初中英语八大时态讲解及练习(全)

一、一般现在时：
概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。

时间状语：always, usually, ofte n, sometimes, every week (day, year, mon th …),once
a week, on Sun days, etc.
基本结构：①be动词；
②行为动词
否定形式：①am/is/are+not;
②此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数，
则用does n't，同时还原行为动词。

一般疑问句：
①把be动词放于句首；
②用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。

在一般现在时中，当主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式，即常在动词原形后加-s或-es。

一、人称代词he, she, it 是第三人称单数。

如：
He likes watchi ng TV. 他喜欢看电视。

She has lunch at twelve. 她十二点吃午餐。

It looks like a cat. 它看起来像只猫。

(口诀：I用am you用are , is用于她他它，单
数名词用is，复数名词都用are)
二、单个人名、地名或称呼作主语；是第三人称单数。

如：
①Han Mei looks like her mother. 韩梅看起来像她的母亲。

②Beiji ng is in Chi na. 北京在中国。

③Uncle Wang ofte n makes cakes. 王叔叔经常做蛋糕。

三、单数可数名词或"this / that / the+ 单数可数名词”作主语时，是第三人称单数。

如：
① A horse is a useful an imal. 马是有用的动物。

②This book is yours. 这本书是你的。

四、不定代词some one, somebody, no body, everythi ng, somethi ng 等及指示代词this, that作主语时，是第三人称单数。

如：
① Every one is here. 大家到齐了。

② There is someth ing wrong with the watch. 五、 不可数名词作主语时为第三人称单数。

如： ① The milk is in the glass. 牛奶在玻璃杯里。

② The bread is very small.
那面包很小。

六、 当数字或字母作主语时，看作第三人称单数。

如： ①"6" is a lucky number. "6" 是个吉利数字。

【练习】 一、 单选
1 Jenny ___ in an office. Her pare nts ___ in a hospital.
A work works
B works work
C work are worki ng
D is worki ng work 2 One of the boys ___ a black hat. A have B there is C there are D has 3 We will go shopp ing if it __ tomorrow.
A don't rain
B did n't rain
C does n't rain
D isn't rain 4 He said the sun ____ i n the east and ___ in the west. A rose; set B rises; sets C rises, set D rise; sets 5 Wang Mei ___ m usic and ofte n ____ to music. A like; listen
B likes; listens
C like; are listening
D liking
6 Jenny __ En glish every eve ning. A has study B studies C study D studied
二、 填空
1 I can take Li Ming there whe n he ___ ( come) to visit.
2 ____ your sister ___ (kno w)E nglish? 3Her home ______________ ( 远离 )her school. 4The pot ____ (n ot look) like yours very much. 5 Where ____ you ___ (have)l unch every day? 6 Who ___ (想要)to go swimmi ng?
7 ____ she ____ (do) the housework every day?
8 Jenny and Danny usually ____ (play) games in the after noon .
这块手表有毛病。

;liste n
般过去时: 概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。

时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week（year, ni ght, mon th …）, in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.
一般过去时的结构（可分三类不同的结构）
1. Be动词的一般过去时在没有实义动词的句子中使用be动词，am is的过去式为was;
are的过去式为were
肯定句式：主语+ be（was , were） + 其它.
否定句式：主语+ be（was , were） + not + 其它.
一般疑问句：Be（was , were） + 主语+其它？
注：在这种构成中，be动词有人称和数的变化，即要根据主语选用was / were。

Be动词分
为单数和复数，was是表示单数，were是表示复数。

2. 实义动词的一般过去时态肯定句要使用动词的过去式，否定句和疑问句要使用助动词
do和does的过去式did.
肯定句式：主语+动词（过去式）+其它
否定句式：主语+ didn ' + 动词（原形）+其它【did not = didn '】
一般疑问句：Did +主语+动词（原形）+其它【do , does的过去时均为did】？
注：1. did 和didn '是构成一般过去时的助动词，其特点是要在其后跟动词的原形。

