topic sentence and controlling idea

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how to write a topic sentence 如何写好英语作文主题句

How to Write a Good Topic Sentence
You cannot write the topic sentence until you know what comes next.
Definition
❖A topic sentence is the sentence to tell the reader what the paragraph is mainly about.
❖American food is terrible. ❖American food is tasteless and greasy
because Americans use too many canned, frozen, and packaged foods and because everything is fried in oil or butter.
❖Better:
❖How to keep fit. ❖First, must not be gossipy and must respect
other’s privacy.
❖Thanks
Better: ❖Travelling enables me to know more about
the cultures and customs on a foreign land.
Exercise
❖We can do some push-ups and sit-ups every day to keep fit and well.
2. Controlling Idea: a key word or phrase expressing the basic point of a paragraph. (specific, to show the attitude)

TOPICSENTENCES

childhood.
(Par 1) One of the greatest difficulties young Lincoln faced was the death of his mother.
(Par 2) Young Lincoln did not have many friends growing up.
TOPIC SENTENCES
What is a topic sentence?
A topic sentence has four main characteristics
➢It is a sentence. ➢It is a part of a paragraph, usually the first
sentence.
➢It has the topic of the paragraph ➢It has the controlling idea of the paragraph.
A topic sentence is the main idea of a paragraph.
SO….
A topic sentences is a sentence that has a topic and a controlling idea and is the first sentence of a paragraph.
should we….? Why was it terrible?
• HOW? How is it attractive? How did it
change? How is it terrible?
• WHERE? Where should we go? • WHICH ONES? Which do you think are

topic-sentence电子教案

• There are several advantages to growing up in a small town.
• Most US universities require a 550 point TOEFL score for a number of reasons.
• Air pollution in Mexico City is the worst in the world for a number of reasons.
The Topic Sentence = Topic + Controlling Idea
3) The topic sentence should be neither too general nor too specific.
Examples: 1) The importance of reading widely.
3) There are quite a few unusual superstitions in China about marriage.
Read the following topic sentences and then identify the topic and the controlling idea in each sentence • People can avoid burglaries by taking certain precautions.
Reading widely is very important in improving one’s reading comprehension. 2) Fire accidents in big cities. Recently years have witnessed a marked growth of fire accidents in big cities in our country. 3) To make all the decisions for children. Parents in China tend to make all the decisions for their children.

实用英语写作--主题句的制约点

❖ Practice:
❖ Revised these topic sentences to narrow the focus by stress a controlling idea .
❖ 1. Cartoons to be televised on TV should be censored.
❖ 2. People could enjoy their leisure time better.
for getting along with others. ❖ Revised sentences: ❖ 1. My mother has passed along to me
certain rules for getting along with others . ❖ 2. My mother has passed along to me
why she tries to improve her looks.
❖ Some people hold that automobiles will give rise to problems.
❖ Revised sentences:
❖ Some people hold that automobiles will give rise to a series of problems .
❖ 斜体部分应为主题句中的关键词。但它只是限制了段落发展的部分内容，并没有告诉读者该用哪种方法展开，是用因果关系法还是用分类法？
❖
修正： He can fix a bicycle himself in several simple steps.
修正：There are several reasons why he can fix a bicycle himself.

英语写作topic sentence

英语写作中的主题句在英语写作中，主题句是一个非常重要的概念，能够帮助读者更好地理解文章的主题和结构。

本文将介绍主题句的定义、作用和写作技巧。

下面是本店铺为大家精心编写的5篇《英语写作中的主题句》，供大家借鉴与参考，希望对大家有所帮助。

《英语写作中的主题句》篇1一、主题句的定义主题句是英语写作中的一个重要概念，指的是每个段落的第一句话，用于概括该段落的主题和内容，同时为读者提供指引，让他们更好地理解文章的结构和主题。

