一些不足之处。
巧妙的是，英特尔决定以40046万美元回购Busicom的设计和销售权。
次年Busicom变破产了，他们生产的产品从未使用过4004芯片。
51单片机毕业论文
基于MCS-51单片机的步进电机系统摘要本文通过MCS-C51单片机对步进电机进行控制，主要介绍了步进电机控制系统，驱动电路和LED显示电路的设计，包括硬件系统设计和系统软件设计，来实现步进电机的控制，系统为一自动控制系统，通过按键向单片机输送控制信号，控制步进电机的转速和正反转，在步进电机控制系统的设计中，重点阐述了脉冲产生电路以及对速度的控制，该系统具有成本低，控制方便的特点。
采用MCS-C51单片机指令系统进行编程来实现软件部分测试，系统能实现上述功能。
关键词：MCS-C51 步进电机控制系统AbstractIn this paper, MCS-51 microcontroller to control the stepper motor, stepper motor control are introduced system, drive circuit and LED display circuit design, including hardware, system design and system software design, to achieve the stepper motor control system an automatic control system, key to the microcontroller through the delivery control signal to control the stepper motor speed and reversing, the stepper motor control system design, focuses on the pulse generator circuit and the speed control, the system is low cost and convenient control features. With MCS-C51 microcontroller instruction to implement software programming some of the test, the system can achieve these functions.Keywords: MCS-51 Stepping Motor Control system目录摘要-----------------------------------------------------------1 Abstract-------------------------------------------------------1目录-----------------------------------------------------------2前言-----------------------------------------------------------41单片机发展概述1.1单片机的基本概念----------------------------------------41.2MS-51单片机内部结构-------------------------------------41.3MS-51单片机引脚及功能-----------------------------------52步进电机发展概述2.1步进电机简介-----------------------------------------62.2步进电机分类-----------------------------------------62.2反应式步进电机原理及结构2.2.1步进电机基本原理--------------------------------7 2.2.2步进电机转速控制原理----------------------------8 2.3步进电机驱动控制系统----------------------------------83硬件电路设计3.1单片机外围电路---------------------------------------------9 3.2步进电机及驱动电路-----------------------------------------9 3.3数码管及驱动电路-------------------------------------------10 3.4按键电路设计-----------------------------------------------104软件电路设计4.1数码管显示设计4.1.1数码管流程图------------------------------------------11 4.1.2数码管程序--------------------------------------------11 4.2步进电机流程图-----------------------------------------------12总结-------------------------------------------------------------13致谢-------------------------------------------------------------14参考文献---------------------------------------------------------15前言步进电机最早是在19世纪20年代由英国人开发的，50年代后期晶体管的发明也逐渐应用于步进电机上，对于数字化的控制变得更为容易。
基于单片机的步进电机控制系统设计外文资料翻译
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院：机械工程学院专业：机械设计制造及其自动化姓名：张XX学号：XXXXXXXXXX外文出处：《Computational Intelligence and (用外文写)Design》附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文基于微型计算机的步进电机控制系统设计孟天星余兰兰山东理工大学电子与电气工程学院山东省淄博市摘要本文详细地介绍了一种以AT89C51为核心的步进电机控制系统。
该系统设计包括硬件设计、软件设计和电路设计。
电路设计模块包括键盘输入模块、LED显示模块、发光二极管状态显示和报警模块。
按键可以输入设定步进电机的启停、转速、转向,改变转速、转向等的状态参数。
通过键盘输入的状态参数来控制步进电机的步进位置和步进速度进而驱动负载执行预订的工作。
运用显示电路来显示步进电机的输入数据和运行状态。
AT89C51单片机通过指令系统和编译程序来执行软件部分。
通过反馈检测模块，该系统可以很好地完成上述功能。
关键词：步进电机，AT89C51单片机，驱动器，速度控制1概述步进电机因为具有较高的精度而被广泛地应用于运动控制系统，例如机器人、打印机、软盘驱动机、绘图仪、机械式阀体等等。
过去传统的步进电机控制电路和驱动电路设计方法通常都极为复杂，由成本很高而且实用性很差的电器元件组成。
结合微型计算机技术和软件编程技术的设计方法成功地避免了设计大量复杂的电路，降低了使用元件的成本，使步进电机的应用更广泛更灵活。
本文步进电机控制系统是基于AT89C51单片机进行设计的，它具有电路简单、结构紧凑的特点，能进行加减速，转向和角度控制。
