[考研类试卷]英语专业语言学(综合)模拟试卷1.doc
2020研究生英语学位课统考模拟试题1
研究生英语学位课统考模拟试题（1）GENRAL ENGLISH QUALIFYING TESTFOR NON-ENGLISH MAJOR GRADUATE STUDENTS考试注意事项一、本考试由两份试卷组成：试卷一（Paper one）包括听力理解、词汇、完型填空与阅读理解四部分，共80题，按顺序统一编号；试卷二（Paper two）包括翻译和写作两部分，共3题。
此外，试卷分A、B卷，请考生注意在答题卡上标出自己的试卷类型。
二、试卷一（题号1-80）为客观评分题（听力Section C 部分除外），答案一律用2B铅笔做在机读答题纸上，在对应题号下所选的字母中间画黑道，如 [A][B][C][D]。
三、试卷二为主观评分题，答案做在ANSWER SHEET II上。
答题前，请仔细阅读试卷二的注意事项。
四、试卷一、试卷二上均不得作任何记号（听力Section C部分除外），答案一律写在答题纸上，否则无效。
五、本考试全部时间为150分钟，采用试卷一和试卷二分卷计时的办法。
试卷一考试时间为90分钟，听力理解部分以放完录音带为准，大约25分钟；其余部分共计时65分钟，每部分所占时间均标在试卷上，考生可自行掌握。
试卷二共计时60分钟，每部分所占时间均标在试卷上，考生可自行掌握。
六、试卷一与试卷二采取分别收卷的办法。
每次终了时间一到，考生一律停笔，等候监考老师收点试卷及答题纸。
全部考试结束后，须待监考老师将全部试卷及答题纸收点无误并宣布本次考试结束，方可离开考场。
PAPER ONEPart I Listening Comprehension (25miniutes, 20 points)Section A (1 point each)Directions:In this section, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation a question will be asked about what was said. Theconversations and questions will be read only once. Choose the best answer fromthe four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar acrossthe square brackets on your machine-scored Answer Sheet.1. A. To brush up her English at home.B. To be praised by her peers.C. To become her teacher’s favorite student.D. To care more for other subjects.2. A. Have a picnic. B. Play with her pets.C. See a movie.D. Stay at home.3. A. It’s a piece of cake. B. She has no idea.C. She already knows the answer.D. It’s beyond her expectation.4. A. Write a short mail to him. B. Chat with him on line.C. Telephone him.D. Text him soon.5. A. The poster looks better without the frame. B. The poster is not worth the money.C. The poster costs very little.D. The poster is very eye-catching.6. A. 14. B. 10.C. 65.D. 24.7. A. She is too busy. B. She can pass the exam next time.C. She doesn’t work very hard.D. She should be better prepared.8. A. exercise more frequently. B. Take less medicine each day.C. Try a new type of pain-killer.D. Have her back examined.9. A. George was not playing well. B. George always loses temper easily.C. George should have won the match.D. George is no match for his opponent.Section B (I point each)Directions: In this section, you will hear two mini-talks. At the end of each talk, there will be some questions. Both the talks and the questions will be read to you only once. Aftereach question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the bestanswer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with asingle bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet. Mini-talk one10 A. 18-21. B. 22-25. C. 30-50. D. 70-80.11. A. Because older people become more thankful for what they have.B. Because older people spend less time in deep thinking.C. Because older people forget things more frequently.D. Because older people tend to be more reliable.12. A. Middle aged women had increased sleep problems.B. Stress levels dropped sharply after people reached their fifties.C. Being single affected the levels of happiness.D. Sleep quality declined as people got older.Mini-talk two13. A. High temperatures. B. Too much weight on the roof.C. The lack of rich soil.D. Sufficient watering system.14. A. They are normally painted green. B. They shorten the life of houses.C. They reduce energy consumption.D. They are used as water tanks.15. A. They need little water. B. They normally grow faster.C. They are less costly to grow.D. They could absorb more water.Section C (1point each)Directions: In this section, you will hear a short lecture. Listen to the recording and complete the notes about the lecture. You will hear the recording twice. After the recordingyou are asked to write down your answers on the answer sheet. You now have 25seconds to read the notes below.（请在录音结束后把第16-20题的答案抄写在答题纸上）16. Compliments are so good that they can heal your _____________ (2 words).17. Unless you seem sincere when you give compliments during a conversation, you’re not goingto get _____________ (3 words) from that person.18. After giving specific compliments, you should follow that _____________ (3 words).19. Adding compliments in front of people makes people respected and feel _____________ (4words).20. Last, avoid _____________ (2 words) with envy.Part II Vocabulary (10 minutes, 10 points)Section A (0.5 point each)Directions: In this section, there are ten questions. Each question is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked by A, B, C,and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one.Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on yourmachine-scoring Answer Sheet21. Values play as much a role in tackling the national challenges as smart policies.A. addressingB. minimizingC. reinforcingD. stabilizing22. Despite her attempt to look happy, her behavior at the party struck me as odd.A. attackedB. imposedC. deemedD. impressed23. The intimate relationship between human beings and speech is not restricted to sound.A. ascribedB. confinedC. subjectedD. related24. This young man took a law degree with distinction and found a job in a well.A. differenceB. perfectionC. separationD. honor25. Differences in culture and values will give rise to conflict of ideas and tastes.A. outbreakB. assimilationC. clashD. harmony26. Unpleasant symptoms can cause the smoker to resume smoking to raise the levels ofnicotine in the blood.A. let downB. go aboutC. drop offD. return to27. With the progress in medicine, it is no longer difficult to attain old age.A. evadeB. reachC. postponeD. retard28. Before national day, these musicians some songs in honor of this special occasion.A. in celebration ofB. in respect ofC. in case ofD. in excess of29. Japan, after spectacular post-war economic growth, became the world’s second-biggesteconomy.A. superficialB. amazingC. virtualD. genuine30. This book gives a very particular account of the important battles during WWII.A. specialB. strangeC. detailedD. exceptionalSection B (0.5 point each)Directions: In this section, there are ten questions. Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked by A, B, C, and D.Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark thecorresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet31. Dozens of people were trapped for hours in the ________ of the train, but all have beentaken to safety.A. wreckageB. bandageC. cottageD. hostage32. The doctor advised me to increase my intake of healthy foods that can ________ heartdisease.A. give offB. pay offC. set offD. ward off33. The participants of the meeting discussed, ________, the future of the oil industry.A. from now onB. in the wayC. among other thingsD. on their mind34. Obama’s remarks were his most ________ description of how his personal religious beliefsfactor into his decision-making.A. externalB. extinctC. explicitD. executive35. Many United States teenagers ________ the road without receiving driver s’ education.A. beatB. hitC. strikeD. knock36. The ocean _______ 70 percent of the earth’s surface, but contains about 20 percent of theEarth’s total estimated species.A. takes upB. fixes upC. stirs upD. patches up37. With the _______ of a mouse, you can instantly get to see all the information you wantonline.A. crackB. clickC. chipD. clap38. Businesses of all sizes possess some type of _______ culture consisting of a set of valuesand goals.A. desperateB. corporateC. deliberateD. moderate39. When asked to disclose financial ties to drug companies, many doctors will ________ suchinformation.A. withdrawB. withstandC. witherD. withhold40. There is no exception ________ the rule that every rule has an exception.A. forB. onC. toD. inPart III Close Test (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this section, there are ten questions. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrase marked by A, B,C, or D for each blank inthe passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you’ve chosenwith a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer SheetAn ecosystem is defined as an ecological community together with its environment, functioning as a unit. To be more ___41__, an ecosystem is a complex set of relationships among the living resources, ___42___, and residents of an area, composed of organisms that work together to remain healthy ___43___ energy is exchanged and system-level processes emerge. The ecosystem serves as the level of biological organization in which organisms __44__ simultaneously with each other and with their environment. As such, ecosystems are a level above that of the ecological community but are at a level below the __45__, which is essentially the largest of all possible ecosystems.The thing about ecosystems is that they are __46__ fragile and intensely complicated. If you influence the smallest variable, then it changes the __47__. This is why global warming is such a big issue, __48__ whether we created it or not. Ecosystems will change; however, if they change radically enough, our way of life will forever be affected. It is sad to think that future generations will not have the __49__ of witnessing these little creatures as we have in our lifetime. You have to go to preservations to witness the wildlife that __50__ be an everyday occurrence.41. A. realistic B. frank C. honest D. specific42. A. habits B. habitats C. inhabitants D. inhibitors43. A. in case B. if only C. but for D. so that44. A. interact B. concern C. interfere D. coincide45. A. biofuel B. biodiversity C. biosphere D. biochemistry46. A. concisely B. inherently C. robustly D. industriously47. A. whole B. entire C. all D. total48. A. along with B. due to C. regardless of D. as to49. A. trouble B. privilege C. time D. willingness50. A. was about B. had better C. used to D. would ratherPART IV Reading Comprehension (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this section, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer from the four choices marked byA, B, C, or D and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the squarebrackets on your machine-scoring Answer SheetPassage OneResearchers may have found a solution to the annoying gender-wage gap: tell all the male CEOs to have more babies. And only child daughters, to be precise.A new, not-yet-published study that tracked 12 years of wage data in Denmark finds that when male CEOs had daughters, their female employees’ wages went up 1.3 percent while their male employees only gained 0.8 percent raises. The study’s authors – from Aalborg University