1 Sentence Structure
1sentence structure
Examples of modifier phrases
• With great feeling, Martin Luther King, Jr. expressed his dream of freedom. 介词短语 • It‘s difficult to make a decision without knowing all the facts. 介词短语 • Traveling exposes you to different cultures around the world. 动名词短语 • A new technique having been worked out, the yields this year as a whole increased by 30% in this area. 分词短语
(1) Indefinite Pronouns as Subjects
作主语时或修饰主语时，要求谓语动词用单数。
-one words -body words • one nobody • anyone anybody • everyone everybody • someone somebody -thing words nothing anything everything something others each either neither
(1) Sentence Fragments
• Having driven across the desert. We enjoyed the cool weather. Corrected：Having driven across the desert, we enjoyed the cool weather. • Having no money and being lonely in the big city. Corrected： Having no money and being lonely in the big city, the old woman committed suicide.
1. sentence structure(新)
1. Basic clause types
SVC SV SVO SVOO SVOC SVA SVOA S = subject V = predicate verb O = object C = complement A = adverbial
Sentence analysis
1. Chatting on the internet is interesting. 2. Internet dating will hurt.
SVA
in front of him.
adverbial
the evidence
object
He treated her
adverbial
badly.
SVOA
object
adverbial
Exercise: Identify the clause types
1. She came．
2. She is happy．
1. Subject and predicate
The Subject: • the topic or theme of the clause; • what the clause is about; • known information; • generally a noun phrase or an equivalent of noun phrase. The Predicate: • something about the subject; • new information; • generally a verb phrase with or without complementation（补足成分）.
The sentence is the highest rank of grammatical unit which can stand by itself and perform a communicative function. A sentence can be long or short, simple or complex, and can consist of only one clause or more than one clause. Owing to the fact that sentences differ greatly in structure, what is described here as “sentence structure” is only concerned with the simple sentence, or rather with the clause.
1_sentence_structure
Styling Sentences (II): Sentences with series ♥ Pattern 4: A, B, C ♥ Pattern 5: Appositive, ap,ap —summary word S V. ♥ Pattern 6: If …, if…, if…, then S V . When…, when…, when…, S V. S V that…, that…, that….
♥ P2: Compound S with Elliptical Construction S V DO or SC; S , DO or SC . (comma indicates the omitted verb) Examples His mother told him to rent a car; his sister, to pack his suitcase. The mother and son each had a goal; hers, educational; his, recreational. “Thought is the blossom; language(,) the bud; action(,) the fruit.” ---Ralph Waldo Emerson Some success comes at the beginning; many others, at the last moment. ---刘洋（法律)
For your reference
1. The English like going to the pub; the Chinese, to the teahouse./ the French, to the café. 2. Speaking English makes me nervous; speaking Chinese, comfortable/ confident/ relaxed. 3. An optimist stays up until midnight to see the new year in; a pessimist, to make sure the old year leaves./ to see the old year off. 4. Some people live for fame; some, for fortune; others, for love/ glory/ truth. 5. Red is for loyalty and courage; blue, for valor; white, for a trickster; black, for uprightness.
1.sentence structure
b. Transformation and expansion of
B 扩大方式之二: 以限定分句充当主语、宾语、补 语、名词修饰语、状语、同位语等 1）作主语 What he told me the other day has nothing to do with this problem. When we should hold the meeting will be decided tomorrow. Who is to head the group is a question to be considered by the authorities. Whether they will come or not depends on the weather.
பைடு நூலகம்
sentence
clause
NP Subject All the students
VP Predicate Verb have done
NP
Object their best
The other way is to divide the predicate
into two parts: the operator and the predication. The operator is usually the auxiliary or the first auxiliary in a complex verb phrase, while the predication comprises the main verb with its complementation (object, complement or adverbial)
大学英语语法 unit 1 Sentence Structure
Ex: explain the meanings of the prefixes and suffixes in the following words: astir, awhir, deplane, disambiguate, ecocide, megajet, mini-budget, nonnovel, outsmart, supertax, anti-Marketeer cinerama, meritocrat, interviewee, racketeer, topsider, gangsterese, hawkish, narrowish, nuclearism, golfitis, beatnik, protestnik, dopester, huckster, weatherwise.
stem– is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be added.
Ex: analyze the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains: specialize, pretentious, unsympathetic, crudity, indisputable, individuality, halfhearted, bird’s-eye, gaslight, backburner, officer-in-charge, a man of letters, downfall, dining-room, power-drunk.