它仅仅需要修改控制程序就可以对各种不同型号的步进电机进行控制而不需要改变硬件电路，所以它具有很广泛的应用领域。
2设计方案该系统以AT89C51单片机为核心来控制步进电机。
电路设计包括键盘输入电路、LED显示电路、发光二极管显示电路和报警电路，系统原理框图如图1所示。
第一章微型计算机控制系统概述
DSP 处理器的长处
向量运算、
指针线性寻址等
微机控制技术
1.2.4 嵌入式系统
4、嵌入式片上系统 ( System On Chip ) • 随着 EDI 的推广和 VLSI 设计的普及化，及半
导体工艺的迅速发展，在一个硅片上实现一个 更为复杂的系统的时代已来临，这就是
System On Chip ( SOC )。
• TI 公司亦将其 TMS320C2XXX 系列 DSP 作为 MCU 进行推广。
微机控制技术
1.2.4 嵌入式系统
3、嵌入式 DSP 处理器
( Embedded Digital Signal Processor, EDSP )
（１）ＤＳＰ处理器的特点 DSP 处理器对系统结构和指令进行了特殊设计: 使其适合于执行 DSP 算法，编译效率较高，指令执行速度也 较高。
• 具有软件代码少、高度自动化、响应速度快等特点， 特别适合于要求实时和多任务的体系。
微机控制技术
嵌入式系统的核心是嵌入式微处理器特点:
（1）对实时多任务有很强的支持能力。能完成多任务并且有较 短的中断响应时间，从而使内部的代码和实时内核的执行时间 减少到最低限度。
（2）具有很强的存储区保护功能。 由于嵌入式系统的软件结构已模块化，而为了避免在软件 模块之间出现错误的交叉作用，需要设计强大的存储区保 护功能，同时也有利于软件诊断。
理器。 如：Intel 的 MCS-296
Infineon ( Siemens ) 的 TriCore。
1.2.4 嵌入式系统
（３）推动嵌入式 DSP 处理器发展的因素：
嵌入式系统的智能化。
如：各种带有智能逻辑的消费类产品
生物信息识别终端
外文翻译--微型计算机控制系统(单片机控制系统)
外文翻译--微型计算机控制系统（单片机控制系统）外文原文Microcomputer SystemsElectronic systems are used for handing information in the most general sense; this information may be telephone conversation, instrument read or a company’s accounts, but in each case the same main type of operation are involved: the processing, storage and transmission of information. in conventional electronic design these operations are combined at the function level; for example a counter, whether electronic or mechanical, stores the current and increments it by one as required.A system such as an electronic clock which employs counters has its storage and processing capabilities spread throughout the system because each counter is able to store and process numbers.Present day microprocessor based systems depart from this conventional approach by separating the three functions of processing, storage, and transmission into different section of the system. This partitioning into three main functions was devised by Von Neumann during the 1940s, and was not conceived especially for microcomputers. Almost every computer ever made has been designed with this structure, and despite the enormous range in their physical forms, they have all been of essentially the same basic design.In a microprocessor based system the processing will be performedin the microprocessor itself. The storage will be by means of memory circuits and the communication of information into and out of the system will be by means of special input/output I/O circuits. It would be impossible to identify a particular piece of hardware which performed the counting in a microprocessor based clock because the time would be stored in the memory and incremented at regular intervals but the microprocessor. However, the software which defi ned the system’s behavior would contain sections that performed as counters. The apparently rather abstract approach to the architecture of the microprocessor and its associated circuits allows it to be very flexible in use, since the system is defined almost entirely software. The design process is largely one of software engineering, and the similar problems of construction and maintenance which occur in conventional engineering are encountered when producing software.The figure1.1 illustrates how these three sections within a microcomputer are connected in terms of the communication of information