Protecting coherence in Optimal Control Theory State dependent constraint approach
2024年6月大学英语六级考试真题和答案(第1套)
2024年6月大学英语六级考试真题和答案（第1套）Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay that begins with the sentence “There is a growing awareness of the importance of digital literacy and skills in today’s world.” You can make comments, cite examples or use your personal experiences to develop your essay. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. You should copy the sentence given in quotes at the beginning of your essay.Part Ⅱ Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.1. A) Reply to the man’s last proposal within a short time.B) Sign the agreement if one small change is made to it.C) Make a sponsorship deal for her client at the meeting.D) Give the man some good news regarding the contract.2. A) They are becoming impatient.B) They are afraid time is running out.C) They are used to making alterations.D) They are concerned about the details.3. A) To prevent geographical discrimination.B) To tap the food and beverage market.C) To avoid any conflict of interest.D) To reduce unfair competition.4. A) It is a potential market for food and beverage.B) It is very attractive for real estate developers.C) It is a negligible market for his company.D) It is very different from other markets.Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.5. A) They are thrilled by a rare astronomic phenomenon.B) They are celebrating a big event on mountain tops.C) They are enthusiastic about big science-related stories.D) They are joined by astronomers all across North America.6. A) It will be the most formidable of its kind in over a century.B) It will come closest to Earth in more than one hundred years.C) It will eclipse many other such events in human history.D) It will be seen most clearly from Denver’s mountain tops.7. A) A blur.B) Stars.C) The edge of our galaxy.D) An ordinary flying object.8. A) Use professional equipment.B) Climb to the nearby heights.C) Fix their eyes due north.D) Make use of phone apps.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear two passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A)，B)，C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have just heard.9. A) Whether consumers should be warned against ultra-processed foods.B) Whether there is sufficient scientific consensus on dietary guidelines.C) Whether guidelines can form the basis for nutrition advice to consumers.D) Whether food scientists will agree on the concept of ultra-processed foods.10. A) By the labor cost for the final products.B) By the degree of industrial processing.C) By the extent of chemical alteration.D) By the convention of classification.11. A) Increased consumers’ expenses.B) Greater risk of chronic diseases.C) People’s misunderstanding of nutrition.D) Children’s dislike for unprocessed foods.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.12. A) They begin to think of the benefits of constraints.B) They try to seek solutions from creative people.C) They try hard to maximize their mental energy.D) They begin to see the world in a different way.13. A) It is characteristic of all creative people.B) It is essential to pushing society forward.C) It is a creative person’s response to limitation.D) It is an impetus to socio-economic development.14. A) Scarcity or abundance of resources has little impact on people’s creativity.B) Innovative people are not constrained in connecting unrelated concepts.C) People have no incentive to use available resources in new ways.D) Creative people tend to consume more available resources.15. A) It is key to a company’s survival.B) It shapes and focuses problems.C) It is essential to meeting challenges.D) It thrives best when constrained.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear three recordings of lectures or talks followed by three or four questions. The recordings will be played only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard.16. A) Because they are learned.B) Because they come naturally.C) Because they have to be properly personalized.D) Because there can be more effective strategies.17. A) The extent of difference and of similarity between the two sides.B) The knowledge of the specific expectation the other side holds.C) The importance of one’s goals and of the relationship.D) The approaches one adopts to conflict management.18. A) The fox.B) The owl.C) The shark.D) The turtle.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the recording you have just heard.19. A) Help save species from extinction and boost human health.B) Understand how plants and animals perished over the past.C) Help gather information publicly available to researchers.D) Find out the cause of extinction of Britain’s 66,000 species.20. A) It was once dominated by dinosaurs.B) It has entered the sixth mass extinction.C) Its prospects depend on future human behaviour.D) Its climate change is aggravated by humans.21. A) It dwarfs all other efforts to conserve, protect and restorebiodiversity on earth.B) It is costly to get started and requires the joint efforts of thousands of scientists.C) It can help to bring back the large numbers of plants and animals that have gone extinct.D) It is the most exciting, most relevant, most timely and most internationally inspirational.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.22. A) Cultural identity.B) Social evolution.C) The Copernican revolution.D) Human individuality.23. A) It is a delusion to be disposed of.B) It is prevalent even among academics.C) It is a myth spread by John Donne’s poem.D) It is rooted in the mindset of the 17th century.24. A) He believes in Copernican philosophical doctrines about the universe.B) He has gained ample scientific evidence at the University of Reading.C) He has found that our inner self and material self are interconnected.D) He contends most of our body cells can only live a few days or weeks.25. A) By coming to see how disruptive such problems have got to be.B) By realising that we all can do our own bit in such endeavours.C) By becoming aware that we are part of a bigger world.D) By making joint efforts resolutely and persistently.Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.It’s quite remarkable how different genres of music can spark unique feelings, emotions, and memories. Studies have shown that music can reduce stress and anxiety before surgeries and we are all attracted toward our own unique life soundtrack.If you’re looking to____26____stress, you might want to give classical music a try.The sounds of classical music produce a calming effectletting____27____pleasure-inducing dopamine (多巴胺) in the brain thathelps control attention, learning and emotional responses.It can also turn down the body’s stress response, resulting in an overall happier mood. It turns out a pleasant mood can lead to____28____in a person’s thinking.Although there are many great____29____of classical music like Bach, Beethoven and Handel, none of these artists’ music seems to have the same health effects as Mozart’s does. According to researchers, listening to Mozart can increase brain wave activity and improve____30____function. Another study found that the distinctive features of Mozart’s music trigger parts of the brain that are responsible for high-level mental functions. Even maternity____31____use Mozart to help newborn babies adapt to life outside of the mother’s belly.It has been found that listening to classical music____32____reduces a person’s blood pressure. Researchers believe that the calming sounds of classical music may help your heart____33____from stress. Classical music can also be a great tool to help people who have trouble sleeping. One study found that students who had trouble sleeping slept better while they were listening to classical music.Whether classical music is something that you listen to on a regular basis or not, it wouldn’t____34____to take time out of your day to listen to music that you find____35____. You will be surprised at how good it makes you feel and the potentially positive change in your health.A) alleviateB) clarityC) cognitiveD) composersE) hurtF) inhibitingG) interrogationH) intrinsicallyI) looseJ) majesticK) mandatoryL) recoverM) significantlyN) soothingO) wardsSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the correspondingletter on Answer Sheet 2.The Curious Case of the Tree That Owns ItselfA) In the city of Athens, Georgia, there exists a rather curious local landmark—a large white oak that is almost universally stated to own itself. Because of this, it is considered one of the most famous trees in the world. So how did this tree come to own itself and the land around it?B) Sometime in the 19th century a Georgian called Colonel William Jackson reportedly took a liking to the said tree and endeavored to protect it from any danger. As to why he loved it so, the earliest documented account of this story is an anonymously written front page article in the Athens Weekly Banner published on August 12, 1890. It states, “Col. Jackson had watched the tree grow from his childhood, and grew to love it almost as he would a human. Its luxuriant leaves and sturdy limbs had often protected him from the heavy rains,and out of its highest branches he had many a time gotten the eggs of the feathered singers.He watched its growth, and when reaching a ripe old age he saw the tree standing in its magnificent proportions, he was pained to think that after his death it would fall into the hands of those who might destroy it.”C) Towards this end, Jackson transferred by means of a deed ownership of the tree and a little land around it to the tree itself. The deed read, “W. H. Jackson for and in consideration of the great affection which he bears the said tree, and his great desire to see it protected has conveyed unto the said oak tree entire possession of itself and of all land within eight feet of it on all sides.”D) In time, the tree came to be something of a tourist attraction, known as The Tree That Owns Itself. However, in the early 20th century, the tree started showing signs of its slow death,with little that could be done about it. Father time comes for us all eventually, even our often long lived, tall and leafy fellow custodians (看管者) of Earth. Finally, on October 9,1942, the over 30 meter tall and 200-400 year old tree fell, rumor has it, as a result of a severe windstorm and/or via having previously died and its roots rotted.E) About four years later, members of the Junior Ladies Garden Club (who’d tended to the tree before its unfortunate death) tracked down a small tree grown from a nut taken from