英语语法框架
英语语法框架英语语法框架通常包括不同部分的基本规则和结构。
以下是英语语法的主要框架：1.词类(Parts of Speech)：●名词(Nouns)：代表人、事物、地方或概念。
●代词(Pronouns)：替代名词的词语。
●形容词(Adjectives)：修饰名词或代词，描述其特征或性质。
●动词(Verbs)：表示动作、状态或存在。
●副词(Adverbs)：修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句，表示方式、程度或时间。
●介词(Prepositions)：表示位置、方向、时间或关系。
●连词(Conjunctions)：连接词语、短语或句子。
●冠词(Articles)：用于限定名词。
2.句子结构(Sentence Structure)：●主语(Subject)：动作的执行者。
●谓语(Predicate)：动作或状态的表达。
●宾语(Object)：动作的接受者。
●定语(Modifiers)：修饰语，包括形容词和副词。
3.时态和语态(Tenses and Voice)：●时态(Tenses)：表示动作发生的时间，如过去、现在或将来。
●语态(Voice)：表示动作是主动还是被动。
4.从句和句型(Clauses and Sentence Patterns)：●定语从句(Relative Clauses)：描述名词的从句。
●状语从句(Adverbial Clauses)：修饰句子的从句。
●主谓宾结构(Subject-Verb-Object Structure)：简单句的基本结构。
●复合句(Complex Sentences)：包括一个或多个从句的句子。
掌握这些基本框架有助于理解英语的基本语法结构，并能够更清晰地表达和理解句子。
英语句子结构(写句子、背单词)
由名词、名词短语、人称代词（宾格）、 动名词、带to的动词不定式等充当。
3.介词短语在句子中的功能（作用，也称 句子成分）
1）作名词的后置定语
穿红衣服的女孩 the girl in red 桌子上的那些书 the books on the desk 三班 / 四班的学生 the students in Class Three / Four
英语句子结构 Sentence structures
由名词、名词短语、人称代词（主格）、 动名词、带to的动词不定式等充当。
1. 主语 + 谓语.
由be（是）动词、行为动词、动词短语、 情态动词 / 助动词 + 行为动词原形、 be +名词 / 形容词 / 介词短语等充当。
由行为动词（及物动词）、短语动词等充 当。）
2.表示方位，和be动词合成谓语 Guangdo广n东g i在s 中in国th的e s南o部ut。h of China. The post-office is between the bank
邮局在银行与超市之间。 and the supermarket. My En我g的lis英h 语bo书ok在is我i的n m书y包b里ag。.
Peter比w得as是b1o9r9n7i年n 3M月ar出ch生, 的19.97.
3) 在句子中作状语，相当于副词的作用， 表示方式、地点和时间。
We g我o 们to每w天or都k i匆n 匆a h茫u茫rry地e去ve上ry班d.ay. The boys are playing football in t男he孩p子lay们g在ro操un场d.上踢足球.
Do不n’t要ta在lk课o堂r s上le讲ep话in或c睡la觉ss.. I us我ua通lly常g在etu:3p0a起t 床6:3. 0.
SentenceStructure五种基本句型讲解
总结：
这种句型中的动词大多是不__及__物__动__词____动词， 这种动词后不可以_直__接__接__宾__语___。常见的动词 如：work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。
二、句型2：Subject (主语) ＋ Link. V(系 动词) ＋ Predicate(表语) 这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。 其系动词一般可分为下列两类： (1)表示状态。这样的词有：be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep，feel等。如：
5) I don’t know what I should do next.
总结：
这种句型中的动词一般为__及__物____动词,
这种动词后可以_直__接__加___宾__语__，其宾语
名词、代词、动词不 通常由定___式__、__动__名___词__或__从__句___等来充当。
四、句型4： Subject(主语)＋Verb(谓语) ＋ Indirect object(间接宾语)＋Direct object (直接宾语)
三、句型3：Subject(主语) ＋ Verb (谓 语) ＋ Object (宾语) 例：
1) He took his bag and left.
2) Li Lei always helps me .
3) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.
4) I like running.
Sentence Structure 句型结构
英语中的五种基本句型结构
一、句型1： Subject (主语) ＋ Verb (谓语) 如： 1) Li Ming works very hard.
Sentence Structure 五种基本句型
They built a house last year． 他们去年建了一所房子。 They‘ve put up a factory in the village． 他们在村里建了一座工厂。 They have taken good care of the children． 这些孩子他们照看得很好。 You should look after your children well． 你应该好好照看你的孩子。
1) The story sounds interesting. 2) He looked worried just now.
