Fabrication and characterization of polyaniline by doping TX100-based two surfactants

ORIGINAL PAPER
Fabrication and characterization of polyaniline by doping TX100-based two surfactants
Qi-Chen Zhang 1 & Yuan-Yuan Zhi 1 & Er-Jia Hu 1 & Ji-Ping Shen 1 & Qing Shen 1
The aniline (99 %), ammonium peroxodisulfate, APS (99 %), and the solvents, e.g. hexane and alcohol, in analytical grade reagents were used as received as previously by obtaining from the Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. located at Shanghai, China [11, 12, 32–34]. All used surfactants were purchased from a local chemical store at Shanghai with known purity, e.g. TX100 (99 %), SSA (99 %), SDS (97 %) and SLS (86 %). The structures of these surfactants were showed in Fig. 1. A HCl (37 %) solution was used and it was also purchased from local chemical store as above. During the polymerization
* Qing Shen sqing@
1
State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fiber and Polymer Materials, Polymer Department of Donghua University, 2999 N. Renmin Rd., Songjiang, 201620 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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OH O
J Polym Res (2015) 22:93
O OH
Fig. 1 Structures of used surfactants
OH
CH3 H3C
CH3
H3C
CH3
· 2H2O
SO3H
TX100
O
SSA
O
ONa S O
CH3(CH2)10CH2
O
H3C(H2C)10H2C
Received: 26 January 2015 / Accepted: 21 April 2015 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015
Abstract Several polyaniline, PANI, samples were inverse emulsion polymerized by doping two surfactants. Experimentally, the triton X-100, TX100, was always used and another surfactant was varied as sodiumlauryl sulfate, SLS, sodium dodecyl sulfonate, SDS, or 5-sulfosallcylic acid dehydrate, SSA, respectively. To compare with the pure or only TX100-doped PANI, the PANI doped by two surfactants all showed enhanced conductivity and thermal stability, e.g. the PANI/TX100+SSA presented the greatest conductivity and the PANI/TX100+SDS presented the best thermal stability. The conductivity enhancement is found due to the doping induced PANI crystallinity increase. The thermal stability increase for PANI is found due probably to the surfactant structure because the symmetric double bonded structure, e.g. SDS and SLS, both showed better thermal behavior. Keywords Polyaniline . Multi-surfactants . Conductivity . Thermal stability . Inverse emulsion polymerization
In order to improve the conductivity, solubility and thermal stability of PANI to fit the application [6–12], it is noted that the application of various surfactants to dope PANI has been reported elsewhere [1–3, 11–31]. Of those reported cases, it is also noted that several surfactants were together doped into PANI [23, 26–30]. Among these cases, the non-ionic triton-100, TX100, seems to be broadly used due to its positive effect in enhancing the conductivity for PANI [31]. By considering these advances, e.g. the doping of TX100 in PANI [31] or doping of surfactant group in PANI [23, 26–30], the aim of this work is therefore proposed to apply TX100-based two surfactants together dope PANI. Experimentally, the PANI was inverse emulsion polymerized by fixing the TX100 and varying another surfactant as the sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), 5-sulfosalicylic acid (SSA) or sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS), respectively.
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Fabrication and characterization of polyaniline by doping TX100-based two surfactants
ARTICLE in JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH · MAY 2015
Impact Factor: 1.92 · DOI: 10.1007/s10965-015-0745-z
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Experimental Introduction
Raw materials Polyaniline, PANI, has received great attention due to its excellent environmental stability, ease synthesis, tunablቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ properties and low production cost [1–5]. Yet, PANI has been broadly studied and applied [1–3].
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J Polym Res (2015) 22:93 DOI 10.1007/s10965-015-0745-z
S O
ONa
SLS
SDS
process, these HCl and surfactants were used as received without further purification.
Characterization and measurement The surface tension of emulsions as Table 2 described was measured using a BZY tensiometer (Shanghai Fangrui Instrument, China), 25 °C, and presented data was averaged by five independent measurements. The standard deviation of reported values was ±0.1 mN/m. The surface morphology was investigated by using field emission scanning electron microscopy, FESEM, (JSM5600LV; JEOL, Japan). The Fourier transform infrared, FTIR, spectra were recorded using the NEXUS 8700 (Nicolet, UK) in the range of 400– 4000 cm−1 with the resolution of 4 cm−1. The KBr pellet technique was adopted to prepare all samples [11, 12]. Ultraviolet–visible, UV–Vis, spectra were recorded in the wavelength range of 190–800 nm at room temperature, 25 °C, using Lambda 35 UV–Vis spectrometer (Perkin Elmer, USA). Each PANI was dissolved in DMSO under the ultrasonic condition [11, 12]. The X-ray diffraction, XRD, patterns were recorded by the Rigaku D/Max-2550 PC instrument (Rigaku, USA) at 40 kV, 30 mA, by the Cu-Ka monochromatic radiation with a wavelength of 1.5406 A°, after scanning in the 2θ range of 3–60° at intervals of 0.02 [11, 12, 32, 33]. The electrical conductivity was measured using SDY-4 FourPoint Probe Meter (Four Dimensions, Inc. USA) at 25 °C. The pellets were prepared by subjecting the powder sample to a pressure of 30 MPa, and the reproducibility was checked by measuring the resistance of each pellet three times [11, 12]. Thermogravimetric, TG, analysis were conducted on a NETZSCH TG 209 at a heating rate of 10 °C/min and range of 25–1000 °C when the nitrogen flow rate was set at 20 ml/min.