the original tree. And so it was that on October 9, 1946, under the direction of Professor Roy Bowden of the College of Agriculture at the University of Georgia, this little tree was transplanted to the location of its ancestor. A couple of months later, an official ceremony was held featuring none other than the Mayor of Athens, Robert L McWhorter, to commemorate the occasion.F) This new tree became known as The Son of the Tree That Owns Itself and it was assumed that, as the original tree’s heir, it naturally inherited the land it stood on. Of course, there are many dozens of othertrees known to exist descending from the original, as people taking a nut from it to grow elsewhere was a certainty. Thatsaid, to date, none of the original tree’s other children have petitioned the courts for their share of the land, so it seems all good. In any event, The Son of the Tree That Owns Itself still stands today, though often referred to simply as The Tree That Owns Itself.G) This all brings us around to whether Jackson ever actually gave legal ownership of the tree to itself in the first place and whether such a deed is legally binding.H) Well, to begin with, it turns out Jackson only spent about three years of his life in Athens,starting at the age of 43 from 1829 to 1832, sort of dismissing the idea that he loved the tree from spending time under it as a child and watching it grow, and then worrying about what would happen to it after he died. Further, an extensive search of land ownership records in Athens does not seem to indicate Jackson ever owned the land the tree sits on.I) He did live on a lot of land directly next to it for those three years, but whether he owned that land or not isn’t clear. Whatever the case, in 1832 a four acre parcel, which included the land the tree was on and the neighboring land Jackson lived on, among others, was sold to University professor Malthus A Ward. In the transaction, Ward was required to pay Jackson a sum of $1,200 (about $31,000 today), either for the property itself or simply in compensation for improvements Jackson had made on the lot. In the end, whether he ever owned the neighboring lot or was simply allowed to use it while he allegedly worked at the University, he definitely never owned the lot the tree grew on, which is the most important bit for the topic at hand.J) After Professor Ward purchased the land, Jackson and his family purchased a 655 acre parcel a few miles away and moved there. Ten years later, in 1844, Jackson seemed to have come into financial difficulties and had his little plantation seized by the Clarke County Sheriff’s office and auctioned off to settle the mortgage. Thus, had he owned some land in Athens itself, including the land the tree sat on, presumably he would have sold it to raise funds or otherwise had it taken as well.K) And whatever the case there, Jackson would have known property taxes needed to be paid on the deeded land for the tree to be truly secure in its future. Yet no account or record indicates any trust or the like was set up to facilitate this.L) On top of all this, there is no hard evidence such a deed ever existed, despite the fact that deed records in Athens go back many decades before Jackson’s death in 1876 and that it was supposed to have existed in 1890 in the archives according to the original anonymous news reporter who claims to have seen it.M) As you might imagine from all of this, few give credit to this sideof the story. So how did all of this come about then?N) It is speculated to have been invented by the imagination of the said anonymous author at the Athens Weekly Banner in the aforementioned 1890 front page article titled “Deeded to Itself”, which by the way contained several elements that are much more easily proved to be false. As to why the author would do this, it’s speculated perhaps it was a 19th century version of a click-bait thought exercise on whether it would be legal for someone to deed such a non-conscious living thing to itself or not.O) Whatever the case, the next known instance of the Tree That Owns Itself being mentioned wasn’t until 1901 in the Centennial Edition of that same paper, the Athens Weekly Banner. This featured another account very clearly just copying the original article published about a decade before, only slightly reworded. The next account was in 1906, again in the Athens Weekly Banner, again very clearly copying the original account, only slightly reworded, the 19th century equivalent of re-posts when the audience has forgotten about the original.36. Jackson was said to have transferred his ownership of the oak tree to itself in order to protect it from being destroyed.37. No proof has been found from an extensive search that Jackson had ever owned the land where the oak tree grew.38. When it was raining heavily, Jackson often took shelter under a big tree that is said to own itself.39. There is no evidence that Jackson had made arrangements to pay property taxes for the land on which the oak tree sat.40. Professor Ward paid Jackson over one thousand dollars when purchasinga piece of land from him.41. It is said the tree that owned itself fell in a heavy windstorm.42. The story of the oak tree is suspected to have been invented as a thought exercise.43. Jackson’s little plantation was auctioned off to settle his debt in the mid-19th century.44. An official ceremony was held to celebrate the transplanting of a small tree to where its ancestor had stood.45. The story of the Tree That Owns Itself appeared in the local paper several times, with slight alterations in wording.Section CDirections:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.It is irrefutable that employees know the difference between right and wrong. So why don’t more employees intervene when they see someone exhibiting at-risk behavior in the workplace?There are a number of factors that influence whether people intervene. First, they need to be able to see a risky situation beginning to unfold. Second, the company’s culture needs to make them feel safe to speak up. And third, they need to have the communication skills to say something effectively.This is not strictly a workplace problem; it’s a growing problem off the job too. Every day people witness things on the street and choose to stand idly by. This is known as the bystander effect—the more people who witness an event, the less likely anyone in that group is to help the victim. The psychology behind this is called diffusion of responsibility. Basically, the larger the crowd, the more people assume that someone else will take care of it—meaning no one effectively intervenes or acts in a moment of need.This crowd mentality is strong enough for people to evade their known responsibilities. But it’s not only frontline workers who don’t make safety interventions in the workplace. There are also instances where supervisors do not intervene either.When a group of employees sees unsafe behavior not being addressed at a leadership level it creates the precedent that this is how these situations should be addressed, thus defining the safety culture for everyone.Despite the fact that workers are encouraged to intervene when they observe unsafe operations, this happens less than half of the time. Fear is the ultimate factor in not intervening. There is a fear of penalty, a fear that they’ll have to do more work if they intervene. Unsuccessful attempts in the past are another strong contributing factor to why people don’t intervene—they tend to prefer to defer that action to someone else for all future situations.On many worksites, competent workers must be appointed. Part of their job is to intervene when workers perform a task without the proper equipment or if the conditions are unsafe. Competent workers are also required to stop work from continuing when there’s a danger.Supervisors also play a critical role. Even if a competent person isn’t required, supervisors need a broad set of skills to not only identify and alleviate workplace hazards but also build a safety climate within their team that supports intervening and open communication among them.Beyond competent workers and supervisors, it’s important to educate everyone within the organization that they are obliged to intervene ifthey witness a possible unsafe act, whether you’re a designated competent person, a supervisor or a frontline worker.46. What is one of the factors contributing to failure of intervention in face of risky behavior in the workplace?A) Slack supervision style.B) Unfavorable workplace culture.C) Unforeseeable risk.D) Blocked communication.47. What does the author mean by “diffusion of responsibility” (Line 4, Para. 3)?A) The more people are around, the more they need to worry about their personal safety.B) The more people who witness an event, the less likely anyone will venture to participate.C) The more people idling around on the street, the more likely they need taking care of.D) The more people are around, the less chance someone will step forward to intervene.48. What happens when unsafe behavior at the workplace is not addressed by the leaders?A) No one will intervene when they see similar behaviors.B) Everyone will see it as the easiest way to deal with crisis.C) Workers have to take extra caution executing their duties.D) Workers are left to take care of the emergency themselves.49. What is the ultimate reason workers won’t act when they see unsafe operations?A) Preference of deferring the action to others.B) Anticipation of leadership intervention.C) Fear of being isolated by coworkers.D) Fear of having to do more work.50. What is critical to ensuring workplace safety?A) Workers be trained to operate their equipment properly.B) Workers exhibiting at-risk behavior be strictly disciplined.C) Supervisors create a safety environment for timely intervention.D) Supervisors conduct effective communication with frontline workers.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.The term “environmentalist” can mean different things. It used to refer to people trying to protect wildlife and natural ecosystems. In the 21st century, the term has evolved to capture the need to combat human-made climate change.The distinction between these two strands of environmentalism is thecause of a split within the scientific community about nuclear energy.On one side are purists who believe nuclear power isn’t worth the risk and the exclusive solution to the climate crisis is renewable energy. The opposing side agrees that renewables are crucial, but says society needs an amount of power available to meet consumers’ basic demands when the sun isn’t shining and the wind isn’t blowing. Nuclear energy, being far cleaner than oil, gas and coal, is a natural option, especially where hydroelectric capacity is limited.Leon Clarke, who helped author reports for the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, isn’t an uncritical supporter of nuclear energy, but says it’s a valuable option to have if we’re serious about reaching carbon neutrality.