in Denmark, the University of Maryland, and Columbia – found that women’s wages were boosted even more if the daughter was the first child of the CEO. The researchers found that the birth of a first daughter to a male CEO “resulted in a 1.4 percent increase in women’s wages, and an approximately 0.8 percent decrease in the gender wage gap. If the first daughter was also a first child, the gender wage gap would decrease by roughly 2.8 percent.” If a second daughter was born to a male CEO, women’s wages were not significantly affected. “Thus, our results suggest that the first daughter ‘flips a switch’ in the mind of a male CEO, causing him to attend more to equality in gender-related wage policies,” they write.David Gaddis Ross, co-author of the study and an assistant professor at Columbia’s Business School, said he would love to do a similar study in the United States, but there is no way the data would be available. “Getting this information in the United States would be wildly difficult, especially on the family structure of the CEOs,”he said. The Denmark data did not reveal names of individuals or companies, but each employee of every company in the country is attached to a code that researchers could use to find gender, number of children, salary, and other information such as home address and phone number.The study is not the first to examine how having a daughter affects men’s decision-making. Ebonya Washington wrote in a study published in the American Economic Review in 2008 that U.S. legislators were more likely to vote more liberally on women’s reproductive issues if they had daughters. Another study found that parents with daughters were more likely to adopt feminist views on gender equality.51. According to the study, if the first child of the CEO was a daughter, the decrease of thegender wage gap was ________.A. 0.8%B. 1.3%C. 1.4%D. 2.8%52. The Denmark study finds that male CEOs with daughters may ________.A. better respect female privacyB. better promote gender equalityC. give more chances for womenD. hire more female employees53. According to David Ross, a similar study in the U.S. ________.A. will soon be underwayB. may produce similar resultsC. is unnecessary and costlyD. is unlikely to be carried out.54. Which of the following information about the CEOs is most difficult to get in the U.S.?A. Real income.B. Phone number.C. Family structure.D. Home address.55. The findings of the three studies mentioned in the passage ________.A. have little in commonB. seem to be confusingC. agree well with each otherD. are somewhat contradictory56. In which section of a newspaper is the passage likely to appear?A. People.B. Society.C. Technology.D. News.Passage twoVirtually nobody has memories from very early childhood – but it’s not because we don’t remain information as young children. Rather, it may be because at that age, our brains don’t yet function in a way that bundles information into the complex neural patterns that we know as memories.It’s clear that young children do remember facts in the moment – such as who their parents are, or that one must say “please”before mom will give you candy. This is called “semantic memory.”Until sometime between the ages two and four, however, children lack “episodic memory”–memory regarding the details of a specific event. Such memories are stored in several parts of the brains surface, or “cortex.” For example, memory of sound is processed in the auditory cortexes, on the sides of the brain, while visual memory is managed by the visual cortex, at the back. A region of the brain called the hippocampus (海马体) ties all the scattered pieces together.“If you think of your cortex as a flower bed, there are flowers all across the top of yourhead,” said Patricia Bauer of Emory University in Atlanta. “The hippocampus, tucked very neatly in the middle of your brain, is responsible for pulling those all together and tying them in a bouquet (花束).” The memory is the bouquet – the neural pattern of linkages between the parts of the brain where a memory is stored.So why do kids usually fail to record specific episodes until the two-to-four age range? It may be because that’s when the hippocampus starts tying fragments of information together, said psychologist Nora Newcombe of Temple University in Philadelphia. And there may be a reason for this, Newcombe said. Episodic memory may be unnecessarily complex at a time when a child is just learning how the world works. “I think the primary goal of the first two years is to acquire semantic knowledge and from that point of view, episodic memory might actually be a distraction,”Newcombe said.57. It can be learned that children under the age of two ________.A. have memory of detailed eventsB. have the ability to remember factsC. retain little information in their brainsD. process information the same way adults do58. Which of the following is an example of “episodic memory”?A. Brides remember what happened on their weddings.B. Little kids remember their parents’ names.C. We remember to wash hands before meals.D. We remember to say “Thank you” for others’ help.59. Memory of image is processed ________.A. in the middle of the brainB. on the left side of