(2)表示变化。
这类系动词有：become, turn, get, grow, go等。如：
1) You have grown taller than before. 2) He has suddenly fallen ill.
五个基本句式详细解释如下： 1．S十V句式 在此句式中，V是不及物动词，又叫自动 词(vi．)。
He runs quickly． 他跑得快。 They listened carefully． 他们听得很仔细。 He suffered from cold and hunger． 他挨冻受饿。 China belongs to the third world country． 中国属于第三世界国家。 The gas has given out． 煤气用完了。 My ink has run out． 我的钢笔水用完了。
They grow rice in their home town． 他们在家乡种水稻。 He‘s got a chair to sit on． 他有椅子坐。 Please turn the sentence into English． 请把这个句于泽成英语。
sentencestructure
Sentence Structure（句子结构）Otherthan（除了）；would/need/should/might/must have done(会、需要、应该、可能、必须要做) with the assumption（猜忌；猜疑）；It is a headache for sb (另某人头痛的是) Sad to say(遗憾的说)It’s a relief to knowthat(令人宽慰地了解到)if… had+past participle”andwould+have+pastparticiple.(如果已什么，就会已什么；要是什么，就会什么)a top priority for sb(某人最优先考虑的事) shrug off（对…不予理睬或不屑一顾）；hold up(支撑)；fall apart(瓦解，崩溃)open the door to(使…可能；给…以机会)；pave the way for(为…铺路，为…创造机会) come down in the world(落魄,撂倒，失势)to a dgree(某种程度上，有些)goalong(进行，前进)find one’s wayinto(到达，进入)spark heateddebate(激起热议)shut outof(不允许做，使无法参与)have/gain the upper hand(占优势，占上风，控制)in earnest(认真地)deliver thegoods(履行诺言)be jealousof(对…极度呵护)come to theconclusion(得出结论)Unit threeHave/has opted to dosth(选择或决定做某事)yieldto(屈服于，抵挡不住)；get involved in some sticky situation(卷入窘况或麻烦的情况)I’m not being bitter.(我并不忿忿不平。
ex.1 sentence structure
Exercise 1 ----Sentence StructureI.判断下列句子属于何种句型并翻译成汉语。
1. Time flies by.2. It slipped my mind.3. I can’t stand the heat.4. Fools seldom differ.5. I sent you an E-mail.6. It cost me three dollars.7. Old habits die hard.8. You can leave the door open.9. He speaks English well.10. Teachers will make your English better.11. They elected George W. Bush US President.12. The novel won the author a Nobel Prize.13. That will save you a lot of time.14. They found the dead boy.15. They found the boy dead.16. I found the book easily.17. I found the book easy.18. Tom found Jim an apartment.19. We found John a loyal friend.20. I will find you a good teacher.21. I find you a good teacher.22. She will make him a good wife.23. She will make him a good husband.II.翻译下列短文，并分析每个句子的类型。
24. A sentence normally has a subject and a predicate. The subject identifies a person, place or thing. The predicate tells what the subject does or is. The predicate always includes a verb, and a verb is one of three types---- linking, intransitive, or transitive verbs. The most widely used linking verb is a form of be, such as am, is, are, or were. Other linking verbs include: seem, become, feel, sound, taste, smell. The word or phrase that follows a linking verb is called a subject complement.III.分析下文中划线句子的成分。
第一讲 句子结构( Sentence Structure)
FCl
√
-ing Cl
√
Inf. Cl
√
Ed Cl
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √Βιβλιοθήκη OiCo A√
√ √ √ √ √
√
√ √ √ √ √ √ √
AdvPs and PPs as subject
Slowly is exactly how he speaks.
Out on the lake will be splendid. Will after the show be soon enough?
Linking verb or copular:
Intransitive: Monotransitive: SV; SVA SVO SVOC SVC
Ditransitive:
SVOO Complex transitive:
2.1.2 Major clause elements: a clearer picture
1. Clause elements
The construction of the simple sentence or clause organized by a group of phrases goes as follows: subject + predicate
Subject: the topic or theme of the sentence / telling of what the sentence is about / realized by a noun phrase or an equivalent of noun phrase
Subject: The book is mine. (SVC)
(1)Sentence structure(modified)
(5) S + V + o + O The main verb in an SVoO pattern is a ditransitive verb (双宾语及物动词) which is to be followed by 2 双宾语及物动词) objects: indirect and direct object, such verbs as: ask, : bring, buy, call, do, get, give, lend, offer, send… e.g.: He told me the news about Paul. You must get her something to eat. He bought me a new dictionary. She gave me the air without hesitating to turn back.