2. 实意动词do的一般过去时
I do my homework every day.（用yesterday 改写句子）
I did my homework yesterday.
I didn 'do my homework yesterday.（否定句）
Did you do your homework yesterday ? Yes ,I did. /No, I didn '.（一般疑问句）3. 情态动词的一般过去时态含有情态动词的一般过去时与含有
Be动词的一般过去时，是
十分相似，请注意观察。

肯定句式：主语+情态动词+其它
否定句式：主语+情态动词+ not + 其它.
一般疑问句：情态动词+主语+其它？
注：情态动词的过去式：can T could , ma尸might , must^must , will-would , should-should 。

4. 特殊疑问句式：特殊疑问词+be过去式+主语+其他？
特殊疑问词+情态助动词过去式+主语+动词原形+其他？
特殊疑问词+do/does过去式+ 主语+动词原形+其他？
What was your former n ame ？你以前叫什么名字？
Why was he late for school last Mo nday ？上星期一他为什么迟到？
What could she do twenty years ago ？20 年前她能做什么？
规则动词的过去式
1. 一般情况下，在动词原形后面加-ed。

look T looked play宀played start T started visit T visited pull-pulled, cook-cooked
2. 以不发音e结尾的动词，在词尾直接加-d。

live T lived use T used taste-tasted
3. 以辅音字母+ y”结尾的动词，先将y改为i ,再加-ed。

study T studied
try T tried fly T flied
4. 以重读闭音节（即辅音+元音+辅音）或r音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，要
先双写这个辅音字母后，再力口-ed。

stop T stopped pla n T pla nned stop-stopped prefer T preferred
5. 不规则动词的过去式需特殊记忆。

女口：am（is）-was, are-were （是），become _became （成为）go-went （走）
基本用法
①表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态。

He sudde nly fell ill last night. 他昨晚突然病倒了。

②表示过去的习惯性或经常发生的动作
She went to the cinema once a month when she was at alked by the riverside.
我在乡下时经常在河边散步。

③叙述过去连续发生的一件件事
She got up early, fetched water, cleaned the room and then went out for a walk.
她早早起床，提水，打扫房间然后出去散步。

【练习】
一、请用正确动词形式填空
1. He _（live） in Wuxi two years ago.
2. The cat —（eat）_a bird last ni ght.
3. We _(have) a party last Hallowee n.
4. Nancy _(pick) up oran ges on the farm last week.
5. I (make) a model ship with Mike yesterday.
6. They (play) chess in the classroom last PE less on.
7. My mother (cook) a nice food last Spring Festival.
8. The girls (da nee) at the party last ni ght.
9. I _(watch) a carto on on Saturday last week.
10. ____ you ________ (visit) your relatives last Spring Festival?
11. ____ he _______ (fly) a kite on Sun day? Yes, he ______ .
12. Gao Shan ______ (put) up the picture last ni ght.
13. I ___________ (sweep) the floor yesterday.
14. What _____ she _______ (find) in the garde n last morning?
15. Her father ______ (read) a n ewspaper last ni ght.
16. Mike ________________ (n ot go) to bed un til 12 o 'lock last night.
17. I liste ned but _________ (hear) nothing.
18. How many people _______ (be) there in your class last term?
二、按要求变换句型。

1. Frank read an in teresti ng book about history. (一般疑问句)
______ Frank ______ an in teresti ng book about history?
2. He clea ned his roomjust now.. (划线提问) What _______ he _______ ?
3. Thomas spent RMB 10 on this book. (否定句)
Thomas ______________ RMB 10 on this book.
4. My family went to the beach last week. (划线提问)
________________________ family _______ l ast week?
1. I _______ (have) an excit ing party last weeke nd.
2. ________ she _________ (practice) her guitar yesterday? No, she ________ .
3. What ______ Tom _______ (do) on Saturday eve ning?
He ________ (watch) TV and _________ (read) an in teresti ng book.
4. They all ________ (go) to the mountains yesterday morni ng.
5. She _______ (not visit) her aun t last weeke nd.
She _______ (stay) at home and _________ (do) some clea ning.
6. When _______ you __________ (write) this song? I ______________ (write) it last year.
7. My friend, Carol, ______ (study) for the math test and _______ (practice)
En glish last ni ght.
8. ________ M r. Li __________ (do) the project on Mon day morning? Yes, he _____________ .
9. How ________ (be) Jim's weeke nd? It ________ (be not) bad.
10. _______ (be) your mother a sales assista nt last year? No. she _________ .
三、现在进行时：
概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。