the brainC. on the right side of the brainD. at the back of the brain60. Assume that our cortex is a flower bed, then hippocampus is ________.A. the flowers grown in the flower bedB. the stimulator that helps the flowers growC. the string that ties the flowers into a bouquetD. the bouquet made of the flowers in the bed61. According to Newcombe, if episodic memory were developed before agetwo, it would ________.A. negatively affect children’s learning processB. help children better understand our worldC. push children to learn more quicklyD. bring children’s development to a halt62. What is the major topic of the passage?A. How kids develop their memory.B. Why can’t we remember our very early days?C. How is memory processed by the brain?D. Why kids’ memory differs from that of adults.Passage ThreeIs new technology damaging our ability to communicate? Fingers flying, we can blog, email, or enter chat room. But as we type billions of words, something is being lost. Face-book is not the same as face to face and, as our virtual skills increase, I wonder if our ability to communicate using speech is on the decline.Young people send me dozens of e-mails from schools. They often attach long lists of questions, to which they want detailed responses. Time is short, so I usually reply that they can phone me and I’ll do my best to answer. They very rarely do, partly because they verbal and telephone skills are less developed than their ability to type and e-mail.Yet to adapt an old business saying, a meeting is worth five phone calls and a phone call is worth five e-mails. Direct communication can quickly lead to bonding and trust. People are more likely to reveal what they are thinking when they actually speak to another person. Most are wary of committing themselves in writing.The great tragedy is that the phone was invented before the computer. If it has been the other way around, Internet forums would now be buzzing with the exciting news: “Have you heard (type, type)? There is this amazing new gadget (type). Now you can talk directly with people. And they can hear your voice. Without all this typing.” Persistent marketing would do the rest and colleges would be rushing to develop new courses in telephone skills.But we are stuck with the supremacy of the typed word and it weakens our ability to look people in the eye and talk. A good example is how much new technology has affected public speaking.Does anyone else hate PowerPoint? At meetings, I internally groan as speakers load up their ponderous projections. I don’t mind maps and pictures, but all those words of text drive me crazy. “And now for my introduction…” and up comes the word “introduction.”“There are four points” and we see “four points.”Masses of facts and statistics follow. These should all have been given out as an information sheet. Instead, while you are trying to read through the material, the lecturer is wandering verbally all over it. There’s a confusion of focus that gives me a headache. As the slides flash by, the most important relationship in public speaking is being undermined – the link between the speaker and the audience.63. According to the author, young people today don’t ________.A. like to communicate using speechB. like to communicate with peopleC. know how to communicate with peopleD. know how to ask questions over the phone64. Based on paragraph 3, compared with meetings, e-mails are ________.A. fasterB. friendlierC. less effectiveD. less interesting65. In paragraph 3, “wary of” can be replaced by ________.A. faced withB. happy aboutC. used toD. cautious of66. The author believes that if the phone had been invented after the computer, people nowwould ________.A. be eager to learn how to use the phoneB. be glad to have both means of communicationC. still prefer typing words on the computerD. show little interesting in the phone67. Which of the following can best describe the author’s attitude towards today’s use of typedwords?A. EncouragingB. CuriousC. ConcernedD. Indifferent68. In the author’s opinion, PowerPoint ________.A. helps to convey the message of the speaker to the audienceB. harm the interaction between the speaker and the audienceC. should include as much information as necessaryD. should combine texts and pictures to make it eye-catchingPassage FourIt’s all Apple all the time these days: “astonishing” earnings reports in the news on Jan.25, lingering shots of Steve Jobs’ widow Laurene sitting near the First Lady and, of course, ever since his death in October, universal references to Jobs himself in any writing or speech aimed at promoting creativity or ingenuity or an all-American, against-all-odds model of success.However, New Y ork Times articles this week spoke of a darker reality behind the glowing Apple story: the “millions of human machines,” as the Times Charles Duhigg and David Barboza put it, in China who are now laboring 12 hours a day, six days a week to maintain the company’s amazing rate of growth.They live in dormitories where they can be called to their jobs anytime and often work double shifts in highly unsafe conditions. They’re willing to do all it takes. “It isn’t just that workers are cheaper abroad,” Duhigg wrote, “Rather, Apple’s