“Core to all of this is the degree to which you think we can actually meet climate goals with 100% renewables,” he said. “If you don’t believe we can do it, and you care about the climate, you are forced to think about something like nuclear.”The achievability of universal 100% renewability is similarly contentious. Cities such as Burlington, Vermont, have been “100% renewable” for years. But these cities often have small populations, occasionally still rely on fossil fuel energy and have significant renewable resources at their immediate disposal. Meanwhile, countries that manage to run off renewables typically do so thanks to extraordinary hydroelectric capabilities.Germany stands as the best case study for a large, industrialized country pushing into green energy. Chancellor Angela Merkel in 2011 announced Energiewende, an energy transition that would phase out nuclear and coal while phasing in renewables. Wind and solar power generation has increased over 400% since 2010, and renewables provided 46% of the country’s electricity in 2019.But progress has halted in recent years. The instability of renewables doesn’t just mean energy is often not produced at night, but also that solar and wind can overwhelm the grid during the day, forcing utilities to pay customers to use their electricity. Lagging grid infrastructure struggles to transport this overabundance of green energy from Germany’s north to its industrial south, meaning many factories still run on coal and gas. The political limit has also been reached in some places, with citizens meeting the construction of new wind turbines with loud protests.The result is that Germany’s greenhouse gas emissions have fallen by around 11.5% since 2010—slower than the EU average of 13.5%.51. What accounts for the divide within the scientific community about nuclear energy?A) Attention to combating human-made climate change.B) Emphasis on protecting wildlife and natural ecosystems.C) Evolution of the term ‘green energy’ over the last century.D) Adherence to different interpretations of environmentalism.52. What is the solution to energy shortage proposed by purists’opponents?A) Relying on renewables firmly and exclusively.B) Using fossil fuel and green energy alternately.C) Opting for nuclear energy when necessary.D) Limiting people’s non-basic consumption.53. What point does the author want to make with cities like Burlington as an example?A) It is controversial whether the goal of the whole world’s exclusive dependence on renewables is attainable.B) It is contentious whether cities with large populations have renewable resources at their immediate disposal.C) It is arguable whether cities that manage to run off renewables have sustainable hydroelectric capabilities.D) It is debatable whether traditional fossil fuel energy can be done away with entirely throughout the world.54. What do we learn about Germany regarding renewable energy?A) It has increased its wind and solar power generation four times over the last two decades.B) It represents a good example of a major industrialized country promoting green energy.C) It relies on renewable energy to generate more than half of its electricity.D) It has succeeded in reaching the goal of energy transition set by Merkel.55. What may be one of the reasons for Germany’s progress having halted in recent years?A) Its grid infrastructure’s capacity has fallen behind its development of green energy.B) Its overabundance of green energy has forced power plants to suspend operation during daytime.C) Its industrial south is used to running factories on conventional energy supplies.D) Its renewable energy supplies are unstable both at night and during the day.Part IV Translation (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.中国的传统婚礼习俗历史悠久，从周朝开始就逐渐形成了一套完整的婚礼仪式，有些一直沿用至今。
沃森和克里克发表的文章的翻译
核酸的分子结构——脱氧核糖核酸的结构我们希望证明脱氧核糖核酸盐（DNA）的结构，这种结构具有相当的生物感兴趣的新的特点。
Plauling和Corey已经提出了一种核酸结构。
他们非常友好的在其出版之前将手稿提供给我们。
他们的模型包括三个缠绕的链，与附近的糖磷酸骨架和外面的碱基。
我们认为，这种结构不理想，原因有二(1)我们相信，该材料赋予的透视图是盐，。
没有酸性氢原子，目前还不清楚是什么力量将持有的结构在一起，尤其是会互相排斥。
(2)有些距离显得有些过于小。
另三链结构也已由弗雷泽提出（在印刷中）。
在他的模型磷酸盐是在外面和内部的基础上通过氢键连接在一起。
这种结构的描述是相当不明确的，基于这个原因，我们不会对此发表评论。
我们希望提出根本不同的结构的脱氧核苷酸盐，这种结构有双螺旋且每个圈都有相同的轴线（看图）。
我们已经做出一般的化学假设，即核苷酸之间通过3'到5'磷酸二酯键连接到β- d-脱氧核糖核酸残基上。
这两条链都是右手螺旋。
但是由于这两个沿链相反的方向运行，这两条链是非常相似的。
每个链松耦合类似于Furberg的1号模型，这就是，碱基位于双螺旋的内部而磷酸盐位于外部。
糖及附近的原子结构接近Furberg 的标准配置，糖是大致垂直于与之接触的碱基。
在Z方向每一个链每隔3.4A就有一个碱基。
我们假设在同一链中相邻的核苷酸夹角为36 °，所以每条链的结构每十个核苷酸即每34A就重复一次。
一个磷原子到纵轴的间距为10A，由于磷在外面的，阳离子容易接触到他们。
其结构是一个开放的，它的水分含量是相当高的，在较低的水含量，我们希望碱基能够倾斜，这样的结构可能变得更加紧凑。
该结构新颖特点是这两条链的嘌呤和嘧啶碱基连接在一起的方式。
碱基的平面垂直于纵轴。
碱基配对，一条链的碱基和另一条链的碱基以氢键连接，因此两个碱基能够完全一致吻合，为了氢键的生成一对碱基中必须是一个是嘌呤另一个是嘧啶，碱基是如下生成的：嘌呤的1位置和嘧啶的1位置，嘌呤的6位置和嘧啶的6位置。
海獭对世界的影响英语作文
Sea otters, though small in stature, have a significant impact on the world in various ways. As keystone species, they play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of their ecosystems. Heres how these charming marine mammals influence the world around them:1. Ecosystem Engineers: Sea otters are known as ecosystem engineers due to their ability to shape their environment. By preying on sea urchins, they prevent these creatures from overgrazing kelp forests. Healthy kelp forests are vital as they provide habitat and food for numerous marine species, thus supporting biodiversity.2. Biodiversity Enhancement: By controlling the population of sea urchins, sea otters indirectly protect a variety of marine life that depends on kelp forests. This includes fish, invertebrates, and other organisms that call these underwater forests home.3. Carbon Sequestration: Kelp forests are efficient at capturing and storing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. By preserving these ecosystems, sea otters contribute to the mitigation of climate change through the process of carbon sequestration.4. Economic Impact: The presence of sea otters can have economic benefits for coastal communities. Healthy marine ecosystems support fisheries and tourism, both of which can be negatively impacted by the loss of kelp forests.5. Cultural Significance: Sea otters hold cultural importance for many indigenous communities. They are often featured in traditional stories, rituals, and crafts, contributing to the rich cultural heritage of these communities.6. Conservation Efforts: The protection of sea otters has led to increased awareness and conservation efforts for marine life in general. Their status as an endangered species has prompted research and protective measures that benefit the broader marine ecosystem.7. Educational Value: Sea otters are popular animals in educational settings. They serve as ambassadors for marine conservation, teaching people about the interconnectedness of ecosystems and the importance of protecting our oceans.8. Scientific Research: Studies on sea otters have contributed to our understanding of marine biology, predatorprey dynamics, and the effects of human activity on wildlife populations.In conclusion, sea otters are more than just adorable creatures they are vital contributors to the health and balance of marine ecosystems. Their presence or absence can havefarreaching effects on the biodiversity, climate, economy, and culture of our world. As stewards of the planet, it is our responsibility to protect and preserve these remarkable animals and their habitats.。
黑脸娃娃治疗原理及使用方法
1、油脂分泌过盛、易形成粉刺型皮肤；
2、毛孔粗大、有黑头型皮肤；
3、皮肤粗糙、松弛、满脸细纹、暗黄型皮肤；
4、有黄褐斑、咖啡斑、老年斑、黑痣、雀斑型皮肤；
5、痤疮以及痤疮疤痕型皮肤。
黑脸娃娃的相关问题解答
对于黑脸娃娃，有人做过就了解了效果，但多数人还有很多疑问，下面是常见问题的详细解答。
问：黑脸娃娃做一次就有效果吗?
答：黑脸娃娃除了柔肤镭射本身，更在套餐中整合了射频、医疗护肤等方法，一次治疗就有皮肤显著的变化，皮肤水嫩，白皙，细纹色斑毛孔都有明显改善。
问：黑脸娃娃痛不痛呢?
答：不痛的，个别的地方会有一点刺刺的感觉。每个人的皮肤敏感度不同，感觉也不太一样。
问：治疗过程是多长时间呢?需要几次治疗?
黑脸娃娃深层清洁：让你的皮肤“毛塞顿开”，使平日所擦的精华液保养品真正被吸收。
黑脸娃娃的作用
1、祛皱紧肤
黑脸娃娃治疗特别配置的超级纳米碳粉能深层渗透患者的皮肤，患者在经过激光作用后，可以多层次、立体式地激活皮下的胶原活性，并且促进皮下胶原纤维和弹性纤维重新排列，从而有效的祛除脸部的幼纹和表情纹，起到收紧提拉面部轮廓的作用。
2、美白靓肤
黑脸娃娃治疗仪拥有1064nm专利技术的300us脉宽1064nm激光，穿透能力更强，利用通过萘米炭粉爆破产生的热能和光能来祛除皮肤深层的黑色素、并且刺激小血管释放生长因子，这样可以有效的促使皮肤内的胶原蛋白再生，让肌肤变得白皙靓丽更有光泽。
3、抗衰嫩肤
黑脸娃娃美容治疗可以使真皮组织大量吸收1320nm波长的激光来刺激真皮层的纤维母细胞，在促进新胶原质的生长，重塑真皮组织的同时，还可以有效的治疗脸部痤疮和痤疮疤痕，并且可以有效的收细皮肤上粗大的毛孔，使肤质更加细腻光滑。
2011复原草抗旱机制9.2
LARGE-SCALE BIOLOGY ARTICLEA Sister Group Contrast Using Untargeted Global Metabolomic Analysis Delineates the BiochemicalRegulation Underlying Desiccation Tolerance inSporobolus stapfianus C W OAMelvin J.Oliver,a,1,2Lining Guo,b,1Danny C.Alexander,b John A.Ryals,b Bernard W.M.Wone,cand John C.Cushman da U.S.Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service,Plant Genetic Research Unit,University of Missouri,Columbia, Missouri65211b Metabolon Inc.,Durham,North Carolina27713c Department of Biological Sciences,University of Nevada,Reno,Nevada89557-0314d Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,University of Nevada,Reno,Nevada89557-0200Understanding how plants tolerate dehydration is a prerequisite for developing novel strategies for improving drought tolerance.The desiccation-tolerant(DT)Sporobolus stapfianus and the desiccation-sensitive(DS)Sporobolus pyramidalis formed a sister group contrast to reveal adaptive metabolic responses to dehydration using untargeted global metabolomic analysis.Young leaves from both grasses at full hydration or at60%relative water content(RWC)and from S.stapfianus at lower RWCs were analyzed using liquid and gas chromatography linked to mass spectrometry or tandem mass parison of the two species in the fully hydrated state revealed intrinsic differences between the two metabolomes. S.stapfianus had higher concentrations of osmolytes,lower concentrations of metabolites associated with energy metabolism,and higher concentrations of nitrogen metabolites,suggesting that it is primed metabolically for dehydration stress.Further reduction of the leaf RWC to60%instigated a metabolic shift in S.stapfianus toward the production of protective compounds,whereas S.pyramidalis responded differently.The metabolomes of S.stapfianus leaves below40% RWC were strongly directed toward antioxidant production,nitrogen remobilization,ammonia detoxification,and soluble sugar production.Collectively,the metabolic profiles obtained uncovered a cascade of biochemical regulation strategies critical to the survival of S.stapfianus under desiccation.INTRODUCTIONThe impact of drought on crop production is of continuous and growing concern as the