构成：be+现在分词。

be应为助动词，应与主语的人称和数保持一致。

【注】动词现在分词的变化规则
1. 一般情况下，直接在动词后加-ing，如：work - working study - studying
2. 动词以不发音的-e结尾，要去-e力口-ing，如：make- mak ing da nee - dancing
3. 重读闭音节的动词，要双写词尾字母，再加-ing ，女口：put - putting begin - beginning
4. 以-ie 结尾的动词，把-ie 变成y再加-ing，如：lie - lying tie - tying
写出下列动词的现在分词形式
dance _____ s hop _______ play ______________ speak _______ have ______ work _______
write ______ t ake _______ study __________ sit __________ s ing _______ swim __________ l i e _______
变化：
肯定句式：主语+be( am, is, are)+ 现在分词+其它.
否定句式：主语+be(am, is, are) +not + 现在分词+其它.
一般疑问句：Be(am, is, are) + 主语+现在分词+其它？
特殊疑问句：疑问词+be(am, is, are)+ 主语+现在分词+其它？
对现在进行时的特殊疑问句的回答，它不可以用Yes或No直接作答，要根据实际情况回答。

用法(包括高级用法)：
1, 表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作。

Please don't make so much no ise. I'm writ ing a compositi on. 不要吵闹。

我正在写作文。

Let's set off. It isn 'trai ning now. 咱们出发吧。

现在不下雨了。

这类情况常与now 现在，at the present 现在，at the moment现在，today 今天，this week
这个星期，this year 今年等时间状语连用。

有时通过上下文可以判断出应采用何种时态，
如：
It's four o'clock in the after noon. The childre n are play ing football on the sports
grou nd.现在是下午四点。

孩子们在操场上踢足球。

Hurry up! We are all waiti ng for you. 快点！我们大家都等着你。

Look! They are readi ng over there under the tree. 看！他们在那边的树底下看书。

Liste n! She is si ngi ng in the room. 听！她在房间里唱歌。

Where is Kate? She is readi ng in the room. 凯特在哪里？她在房间里看书。

Why are you cryin g? Is somethi ng wron g? 为什么哭呢？有什么不对？
2, 表示现阶段正在进行而说话时不一定在进行的动作。

We are worki ng in a factory these days. 这几天我们在一家工厂工作。

They are compili ng a dictionary. 他们在编一本词典。

这类情况常与today 今天，this week 这个星期，this evening 今天晚上，these days 现
在、目前等时间状语连用。

3,在口语中表示主语计划将要作的动作。

They are leavi ng for New York tomorrow. 明天他们将要动身前往纽约。

Is your brother departi ng soo n? 你的兄弟很快就要启程吗？
这类情况常与come来，go去，leave 离开，depart离开，arrive 到达，stay逗留，start
开始等动词连用。

所用的动词必须是动作而不是状态，主语必须是人。

4, 现在进行时与always等副词连用时带有感情色彩。

He's always quarrelli ng with others. 他老喜欢跟别人吵架。

She is con sta ntly worryi ng about her son's health. 她不停地为她儿子的健康担心着。

The boy is forever ask ing questi ons. 那个男孩老是问问题。

这类情况常与always总是，usually 通常，continually 不断的，constantly 经常的，forever
永远、老是等副词连用。

5, 有的现在进行时句子和一般现在时同义。

用现在进行时表示问者的关切心情。

How are you feeling today? ( How do you feel today? )你今天感觉如何？
I am looking ( look)forward to your next visit. 我盼望你下次再来。