主题句通常是一个简明扼要的句子，它应该清晰地表达出该段落的主题和重点。

二、主题句的作用主题句的作用非常多，主要包括以下几个方面:1. 概括段落内容：主题句应该能够概括该段落的主要内容，让读者对该段落的主题有一个清晰的了解。

2. 指引读者：主题句应该能够为读者提供指引，让他们更好地理解文章的结构和主题。

通过阅读主题句，读者应该能够了解该段落在整篇文章中的位置和作用。

3. 突出重点：主题句应该能够突出该段落的重点，让读者更好地理解文章的重点和主旨。

三、主题句的写作技巧写作主题句需要掌握一些技巧，主要包括以下几个方面:1. 简明扼要：主题句应该简明扼要，不要使用过多的词汇和复杂的句子结构。

2. 突出重点：主题句应该突出该段落的重点，不要包含太多无关的信息。

3. 与文章内容相呼应：主题句应该与文章内容相呼应，不要出现矛盾或不相关的内容。

4. 避免使用结论性词语：主题句应该避免使用结论性词语，如“因此”、“所以”等，因为这些词语可能会误导读者对该段落的理解。

英语写作中的主题句是一个非常重要的概念，能够帮助读者更好地理解文章的主题和结构。

《英语写作中的主题句》篇2英语写作中的主题句是指在文章或段落中，用来表达主题或中心思想的句子。

主题句通常出现在文章或段落的开头，用于引入和概括后续内容。

在写作中，主题句的运用可以帮助读者更好地理解文章结构和主题，同时也可以帮助作者更好地组织文章思路。

一个好的主题句应该具有以下特点：1. 简洁明了：主题句应该用简短的语言表达出文章或段落的主题，不宜过于复杂或冗长。

topic sentence英语主题句

讲解主题句是一个完整的句子，用以概括、叙述或说明该段落的主旨大意。

每一个段落只能有一个主题，全段的其他文字都应围绕它展开。

主题句通常由两部分组成，即主题(topic) +中心思想（controlling idea）。

中心思想的作用是导向(control) 和制约(limit) 主题。

所谓导向就是规定段落的发展脉络，所谓制约就是限制主题的覆盖范围，两者不可分割。

没有导向，内容就会离题或偏题；没有制约，内容就可能超出一个段落所能容纳的范围。

下面的8个句子都是很漂亮的主题句，其中红色加粗的文字为主题，绿色斜体的文字为中心思想：1. People can avoid burglaries（入室行窃）by taking certainprecautions.( 接下来作者将围绕着“防范措施”展开段落)2. There are several advantages to growing up in a small town.( 接下来作者将围绕着“优点”展开段落)3. Most US universities require a 550 point TOEFL score for anumber of reasons.( 接下来作者将围绕着“原因”展开段落)4. Fixing a flat tire on a bicycle is easy if you follow these steps.( 接下来作者将围绕着“步骤”展开段落)5. There are several enjoyable ways to travel between the US andQueretaro.( 接下来作者将围绕着“方法”展开段落)6. Effective leadership requires specific qualities that anyone candevelop.( 接下来作者将围绕着“品质”展开段落)7. Industrial waste poured into Pearl River has led to dramaticchanges in its ability to support marine life.( 接下来作者将围绕着“变化”展开段落)8. In order to fully explore the wreck（残骸）of the Titanic, scientistsmust address several problems.( 接下来作者将围绕着“问题”展开段落)通过对上面8个主题句的分析可见：段落的主题句对主题的限定主要是通过句中的关键词来实现的。

how to write a topic sentence 如何写好英语作文主题句

❖Better:
Exercise
❖It is convenient for people to live in a mega city. “Convenient” is a very general word.
Better: ❖It is quite convenient for adults to land a
❖American food is terrible. ❖American food is tasteless and greasy
because Americans use too many canned, frozen, and packaged foods and because everything is fried in oil or butter.
smartphone. 4. There are two visible upsides to rowing up in a
small town.
6 Features of a suitable topic sentence.
1. A good topic sentence should not be too general. 2. It should not be too specific. 3. So it should be limited. 4. And it leads itself to development; it should have
Better: ❖Travelling enables me to know more about
the cultures and customs on a foreign land.
Exercise
❖We can do some push-ups and sit-ups every day to keep fit and well.