world struggles to meet food production targets for an increasing global population.The predicted and emerging changes in global climate patterns generally forecast an increase in the number and severity of drought events that will negatively impact the production and stability of food supplies (Schmidhuber and Tubiello,2007).Drought usually implies a composite stress condition that includes soil water deficits, increased daytime temperatures,and reduced nutrient availabil-ity,but,occasionally,also increased salinity in the soil.However, the most important factor limiting growth and impairing plant productivity is the drop in water availability to the plant.For example,Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings exposed to mild water deficits cease shoot and root growth at water potentials of only 21and20.6megapascal(MPa),respectively,in controlled conditions(van der Weele et al.,2000).More severe water deficits that send leaf osmotic potentials to22.6860.46MPa result in a95%lethality rate for mature Arabidopsis plants (Columbia ecotype;Yang et al.2005).In general,most crop species are very sensitive to soil water potential and only rarely survive soil water deficits that drive leaf water potentials to24 MPa(Proctor and Pence,2002).Thus,Arabidopsis and other models are not appropriate for studies aimed at elucidating mechanisms of dehydration tolerance.Cellular responses to water deficits include growth inhibition, stomatal closure,limited transpiration,and reduced photosyn-thesis,and those responses that enhance cellular dehydration tolerance(Mullet and Whitsitt,1996).Understanding which re-sponses are critical and adaptive for maintaining plant growth and productivity is essential for developing strategies that1These authors contributed equally to this work.2Address correspondence to mel.oliver@.The author responsible for distribution of materials integral to thefindings presented in this article in accordance with the policy describedin the Instructions for Authors()is:Mel Oliver(mel.oliver@).C Somefigures in this article are displayed in color online but in blackand white in the print edition.W Online version contains Web-only data.OA Open Access articles can be viewed online without a subscription./cgi/doi/10.1105/tpc.110.082800The Plant Cell,Vol.23:1231–1248,April2011,ã2011American Society of Plant Biologistsimprove drought tolerance of all major crops.Work with the major archetypal species,both crop(e.g.,maize)and noncrop (e.g.,Arabidopsis),has established a wealth of information and a substantial catalog of cellular responses to water deficits.How-ever,most studies of water deficit responses in plants do not attempt to reach water potentials that would generate significant cellular dehydration,and many remain in the range where os-motic adjustment can prevent significant dehydration of the cellular environment.This is because most present-day angio-sperms cannot survive dehydration of their vegetative tissues to 20to30%of full turgor(RWC),which translates to between25 and210MPa(Proctor and Pence,2002).The lowest reported water potential reached for an angiosperm that is not DT is212.1 MPa for Larrea divaricata,a desert shrub(Cunningham and Burk, 1973).Despite the array of data characterizing water deficit responses that may relate to dehydration tolerance,there is still little understanding as to which responses,whether at the gene or cellular level,are actually adaptive in nature and truly critical for or central to tolerance(Bray,2002).Much of what we know of dehydration tolerance in vegetative tissues of plants comes from studies involving the so-called DT or resurrection plants that can tolerate water deficits so severe that the plants loose all available free water from their tissues. The increased interest in drought tolerance and the accelerating search for novel genetic components and strategies for improv-ing or maintaining crop production under soil water deficits has renewed interest in DT plants(Moore et al.,2009;Oliver et al., 2010).Several species have been studied in depth with a view toward understanding the genes that control the underlying mechanisms and processes involved in desiccation tolerance. These include a bryophyte Tortula ruralis;the clubmosses Se-laginella lepidophylla and Selaginella tamariscina;the dicots Craterostigma plantagineum,Craterostigma wilmsii,Boea hy-grometrica,and Myrothamnusflabellifolia;and the monocots Xerophyta viscosa,Xerophyta humalis,and S.stapfianus(re-viewed in Ingram and Bartels,1996;Alpert and Oliver,2002; Moore et al.,2009;Cushman and Oliver,2010;Oliver et al., 2010).Many studies using resurrection species are now focusing on gene discovery,large-scale transcriptome profiling of dehy-dration responses(Rodriguez et al.,2010),signaling pathways, and functional roles of individual genes in the desiccation re-sponse(reviewed in Cushman and Oliver,2010;Oliver et al., 2010).Proteomic-level investigations have also been under-taken,and novel insights into the dehydration response of several DT species have enriched our understanding of the cellular protection mechanisms that underpin desiccation toler-ance(Alamillo and Bartels,2001;Georgieva et al.,2009;re-viewed in Cushman and Oliver,2010).Perhaps some of the more revealing insights come from small-scale but in-depth analyses of metabolic processes that emerge or respond during the systemic loss of water from resurrection plants(reviewed in Cushman and Oliver,2010).Soluble sugars accumulate,and associated enzyme activities increase,in all DT tissues studied to date,sometimes in combination with oligo-saccharides(Vertucci and Farrant,1995;Whittaker et al.,2001; Phillips et al.,2002;Illing et al.,2005;Farrant,2007;Peters et al., 2007;Iturriaga et al.,2009).The disaccharide Suc is the most common soluble sugar associated with desiccation tolerance in resurrection plants and accumulates during drying(Smirnoff, 1992;Ghasempour et al.,1998).Amino acids such as Arg and Asn,perhaps derived from the breakdown of damaged proteins, accumulate in large amounts during the later stages of dehydra-tion in some resurrection species,as observed in S.stapfianus (Whittaker et al.,2007),and may,in addition to their roles as osmolytes,provide nitrogen and carbon for the return of growth and metabolism upon rehydration(Martinelli et al.,2007a).In addition to metabolites associated with cellular protection, other metabolites are thought to play important roles in protect-ing cellular constituents from reactive oxygen species(ROS)that build up during dehydration and in the desiccated state,partic-ularly under high light conditions.Anthocyanins,which may act as photoprotectants by masking photosynthetic pigments and by quenching free radicals,typically increase during dehydra-tion in resurrection angiosperms(Sherwin and Farrant,1998; Hoekstra et al.,2001).Antioxidants and their attending enzymes also appear central to the desiccation response in DT plants and tissues(Sherwin and Farrant,1998;Illing et al.,2005;Kranner and Birtic,2005;Berjak,2006;Farrant,2007).For example, ascorbate-glutathione cycle metabolites are often elevated during drying to combat ROS activity in resurrection plants (Navari-Izzo et al.,1997;Jiang et al.,2007).In fact,the length of time a resurrection plant can survive the dried state has been correlated to the level of antioxidants in its tissue(Kranner et al., 2002).Lastly,polyphenol oxidase,which catalyzes the oxidation of mono-and o-diphenols to o-diquinones,showed increased protein abundance and enzyme activity in the dehydrating leaves of several resurrection species(Jiang et al.,2007;Veljovic-Jovanovic et al.,2008).Polyphenols are powerful detoxifiers of toxic ROS and may function as antioxidants during thefirst few hours of rehydration(Veljovic-Jovanovic et al.,2008).Although we begin to grasp how resurrection plants respond to desicca-tion or rehydration,without a relevant comparison between the responses of sensitive and tolerant tissues,any insight into the adaptive processes remains simply speculative.Martinelli et al. (2007a)compared the metabolic response of older DS leaves of S.stapfianus to that of younger DT leaves.Although there are significant and seemingly important differences in the desicca-tion response of these two leaf types,it remains unclear whether they result only from a change in leaf maturity or if they do indeed relate to a loss in DT.What might cause more mature leaves (cellular or otherwise)to lose their desiccation tolerance remains unknown.Another metabolic comparison performed by Farrant et al.(2009)in the fern Mohria caffrorum,which is DT during the dry season and DS during the wet season,led to clear differ-ences between the DT and DS fronds in terms of response to dehydration,but was limited to only a few metabolites.In this study,we have taken advantage of a natural experiment, comparing the metabolomic responses of closely related spe-cies(sister group contrast)that differ in their sensitivity or tolerance to desiccation.We compared the metabolome of young leaves from the DT grass S.stapfianus with that of young leaves from the DS species S.pyramidalis.By contrasting two closely related species that differ primarily in their abilities to tolerate dehydration of their vegetative tissues,we hope to better infer not only which processes or components relate directly to desiccation tolerance in these angiosperms,but also the1232The Plant Cellmetabolic mechanisms by which desiccation tolerance is ac-quired.We compared167metabolites in S.stapfianus and S. pyramidalis at full hydration and at various RWC levels during dehydration,and,in the case of S.stapfianus,all the way to the desiccated state.The data demonstrate that S.stapfianus is metabolically primed for a desiccation event and responds quickly as water is lost from the plant.In contrast,S.pyramidalis fails to respond in a measurable way to dehydration to60%RWC and is metabolically focused on energy metabolism,presumably for growth.The data also point to the strong involvement of the glutathione biosynthesis pathway,other antioxidant processes, and sugars in the desiccation tolerance phenotype of S.stapfia-nus.A novel plant compound also appears to be associated with the response of S.stapfianus to desiccation:ophthalmate,which is also linked to the glutathione biosynthesis pathway.These findings not only enable us to better understand how plants withstand desiccation of their vegetative tissues,but also to make inferences as to the processes and genetic components of adaptive value to the evolution of this important plant phenotype. RESULTSPhenotypic Responses to DehydrationThe