Why are you looking ( do you look )so sad? 为什么你看起来这么愁眉苦脸的样子呢？
6, 有的动词用于现在进行时表示逐渐”的含义。

此种用法除了偶尔和now连用外，一般不和
其他时间副词连用的。

Our study is beco ming more in teresti ng. 我们的学习变得越来越有趣了。

The leaves are turni ng red. 树叶渐渐地变红了。

The war is endin g. 战争接近尾声了。

Wait a mome nt; I am finishing my supper. 等一会儿，我的晚饭就要吃完了。

适合于此种用法的动词有：bet/grow/become/turn/run/go 变成，begin开始，forget 忘记,
remember记得，die死，finish 完成，find发现，rise增强等.7, be"动词的现在进行时。

be”动词用于现在进行时表示说话者认为是短暂的、和平常不一样的、甚至是伪装的。

He is bei ng foolish. 他在装傻。

He is bei ng hon est. 他表现得特别老实。

She is bei ng rude. 她故意表现粗鲁。

I can't un dersta nd why he is bei ng so selfish. 我不明白此时他为何如此自私。

适合于此种用法的有：foolish 愚蠢的，nice好的，kind好心的，careful细心的，patient
耐心的，lazy懒惰的，silly 傻的，rude粗鲁的，polite 礼貌的，impolite 无礼的等表示人的特性、性格的形容词。

(b'e”动词用于现在进行时表示人的行为，纯粹表示心理或生理
的状态而不带有行动时或主语不是人时，b'e"动词不能用于现在进行时)如：
I am happy.(表语是纯粹的心理状态，不可用am being ) 我很快乐。

He's tired. (表语是纯粹的生理状态，不可用is bei ng )他很疲倦。

It's hot today. (主语不是人，不可用is bei ng ) 今天很热。

【练习】
一.填空题
1. Mr Zheng _______________ (read) a book now.
2. The rabbits _______________ (jump) now.
3.. Look ! Tom and Joh n _______________ (swim).
4. My brother ________________ (make) a kite in his room now.
5. Look! The bus _____________ (stop).
6. We ______________ (have) an En glish class now.
7. Liste n! Some one is _______________ (come).
8. They___________________ (catch) butterflies now.
9. He ______________________ (do) an experime nt now. 10. They ___________________ (collect) stamps now. 11. Look! He ________ (dive) now.
12. Tom _________________ ( watch ) TV in the di ning room. 13. The doctors ___________________ (get ) off the bus. 14. Come on. They ________________ ( leave ) now. 15. It _____________________ (eat) fish now.
16. My father ________________ (work) in the office now.
17. Where is your mother? She _______________________________ (answer) the phone. 18. The teachers ______________ (run) now.
、按要求改写句子
1. The boy is play ing basketball.
否定句： _____________________________________ 一般疑问句： ___________________________________ 肯定回答： ___________________________________ 否定回答： ___________________________________ 对The boy 提问： ____________________________________
2. 造句：
用现在进行时连词成句 .） 连词成句）
改成否定句） 用T 作主语改写句子）
用现在进行时连词成句 .） 6).The Young Pion eers are help ing the old woma n.(
四、过去进行时：
（一）概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。

（二） 结构 : were /were+ V-ing.
（三） 标志词：
1) .she,the wi ndow,ope n,no w.( 2) .is,who,the wi ndow,clea nin g?( 3) .She is clos ing the door no w.( 4.)You are doing your homework.( 5).they,the tree,s ing,now,un der.(
改成一般疑问句） _______________
1. at this/that time,
2. at this/that time yesterday (last night/Sunday/week …),
3. at+ 点钟+yesterday (last ni ght / Sun day …),
4. whensb/sth. did sth. last evening
5. the whole morning, all day , from nine to ten, while 等。

例如：I was making fruit salad at this time.
They were studying from 8:00 to 11:00 yesterday.
(四)一般过去时的肯定句、否定句、疑问句及简略回答。