within the machine. The system is controlled by the microprocessor which supervises the transfer of information between itself and the memory and input/output sections. The external connections relate to the rest that is, the non-computer part of the engineering system.Fig.1.1 Three Sections of a Typical MicrocomputerAlthough only one storage section has been shown in the diagram, inpractice two distinct types of memory RAM and ROM are used. In each case, the word ‘memory’ is rather inappropriate since a computers memory is more like a filing cabinet in concept; information is stored in a set of numbered ‘boxes’ and it is referenced by the serial number of the ‘box’ in question.Microcomputers use RAM Random Access Memory into which data can be written and from which data can be read again when needed. This data can be read back from the memory in any sequence desired, and not necessarily the same order in which it was written, hence the expression ‘random’ access memory. Another type of ROM Read Only Memory is used to hold fixed patterns of information which cannot be affected by the microprocessor; these patterns are not lost when power is removed and are normally used to hold the program which defines the behavior of a microprocessor based system. ROMs can be read like RAMs, but unlike RAMs they cannot be used to store variable information. Some ROMs have their data patterns put in during manufacture, while others are programmable by the user by means of special equipment and are called programmable ROMs. The widely used programmable ROMs are erasable by means of special ultraviolet lamps and are referred to as EPROMs, short for Erasable Programmable Read Only Memories. Other new types of device can be erased electrically without the need for ultraviolet light, which are called Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memories, EEPROMs.The microprocessor processes data under the control of the program, controlling the flow of information to and from memory and input/output devices. Some input/output devices are general-purpose types while others are designed for controlling special hardware such as disc drives or controlling information transmission to other computers. Most types of I/O devices are programmable to some extent, allowing different modes of operation, while some actually contain special-purpose microprocessors to permit quite complex operations to be carried out without directly involving the main microprocessor.The microprocessor processes data under the control of the program, controlling the flow of information to and from memory and input/output devices. Some input/output devices are general-purpose types while others are designed for controlling special hardware such as disc drives or controlling information transmission to other computers. Most types of I/O devices are programmable to some extent, allowing different modes of operation, while some actually contain special-purpose microprocessors to permit quite complex operations to be carried out without directly involving the main microprocessor.The microprocessor , memory and input/output circuit may all be contained on the same integrated circuit provided that the application does not require too much program or