two species exhibited similar drying curves(Figure1a),but S.stapfianus displayed an initially lower absolute water content and throughout the drying process(Figure1b).Both species initially lose water at a rate that is consistent withfield observa-tions for S.stapfianus(Gaff et al.,2009).S.pyramidalis loses water faster once the overall water contents decline around d16 or17.The leaves of S.stapfianus curl as dehydration progresses after the cessation of irrigation,and,under our conditions, appear to curl to particular degrees at specific RWCs;leaves are halfway curled at68%RWC and fully curled(leaf margins touching)at44%RWC,as described previously(Gaff et al., 2009).Leaves of S.pyramidalis also begin to curl,but only when RWCs are between80and60%.At60%RWC,the leaves of S. pyramidalis are fully wilted and curled,but have not yet begun to visibly lose chlorophyll.At RWCs below60%,the leaves of S. pyramidalis start to yellow,and between40and30%RWC,they start to senesce and turn brown.Under our drying regimen,if the plants are allowed to dry beyond40%,all of the extant leaves loose viability.Based on this phenological data,we chose60% as our dehydration level for comparisons between the two species—a level at which S.pyramidalis is severely stressed (beyond the wilting point,but not to the point where chlorophyll islost or senescence is initiated).A RWC of60%for S.pyramidalis is the equivalent to a leaf water potential of23to23.5MPa,a water potential that results in leaf senescence in maize(Boyer, 1976).Metabolomic Profiles and Statistical AnalysisThe metabolomic profiling approach used in this study was a nonbiased,global analysis technology based on ultrahigh-per-formance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UHLC/MS/MS2)and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS).In short,the leaf samples were extracted,analyzed on the three MS platforms,ion peaks were matched to standards in a reference library,and their relative levels were quantified.A total of167metabolites that matched biochemicals with known structures was detected in the samples(see Supplemental Data Set1online).The metabolites were mapped onto general bio-chemical pathways,as illustrated in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(http://www.genome.jp/kegg/)and the Plant Metabolic Network(/).As illus-trated in Figure2,interspecies comparisons were performed at each dehydration level,where possible.Within each species,the Figure1.Drying Curve and the Relationship of RWC to Water Content on a Gram Dry Weight Basis for Both S.stapfianus(s)and S.pyramidalis (d).Each point in the drying curve(A)is an average of a minimum of four samples from individual plants;the vertical lines through each point represents the standard deviation from the mean.Each point in the RWC to water content plot(B)is an individual sample taken from individual plants from multiple drying experiments(solid line,S.pyramidalis;dashed line,S.stapfianus).Metabolic Responses to Desiccation1233metabolomic data for each dehydration level were compared with its fully hydrated control.The full statistical table generated from this analysis is presented in Supplemental Data Set 2online.Metabolomic Differences between S.stapfianus and S.pyramidalis under Fully Hydrated ConditionsFrom 167metabolites detected,a number of them had missing values (not detected)in certain experimental samples.This was likely due to biological variations.To build a robust model using partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA),we ex-cluded metabolites with missing values in either species and metabolites lacking more than 66%of sample replicates (four or more of six replicates missing),resulting in n =105for the hydration state comparisons within S .stapfianus ,and for the comparisons between S .stapfianus and S.pyramidalis at 100and 60%RWC.PLS-DA with three components produced discrete clustering of 100and 60%RWC treatments for both species (Figure 3;R 2=0.65,Q 2=0.61).Different metabolites are clearly responsible for the differences observed in the model,suggesting an obvious metabolic predisposition to water deficit stress at 100%RWC that also persists at 60%RWC.PLS-DA was also performed on S.stapfianus at all hydration states tested,and also revealed clear differentiation among the treat-ments (see Supplemental Figure 1online).The supervised clas-sification method produced a slightly less robust model,with three components separating the treatments (R 2=0.68,Q 2=0.31).In the comparison of the metabolomic profiles for fully hy-drated S.stapfianus and S.pyramidalis ,a total of 70metabolites with significantly altered concentrations (P <0.05)was identified;36had higher concentrations in S.stapfianus and 34had higher concentrations in S.pyramidalis .From these significant differ-ences,two clear clusters of metabolism emerged that involve 34of the 70metabolites:amino acid biosynthesis and energy production (Figure 4).Amino acid biosynthesis in the hydrated state is remarkably different between the two species (Figure 4;see Supplemental Data Set 2online).To some degree,with the exception of Trp,all amino acids had accumulated to higher concentrations in S.stapfianus .Among the 18amino acids detected,nine (Ala,Arg,Asn,Asp,Glu,Gln,Ser,Thr,and Val)exhibited significantly higher concentrations (from three-to 451-fold increase)in S.stapfianus than in S.pyramidalis .In fully hydrated plants,Asn exhibited the largest difference in concentration between the two species,a 451-fold higher level in S.stapfianus than in S.pyramidalis (Figure 4).In many plants,Asn is the major metabolite for nitrogen storage and transportation,along with allantoin and Gln (Schubert,1986),which are also in greater abundance,eight-and sixfold,respectively,in S.stap-fianus than in S.pyramidalis (Figure 5;see Supplemental Data Set 2).Amino acids are often associated with osmoregulation (Morgan,1984),and in concordance with this possible role,other osmolytic metabolites also exhibit relatively higher con-centrations in S.stapfianus than S.pyramidalis ,including a threefold difference in arabitol,erythritol,and mannitol concen-trations,although the concentration of galactinol was much lower in S.stapfianus (Figure 6;see Supplemental Data Set 2online).The concentration of glycerophosphorylcholine,a well-recognized osmolyte in mammalian cells (Neuhofer and Beck,2005)only sparsely described in plants,also markedly differed between the two species,with an 11-fold greater accumulation in S.stapfianus than in S.pyramidalis (Figure 6).In energy metabolism,differences in the glycolytic pathway between the two species were observed.Both fructose-6-P and glucose-6-P levels were significantly lower in S.stapfianus ,as were the concentrations of Suc,maltotetraose,and malto-pentaose,which are key metabolites in starch synthesis.ByFigure 2.Statistical Comparison Design.Statistical comparisons of samples from each species,indicated by arrows,were conducted between hydrated (Hyd),60,50,40,20,and ;5%RWC (Dry)within S.stapfianus ,Hyd and 60%RWC within S.pyramidalis ,and Hyd and 60%RWC between species.[See online article for color version of thisfigure.]Figure 3.Global Metabolite Comparison at 100%Hydrated and at 60%RWC between S.stapfianus and S.pyramidalis .PLS-DA model is constructed from 105variables (i.e.,metabolites)generating a three-PLS-DA component model with R2=65.2,and Q2=61.0.S.pyramidalis :squares,100%hydrated;crosses,60%RWC.S.stapfianus :asterisks,100%hydrated;upside down triangles,60%RWC.[See online article for color version of this figure.]1234The Plant Cellcontrast,the concentrations of Glc,the primary substrate for glycolysis and starch biosynthesis,and kestose,another storage carbohydrate,were higher in S.stapfianus.Downstream of glycolysis,the difference between the two species in energy metabolism is clear.Levels of lactate and citramalate,both derived from pyruvate,were lower in S.stapfianus than in S.pyramidali s.In addition,concentrations of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA)cycle metabolites citrate,malate,and oxaloacetate were significantly lower in S.stapfianus .In summary,the metabo-lomes of S.stapfianus and S.pyramidalis under fully hydrated conditions were significantly different.S.stapfianus had higherconcentrations of osmolytes,lower concentrations of com-pounds that would indicate a lower apparent rate of energy metabolism,and higher concentrations of nitrogen storage compounds.Metabolic Regulation during Early Stages of Dehydration In the initial phase of dehydration,both species were sampled at 60%RWC,a dehydration level that,while nonlethal to both species,did result in a visible dehydration phenotype:leaf-curling in S.stapfianus and wilting and leaf curl in S.pyramidalis.Figure 4.Differences of the Metabolites in Glycolysis/TCA Cycle and Amino Acids between S.stapfianus and S.pyramidalis .(A)Amino acid biosynthetic pathway and glycolysis/TCA cycle.The metabolites in red indicate higher levels in S.stapfianus .The metabolites in blue indicate lower levels in S.stapfianus .The metabolites in black indicate that there were no significant differences between S.stapfianus and S.pyramidalis .The metabolites in gray indicate that they are below detection level (not detected).