1. 肯定句:主语+was/were+V-ing+ 其它.I was watching TVat that time last night.
2. 否定句: 主语+was/were+no t+V-i ng+ 其它.T I was not watching TV at that time last night.
3. 一般疑问句was/were +主语+V-i ng+ 其
丿、它?T Were you watching TVat that time last night?
肯疋回答：Yes, I was. 否定回答：No, I was n't.
4. 特殊问句: 疑问词 + was/were + 主语+V-i ng+
其丿、
它? T What were you doing at at that time last night?
（五）基本用法：
1. 过去进行时表示在过去某个时间点发生的动作或事情。

（用介词短语和从句来表示时间点）
I was sleeping at this time last Sunday.（过去某一时刻）
My mother was cooking dinner at 9:00 yesterday. （过去某一时刻）
Wewere having supper whenTomcamein.我们正在吃晚饭时电话响了？（从句表示时间点）2. 过去进行时表示在过去某段时间内持续发生动作或事情。

（the whole morning, all day , from nine to ten, while, when 等。

）Lucy wasworking all day.（过去某一段时间）
Wewere watching TV from seven o'lock to nine o'lock last night.
3. 在复合从句中，从句和主句的动作都是延续性或同时发生，那么主从句都要过去进行时。

While he was waiting for the bus , he was resding newspaper. 他边等车边看报。

（两个动作都是延续的）
Hewas cleaning his car while I was cooking. 他洗车时我在做饭。

（两个动作同时进行）
（六）w hen和while的用法区别
①when既指时间点，也可指一段时间。

因此when在状语从句中的动词可以终止性动词，也可以是延续性动词
while只指一段时间。

while从句中的动词必须是延续性动词。

②when说明从句的动作和主句的动作可以是同时，也可以是先后生；while则强调主句的
动作在从句动作的发生的过程中或主从句两个动作同时发生。

③when引导的时间状语从句。

后用一般过去时。

While后面一般用过去进行时。

如果从句和主句的动作同时发生，两句都用过去进行时的时候，多用while引导，
a. Whenthe teacher camein, we were talking. =While we were talking, the teacher cam e in.
b. They were singing while we were dancing.
【练习】
1.1 ______ at 8:00 yesterday.
A. was sleeping late
B. slept late
C. sleep late
2. They ____ at this time.
A. talking on the phone
B.were talking on the phone B. was talking on the phone
3. Lily was standing in front of the library ______________ .
A. two hours ago
B. tomorrow
C. at that time yesterday
4.1 ______ whenthe UFOarrived?
A. was cutting hair
B.was cutting hair
C. cutting hair
5. My father was reading newspaper ______ my mother was cooking dinner.
A. when
B.while
C. what
6. Mybrother ___ w hile he ___ his bicycle and hurt himself.
A. fell, was riding
B. fell, were riding
C.fell, rode
7. I first met Lisa three years ago. She _______ at a radio shop at the time.
A.worked
B. wasworking . C is working
8. ---what were you doing at seve n o'c lock last Sun day? ---I ___________ the shower.
A. was getting out of
B. got out of
C.was get out of
9. I __ my breakfast whe nthe bell rang.
A. had
B. was having
C.am having
10 The reporter said that the UFO ______ east to west when he saw it.
A. wastraveling
B. traveled
C. traveling
11. --- What' s the matter, Ali? You look sad. ”
---Oh, nothing much. in fact, I ________ of myfriends back home.
A. just thought
B. have just been thinking
C. was just thinking
12. What from three to four yesterday afternoon?
A.have you done
B.did you do
C.were you doing
13. ---I called you yesterday evening.but there was no answer.
---Oh, I msorry I _________ dinner at myfriend ' home.
A.had
B. was having
C.have
14. My mother ___ while my father _____ TV.
A. cooked, was watching
B. was cooking, was watching
C. cooked, watched
15. when I got home, myson _____ the music.
A. amlistening
B. listened to
C.was listening
二、动词填空。