data storage . This is usually the case in low-cost application such as the controllers used in microwaveovens and automatic washing machines . The use of single package allows considerable cost savings to e made when articles are manufactured in large quantities . As technology develops , more and more powerful processors and larger and larger amounts of memory are being incorporated into single chip microcomputers with resulting saving in assembly costs in the final products . For the foreseeable future , however , it will continue to be necessary to interconnect a number of integrated circuits to make a microcomputer whenever larger amounts of storage or input/output are required.Another major engineering application of microcomputers is in process control. Here the presence of the microcomputer is usually more apparent to the user because provision is normally made for programming the microcomputer for the particular application. In process control applications the benefits lf fitting the entire system on to single chip are usually outweighed by the high design cost involved, because this sort lf equipment is produced in smaller quantities. Moreover, process controllers are usually more complicated so that it is more difficult to make them as single integrated circuits. Two approaches are possible; the controller can be implemented as a general-purpose microcomputer rather like a more robust version lf a hobby computer, or as a ‘packaged’ system, signed for replacing controllers based on older technologies such as electromagnetic relays. In the former case the system would probably beprogrammed in conventional programming languages such as the ones to9 be introduced later, while in the other case a special-purpose language might be used, for example one which allowed the function of the controller to be described in terms of relay interconnections, In either case programs can be stored in RAM, which allows them to be altered to suit changes in application, but this makes the overall system vulnerable to loss lf power unless batteries are used to ensure continuity of supply. Alternatively programs can be stored in ROM, in which case they virtually become part of the electronic ‘hardware’ and are often re ferred to as firmware. More sophisticated process controllers require minicomputers for their implementation, although the use lf large scale integrated circuits ‘the distinction between mini and microcomputers, Products and process controllers of various kinds represent the majority of present-day microcomputer applications, the exact figures depending on one’s interpretation of the word ‘product’. Virtually all engineering and scientific uses of microcomputers can be assigned to one or other of these categories. But in the system we most study Pressure and Pressure Transmitters. Pressure arises when a force is applied over an area. Provided the force is one Newton and uniformly over the area of one square meters, the pressure has been designated one Pascal. Pressure is a universal processing condition. It is also a condition of life on the planet: we live at the bottom of an atmospheric ocean that extends upwardfor many miles. This mass of air has weight, and this weight pressing downward causes