(B)Heat map showing the ratio of the metabolite levels between S.stapfianus and S.pyramidalis and their statistical significance of the differences.Cells shaded with red indicate higher levels in S.stapfianus with P <0.05.Cells shaded with green indicate lower levels in S.stapfianus with P <0.05.Cells not shaded indicate that the difference between S.stapfianus and S.pyramidalis are not statistically significant (P >0.05).The number in each cell indicates the fold change between S.stapfianus and S.pyramidalis .Metabolic Responses to Desiccation 1235The leaf metabolism of each species responded differently to the imposition to this level of pared with its fully hydrated state,leaves of S.stapfianus displayed an increased abundance of many metabolites,chiefly,putative cellular osmo-lytes,including amino acids and antioxidants (Figure 7;see Supplemental Data Set 2online).The amino acids Gly,Ile,Leu,Pro,Trp,Tyr,and Val all increased between two-and fivefold.Sugars such as Fru,Gal,Glc,maltose,raffinose,sophorose,and Suc increased between 1.8-fold and more than 18-fold.The sugar alcohols arabitol and mannitol were elevated 2-and 1.6-fold,respectively,which had not been reported for S.stapfianus in previous studies (Gaff et al.,2009).In addition,b -tocopherol,a strong cellular antioxidant,increased more than threefold,also novel information for this species.By contrast,S.pyramidalis did not appear to respond to dehydration by instigating a significant metabolic shift toward the production of these potentially pro-tective antioxidants and osmolytes,of which there was no apparent statistically significant accumulation.Only the amounts of Pro,Glc,and Fru exhibited substantial elevations,but as none of these reached the threshold of significance set for the analysis,their response to dehydration in S.pyramidalis remains to be validated.The only significant changes in metabolites during the response of S.pyramidalis to dehydration were decreases in various metabolites,most likely due to the suppression of their biosynthesis by dehydration stress (Figure 7;see Supplemental Data Set 2online).Metabolic Regulation during the Late Stages of Dehydration toward DesiccationReduction of leaf RWC below 60%rapidly and severely damages S.pyramidalis leaves,resulting in leaf senescence.If leaves dehydrate to ;40%RWC,then extant leaves of S.pyramidalis do not survive desiccation.Therefore,only the DT S.stapfianus was employed to study the regulation of metabolism during stages of increasing dehydration leading to the fully desiccated state.Samples from S.stapfianus at four additional dehydration states were collected for analysis:50,40,and 20%RWC and dry (;5%).Compared with the fully hydrated control state,the totalnumber of metabolites with altered relative abundance increased gradually with decreasing RWC.At the dry stage,over one-half (89of 167metabolites)of the metabolome had changed signif-icantly (see Supplemental Data Set 2online)on a dry weight basis.Mapping the altered metabolites to their respective bio-chemical pathways clearly indicated that the major responses to severe dehydration were directed toward antioxidant produc-tion,continued amino acid production,and an accumulation of several carbohydrates.Further dehydration of S.stapfianus leaves beyond 60%RWC resulted in a significant increase in glutathione,predominantly in the oxidized form,primarily late in the drying regimen,to an ;100-fold greater amount in desiccated versus hydrated control tissue (Figure 8;see Supplemental Data Set 2online).Coincident with the increase in glutathione,its precursors Gly (to threefold)and Cys (to twofold)also accumulated as drying continued.The most dramatic increases associated with the glutathione pathway were observed for a number of g -glutamyl dipeptides that play a role in glutathione recycling via the g -glutamyl cycle (Grzam et al.,2007).These included,on a dry weight basis:g -glutamylphenylalanine (up to 1873-fold),g -glutamyltryptophan (up to 955-fold),and g -glutamylisoleucine (up to 21-fold).Addi-tional glutathione conjugates with increased relative abundance included g -glutamyl-Glu,Met,Ile,and Leu (Figure 8).The increase in g -glutamyl dipeptides during dehydration is a novel discovery and,given the magnitude of the response in S.stapfianus during dehydration,it appeared possible that this might be an important aspect of the mechanism of desiccation tolerance in this plant and perhaps for vegetative desiccation tolerance in general.To explore the latter possibility,we ex-tended the metabolite profile to investigate whether or not g -glutamyl dipeptides accumulated in response todehydrationFigure 5.The Relative Amounts of Asn,Gln,and Allantoin between S.pyramidalis and S.stapfianus under Fully Hydrated Condition by Box Plots.The box represents the middle 50%of the distribution and upper and lower whiskers represent the entire spread of the data.The hyphen refers to the median.The outlier determined by the statistical program R,if any,is represented by a circle.The y axis is the median scaled value (relative level).The P values for all comparisons are referenced in the Supple-mental Data online.P,S.pyramidalis ;S,S.stapfianus.Figure 6.The Relative Amounts of Several Osmolytes between S.pyramidalis and S.stapfianus under Fully Hydrated Conditions by Box Plots.The P values for all comparisons are referenced in the Supplemental Data online.P,S.pyramidalis ;S,S.stapfianus .1236The Plant Cellin two other species that have long served as models for vege-tative desiccation tolerance:the bryophyte T.ruralis (moss)and the lycophyte (spike moss)S.lepidophylla .The results of this analysis are presented in Figure 9.In T.ruralis ,the four most dehydration responsive g -glutamyl dipeptides,as evidenced by a statistically significant increase in accumulation in the dried state,are g -glutamyl-isoleucine (26-fold),-leucine (19-fold),-va-line (20-fold),and -phenylalanine (22-fold).For S.lepidophylla ,the accumulation levels are less but still significant for g -glu-tamyl-isoleucine (twofold),-leucine (twofold),Met (twofold),and -Thr (1.6-fold).Along with the increased abundance of glutathione pathway metabolite,the concentrations of related compounds ophthal-mate and 2-aminobutyrate (Figure 8;see Supplemental Data Set 2online)also increased during dehydration.Ophthalmate (glu-2-aminobutyrate-gly)is an analog of glutathione that has not been previously reported in plants and has not been demonstrated to have antioxidant properties.Other antioxidants that accumu-lated in dehydrating S.stapfianus leaves included a -,b -,and d -tocopherols (2.8-,35-,and 89-fold,respectively;Figure 10),and the polyamine putrescine (up to twofold)and its precursor agmatine (up to 4.7-fold),which are known to have antioxidant activities that prevent lipid peroxidation.Ascorbate does not appear to be an important antioxidant in S.stapfianus ,as its concentrations did not display significant alterations in response to dehydration stress.Lysolipids accumulated in the latter stages of dehydration when the RWC of leaves reaches 20%or lower (Figure 11;see Supplemental Data Set 2online).Of the seven lysolipids identified,1-palmitoylglycerophospocholine appeared to increase to the greatest degree,a 45-fold elevation,but several others increased between two-and 10-fold above control concentrations.The accumulation of these compounds might have significant ramifi-cations for membrane properties in desiccating tissues.A steady accumulation of many amino acids was observed during the progression of desiccation in S.stapfianus (Figure 12;see Supplemental Data Set 2online).These included the branched chain amino acids (Ile [up to 16-fold],Leu [up to 6.9-fold],and Val [up to 16.5-fold]),and the aromatic amino acids (Phe [up to 3.3-fold],Trp [up to 18-fold],and Tyr [up to eightfold]).The most prominent amino acid accumulations were for Pro (up to 34.5-fold)and His (up to 21-fold).The nitrogen storage and ammonia capture metabolites Asn (which was in greater abundance in S.stapfianus than in S.pyramidalis ),allantoin,and Gln also exhibited a positive response to dehydration (Figure 13).Changes in these metabolites were not readily identified by the statistical analysis,possibly ob-scured by the wide dynamic range of these metabolites in the fully hydrated group.Asn decreased rapidly during initial dehy-dration to 60%RWC.During later stages of dehydration,Asn accumulated dramatically,with allantoin and Gln exhibiting a similar pattern.Carbohydrates are another major class of metabolites that accumulate in leaf tissues in response to dehydration in all vegetative DT tracheophytes studied to date (Alpert and Oliver,2002).In S.stapfianus ,as reported earlier (Whittaker et al.,2004),Suc accumulated steadily during dehydration to a maximum elevation of 10.5-fold above control concentrations in the des-iccated state (Figure 14,see Supplemental Data Set 2online).Raffinose and stachyose also gradually increased over the course of dehydration,and reached 74-and 62-fold increases in concentration,respectively,above the hydrated control.Sig-nificant increases were also observed for maltotetraose (up to 46-fold)and myo-inositol (up to threefold),which are likely synthesized from glucose-6-phosphate,which might store phos-phate during the dehydrationprocess.Figure 7.Heat Map of Metabolic Responses of S.stapfianus and S.pyramidalis to the Dehydration Stress Reducing RWC from Fully Hy-drated to 60%.Cells shaded with red indicate higher levels in 60%RWC conditions with P <0.05.Cells shaded with green indicate lower levels in 60%RWC conditions with P <0.05.Cells not shaded indicate that the difference between 60%and fully hydrated are not statistically significant (P >0.05).The number in each cell indicates the fold change between 60%and fully hydrated.Metabolic Responses to Desiccation 1237。
环境工程翻译译文
可回收的胺化超交联聚合物有效去除焦化废水的有机物关键词：废水有机物生物处理焦化废水高分子吸附剂出水有机物分馏荧光光谱学摘要出水有机物（EFOM）是一种复杂的有机物质主要来自生物处理污水，被认为是约束进一步深度处理主要因素。
在这里，可回收的胺化的超高交联吸附树脂（nda-802）具有胺基官能团，比表面积大，和足够的合成微孔区有效去除焦化废水生化出水（btcw）有机物，影响了其去除特性。
发现疏水部分是EfOM的主要成分，而且还发现疏水性 - 中性级分具有最高的SUVA水平（7.06毫克每毫升）,这一点明显不同于国内废水. 柱吸附实验表明，对于EFOM nda-802来说它比其他聚合物吸附剂例如 d-301，XAD-4树脂，具有更高的吸附效率，而且效率可以按连续28批实验周期那样很稳定地持续下去。
此外，溶解有机物（DOM）分离和三维荧光光谱（EEM）的研究表明，nda-802表现出有吸引力的选择性吸附特性以及具有疏水性和芳香族化合物的去除效率高。
这可能归因于功能性胺基基团的存在，相对大的比表面积和独特的聚合物微孔的区域，nda-802对EFOM的去除具有效率高和可持续，并提供了一个潜在的替代的先进的处理方法。
1 概述随着城市化和工业化的进程，出水有机物（EFOM）从生物处理后的污水（BTSE）已经成为一个受纳水体有机污染物的主要来源。
EFOM在本质上是高度异质性（Quaranta等人。
，2012），天然有机物（NOM）主要是由来自地表水，可溶性微生物产物（SMP）的生物处理，有机化合物（SOC）的生产和使用有机化合物（Shon等人。
，2006b）。
一般来说,废水中COD大多数是由于EfOM,因此,有效去除EfOM成为主要的任务，但提高回收废水的质量或满足越来越严格的标准是有挑战性的任务。
大多数EfOM存在可溶性成分,而且以及构成了80%的COD （Shon等人。
，2006b），其有效去除仍然是一个具有挑战性的任务。
Tinogard TT TDS