1. John ____ (work) all day yesterday.
2. He _____ (walk ) homewhenthe rain ________ (begin ).
3. ---What ____ you ________ ( do ) at ten o'clock yesterday ? ---I _____ (study ) in class .
4. While Harry ________ (have) breakfast, Lily telephoned him.
5. I _____ (write) a letter at t en last night.
6. It was six. The Greens ________ (have) supper.
7. Whenyou ____ (knock) at the door yesterday,I _________ (do) somewashing.
8. While mymother _______ (watch) TV, I _______ (make) a kite.
9. ___ you _____ (feed) the ani mals at 5:00 yesterday after noon?
10. Mrs Green ______ (not wash) clothes at this time last Saturday.
三、按要求改写句子。

1.1 wasgetting out of bed whenthe UFOlanded.(对划线部分提问)
____________ you ______ when the UFOlanded?
2. They played tennis yesterday afternoon.( 用 at 5:00 yesterday afternoon 改写句子)
They __________ tennis at 5:00 yesterday after noon. 3. While it was raining ,the plane took off.
句） It was raining _______ the plane ______ off.
4. 昨晚八点钟我爸爸在看报纸。

My father ____________ a n ewspaper at 8:00 yesterday evening. 5. 电话响时，我妈妈在做晚饭。

My mother _________________ whenthe phone _______ . 6. 当外星人买纪念品时，我报了警。

____ the alien was buying a suvenir ,I _________ the police. 7.1 was washing myshoes at that time.
（改 为 一 般 问
_____ your shoes at that time?
五、现在完成时：
概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果， 或从过去已经开始，
持续到现
在的动作或状态。

（一）
构成：主语+ have/has + V 过去分词。

have /has "如何使用需记清。

当主语是 I , you
和复数名词或代词时要用 have ;单数主语后跟 has 。

也就是说have/has 需同主语的人称或
数保持一致。

（二） 用法 接触一：肯定句式
现在完成时的肯定句式是
have （has ）+过去分词”女口：
① We have just fini shed our homework
.
② She has gone home .
注意：1）该句式中的have 或has 是助动词，has 用于第三人称单数，
其它人称一律用 have 。

2 ）该句式中have （has ）和过去分词之间可用 just 插入。

3
）把该句式译成汉语时，往往用
已经” 刚刚” 过”或了 ”等。

接触二：疑问句式
现在完成时的一般疑问句式是把助动词 have 或has 提到主语之前。

如：
③ Have you read this story book yet
?
（改
为
同
句）
特殊疑问句及反意疑问句结构如下：
④What have you done with my bike?
⑤You've read this story book, have n't you?
注意：1）现在完成时的•般疑冋句往往在句末加yet 。

2 ）把现在完成时的-一般疑问句译成汉语时，往往译成“••…过吗？”、已经……了吗？'等。

3 ）其肯定回答用Yes, ... have (has).”，否定回答用No,... have n't (has n't ). ”,有时用No, not yet ."或No, never . ”。

接触三::否定句式：现在完成时的否定句式是have n't （has n't ）+过去分词”。

女口：
⑥ We have n't studied Un it 2 yet .⑦ The train has n't stopped yet
注意：1）现在完成时的否定句句末往往加yet。

2 ）否定句常译为还没有……”等。

接触四：用法之一：现在完成时表示过去发生或完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。

如：
Have you read that story ?你读过那个故事吗？
（读”这一动作发生在过去，对现在造成的影响是：是否知道故事的内容。

）
I have bought two apples . 我买了两个苹果。

（买”这一动作发生在过去，对现在造成的结果是：拥有两个苹果。

）
在学习这一概念的同时，还应注意常与现在完成时连用的几个副词：already , just , ever, yet , never等。

already , just多用于肯定句中，ever , yet , never多用于疑问句和否定
句中。

如：
I have already fini shed my homework .我已经做完家庭作业了。

He has just had his meal .他刚吃过饭。

Have you ever sung this En glish so ng ?你曾唱过这首英文歌吗？
They have n't started yet .他们还没有动身。