atmospheric pressure. Water, a fundamental necessity of life, is supplied to most of us under pressure. In the typical process plant, pressure influences boiling point temperatures, condensing point temperatures, process efficiency, costs, and other important factors. The measurement and control of pressure or lack of it-vacuum-in the typical process plant is critical.The working instruments in the plant usually include simple pressure gauges, precision recorders and indicators, and pneumatic and electronic pressure transmitters. A pressure transmitter makes a pressure measurement and generates either a pneumatic or electrical signal output that is proportional to the pressure being sensed.In the process plant, it is impractical to locate the control instruments out in the place near the process. It is also true that most measurements are not easily transmitted from some remote location. Pressure measurement is an exception, but if a high pressure of some dangerous chemical is to be indicated or recorded several hundred feet from the point of measurement, a hazard may be from the pressure or from the chemical carried.To eliminate this problem, a signal transmission system was developed. This system is usually either pneumatic or electrical. And control instruments in one location. This makes it practical for a minimum numberof operators to run the plant efficiently.When a pneumatic transmission system is employed, the measurement signal is converted into pneumatic signal by the transmitter scaled from 0 to 100 percent of the measurement value. This transmitter is mounted close to the point of measurement in the process. The transmitter output-air pressure for a pneumatic transmitter-is piped to the recording or control instrument. The standard output range for a pneumatic transmitter is 20 to 100kPa, which is almost universally used.When an electronic pressure transmitter is used, the pressure is converted to electrical signal that may be current or voltage. Its standard range is from 4 to 20mA DC for current signal or from 1 to 5V DC for voltage signal. Nowadays, another type of electrical signal, which is becoming common, is the digital or discrete signal. The use of instruments and control systems based on computer or forcing increased use of this type of signal.Sometimes it is important for analysis to obtain the parameters that describe the sensor/transmitter behavior. The gain is fairly simple to obtain once the span is known. Consider an electronic pressure transmitter with a range of 0～600kPa.The gain isdefined as the change in output divided by the change in input. In this case, the output is electrical signal 4～20mA DC and the input is process pressure 0～600kPa . Thus the gain. Beside we must measureTemperature Temperature measurement is important in industrial control, as direct indications of system or product state and as indirect indications of such factors as reaction rates, energy flow, turbine efficiency, and lubricant quality. Present temperature scales have been in use for about 200 years, the earliest instruments were based on the thermal expansion of gases and liquids. Such filled systems are still employed, although many other types of instruments are available. Representative