Ciba Specialty ChemicalsHome & Personal Care Value beyond chemistryCiba ® TINOGARD ® TT AntioxidantIngredient Protection for Home and PersonalCarediscoloring stabilizer to prevent deterioration of ingredients sensitive to oxidation, such asperfumes, natural oils, fatty acids and the like. It protects rinse-off products as well as leaveon formulations efficiently against thermo-oxidative degradation (e.g. rancidification andcolor changes).CAS Number INCI Name Structure of ActiveMolecular weight:Ionic Character:Product Form:Shelf Life:6683-19-8Pentaerythrityl Tetra-di-t-butyl HydroxyhydrocinnamateTINOGARD TT:1178 g/mol Non-ionic White powder 60 months formulations. Because of its insolubility in water a sufficient amount of solubilizing compound is needed in aqueous formulations to avoid precipitation. The product can be used at maximum end-use concentration levels of 0.3% for leave-on and 0.5% for rinse-off applications. The product can be used in combination with other phenolic or non-phenolic antioxidants(e.g. tocopherols).In general its effectiveness is enhanced by using in combination with chelating agents (e.g.EDTA, NTA, citric acid, phosphoric acid, ascorbic acid, ascorbyl palmitate, lecithin).Moreover, product protection against photo-deterioration is enhanced by using antioxidantsin combination with UV-absorbers.Technical Data Sheet Ciba ® TINOGARD ® TT March 05 – Ciba® TINOGARD® TT - © Ciba Specialty Chemicals Page 2 of 2 personal care formulations. In bar soaps the concentration levels for TINOGARD TT generally range between 0.01% and 0.05%. Optimal incorporation levels depend on formulation, processing conditions and long-term stability requirements. Therefore, optimum levels have to be determined specifically for the envisaged applications. Homogeneous incorporation of TINOGARD TT is achieved by incorporation via the oil or perfume phase of the formulation. The product can be used at maximum end-use concentration levels of 0.3% for leave-on and 0.5% for rinse-off applications.Melting Range (°C) 110-125 Flashpoint (°C) 297 Specific Gravity (20°C) 1.15 g/cm 3 Solubility of active (20°C) g/100g solution Ethyl Acetate 47.0 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride 8.0 PEG-7 Glyceryl Cocoate 3.5 Isopropylmyristate 3.0 2-Propanol 2.5 Castor Oil 1.5the environment. Avoid dust formation and ignition sources. For more detailed informationplease refer to the material safety data sheet.Australia: AICSCanada: DSLChina: First ImportEurope: ELINCSJapan: MITIPhilippines: PICCSKorea: ECLUSA:TSCA All trademarks mentioned are either property of or licensed to Ciba Specialty Chemicals and registered in relevant countries.IMPORTANT: The following supersedes Buyer’s documents.SELLER MAKES NO REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. No statements herein are to be construed as inducements to infringe any relevant patent. Under no circumstances shall Seller be liable for incidental, consequential or indirect damages for alleged negligence, breach of warranty, strict liability, tort or contract arising in connection with the product(s). Buyer’s sole remedy and Seller’s sole liability for any claims shall be Buyer’s purchase price. Data and results are based on controlled or lab work and must be confirmed by Buyer by testing for its i n tended conditions of use. The product(s) has not been tested for, and is therefore not recommended for, uses for which prolonged cont act with mucous membranes, abraded skin, or blood is intended; or for uses for which implantation within the human body is intended. The information given in our circulars is based on the present state of our knowledge. It shows without liability on our part the uses to which our product can be put.。
原子吸收光谱法 重金属
原子吸收光谱法重金属英文回答：Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is a widely used analytical technique to determine the presence and concentration of heavy metals in various samples. It relies on the principle of light absorption by atoms in the ground state, which is specific to each element.In AAS, a sample is atomized and introduced into a flame or graphite furnace. The light source used is typically a hollow cathode lamp, which emits a characteristic wavelength of light that corresponds to the element of interest. This light is then passed through the sample, and the amount of light absorbed by the atoms is measured using a detector.The absorption of light by the atoms is directly proportional to the concentration of the element in the sample. By comparing the absorption of light by the sampleto that of a calibration standard, the concentration of the element can be determined. This is usually done by measuring the absorbance or the percentage of light transmitted through the sample.AAS offers several advantages for heavy metal analysis. Firstly, it is a highly sensitive technique, capable of detecting trace amounts of metals in a sample. Secondly, it is a selective technique, as the characteristic wavelengthof the light source allows for the specific determinationof a particular element. Lastly, AAS is a relatively simple and cost-effective method, making it widely used in various fields such as environmental monitoring, pharmaceutical analysis, and industrial quality control.To illustrate the application of AAS, let's considerthe analysis of lead (Pb) in drinking water. Drinking water contaminated with lead can have detrimental health effects, so it is crucial to monitor its concentration. By using AAS, we can accurately determine the level of lead in the water.In this case, a water sample is collected and preparedfor analysis. The sample is then atomized and introduced into the flame or graphite furnace. A hollow cathode lamp emitting light at the characteristic wavelength of lead is used as the light source. The light passes through the sample, and the amount of light absorbed by the lead atoms is measured.By comparing the absorbance of the sample to that of a calibration standard, the concentration of lead in the water can be determined. If the concentration exceeds the permissible limit set by regulatory agencies, appropriate actions can be taken to ensure the safety of the drinking water.中文回答：原子吸收光谱法（AAS）是一种广泛应用于分析化学的技术，用于确定不同样品中重金属的存在和浓度。
光合有效辐射英文
光合有效辐射英文Photosynthetically Active RadiationPhotosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is a crucial component of the electromagnetic spectrum that plays a vital role in the process of photosynthesis, the fundamental biological process that sustains life on Earth. Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy into chemical energy by various photosynthetic organisms, primarily plants, algae, and some bacteria. This process is the foundation of the food chain and the basis for the majority of the Earth's ecosystems.PAR is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is responsible for driving the photosynthetic process. It is defined as the range of wavelengths of light that are most efficiently utilized by photosynthetic organisms for the conversion of light energy into chemical energy. This range typically falls between 400 and 700 nanometers (nm) on the visible light spectrum, which corresponds to the wavelengths of light that are visible to the human eye.The importance of PAR lies in its direct impact on the productivity and growth of photosynthetic organisms. The amount and quality ofPAR reaching a plant or algae can significantly influence its rate of photosynthesis, which in turn affects its overall biomass production, nutrient uptake, and ultimately, its ability to thrive and reproduce.One of the key factors that determines the availability of PAR is the intensity of sunlight. The intensity of PAR can vary depending on various environmental factors, such as the time of day, the season, the geographical location, and the presence of clouds or other obstructions. For example, during the midday hours, when the sun is directly overhead, the intensity of PAR is generally higher than in the early morning or late afternoon when the sun's rays are more oblique.In addition to the intensity of PAR, the quality or spectrum of the light is also an important factor. Different photosynthetic organisms have varying sensitivities to different wavelengths of light within the PAR range. Some organisms may be more efficient at utilizing specific wavelengths, such as the blue and red regions of the spectrum, while others may be more responsive to a broader range of wavelengths.The understanding and measurement of PAR have become increasingly important in various fields, particularly in agriculture, horticulture, and aquaculture. In these industries, the optimization of PAR is crucial for maximizing the productivity and yield of crops,aquatic plants, and other photosynthetic organisms.In agriculture, farmers and researchers use PAR measurements to determine the optimal lighting conditions for their crops, ensuring that the plants receive the appropriate amount and quality of light for healthy growth and development. This information is used to make decisions about the placement of greenhouses, the use of supplemental lighting, and the selection of crop varieties that are well-suited to the available light conditions.Similarly, in aquaculture, the management of PAR is essential for the cultivation of aquatic plants and the maintenance of healthy ecosystems in aquatic environments. Aquaculture facilities often monitor the PAR levels in their ponds, tanks, or raceways to ensure that the photosynthetic organisms, such as microalgae and submerged aquatic plants, receive the optimal amount of light for their growth and productivity.The study of PAR has also found applications in the field of ecology, where it is used to understand the dynamics of natural ecosystems and the relationships between various photosynthetic organisms and their environment. By measuring the PAR levels in different habitats, researchers can gain insights into the distribution and abundance of various plant and algae species, as well as their adaptations to the prevailing light conditions.Furthermore, the advances in technology have led to the development of sophisticated instruments and techniques for the measurement and monitoring of PAR. These tools, such as quantum sensors and spectroradiometers, allow for the precise quantification of PAR levels, enabling researchers and practitioners to make more informed decisions and optimize the conditions for photosynthetic processes.In conclusion, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is a crucial component of the electromagnetic spectrum that plays a vital role in the process of photosynthesis, which is the foundation of life on Earth. The understanding and measurement of PAR have become increasingly important in various fields, including agriculture, horticulture, aquaculture, and ecology, as it provides valuable insights into the optimization of photosynthetic processes and the management of natural and cultivated ecosystems. As research and technology continue to advance, the understanding and application of PAR will remain a critical area of study for the sustainable use and management of our natural resources.。
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臭氧协同芬顿法处理焦化废水
当代化工研究Modern Chemical Research 992020 • 21环境工程臭氧协同芬顿法处理焦化废水*王林平1蒋晨晨2孙培杰"(1.南昌市国昌环保科技有限公司江西3300082.华中科技大学能源与动力工程学院湖北430074)摘耍：针对二级生化处理后焦化废水C0D 排放不达标的问题，本文采用臭氧协同芬顿法处理焦化废水.考察了臭氧浓度、Fe"和眄。
：添加量等影响因素，得到最佳反应条件：臭氧浓度600mg/L 、FeSO«浓度1500ppm 、够?浓度640ppm,最终COD 的去除率为72%.该工艺具有良好的 工程应用前景.关键词：臭氧；Fenton 法；协同作用；焦化废水；COD 值中图分类号：X文献标识码：ATreatment of Coking Wastewater by the Synergy between Ozone and Fenton ProcessesWang Linping 1, Jiang Chenchen 2, Sun Peijie 2*1. 前言焦化废水是在焦炭炼制、煤气终冷以及化工产品精制 等过程中产生的废水E,具有产生量大、组分复杂等特点， 是典型的难处理有机废水⑷。
焦化废水中还含有大量有毒有 害污染物，包括氯化物、氤化物、氟化物等无机污染物以及 酚、哇咻、阿唏、苯系物、杂环化合物等难降解有机物閃。
这些污染物如果直接排放到环境中，会严重威胁环境和人体 健康，因此需要釆用合适的工艺来处理该类废水。
目前，国内外处理焦化废水的主要方法是生物法中的A/A/0工艺；但是单独使用A/A/0工艺无法完全去除其中的 有机污染物，必须结合其它工艺进行深度处理⑷。
FentonI 艺是利用F/+与也()2发生催化反应，产生轻基自由基(-0H)来去除焦化废水中的有机物间。