We have never heard of it .我们从来没有听说过这件事。

接触五：用法之二：表示过去已经开始，一直持续到现在的动作或状态。

注：这一用法即现在完成进行时的用法
因为表示的是持续的动作或状态，所以使用的动词通常是延续性动词：be, stay, study, wait, keep, have … 等；
使用的时间状语通常由for或since引导，但二者后接的词有所不同：
for后常跟一个时间段，指某个动作到现在为止已持续了多长时间，如for three years,
for half an hour 等。

since作介词，后面可以接一个时间点，如since 1980，也可以接一段时间+ago”，
女口： since three years ago, since two mon ths ago 等。

since还可用作连词，引导一个过去时态的时间状语从句。

女口：We have known each other since we went to college.
非延续性动词不能直接和for或since连用，但我们可以找一个相应的延续性动词或动词
短语来替换这些非延续性动词，如：come T be, come to be in / at, go out be out, leave T be away, begin / start T be on, stop T be over , buy T have, borrow T keep, open T be open, close T be closed, join T be a member of, die T be dead, catch a cold T have a cold, get to know r know, become a teacher T be a teacher, fall asleep T be asleep, fall ill T be ill 等。

句型It is the first (seco nd, third...) time that... 的that 从句中，谓语动词须
用现在完成时，表示到说话时为止动作发生过几次。

如：It is the first time that I have
bee n here.
接触六：现在完成时与一般过去时的用法比较
现在完成时表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响；一般过去时表示动作发生的时间在过
去。

试比较：
The pla ne has arrived . 飞机已经来了。

(说明现在的情况：飞机在这儿。

)
The pla ne arrived a quarter of an hour ago. 飞机是一刻钟以前抵达的。

(强调动
作发生的时间在过去。

)
接触七：have been in, have been to 与have gone to 的用法
1. have(has) been in 意为已经在某地呆了多长时间”，常与表示一段时间的状语连
用。

如：
Mr. Brow n has bee n in Shan ghai for three days. 布朗先生来上海已经有三天了。

They have bee n in Can ada for five years. 他们至U加拿大有五年了。

2. have(has) been to 意为曾经去过某地”，表示现在已经不在那里了。

可与just, ever, never 等连用。

如：
rve just been to the post office. 我刚才去邮局了。

Have you ever been to Han gzhou? 你曾经去过杭州吗？
Mary has never been to the Great Wall. 玛丽从未去过长城。

3. have(has) been to 后面可接次数，表示去过某地几次。

如：
I've bee n to Beiji ng three times. 我去过北京三次。

They have bee n to that village several times. 他们去过那个村庄好几次了。

4. have(has) gone to 意为到某地去了”，表示到了某地或正在去某地的途中。

总之，说话时该人不在现场，一般不用第一、第二人称代词作句子的主语。

如：
—Where is Tom? 汤姆在哪里？一He has gone to the bookshop. 他到书店去了。

接触八：常用于现在完成时的时间状语
除了我们讲过的already, yet, still , just, ever, never, since 短语和for 短语外，
还有许多时间
状语常用于现在完成时，我们要留心将它们和一般过去时的时间状语区分开来：
1. lately, recently 是完成时的时间状语；just now 有a moment ago 之意，是过去时的
时间状语。

如：
Have you heard from your family lately/rece ntly? Did you see Joa n just now?
2. in the past few years 意思是过去几年来”，常用于完成时中；
in the past 意思是在过去”，常用于过去时中。

女口：
Great cha nges have take n place in my hometow n in the past few years.
Where did you work in the past?
3. ever si nee the n 与from then on / after that 都有打那以后"之意，
但前者常用于完成时，而后两者常用于过去时。

如：
She\'s lived here ever since then. I didn\'t hear of Jim from then on/after that.
4. before 通常用于完成时；...ago通常用于过去时。

如：
I have n ever bee n to Japa n before. She went to Japa n two years ago.
5. so far 到目前为止”，these days 这些天来"也是现在完成时常见的时间状语。

如：
So far, no man has travelled farther tha n the moon. What have you done these days?
接触八：过去分词有规则与不规则两种。