多分法
NP Subject VP
Sen. Cl. NP Object PP Adverbial
Predicate
The boy
didn’t kill
Sen. Cl.
two birds with one stone.
两分法
Subject
Predicate Operator Predication
The boy
Lecture One
Owing to the fact that sentences differ structurally in thousands of ways, what is described here as sentence structure,sentence elements, or sentence patterns is only concerned with the simple sentence, or rather with the clause.
新编英语语法教程第五版1 Sentence Structure
Practice
(2014-TEM4) 53. Which of the following italicized parts is used as an object complement? A. The front door remained locked. B. The boy looked disappointed. C. Nancy appeared worried. D. He seemed to have no money left.
(2011-TEM4) 58. Which of the following italicized parts is used as an object? A. What do you think has happened to her? B. Who do you think the visiting professor is? C. How much do you think he earns every month? D. How quickly would you say he would come? (2010-TEM4) 61. In the sentence "It's no use waiting for her", the italicized phrase is ____. A. the object B. an adverbial C. a complement D. the subject
Lecture 1: Sentence Structure 1. Clause elements
The construction of the simple sentence or clause
sentence用法和短语
1.Sentence structure: A sentence is a complete thought that containsa subject and a predicate.2.Sentence types: There are four main types of sentences -declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory.3.Simple sentence: A simple sentence consists of one independentclause and expresses a complete thought.pound sentence: A compound sentence consists of two or moreindependent clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions.plex sentence: A complex sentence contains one independentclause and one or more dependent clauses joined by subordinatingconjunctions.pound-complex sentence: A compound-complex sentence includestwo or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. 7.Run-on sentence: A run-on sentence occurs when two or moreindependent clauses are incorrectly joined without properpunctuation or conjunctions.8.Fragmented sentence: A fragmented sentence is an incompletethought that lacks either a subject or a verb.9.Interrogative sentence: An interrogative sentence asks a questionand ends with a question mark.10.Declarative sentence: A declarative sentence makes a statement orexpresses an opinion and ends with a period.11.Imperative sentence: An imperative sentence gives commands,requests, or instructions and can end with either a period or anexclamation mark for emphasis.12.Exclamatory sentence: An exclamatory sentence expresses strongemotions or excitement and ends with an exclamation mark.13.Conditional sentences: Conditional sentences express hypotheticalsituations using if-then clauses to show cause-and-effectrelationships.14.Indirect speech: Indirect speech refers to reporting someoneelse’s words without using their exact phrasing, often introduced by verbs like “say” or “ask.”15.Direct speech: Direct speech refers to quoting someone’s exactwords within quotation marks, often introduced by verbs like “say”or “ask.”16.Parallel structure: Parallel structure ensures consistency insentence construction by using similar grammatical patterns foritems in a series or lists.17.Subject-verb agreement: Subject-verb agreement ensures that theverb agrees with the subject in terms of number (singular orplural).18.Active voice: Active voice emphasizes the subject performing theaction, making sentences clearer and more direct.19.Passive voice: Passive voice emphasizes the object receiving theaction, often used when the subject is unknown or less important. 20.Sentence variety: Sentence variety adds interest and rhythm towriting by using different sentence lengths, structures, and types.。
Lecture 1 Sentence structure
Lecture 1 Sentence structureFor any adhesive to make a really strong bond, ____to be glued must be absolutely clean and free from moisture or grease. CA．and surfaces B. when surfaces C. the surfaces D. surfaces that Unlike moderate antislavery advocates, abolitionists ______ an immediate end to slavery. AA．d emanded B. they demandC. that they demandedD. in that they demandA few animals sometimes fool their enemies ____to be dead. CA.appearB. to appearC. by appearingD. to be appeared____ the diffusion of heat upward to the Earth’s surface, the temperature within the Earth remains constant. BA. ThatB. DespiteC. IfD. WhenSV:Truth will prevail. Birds of a feather flock together.SVC:To live remains an art which every one must learn, but which no one can teach,This student will make a good businessman.Our dream has come true.The well ran dry.True love never grows old.The leaves will turn yellow in autumn.The jokes fell flat.Alice was very irritable because _____.A.she was not feeling wellB.she didn’t feel wellC.she doesn't feel goodD.she wasn’t feeling goodI feel well 我觉得身体好（健康）I feel good 我感觉好（身体舒服或者精神愉快）SVO:A bad beginning makes a bad ending. True love shows itself in time of need.SVOC:I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul.You cannot make a crab walk straight.A hedge keeps friendship green.Expansion of sentence:Lost in reflection, he looked out over the white-capped sea and half leaned into the wind which was piping the note of a half gale.Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man.Many patients were sent to hospitals only after they started to show symptoms of organ failure, which meant they were too late for treatment.As I had become blind by then, I could not tell what the girl looked like, but I knew she wore slippers from the way they slapped against her heels, and I liked the sound of her voice.I once watched a child of about two-and-a-half trying to stamp on little waves breaking across a wide Cornish beach.She stretched her hands out in pleasure with every little stamp and her bathing pants fell lower and lower till she jumped them off altogether but didn’t notice it, so intent was she on the important job of stamping on those waves.She sang to herself a sort of monotone running commentary on what she was doing and the sound of it, mingled with soft sea noises, made a most pleasing music.。
Sentence Structure1 英语写作 课件
The next day, when they came down from the mountain, a large crowd met him.