臭氧的氧化能力极强，可以 与许多有机污染物反应，将大分子有机物降解为小分子有 机物，降低废水中的COD 值冏。
围麻醉期脑氧饱和度联合BIS监测对老年肠梗阻患者术后谵妄的影响
广东医学2021 年2 月第42卷第 2 期G u a n g d o n g M edical J ournal Feb. 2021, Vol. 42,No. 2• 221 •围麻醉期脑氧饱和度联合BIS监测对老年肠梗阻患者术后谵妄的影响$王先学，莫洪A，潘道波常德市第一人民医院麻醉科（湖南常德415003)【摘要】目的评价围麻醉期脑氧饱和度联合B1S监测对老年肠梗阻患者术后谵妄的影响。
方法选择急诊因肠梗阻行肠切除的老年患者60例，年龄60 ~ 80岁，采用随机数字表法将患者分为脑血氧饱和度联合BIS监测组（BS组）及对照组（C组），每组30例。
BS组患者同时使用脑氧饱和度联合BIS监测，根据两者数值作为麻醉用药管理依据，脑氧饱和度监测从麻醉诱导前开始至患者出复苏室。
围麻醉期脑氧饱和度绝对值不低于50%,下降不低于术前吸纯氧时脑氧饱和度值的80%，BIS值维持在40 ~60之间。
C组脑氧饱和度值与BIS值仅记录，不作为麻醉管理依据。
收集所有患者的一般资料及术中相关情况。
记录入室后、插管即刻、切皮时、麻醉后1h及术毕时血流动力学指标。
记录患者术后1〜7 d谵妄及不良反应发生情况。
结果 与C组相比，B S组患者术中丙泊酚用量显著降低（P< 0.05),两组患者术中其他情况比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05)。
C组患者术后第1及2天谵妄发生率显著高于BS组，两组差异有统计学意义（P<0.05)。
与C组相比，BS组患者1周内谵妄总的发生率显著降低（P< 0.05)。
在不良反应方面，BS组患者术后恶心呕吐的发生率显著低于C组（P<0.05),两组患者在其他不良反应方面及术后住院时间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05)。
结论围麻醉期脑血氧饱和度联合BIS监测能降低急诊肠梗阻老年患者术后谵妄发生率，减少患者术后恶心呕吐的发生，有利于患者术后恢复。
【关键词】围麻醉期；脑血氧饱和度；B1S;老年；肠梗阻；术后谵妄【中图分类号】R656. 1;R614【文献标志码】AD O I：10. 13820/j. cnki. gdyx. 20200334The effect of Peri - Anesthesia Cerebral Oxygen Saturation Combined with BIS Monitoring on Postoperative Delirium in Elderly Patients with Intestinal Obstruction. WANG Xian -x u e, MO Hong, PAN Dao - bo. Department of Anesthesiology of the First People's Hospital of Changde City ^Changde415003, Hunan, ChinaCorresponding author：MO Hong^ E -mail：hnwc0136@163. com【Abstract】Objective To evaluate the effects of peri - anaesthesia cerebral oxygen saturation combined with BIS monitoring on postoperative delirium in elderly patients with intestinal obstruction. Methods Sixty elderly patients aged60 years and older, who underwent bowel resection due to intestinal obstruction in our hospital from March 2018 to November 2019, were selected. The patients were divided into two groups by random num ber table m ethod, cerebral oxygen saturation combined with BIS monitoring group (G roup BS group) and control group (G roup C). Patients in the Group BSused both cerebral oxygen saturation and BIS monitoring at the same time. The monitoring of cerebral oxygen saturationstarted from before anesthesia induction and ended after extubation. During the anesthesia period, the absolute value ofcerebral oxygen saturation was not less than 50%, and the decline not less than 80%of the value of cerebral oxygen saturation during pure oxygen inhalation before surgery, and the BIS value is maintained between 40 —60. The cerebral oxygen saturation value and BIS value of Group C were recorded only, and were not used as the basis for anesthesia management.General information and intraoperative information of all patients were collected. Hemodynamic indexes were recorded afteradm ission, immediately after intubation, at the time of skin incision, 1hour after an esthesia, and at the end of the operation. Delirium and adverse reactions of patients 1-7days after operation were recorded. Results There was no significant difference in general information and intraoperative hemodynamic indexes between the two groups (P > 0. 05). Compared with Group C, the amount of propofol used in Group BS was significantly reduced (P< 0. 05 ) , and there was no significant difference in other conditions between the two groups (P > 0. 05). The incidence of delirium on Day 1,2,3 *基金项目：常德市科技局技术研究与开发资金项目（2018S027)A通信作者:莫洪，E -m a i l:h n w c0736@ 163. c o m• 222•广东医学2021 年2 月第42卷第2 期G u a n g d o n g M e d i c a丨 J o u r n a丨Feb. 2021，Vol. 42, No. 2 and 4 after operation in Group C was significantly higher than that in Group BS ( P <0. 05). Compared with Group C, theoverall incidence of delirium in patients in Group BS was significantly reduced within one week ( P < 0. 05 ). In terms ofadverse reactions, the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was significantly lower in Group BS than in Group C(P < 0. 05) •There were no significant differences in other adverse reactions anti postoperative hospital stay between thetwo groups ( P > 0. 05 ). Conclusion Peri — anaesthesia cerebral blood oxygen saturation combined with BIS monitoringcan reduce the incidence of delirium in elderly patients with emergency intestinal obstruction, reduce the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting, and help patients recover.【Key words】peri - anaesthesia; cerebral blood oxygen saturation; BIS; eld erly;intestinal obstruction; postopera-tive delirium老年患者急性肠梗阻是普外科较为常见的急诊 之一，随着老年人口的增加，此类患者也逐渐增多。
抗环境干扰能力英语
抗环境干扰能力英语英语翻译：Ability to resist environmental interference重点词汇干扰disturb ; obstruct ; jam ; backdrop ; interfere ; hamper ; interference ; noise ; mess up ; invade ; ail能力ability ; capacity ; capability ; skill ; competence ; power ; faculty ; calibre双语例句1、激光外差干涉仪以其测量精度高、抗环境干扰能力强等优点得到了广泛的应用。
Laser heterodyne interferometer has advantages of high measuring precision and anti-environment disturbance ability.2、为提高半导体激光引信抗环境干扰能力，设计了一种窄脉冲半导体激光引信的发射系统。
In order to improve resistance to environmental interference Ld laser fuze, the design of a narrow emission Ld laser fuze system.3、由于采用光学连续相位扫描，该方法具有较强的抗环境干扰能力，不需要精确校准光学相移器，并且能自动定量地给出物体的全场振幅分布。
Because the phase continue scan technique is adopted, this method has the advantage of a high anti disturbance capability without exactly calibrating the optical phase shifter.4、随着MEMS技术的发展，空间手写的输入设备一般选择的是体积小、精度高、抗外部环境干扰能力强的MEMS加速度传感器。
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ˆ (t) backward in time in time and the target operator B [11, 12, 13]. The prospect of quantum computing has posed an even more complex control problem: imposing a unitary transˆ on a subset of quantum states which act as formation U the quantum register. The unitary transformation carries out a specific computational task. This control task is equivalent to N simultaneous state-to-state transformations [6, 14, 15]. The solution of the iterative set of equations has been shown to become exponentially more difficult with the size N of the unitary transformation [6]. These findings are in accordance with a very complex control landscape [16]. A further step up in complexity is the task of imposing a unitary transformation under dissipative conditions. This task emerges in the quantum governor [17], in quantum information processing and it is a traditional task in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy [18]. In any practical implementation the positive task of obtaining the final goal has to be weighted by possible negative consequences. For example control fields of high intensity can damage the system by causing ionization or dissociation. A remedy for this problem consists in restricting the population in certain lossy excited state manifolds. This task has been the motivation for the development of local control theory (LCT) [19, 20]. LCT has been applied to lock unwanted electronic excitations [21] and recently to the problem of quantum information processing where avoiding population loss becomes crucial [22, 23]. However, OCT is more powerful than LCT and it is therefore desirable to incorporate constraints describing negative consequences of the control process into the algorithm. Such constraints depend on the state of the system at intermediate times [24, 25, 26, 27]. For example, the system can simply be restricted to remain in an “allowed” or to avoid a “forbidden” subspace during its evo-
Protecting coherence in Optimal Control Theory: state dependent constraint approach
Jos´ e P. Palao,1 Ronnie Kosloff,2 and Christiane P. Koch3
2
Departamento de F´ ısica Fundamental II, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna 38204, Spain Institute of Chemistry and The Fritz Haber Research Center, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel 3 Institut f¨ ur Theoretische Physik, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany (Dated: March 6, 2008) Optimal control theory is developed for the task of obtaining a primary objective in a subspace of the Hilbert space while avoiding other subspaces of the Hilbert space. The primary objective can be a state-to-state transition or a unitary transformation. A new optimization functional is introduced which leads to monotonic convergence of the algorithm. This approach becomes necessary for molecular systems subject to processes implying loss of coherence such as predissociation or ionization. In these subspaces controllability is hampered or even completely lost. Avoiding the lossy channels is achieved via a functional constraint which depends on the state of the system at each instant in time. We outline the resulting new algorithm, discuss its convergence properties and demonstrate its functionality for the example of a state-to-state transition and of a unitary transformation for a model of cold Rb2 .
PACS numbers:
1
arXiv:0803.0921v1 [quant-ph] 6 Mar 2008
I.Biblioteka INTRODUCTIONCoherent control utilizes the wave properties of matter to steer a quantum dynamical process to a desired outcome. The source of control is interference, constructive to achieve the goal and destructive to eliminate unwanted consequences [1, 2]. The agents of control are external fields, in particular electromagnetic fields. The experimental and theoretical challenge lies in identifying these control fields. The present study is aimed at finding control fields which are constrained to limit the damage which the control field may cause to the controlled system. Theoretically, the control problem can be formulated as an inversion: finding the field subject to the quantum dynamics which leads to the desired outcome. Optimal control theory (OCT) has been developed as a tool to address this problem [3, 4]. It can be formulated starting from a variational ansatz [3] or using Krotov’s method [5, 6]. Recently the Krotov’s method has been extended to include a strict limitation on the spectrum of the optimized field [7]. The most well studied task in OCT has been the goal of a state-to-state transition. Given an initial state ψini and a closed quantum system, the field needs to be found which drives the system to a specific final state ψf in . This task has been shown to be completely controllable [8, 9] if the fields are not restricted. Moreover the control landscape is favorable composed of flat ridges such that the climb in the gradient direction will lead to one of the many possible solutions [10]. A more involved control task is to optimize the exˆ (tf in ) . pectation value of an operator at a final time, B This task can be formulated in the framework of open quantum systems. The OCT approach yields an iterative solution to the inversion problem which is based on propagating the system density operator ρ ˆS (t) forward