Academic English Writing 学术英语写课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年

Academic English Writing （学术英语写作）_北京理工大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.Which of the following statements is incorrect about paraphrase?答案:Paraphrase should be as short as possible.2.What is used more in news reports where it helps create an objective orimpartial impression by distancing the reporter from the topic?答案:Passive voice3.Which of the following statements is incorrect about classification?答案:There might be more than one principle of organization in a classification essay.4.Which of the following hooks can only be used in argumentative essays?答案:turning the argument on its head5.What can be included in a conclusion?答案:All of the above6.Which is NOT one of the three pieces of information to make up a definition?答案:comparison7.He made a quick ____from his illness.答案:recovery8.____the stress of examinations is over, we can all relax.答案:Now that9.If the scheme is ____carried out without waste of time or energy, I shall becompletely satisfied.答案:efficiently10.They agreed to share in common any ____of funds after all expenses werepaid in full.答案:surplus11. A topic sentence consists of the topic and the controlling idea.答案:正确12. A concluding sentence is a repetition of the topic sentence.答案:错误13.In a process paragraph, the concluding sentence can be the last step.答案:正确14. A thesis statement only needs to present the controlling ideas of the essay.答案:错误15.“What if you were to wake up tomorrow morning and have no memory of thepast?” can be a good hook.答案:正确16.In English writing, it is acceptable to wander away from the topic.答案:错误17. A cause and effect essay normally addresses only one cause and one effect.答案:错误18.It’s acceptable to bring in a new topic in the conclusion of an essay.答案:错误19. A good argumentative essay had better include a refutation of the opposingopinion.答案:正确20.An opinion is what someone believes is true and has been proven.答案:错误21. A paragraph consists of three parts: a topic sentence, s________ sentences, aconcluding sentence.请填入完整单词。