temperature sensors include: filled thermal systems, liquid-in-glass thermometers, thermocouples, resistance temperature detectors, thermostats, bimetallic devices, optical and radiation pyrometers and temperature-sensitive paints.Advantages of electrical systems include high accuracy and sensitivity, practicality of switching or scanning several measurements points, larger distances possible between measuring elements and controllers, replacement of components rather than complete system , fast response, and ability to measure higher temperature. Among the electrical temperature sensors, thermocouples and resistance temperature detectors are most widely used.DescriptionThe AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory PEROM . The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memorytechnology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.Function characteristicThe AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.Pin DescriptionVCC：Supply voltage.GND：Ground.Port 0：Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as highimpedance inputs.Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed loworder address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pullups.Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming,and outputs the code bytes during programverification. External pullups are required during programverification.Port 1Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current IIL because of the internal pullups.Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification. Port 2Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low willsource current, because of the internal pullups.Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses. In this application, it uses strong internal pullupswhen emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses, Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.Port 3Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current IIL because of the pullups.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below:Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.RSTReset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device.ALE/PROGAddress Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input PROG during Flash programming.In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory.If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.PSENProgram Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory.When the AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.EA/VPPExternal Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset.EA should be strapped to VCC forinternal program executions.This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage VPP during Flash programming, for parts that require12-volt VPP.XTAL1Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.XTAL2Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.Oscillator CharacteristicsXTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively,of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1.Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2.There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and imum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.中文译文微型计算机控制系统广义地说，是用于处理信息的，这种信息可以是电话交谈，仪器读数或企业帐户，但是各种情况下都涉及相同的主要操作：信息处理存储和传递。