executives believe the vast scale of overseas factories as well as the flexibility, diligence and expertise of foreign workers have so outpaced their American counterparts that ‘Made in the U.S.A.’ is no longer a viable option for most Apple products.”The Times stories raised very serious questions about not only Apple or the many other companies that similarly rely on overseas labor to support their growth and flood the world with cheap products, but the human cost of the growth model itself that has allowed Apple to thrive. It’s a model of growth, all too unquestioned in the U.S., that demands endless quality-of-life sacrifices in the service of productivity and profit. By quality of life, I mean good relationships with friends and family and having the time and the physical and emotional availability to invest in friends and family.Yet the American workers have been headed in the opposite direction for decades. Workinghours have expanded to the point where successful professionals consider the traditional 40-hour workweek a “part-time”job. Vacation time has been shrinking. In the current downturn, the employed are too scared of losing work to take time off. The pressure to be super-productive, ever willing, and always available has never been greater. But we should call into question the direction we’re headed and ask whether chasing the dream of growth has already turned into a nightmare. It’s up to the rest of us now to decide what to make of Steve Jobs’ legacy.69. It can be concluded from the first paragraph that Steve Jobs ________.A. is a controversial figure in the mediaB. enjoys high publicity in the U.S.C. used to deliver many speechesD. was a Nobel Prize winner70. The expression “against all odds” in the first paragraph probably means ________.A. foreign bornB. least talentedC. permanently obscureD. seemingly unlikely71. Apple’s executives choose to have most apple products made overseas because ________.A. goods made in the U.S.A. are inferiorB. Apple products sell better abroadC. this is much more profitableD. China-made products are better designed72. In the author’s opinion, the constant pursuit of the dream of growth has resulted in _______.A. better living standards in the U.S.B. a perfect model of growthC. worse relationships with friends and familyD. the popularity of iProducts73. Which of the following statements about the workers is true?A. They are spending more time with the family.B. They are enjoying a better quality of life.C. They can find jobs more easily.D. They have to work hard and overtime.74. The author’s attitude to Apple’s story of success is ________.A. approvalB. objectionC. admirationD. indifferencePassage FiveA new website from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) shows that 10 percent of the country is now a “food desert.”The Food Desert Locator is an online map highlighting thousands of areas where, the USDA says, low-income families have little or no access to healthy fresh food. First identified in Scotland in the 1990s, food deserts have come to symbolize urban decay. They suggest images of endless fast-food restaurants and convenience stores serving fatty, sugary junk food to overweight customers who have never tasted a Brussels sprout.Accordingly, Michelle Obama announced a $400 million Healthy Food Financing Initiative last year with the aim of eliminating food deserts nationwide by 2017. Official figures for the number of people living in food deserts already show a decline, from 23.5m in 2009 to 13.5m at the launch of the website. Although this might on the face of it suggest that the initiative is off to a superb start, sadly it does not in fact represent a single additional banana bought or soda escaped. This is because in America, the definition of a food desert is any census area where at least 20percent of inhabitants are below the poverty line and 33 percent live more than a mile from a supermarket. By simply extending the cutoff in rural areas to ten miles, the USDA managed to rescue 10m people from desert life.Some academics would go further, calling the appearance of many food deserts nothing but a mirage. Research by the Center for Public Health Nutrition at the University of Washington found that only 15 percent of people shopped for food within their own census area. Critics also note that focusing on supermarkets means that the USDA ignores tens of thousands of larger and smaller retailers, farmers’ markets and roadside greengrocers, many of which are excellent sources of fresh food. Together, they account for more than half of the country’s trillion-dollar retail food market.A visit to Renton, a depressed suburb of Seattle, demonstrates the problem. The town sits directly in the middle of a USDA food desert stretching miles in every direction. Yet it is home to a roadside stand serving organic fruit and vegetables, a health-food shop packed with nutritious grains and a superstore that researchers found attracts flocks of shoppers from well outside the desert.75. According to the USDA, food deserts ________.A. tend to be found in poor rural areasB. refer to the places with a food shortageC. are directly related to urban povertyD. are the