2014年茂名学院专插本写作试题

一、(10 points)Tell what sentences the following are according to the classification by structure.(1 point each)A 1. The bird in the sky and the fish in the sea add to life‟s beauty.A. simple sentenceB. compound sentenceC. complex sentenceD. compound complex sentenceB 2. Behind the fence is a garden, and beyond the garden lies a lake.A. simple sentencesB. compound sentenceC. complex sentenceD. compound complex sentence C 3. If he were to inherit a million dollars, he would give it all to people who work onA. simple sentencesB. compound sentenceC. complex sentenceD. compound complex sentenceD 4. When they pay their gas bill, they will be happy that they bought the gas, but they will never thank me for my advice.A. simple sentencesB. compound sentenceC. complex sentenceD. compound complex sentence C 5. The students I teach have made better grades in the past few weeks.A. simple sentencesB. compound sentenceC. complex sentenceD. compound complex sentence B 6. Most of us were in the hall, the doors had been closed, and the late comers had to wait outside.A. simple sentencesB. compound sentenceC. complex sentenceD. compound complex sentence C 7. What we worried about is his lacking confidence in himself.A. simple sentencesB. compound sentenceC. complex sentenceD. compound complex sentence D8. They watched television and enjoyed themselves immediately, but we could n‟t see the program because our television was broken.A. simple sentencesB. compound sentenceC. complex sentenceD. compound complex sentence A9. Having finished his assignments, he went out to water the flowers in the garden.A. simple sentencesB. compound sentenceC. complex sentenceD. compound complex sentence C 10. What he said is not true.A. simple sentencesB. compound sentenceC. complex sentenceD. compound complex sentence二、（10分）Pick out the topic sentences and controlling ideas from the following paragraphs(2.5 points each)1) Nowadays, many men and women work in law, accounting, real estate, and business. These people are serious about becoming successful, they work long hours during the work and even on weekends, so they arecalled “workaholics”(工作狂). In addition, workaholics may not spend enough time in leisure activities. Therefore, workaholics‟lifestyle can affect their families, social lives, and health.Topic sentence:Therefore, workaholics‟lifestyle can affect their families, social lives, and health.Controlling idea: affect their families, social lives, and health2) Stamp collection has become a very popular hobby for several reasons. Collectors gain pleasure from the varied colors and designs of the stamps, while they enjoy the fun of watching their collections grow. In addition, stamp collection had educational value. Stamps often tell the collectors much about a country‟s important customs, events, and famous citizens. Furthermore, collectors soon learn to find out the exact location of a country. Often they are interested enough to find out other important facts about that country.Topic sentence: Stamp collection has become a very popular hobby for several reasons.Controlling idea: become a very popular hobby for several reasons. 3) Perhaps the highest use of books is not as sources of information about nations, people, or foreign lands, but as friends. Reading is one of the most effective means of getting away from disturbing and unalterable circumstances. Intimate association with noble works, whether literary, philosophic or artistic, is a promoter of thought, a refuge from almost allthe miseries of life.Topic sentence: Reading is one of the most effective means of getting away from disturbing and unalterable circumstances.Controlling idea: one of the most effective means of getting away from disturbing and unalterable circumstances.4) A paragraph and an essay are quite similar in structure. For example, the paragraph often begins with a topic sentence. In the essay, the first paragraph introduces the topic focus. Another example is that the sentences in the body of a paragraph develop the topic sentence. Similarly, the body of an essay expands and supports the controlling idea introduced in the opening paragraph.Topic sentence: A paragraph and an essay are quite similar in structure.Controlling idea: quite similar in structure三、(10分)What is the paragraph unity ?Pick out the sentences which destroy the unity of the paragraphParagraph unity: All the sentences in the paragraph must be related with the topic sentence. Any sentence which has nothing to do with the topic sentence must be omitted.1、I prefer swimming over all other forms of exercise. For one thing, it is recognized as one of the best forms of physical exercise available. Many different muscles are used in the act of swimming and all of these arestrengthened when swimming is done regularly. Another reason I like swimming is that it is one of the few ways I can cool off and exercise at the same time. A quick swim in the pool after school or work is always refreshing. Unfortunately, I have to drive across town because the pool in my community always has too much chlorine in it. The final reason I prefer swimming is that it is something I can do all year. Other kinds of exercise, like tennis and softball, are seasonal, but I can go swimming at any time at any time of the year.Sentences which destroy the unity: Unfortunately, I have to drive across town because the pool in my community always has too much chlorine in it.2、（1）The city of Toronto, Canada, is a pleasant place to spend a summer vacation. (2)Upon arriving in Toronto, one sees a remarkably clean city.(3)The streets are not littered with dirt or debris, and Toronto‟s buildings are in such condition that even the old ones look new. (4)In some cities, the buildings look like they are falling apart.（5）Other cities is using specially treated steel to build their skyscrapers. (6)Pittsburgh has one of these buildings. (7)Toronto is also a delight to shoppers. (8)The streets in the shopping district are closed to traffic and lined with shady trees and outdoor cafes to provide the shoppers with a pleasant, relaxed atmosphere sway from the noise, the exhaust fumes, and the general chaos of congested city streets. (9)The stores themselves are fun to shop inbecause, in addition to the usual big department stores one usually finds in such a city. (10)Toronto also has many smaller stores which specialize in such goods as native Indian crafts and hand-carved wooden art objects.