PLC控制系统外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
PLC控制系统一、PLC概述可编程控制器是60年代末在美国首先出现的，当时叫可编程逻辑控制器PLC （Programmable Logic Controller），目的是用来取代继电器。
以执行逻辑判断、计时、计数等顺序控制功能。
提出PLC概念的是美国通用汽车公司。
PLC的基本设计思想是把计算机功能完善、灵活、通用等优点和继电器控制系统的简单易懂、操作方便、价格便宜等优点结合起来，控制器的硬件是标准的、通用的。
根据实际应用对象，将控制内容编成软件写入控制器的用户程序存储器内,使控制器和被控对象连接方便。
70年代中期以后，PLC已广泛地使用微处理器作为中央处理器，输入输出模块和外围电路也都采用了中、大规模甚至超大规模的集成电路，这时的PLC已不再是仅有逻辑(Logic)判断功能，还同时具有数据处理、PID调节和数据通信功能。
国际电工委员会(IEC)颁布的可编程控制器标准草案中对可编程控制器作了如下的定义：可编程控制器是一种数字运算操作的电子系统，专为在工业环境下应用而设计。
它采用了可编程序的存储器，用来在其内部存储执行逻辑运算，顺序控制、定时、计数和算术运算等操作的指令，并通过数字式和模拟式的输入和输出，控制各种类型的机械或生产过程。
可编程控制器及其有关外围设备，易于与工业控制系统联成一个整体，易于扩充其功能的设计。
可编程控制器对用户来说，是一种无触点设备，改变程序即可改变生产工艺。
目前，可编程控制器已成为工厂自动化的强有力工具，得到了广泛的普及推广应用。
可编程控制器是面向用户的专用工业控制计算机，具有许多明显的特点。
①可靠性高，抗干扰能力强；②编程直观、简单；③适应性好；④功能完善，接口功能强二、PLC的历史1968年，Richard E. Morley创造出了新一代工业控制装置可编程逻辑控制器(PLC),现在，PLC已经被广泛应用于工业领域，包括机械制造也、运输系统、化学过程设备、等许多其他领域。
传感器技术外文文献及中文翻译
Sensor technologyA sensor is a device which produces a signal in response to its detecting or measuring a property ，such as position , force ，torque ，pressure ，temperature ，humidity , speed ，acceleration , or vibration 。
Traditionally ，sensors (such as actuators and switches ）have been used to set limits on the performance of machines 。
Common examples are （a）stops on machine tools to restrict work table movements ，(b）pressure and temperature gages with automatics shut—off features ，and (c) governors on engines to prevent excessive speed of operation . Sensor technology has become an important aspect of manufacturing processes and systems .It is essential for proper data acquisition and for the monitoring , communication ，and computer control of machines and systems 。
Because they convert one quantity to another ，sensors often are referred to as transducers .Analog sensors produce a signal ，such as voltage ,which is proportional to the measured quantity 。
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微型计算机控制系统（单片机控制系统）广义地说，微型计算机控制系统（单片机控制系统）是用于处理信息的，这种被用于处理的信息可以是电话交谈，也可以是仪器的读数或者是一个企业的帐户，但是各种情况下都涉及到相同的主要操作：信息的处理、信息的存储和信息的传递。
在常规的电子设计中，这些操作都是以功能平台方式组合起来的，例如计数器，无论是电子计数器还是机械计数器，都要存储当前的数值，并且按要求将该数值增加1。
一个系统例如采用计数器的电子钟之类的任一系统要使其存储和处理能力遍布整个系统，因为每个计数器都能存储和处理一些数字。
现如今，以微处理器为基础的系统从常规的处理方法中分离了出来，它将信息的处理，信息的存储和信息的传输三个功能分离形成不同的系统单元。
这种主要将系统分成三个主要单元的分离方法是冯-诺依曼在20世纪40年代所设想出来的，并且是针对微计算机的设想。
从此以后基本上所有制成的计算机都是用这种结构设计的，尽管他们包含着宽广的物理形式与物理结构，但从根本上来说他们均是具有相同基本设计的计算机。
在以微处理器为基础的系统中，处理是由以微处理器为基础的系统自身完成的。
存储是利用存储器电路，而从系统中输入和输出的信息传输则是利用特定的输入/输出（I/O）电路。
要在一个以微处理器为基础的时钟中找出执行具有计数功能的一个特殊的硬件组成部分是不可能的，因为时间存储在存储器中，而在固定的时间间隔下由微处理器控制增值。
但是，规定系统运转过程的软件却规定了包含实现计数器计数功能的单元部分。
由于系统几乎完全由软件所定义，所以对微处理器结构和其辅助电路这种看起来非常抽象的处理方法使其在应用时非常灵活。
这种设计过程主要是软件工程，而且在生产软件时，就会遇到产生于常规工程中相似的构造和维护问题。
图1.1 微型计算机的三个组成部分图1.1显示出了微型计算机中这三个单元在一个微处理器控制系统中是如何按照机器中的信息通信方式而联接起来的。
该系统由微处理器控制，微处理器能够对其自身的存储器和输入/输出单元的信息传输进行管理。
外部的连接部分与工程系统中的其余部分（即非计算机部分）有关。
尽管图中显示的只有一个存储单元，但是在实际中却有RAM和ROM两种不同的存储器被使用。
在每一种情况下，由于概念上的计算机存储器更像一个公文柜，上述的“存储器”一词是非常不恰当的；信息被存放在一系列已数字标记过的的“箱子”中，而且可以按照问题由“箱子”的序列号进行相关信息的参考定位。
微计算机控制系统经常使用RAM（随机存取存储器），在RAM中，数据可以被写入，并且在需要的时候，可以被再次读出。
这种数据能以任意一种所希望的次序从存储器中读出，而不必按照写入时的相同次序读出，所以有“随机”存取存储器。
另一类型ROM（只读存储器）是用来保持信息的，它们是不受微处理器影响的固定的信息标本；这些信息在电源切断后不会丢失，并通常用来保存规定微处理器化系统运转过程的程序。
ROM可像RAM一样被读取，但与RAM不一样的是不能用来存储可变的信息。