direct cause of overweight76. The Healthy Food Financing Initiative is intended to ________.A. improve access to healthier foodB. change the American way of livingC. address the growing weight problemD. ensure food safety across the nation77. The author suggests that the drop from 23.5 million to 13.5 million ________.A. represents substantial progressB. is at least a good beginningC. isn’t based on true informationD. doesn’t make much difference78. The word “mirage” (para.3) probably means ________.A. unreal problemB. potential riskC. growing difficultyD. hidden danger79. The scholars in paragraph 3 think that the USDA definition of a food desert is ________.A. justifiableB. problematicC. unclearD. creative80. Renton is mentioned in the passage to ________.A. raise public awareness about food desertsB. highlight the problems of food desertsC. point out the solutions to food desertsD. tell us to put food deserts in perspective。
[考研类试卷]英语专业语言学(综合)模拟试卷8
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[考研类试卷]英语专业语言学（综合）模拟试卷8.doc[考研类试卷]英语专业语言学（综合）模拟试卷8一、简答题1 Each of the following columns illustrates a different morphological process. Column I Column II Column III mouse/mice go/went 'record/re'cordride/rode is/was 'import/im'porttake/ took good/better 'convict/con'victman/men she/her 'imprint/im 'printeat/ate am/are 'dispute/dis'puteWhat morphological process is at work in each column?Describe in your own words the difference between the process exemplified in Column I and that in Column II.(3)Think of at least one more English example to add to each column.2 Each of the following words can be either a noun or a verb. record outline report journey convict outrage exchange imprint answer remark contest import surprise retreat cripple For each word, determine whether stress placement can be used to make the distinction between the noun and the verb.Think of two more English examples illustrating the process of stress shift to mark a category distinction.3 In English, the suffix -er can be added to a place name. Examine the words in the two columns below.Column A Column BLondoner GlasgowerNew Yorker DenvererBerliner SydneyerDubkiner AustraliaerNewfoundlander VictoriaerWinnipeger CalcuttaerNew Zealander BristolerIn general terms, what does the suffix -er mean in these words?How is this -er different in meaning from the -er found in the words skater and walker?(3)State the constraint on the distribution of -er illustrated above in your own words. Does this constraint also apply to the type of -er used in the word skater?(Hint: What would you call "one who discovers" or "one who ploughs"?)4 Determine whether the words in each of the following groups are related to one another by processes of inflection or derivation.go, goes, going, gonediscover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverability(3)lovely, lovelier, loveliestinventor, inventor's, inventors, inventors'democracy, democrat, democratic, democratize5 Do you think that morphology and syntax should be treated as separate are as of study? Give reasons to support your views.5 Place an asterisk next to any of the sentences that sound ungrammatical to you. Explain what makes these sentences ungrammatical.6 The tutor told the students to study.7 The tutor suggested the students to study.8 The customer asked for a cold beer.9 The customer requested for a cold beer.10 He gave the Red Cross some money.11 He donated the Red Cross some money.12 The pilot landed the jet.13 The jet landed.14 A journalist wrote the article.15 The article wrote very well.16 Julie is bored of her job.17 Julie is tired of her job.18 Myself bit John.19 I was surprised for you to get married.20 Has the nurse slept the baby yet?21 Explain why the following sentence is ungrammatical. Which personal pronoun in English would have the same form whether it occupied the position of "us" or "she" below?* Us visit she on Sundays.22 5.List as many examples of these constituents as you can identify insentences(a)and(b)below: NP, PP, VP.List as many examples of these lexical categories as you can identify insentences(a)and(b): N, prep, V.a. A Guns "N" Roses concert at an arena near ST. Louis ended in disaster after some 2500 fans staged a full-fledged riot.b. The trouble started when Axl Rose asked venue security to confiscate a camera he saw near the front of the stage.23 What prescriptive rules for the "proper" use of English are not obeyed in the following sentences?That's the girl I gave my roller skates to.He wanted to simply borrow your car for an hour.24 In the following sentence, the phrase "in the car" could beused(i)to show where the biting took place or(ii)to specify that it was the man in the car that was bitten. How would the tree diagrams for(i)and(ii)differ?The dog bit the man in the car.。
(完整版)英语语言学试题(1)及答案