(11)Department stores are convenient, but I often find them boring.(12)You see the same items in all of the department stores and, beside, they usually charge too much for their goods---especially clothes.(13)Another reason I don‟t like them is that even though most of them make millions in annual profits, they pay their employees as little ad possible.Sentences which destroy the unity:（4）（5）（6）四、（5分）Rearrange the following sentences so that they may from a coherent paragraph.(2.5 points each)Paragraph 1 ：a d e g f c b(a)In order to know what the weather will be, special people are hired to provide this information.(b)It is known that their work can save thousands of lives and millions of dollars in property damage.(c)And still others make forecast about the weather.(d)These people are called weatherman.(e)They work in a weather station every day.(f)The others of them analyze weather information.(g)Some of them observe the weather.Paragraph 2: e a c d f b(a)My brother, Jim, is extremely friendly and outgoing.(b)In spite of our difference Jim and I are close friends as well asbrothers.(c)He likes to spend all his free time with friends, whereas I need a lotof privacy and enjoyed being by myself.(d)In addition, while I have enjoyed school since I was a child, Jim hasnever liked school.(e)Because my brother and I have very different personalities andinterests, it is sometimes hard to believe we are related.(f)He prefers working ay a job and being very active physically.五、（10分）Write F in the parenthesis for formal sentences and I for informal sentences(1 point each)1. (I) I haven‟t seen him for a long time. Do you know where he is?2. (I) He said she would come.3. (F) Has everyone finished doing his or her exercises?4. (I) The old lady treated him as if he was her own son.5. (F) Badly defeated in the match, the team returned in low spirit.6. (I) There are many photos in his drawer.7. (F) The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb theWestern Hills.8. (F) This village has built, in less than ten years, several small factoriesthat bring in more income than the farm produce every year.9. (F) His anger prevented him from doing, saying, and listening toanything.10. (I) We should help those who are in hot water.六、（10分）Correct the punctuation errors in the following sentences if there are(1 points each) （在原文划出错误然后在空白相应位置改正）1)《Oliver Twist》is one of Dickens‟ novels.Correction: Oliver Twist is one of ……(改成斜体或加下划线)2) In the phrase “pay attention to”, to is a preposition and should be followed by a noun or a gerund.Correction: In the …attention to‟‟ to is a ……3) William wrote a book for students learning to write (Practical College English Writing (Beijing Higher Education Press, 2003))Correction: ...( Practical…[Beijing..2003])4) She asked, “What does culture mean”?Correction: … mean?”5) Hurry up; or we will be late for class.Correction: Hurry up, or…6) When he came, I was busy cleaning my room.Correction:7) We were tired, and we decided to have a rest.Correction:8) The trip was not well planned or prepared; therefore, it was not a pleasant one.Correction:9) The author of the strange book was born in 1078[?] and died in 1135 Correction: …in 1078(?) and….10) He is an eccentric boy, yet you can‟t help liking him.Correction:11) “What do you mean by …evolutionary mechanism‟?”one of the students asked.Correction:12) Henry …s mother believes three things: that every situation, no matter how grin, will be happily resolved; that no one knows more about human than she; and that Henry, who is thirty-five years old, will never be able to do his own laundry.Correction:13) Unfortunately, Wang couldn‟t come, and his absence made things difficult for us.Correction: … couldn‟t come; and …14) Before he came we had expected him to help us, but when he was with us, he didn‟t do much.Correction: Before he came, we had …us; but …课文P360 2.中第二个例子15) Buses are always crowed; hence he prefers to cycle.Correction:16) “John,” she said, “I‟ve lost my glove.”Correction:17) It must have rained last night for the ground is wet.Correction: … last night, for the ….18) We were tired: and we decided to have a rest.Correction: … tired, and we …19) First he talked about “New Criticism”; then he discussed “postmodernism”.Correction: …“postmodernism.”20) Before he came we had expected him to help us, but when he was with us, he didn‟t do much.Correction: 同14）七、（5分）Read the following passage, then tell it is a narration, exposition, description or argumentation, and give a title to the passage.The best way for a beginner to start a stamp collection is to buy a packet of 500 or 1,000 mixed stamps. Such a packet bought from a reliable shop contains only common stamps, but they are clean and in good condition.Once this start has been made, it is not difficult to add to thecollection. Relatives and friends who live overseas or go there for their holidays can be a great help. So can some office workers, as many officers receive a large number of letters from abroad every day, and often the stamps are thrown away with the envelops.Stamps can be chosen and bought at a stamp-shop, too. But we have to be careful in choosing the types because there are too many stamps in the shop and they will cost you a lot of money.The final requirement is a stamp album. As the collection grows, we need more albums and we can find more pleasure in them. Exposition.Title: How to collect stamp? / The requirement for stamp collection 八、（10分）Write a summary in about 30 words of the following passage.One in every five young people has a sleep problem, so you‟re not alone. Getting enough sleep has become as important as eating vegetables and exercising regularly. It‟s very important for your body.Most young people only get seven hours of sleep each night, when they actually need nine hours. And making up for lost sleep during the week by sleeping on weekends doesn‟t really work. In fact, sleeping late on weekends may actually do you more harm than good, if you have sleep problems.What happens if you don‟t get enough sleep? If your sleep problemcontinues for a few nights, you could suffer serious problems. Lack of sleep can affect learning and memory. Worse, if your sleep difficulties last a long time, that could lead to anxiety or depression.(key words)①sleep problem, important, one in every five②most of them get 7 hours at nights③lack of sleep can affect learning and memory(再总结，压缩为30词)。