规则的变化形式与动词的过去式一样。

不规则就需要记忆了
不规则动词过去式和过去分词
A. 原型：过去式和过去分词完全不同
drink---drank----drunk ring——rang—rung swim----swam——swum sing—sang—sung sink—sank—sunk give—gave—give n hide----hid----hidde n do----did----done see----saw----see n
B. 过去式与过去分词完全相同 bright----brought----brought think----thought----thought
fight----fought----fought
buy ——bought----bought catch----caught----caught sell----sold ——sold C. 原型与过去分词相同
come ——came ——come run ——ran----run become----became ——become D. 原形与过去式和过去分词完全相同
cast —cast —cast cut —cut —cut put —put —put let----let----let set----set----set hit----hit----hit
【练习】
「、用所给动词的适当形式填空。

1.1 _____ never _____ （ speak ） to a foreigner
2. — ________ Tom _____ （ return ） the library book ？
— Yes ， he has .
3. — When _______ he ______ （return ） it ? — Half an hour ago .
二、按要求转换下列各句，每空一词。

1. He has already finished his homework He _______ f ini shed his homework _____
2. They have found the lost books already _____ they _______ the lost books _____
3. Julia has not got home from school yet Julia
4. You have never been to Shanghai before
句）
5. He 'gone to Beijing, ____________ ?
（改为反意疑问句）
6. Mr Wang began to teach English in this school in 1999 .（改为同义句）
Mr Wang __________________ En glish in this school since 1999 7. He hasn 'left home for 3 days.（ 同义句）
He _________________ home for 3 days.
三、选择正确答案。

（）1 . — Who is Mary ?
（改为否定句）
.（改为一般疑问句，并作否定回答） ? No, they ________ . .（改为肯定句）
?（改为反意疑问
home from school
— ____ ? I saw you talking with her at the meeting
A. Don't you meet her yet B . Didn't you met her yet C . Haven't you met her yet D. Hadn't you met her yet
()2 . — How do you like Beijing , Mr Black ?
—Oh , I _____ such a beautiful city
.
A. don't visit B . did n't visit C . have n't visited D . had n't visited
()3 . The old people _____ Ionely at all since we began to visit them once a week A. don't feel B . has n't felt C . have n't felt D.did n ' feel
()4
. We have lived here ___ f ive years ago
.
A. when B . since C . before D . after
六、过去完成时：
概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行 为，
即
“ 过
去
------------ >
那时以前
那时
现在
时间状语： before, by the end of last year （term, month 基本结构：主语 +had+过去分词 vpp.（done ）
① 肯定句：主语+had+过去分词. ② 否定句：主语+had+not+过去分词.
③ 一般疑问句：Had+主语+过去分词？肯定回答:
not .
④ 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组 +—般疑问句
基本用法
（1）表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作， 即过去的过去”。

可以用by, before
等介词短语或
个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。

By nine o 'clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.
点钟，我们已经收到 200张飞船发来的图片。

…),etc.
Yes,主语+had.否定回答：No,主语+had
（Had+主语+过去分词）？
也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。

「个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一
到昨晚9
（2）表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since
构成的时间状语连用。

I had bee n at the bus stop for 20 minu tes whe n a bus fin ally came. 当车来的时候，
我在车站已等了20分钟。

He said he had worked in that factory si nee 1949. 他说自从1949 年以来他就在那家
工厂工作。

（3）叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。

Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had bee n a good friend of mine. 史密斯先生昨天去世
了。

他以前是我的好友。

I did n 'know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my less on. 我对动词
一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。

（4）在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。

I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我已归还了我借的书。

She fou nd the key that she had lost. 她丢失的钥匙找到了。

（5）过去完成时常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought 等动词后的宾语从句（或间接引
语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。

He said that he had known her well. 他说他很熟悉她。

I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。

（6）状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，
用一般过去时。

女口when,before,after,as soon as,till/until 引导的
When I woke up, it had already stopped raining. 我醒来时雨已停了。

She didn 'go to bed until she had finished her work. 她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。

注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为这时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。

After he arrived in En gla nd, Marx worked hard to improve his En glish. 马克思到达
英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。