台湾康老师2010年12月预测机经(4)

最新2009.05.16 新托福阅读第一题中英文机经本文图选自字神帝国康老师真经班1. 第一篇讲美洲的两种文明的灌溉和建筑技术。

(完全命中康老师上课讲义)第一段介绍美洲的文明其实很早就已经很发展了高度的文化。

第二段介绍第一种文明H在灌溉方面的如何发达，用了很多种灌溉的技术，但是后来就消失了，因为灌溉使土壤盐碱化，所以他们不得不搬走，但人们对他们消失的原因仍无法达成共识，有些人认为是因为大洪水或地震等原因造成（有题）。

但是也有可能继续发展，因为后来在西班牙入侵美洲时，发现另一个部落X，仍在使用一些类似H文明的技术，不过灌溉系统没有H这么发达（有题）。

第三段介绍另外一种文明A，他们的建筑很发达，开始他们住在悬崖边的山洞，后来盖房子，还修路，把大城市和小村给连起来，形成城市网络；此外他们还会利用天文的知识，判断出适宜种植及收割的时间。

第四段说A文明后来也没了，原因和H有相似之处（有题，问两个文明消失的共同原因）。

THE DISAPPEARANCE OF THE HOHOKAM?z The Hohokam Indians settled in the Gila and Salt River valleys of southern Arizona around 300B.C. They built rectangular pithouses and lived in small villages.z They depended on the cultivation of corn (maize), supplemented by the gathering of wild beans and fruits and some hunting.z Although the Hohokam relied a great deal on hunting and gathering, they were good farmers and water engineers. Between A.D. 300 and 500, the Hohokam constructed over a thousand miles of irrigation canals.z Although floodwater irrigation may have been practiced, it was during this period that the first irrigation canal was built—a three-mile-long channel in the Gila River Valley that directed river water to the fields. The Hohokam's development of complex canal networks in the millennium to come was unsurpassed in pre-Columbian North America ; this agricultural engineering was one of their greatest achievements. During this early period they also developed several varieties ofpottery. They seem also to have had elaborate epic poems.z Some of these canals were up to fifty feet wide and dug with massive organized labor using stone tools.z Between 1130 and 1190, a prolonged drought led to crop failure, starvation, and violent feuds. The Hohokam came to believe their leaders and priests had lost favor with the plants and the rain spirits.During the twelve hundreds, the Hohokam abandoned their towns and returned to a hunter and gather existence. Early Spanish explorers found the descendants of the Hohokam living in small villages.z It is believed that between AD 1300 and AD 1450 periods of drought and severe floods led to the Hohokam's disappearance.z Why, after centuries of successfully cultivating the arid desert, did their society collapse? There have been many competing theories including soil salinization, disease, warfare, floods, droughts, and climatic changes. None or all could be correct; all are still under investigation.THE ANASAZI "COLLAPSE"z In the 1500's when the Spanish moved into what later was to become the southwestern United States , they encountered the ancestors of the modern-day Pueblo , Hopi, and Zuni peoples.z These ancestors, known variously as the Basket Makers, the Anasazi, or the Ancient Ones, had lived in the area for at least 2,000 years.z Anasazi houses were originally built in pits and were entered from the roof. But around the year 700 A .D.,z The Anasazi began to build their homes above ground and join them together into rambling multistoried complexes, which the Spanish called pueblos or villages.z Anasazi sometimes called the cliff dwellers used adobe (sun-dried bricks) and timber to make multistory "apartment houses"—pueblos (massive, stone apartment compounds). Each one was virtually a stone town.z Besides living quarters, each pueblo included one or more circular underground chambers which contain niches and function as sanctuaries where the elders met to plan festivals, perform ritual dances, settle pueblo affairs, and impart tribal lore to the younger generation.z The Anasazi family was matrilinear; that is, descent was traced through the female. The women made baskets and pottery, the men wove textile and crafted turquoise jewelry.z Modern scientists are not certain why the Ancient Ones left their cliff dwellings and stone pueblos, though most think they were either starved out or forced out. The Anasazi left little writing except for the symbolic pictographs and petroglyphs on rock walls. However, a severe drought from aboutA.D. 1275 to 1300 is probably a major factor in their departure.z Careful scrutiny of tree-ring records seemed to establish that in the late 1200's a prolonged dry spell called the Great Drought drove these people, the ancestors of today's pueblo Indians, toabandon their magnificent stone villages at Mesa Verde and elsewhere on the Colorado Plateau, never to return again. There is also evidence that a marauding enemy may have forced them to flee.。