研究生英语写作1 Topic Sentence

Example paragraph 2
Several factors may contribute to the progress of a society. The first and foremost should be the development of economy. A better and affluent life would invite a longing for a stable, peaceful and harmonious life, thus rules and regulations are neccesary to teach people what should do and what should not do. Hence came morality and the making of law to encourage acceptable behavior and conducts and punish those who would dare to violate morality and break the law.
How to Write a Good Topic Sentence 1
A topic sentence must include your topic and an opinion or your controlling idea. Generally speaking, topic sentences are:
Example pห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ragraph 2
The Secret of Success It goes without saying that there is no short cut on one's way to success. The important thing in life is to have a goal and the determination to attain it. living without a goal is like sailing without a compass. This is especially true of some university students. When in high school, their goal was simple and clear--to pass the college entrance exam and enter an ideal university. Now, however, some of them seem to have lost themselves on campus. lack of purpose is the cause of most of our failures.

雅思提升大作文topic sentence ppt课件

• Look at the following example:
• Finding the right job is important and can lead to rewarding experiences. • Finding the right job can lead to an improved sense of self-esteem.
• The topic sentence is a general statement that states the main point of a paragraph.
• In English a paragraph is defined as a logical unit, a collection of sentences centering upon one idea. Therefore, there arises a guiding sentence indicating and controlling the development of this single
• Riding a bicycle gives pleasure.
Practice: Identify the topic and controlling idea
• There are several enjoyable ways to travel between the US and Queretaro.
reasons. • • Air pollution in Mexico City is the worst in the world for a number of reasons.
• Fixing a flat tire on a bicycle is easy if you follow these steps.

教你如何写topicsentence

3) There are quite a few unusual superstitions in China about marriage.
Read the following topic sentences and then identify the topic and the controlling idea in each sentence • People can avoid burglaries by taking certain precautions.
The topic tells the reader what the paragraph is about. (general)
The controlling idea is a key word or phrase that expresses the basic point of a paragraph.(specific)
sentences to give more detailed information about
the topic sentence.
a sentence to end a paragraph or to summarize(总结）the ideas.
The Topic Sentence
• The characteristics of a topic sentence • The positions of a topic sentence
Note: a controlling idea commits the paragraph to a specific aspect of the topic.
e.g.
1) Convenience foods are easy to prepare.

The Topic Sentence(主题句)

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PRACTICE
Find the topic and the controlling idea
1.Driving on freeways requires an aggressive attitude. 2.Moving away from home can be a stressful experience for young people. 3.A major problem for many students is the high cost of tuition and books.
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1
what is the topic sentence
Every good paragraph has a topic sentence,which clearly states the topic and the controlling idea of the paragraph. A topic sentence is the most important sentence in a paragraph.It briefly indicates what the paragraph is going to discuss.
3.Cell phones have changed the way we communicate.
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15
THANKS
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16
4.Owning an automobile is a necessity for me.
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Four Parts
1 2 3 4
what is the topic sentence
position of topic sentence the two parts of a topic sentence

高中英语写作topic_sentence

• Fixing a flat tire on a bicycle is easy if you follow these steps.
• Riding a bicycle gives pleasure.
• There are several enjoyable ways to travel between the US and Queretaro.
The Topic Sentence = Topic + Controlling Idea
3) The topic sentence should be neither too general nor too specific.
Examples: 1) The importance of reading widely.
The topic tells the reader what the paragraph is about. (general)
The controlling idea is a key word or phrase that expresses the basic point of a paragraph.(specific)
Reading widely is very important in improving one’s reading comprehension. 2) Fire accidents in big cities. Recently years have witnessed a marked growth of fire accidents in big cities in our country. 3) To make all the decisions for children. Parents in China tend to make all the decisions for their children.