Revising can be massive, moderate, or minimal, depending on the results of the writer’s earlier drafting efforts and the reaction of not only the writer but also others who have read the drafts.
6/17/2020
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Examples:
➢ As he needs more exercise, when the weather is suitable he walks six miles.
➢ Yesterday while I was walking down the street, I met one of my former schoolmates.
Revising your two writings, making sure of every sentence you are using.
RereБайду номын сангаасding P140-156
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Whatever they read, he advised students to study the theme, organization, introduction, transition, ending, character portrayals, and vocabulary of each article.
➢ A friend of mine came / from Beijing / to visit me / yesterday.
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E. SVOC subj. + complex transitive verb + object + complement The relationship between the object and complement can be paraphrased with either “be” or “become”. e.g. She found it cold here. =…that it was cold here. The Airport Operators Council re-elected him president. F. SVA Subj. + V. + Adverbial e.g. I live in Beijing.
The subject is the topic or theme of the sentence, which tells of what the sentence is about. And it is generally realized by a noun phrase or an equivalent of noun phrases. The predicate says something about the subject and bears the new information which the speaker or writer wants to transmit to the listener or reader.
A: modifications --- Last Saturday, an old woman worker told the students the bitter story of her childhood. B: coordination and subordination --- Most us were in the hall, the doors had been closed and later comers had to wait outside. --- You can call him what you like, but you won’t make him what he isn’t.
Linking / Copular verbs: a. current copular verb: describe a state. e.g. be, feel, smell, taste, stay, look, keep, sound, appear
Байду номын сангаас
b. resulting copular verb: denote a change of state e.g. become, come, fall, go, get, grow, turn, prove
Lecture 1 Sentence Structure
Teaching Contents
1.1. Clause elements
1.2. Basic clause types and their transformation and expansion
Owing to the various sentence structures in a language, what is described here as sentence structure, sentence elements, or sentence patters is only concerned with the simple sentence or rather with the clause. 1.1. Clause elements The clause or the simple sentence is structurally a sequence of phrases and logically a construction of "subject + predicate". 1) Subject and predicate
G. SVOA subj. + transitive verb + object + obligatory adverbial e.g. Put / place a note on my door. The adverbial in the SVOA pattern most typically expresses location. It differs from ordinary locative adverbials in that it does not specify the circumstances of the action ‘placing’, ‘putting’, etc., but rather describes where the referent of the direct object ends up.
2) Two ways of sentence analysis a. subject + predicate: Predicate verb + Object + Complement + Adverbial
b. subject + predicate: Operator (the auxiliary or the first auxiliary in a complex verb phrase) + Predication
B. SV subj. + intransitive verb e.g. Iron rusts. Everybody laughs. C. SVO subj. +(mono)transitive verb + object e.g. I want a return ticket.
D. SVOO Double Object / Ditransitive Construction (DOC) subj. + ditransitive verb (give, send, teach, show, tell…) + indirect object (IO) + direct object (DO) e.g. I gave *(John) a book. Someone left (you) this note.
e.g. [All the men] [[have done] [their best]].
1.2. Basic clause types and their transformation and expansion 1) Basic clause types A. SVC subj. + linking verb + complement She is in good health. My brother has become an engineer.
2) Transformation and expansion of basic clause types The basic clause types are all affirmative statements with verbs in the active voice. An affirmative one can be transformed into a negative; a statement into a question; and an active into a passive; all these add varieties to the basic clause types. They can also be expanded into larger grammatical units through adding modifiers.