有些ROM在制造时将其数据标本放入，而另外的则可通过特殊的设备由用户编程，所以称为可编程ROM。
被广泛使用的可编程ROM可利用特殊紫外线灯察除，并被成为EPROM，即可察除可编程只读存储器的缩写。
另有新类型的期器件不必用紫外线灯而用电察除，所以称为电可察除可编程只读存储器EEPROM。
微处理器在程序控制下处理数据，并控制流向和来自存储器和输入/输出装置的信息流。
有些输入/输出装置是通用型的，而另外一些则是设计来控制如磁盘驱动器的特殊硬件，或控制传给其他计算机的信息传输。
大多数类型的I/O装置在某种程度下可编程，允许不同形式的操作，而有些则包含特殊用途微处理器的I/O装置不用主微处理器的直接干预，就可实施非常复杂的操作。
假如应用中不需要太多的程序和数据存储量，微处理器、存储器和输入/输出可全被包含在同一集成电路中。
这通常是低成本应用情况，例如用于微波炉和自动洗衣机的控制器。
当商品被大量地生产时，这种单一芯片的使用就可节省相当大的成本。
当技术进一步发展，更强更强的处理器和更大更大数量的存储器被包含形成单片微型计算机，结果使最终产品的装配成本得以节省。
但是在可预见的未来，当需要大量的存储器或输入/输出时，还是有必要继续将许多集成电路相互联结起来，形成微计算机。
微计算机的另一主要工程应用是在过程控制中。
这是，由于装置是按特定的应用情况由微机编程实现的，对用户来说微计算机的存在通常就更加明显。
在过程控制应用中，由于这种设备以较少的数量生产，将整个系统安装在单个芯片上所获取的利益常比不上所涉及的高设计成本。
而且，过程控制器通常更为复杂，所以要将他们做成单独的集成电路就更为困难。
可采用两种处理，将控制器做成一种通用的微计算机，正像较强版本的业余计算机那样；或者做成“包裹”式系统，按照像电磁继电器那样的较老式的技术进行设计，来取代控制器。
对前一种情况，系统可以用常规的编程语言来编程，正如以后要介绍的语言那样；而另一种情况，可采用特殊用途的语言，例如那种使控制器功能按照继电器相互连接的方法进行描述。
两种情况下，序均能存于RAM，这让程序能按应用情况变化时进行相应的变化，但是这使得总系统易受掉电影响而工作不正常，除非使用电池保证供电连续性。
另一种选择是将程序在ROM中，这样他们就变成电子“硬件”的一部分并常被称为“固件”。
尽管大规模集成电路的应用使小型和微型计算机的差别变得“模糊”，更复杂的过程控制器需要小型计算机实现他们的过程。
各种类型的产品和过程控制器代表了当今微计算机应用的广泛性，而具体的结构取决于对“产品”一词的解释。
实际上，计算机的所有工程和科学上的应用都能指定来进行这些种类的某一或某些工作。
而在本设计中压力和压力变送器当某一力加到某一面积上，就形成压力，假如这力是1牛顿均匀地加在1平方米的面积上，这压力被定义为1帕斯卡。
压力是一种普遍的工艺状态，它也是这个星球上的一个生活条件：我们生活在向上延伸许多英里的大气海洋的底部。
空气物质是有重量的，而且这种下压的重量形成大气压。
水，是生活的必需品，也是在压力之下提供给我们中的大多数人。
在典型的过程工厂中，压力影响沸点温度、凝固点温度、过程效率、消耗和其他重要因数。
压力的测量和控制，或者压力的不足—真空，在典型的过程控制中是极为重要的。
工厂中的工作仪器通常包括压力计、精密纪录仪、以及气动和电动的压力变送器。
压力变送器实现压力测量并产生正比于所传感压力的气动或电信号输出。
在过程工厂中，将控制仪表远远放在过程的附近是不现实的，并且大多数测量是不容易从远处传来的。
压力测量是一个例外，但是，如果要离测量点几百英尺外指示或记录某种危险化学品的高压，就会有来自这个压力所载的化学品所引发的危险。
为了消除这一问题，开发了一种信号传输系统。
这种系统常常可是气动或者电动的。
使用这种系统，就可以在某一地点安装大多数的指示、记录和控制仪器。
这也是最少数量的操作者有效的运行工厂成为现实。
当使用气动传送系统时，测量信号就由变送器将比例为0%～100%的测量值转换为气动信号。
变送器安装在靠近过程中的测量点上。
变送器输出—对气动变送器是输出压力—通过管道传给记录或控制仪表。
气动变送器的标准输出范围是20～100kPa，这信号几乎在全球使用。
当使用电子压力变送器时，压力就被转换成电流或电压形式的电信号。
其标准范围对电流来说是4～20mA DC ，对电压信号来说是1～5V DC 。
当今，另一种电信号形式变的越来越常用，就是数字或离散信号。
基于计算机或微处理器的仪器或控制系统的应用正推动这类信号的应用不断增加。
有时，分析获取描述传感器/变送器特性的参数是很重要的。
当量程已知，去获取增益就非常简单。
假定电子压力传感器的量程为0～600kPa ，增益定义为输出变化除以输入变化。
这里，输出的电信号（4～20mA DC ），而输入的过程压力（0～600kPa ），这样增益就为：此外我们在本设计中还必须对温度进行测量，温度测量在工业控制中是很重要的，因为它作为系统或产品状态的直接指标，或者作为如反应率、能量流、涡轮机效率和润滑质量等间接指标。
现行的温度分度已使用了约200年，最初的仪器是基于气体和液体的热膨胀。
现在尽管有许多其他类型的仪器在使用，这些填充式系统仍常用于直接的温度测量。
有代表性的温度传感器包括：填充式热系统、玻璃液体温度计、热电偶、电阻温度探测器、热敏电阻、双金属器件、光学和辐射高温计和热敏涂料。
电气系统的优点包括高的精度和灵敏度，能实现开关切换或扫描多个测量点，可在测量元件和控制器之间长距离传输，出现事故时可调换元件，快速响应，以及具有测量高温的能力。
其中热电偶和电阻温度探测器则被最广泛的使用。
说明该AT89C51是一种低功耗，高性能CMOS 8位4K 的闪存可编程和可擦除只读存储器（PEROM ）字节的微型计算机。
该设备是采用Atmel 的高密度非易失性内存技术，并与行业标准的MCS - 51指令集和引脚兼容。
片上闪存程序存储器可以编程就可以在系统或由传统的非易失性存储器编程。
通过将集成在一个芯片上通用的8位闪存的CPU ，Atmel 的AT89C51是一个强大的微型计算机提供了一个高度灵活和成本有效的解决方案为许多嵌入式控制应用。
功能特点AT89S51内提供了以下标准特性：4K 字节闪存，128字节RAM ，32个I / O 线，两个16位定时器/计数器，一个五向量两级中断结构，一个全双工串行口，片上振荡器和时钟电路。
此外，AT89C51是静态逻辑设计与操作频率下降到零，并支持两种软kPamA kPa mA kPa kPa mA mA Kr 027.0600160600420==--=件可选的节电模式。
空闲模式时CPU停止工作，而RAM，定时/计数器，串行口和中断系统继续工作。
掉电模式保存RAM的内容，但冻结振荡器关闭，直到下一个硬件复位芯片其它功能。
引脚说明Vcc：电源电压。
接地：接地。
P0口：P0口为一个8位漏级开路双向I/O口，每脚可吸收8TTL门电流。
当P0口的管脚第一次写1时，被定义为高阻输入。
P0能够用于外部程序数据存储器，它可以被定义为数据/地址的第八位。
在FIASH编程时，P0 口作为原码输入口，当FIASH进行校验时，P0输出原码，此时P0外部必须被拉高。
P1口：P1口是一个内部提供上拉电阻的8位双向I/O口，P1口缓冲器能接收输出4TTL 门电流。
P1口管脚写入1后，被内部上拉为高，可用作输入，P1口被外部下拉为低电平时，将输出电流，这是由于内部上拉的缘故。
在FLASH编程和校验时，P1口作为第八位地址接收。
P2口：P2口为一个内部上拉电阻的8位双向I/O口，P2口缓冲器可接收，输出4个TTL 门电流，当P2口被写“1”时，其管脚被内部上拉电阻拉高，且作为输入。