英语应用文写作要点问答

Q & A for Practical Writing1．W h a t i s t h e p u r p o s e o f p r e w r i t i n g a n d w h a t a r e t h r e e m e t h o d s o f t h i s p r o c e s s?P r e w r i t i n g c a n h e l p yo u g e n e r a t e i d e a s f o r yo u r w r i t i n ga s s i g n m e n tT h r e e m e t h o d l i s t i n g,f r e e w r i t i n g a n d c l u s t e r i n g2．W h a t i s t h e p r o c e s s o f w r i t i n g?P r e w r i t i n g:c h o o s i n g a n d n a r r o w i n g a t o p i c,b r a i n s t o r m i n gP l a n n i n g(o u t l i n i n g)M a k i n g s u b-l i s t s w r i t i n g t o p i c s e n t e n c eo u t l i n i n gW r i t i n g a n d r e v i s i n g d r a f t s:3.W h a t i s a t h e s i s a n d h o w i s i t r e l a t e d t o a d i s s e r t a t i o n?∙A t h e s i s i s a h yp o t h e s i s o r c o n j e c t u r e.∙A P h D d i s s e r t a t i o n i s a l e n g t h y,f o r m a l d o c u m e n t t h a ta r g u e s i n d e f e n s e o f a p a r t i c u l a r t h e s i s.(S o m a n y p e o p l eu s e t h e t e r m``t h e s i s''t o r e f e r t o t h e d o c u m e n t t h a t ac u r r e n td i c t i o n a r y n o w i n c l u de s i t a s t h e t h i r d m e a n i n g o f``t h e s i s'').∙T w o i m p o r t a n t a d j e c t i v e s u s e d t o d e s c r i b e a d i s s e r t a t i o na r e``o r i g i n a l''a n d``s ub s t a n t i a l.''T h e r e s e a rc h p e r f o r m e dt o s u p p o r t a t h e s i s m u s t b e b o t h,a n d t h e d i s s e r t a t i o n m u s t s h o w i t t o b e s o.I n p a r t i c u l a r,a d i s s e r t a t i o n h i g h l i g h t so r i g i n a l c o n t r i b u t i o n s4.W h a t i s t h e p u r p o s e o f a l i t e r a t u r e r e v i e w?T h e p u r p o s e o f a l i t e r a t u r e r e v i e w i s f o r yo u t o t a k e a c r i t i c a ll o o k a t t h e l i t e r a t u r e(f a c t s a n d v i e w s)t h a t a l r e a d y e x i s t s i n t h e a r e a yo u a r e r e s e a r c h i n g.A l i t e r a t u r e r e v i e w i s n o t a s h o p p i n g l i s t o f e v e r yt h i n g t h a t e x i s t s,b u t a c r i t i c a l a n a l ys i s t h a t s h o w sa n e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e e x i s t i n g l i t e r a t u r e a n d a r e l a t i o n s h i pb e t w e e n t h e d i f f e r e n t w o r k s. It d e m o n s t r a t e s t h e r e l e v a nc e o f t h e r e s e a r c h.L i t e r a t u r e c a n i n c l u d e b o o k s,j o u r n a l a r t i c l e s,i n t e r n e t(e l e c t r o n i c j o u r n a l s),n e w s p a p e r s,m a g a z i n e s,t h e s i s a n dd i s se r t a t i o n s,c o nf e r e n c e p r o c e e d i ng s,r e p o r t s,a n d d o c u mT h e p u r p o s e o f a l i t e r a t u r e r e v i e w i s t o:∙e s t a b l i s h a t h e o r e t i c a l f r a m e w o r k f o r yo u r t o p i c/s u b j e c ta r e a∙d e f i n e k e y t e r m s,d e f i n i t i o n s a n d t e r m i n o l o g y∙i d e n t i f y s t u d i e s,m o d e l s,c a s e s t u d i e s e t c s u p p o r t i n g yo u r t o p i c∙d e f i n e/e s t a b l i s h yo u r a r e a o f s t u d y,i e yo u r r e s e a r c h t o p i c.T h e t h r e e k e y p o i n t s o f a l i t e r a t u r e r e v i e w∙T e l l m e w h a t t h e r e s e a r c h s a ys(t h e o r y).∙T e l l m e h o w t h e r e s e a r c h w a s c a r r i e d o u t(m e t h o d o l o g y).∙T e l l m e w h a t i s m i s s i n g,i.e.t h e g a p t h a t yo u r r e s e a r c hi n t e n d s t o f i l l e n t r i e s.5.N a m e t h e m a i n s e c t i o n s t h a t s h o u l d b e i n c l u d e d i n a r e s u m e. P e r s o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n (n a m e a d d r e s s p h o n e n u m b e r E-m a i l a n d s o o n)E m p l o ym e n t O b j e c t i v e,E d u c a t i o n w o r k,E x p e r i e n c e,H o n o r sa n d A c t i v i t i e s,R e f e r e n c e s6.W h y d o w e w r i t e c o v e r l e t t e r s?T h e p u r p o s e o f t h e c o v e r l e t t e r i s t o:∙i n t r o d u c e yo u r s e l f t o t h e e m p l o ye r;∙i n d i c a t e w h i c h p o s i t i o n yo u a r e a p p l y i n g f o r;∙e x p l a i n w h y yo u a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n t h a t s p e c i f i c p o s i t i o n;∙d i r e c t t h e i r a t t e n t i o n t o w a r d i n f o r m a t i o n o n yo u r r e s u m e t h a t i s o f p a r t i c u l a r r e l e v a n c e t o t h e p o s i t i o n.∙A n e f f e c t i v e l e t t e r c a n g e t yo u a p h o n e c a l l f o r a ni n t e r v i e w,b u t a p o o r l y w r i t t e n a p p l i c a t i o n l e t t e r u s u a l l ys p e l l s c o n t i n u e d u n e m p l o ym e n t.7.H o w s h o u l d y o u a d d r e s s t h e r e a d e r o f a c o v e r l e t t e r i f yo ud o n’t k n o w t he p e r s o n’s n a m e?I f yo u d o n’t h a v e a n a c t u a l p e r s o n’s n a m e,s i m p l y a d d r e s s t oD e a r H u m a n R e s o u r c e s,o r s o m e t h i n g c o m p a r a b l e.D o n o t u s e “T o W h o m It M a y C o n c e r n:”o r“D e a r S i r/M a d a m:”8.H o w s h o u l d yo u c l o s e a c o v e r l e t t e r?Y o u r c l o s i n g p a r a g r a p h i s w h e r e yo u w r a p u p yo u r p a c k a g e a n d r e i t e r a t e yo u r r e q u e s t. K e e p i t p l e a s a n t, a n d s t a y f o c u s e d o n yo u r r e q u e s t f o r a n i n t e r v i e w.9.W h a t i s t h e o r d e r o f i n f o r m a t i o n i n a r e s u m e?P e r s o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n (n a m e a d d r e s s p h o n e n u m b e r E-m a i l a n d s o o n)E m p l o ym e n t O b j e c t i v e,E d u c a t i o n,E x p e r i e n c e,H o n o r s a n dA c t i v i t i e s,H o b b i e s,R e f e r e n c e s10.W h a t i s t h e b e s t m e t h o d f o r b u i l d i n g c o n f i d e n c e b e f o r e a ni n t e r v i e w?T h e b e s t a p p r o a c h t o b u i l d i n g yo u r c o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v i e w s i ss i m p l e b u t m o s t o f t h e t i m e, t a k e n f o r g r a n t e d:p r o p e r l y p r e p a r e d p r a c t i c i n g,p r a c t i c i n g m o r e,a n d p r a c t i c i n g a g a i n a n d a g a i n。