英语语言学试题（1）I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___.A、prescriptiveB、sociolinguisticC、descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocal cords3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___.A、bound morphemeB、bound formC、inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A、coordinatorB、particleC、prepositionD、subordinator5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike."A、is synonymous withB、is inconsistent withC、entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、semanticsB、pragmaticsC、sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization.A、elaborationB、simplificationC、external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、Lingua francaB、CreoleC、PidginD、Standard language9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrusB、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A、learningB、competenceC、performanceD、acquisitionII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ .13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d___ the form of "be".19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c______period for first language acquisition.20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, I ______is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)( )21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.( )22、V oicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.( )23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.( )24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.( )25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English. ( )26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise.( )27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spoken today also includes languages that are not Indo-European.( )28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech situations known as domains. ( )29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.( )30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)31、duality32、diachronic linguistics33、broad transcription34、morphological rules35、phrase structure rule36、relational opposites37、componential analysis38、context39、euphemism40、brain lateralizationV. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of a second language.语言学试题(1)参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A 10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FV oicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.29、FThe true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generallyused in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) V owel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(Middle English)→/faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis, e.g.spinle--spindle. 4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。
[考研类试卷]英语专业(英美文学)模拟试卷1.doc
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[考研类试卷]英语专业（英美文学）模拟试卷1一、填空题1 ______, a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded as the greatest national epic of the Anglo-Saxons.2 Geoffrey Chaucer is the greatest writer of Middle Ages. Hismasterpiece______presents, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and creates a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life.3 It was Chaucer who made______the foundation for modern English speech.4 ______by William Langland is a poem that gives a picture of the life in feudal England. It is a protest against the then social injustice.5 Beowulf tells of two major adventures in the life of the Geatish hero Beowulf: the first adventure takes place in his youth when he fights and kills a monster named______and his revengeful mother, a sea monster; the second adventure occurs after Beowulf has long been king of the Geats.6 ______is a dominant form of the Medieval English literature.7 Though The Canterbury Tales is often referred to as the first collection of short stories in English literature, these stories, unlike modern ones, are written in______rather than in prose.8 One of Chaucer's most important contributions to English literature is his development of the resources of the English language for______purposes.9 Knights of the Round Table are characters serving______in legends, which depict chivalry in early literature.10 ______conquered England on October 14, 1066. From then on began the medieval period.11 ______was the most leading spirit of the Transcendental Club.12 Freedom was won as much by the fiery rhetoric of Thomas Paine's and the eloquence of the ______as by the weapons of Washington or Lafayette.13 Freneau was______by training and taste yet romantic in essential spirit.14 ______values were prominent in American politics, art and Philosophy until the Civil War.15 Cooper's enduring fame rests on his frontier stories, especially the five novels that comprise the______.16 In 1817, the stately poem called "Thanatopsis" by______introduced the best poet to appear in America up to that time.17 The______,______ and______for which his poetry was popular during his lifetime were the very qualities that caused the reaction against it after Longfellow's death.二、名词解释18 Ballad19 Epic20 Romance21 Alliteration22 Humanism23 Calvinism24 Free verse25 Symbol26 American Romanticism27 Transcendentalism三、单项选择题28 Although______was essentially a medieval writer, he bore marks of humanism and anticipated a new era of literature to come.（A）William Langland（B）John Gower（C）Geoffrey Chaucer（D）Edmund Spenser29 The statement that a man gained the whole world but lost his own soul makes a good summary of the main plot of______.（A）Paradise Lost（B）The Merchant of Venice（C）Hamlet（D）The Tragic History of Doctor Faustus30 The essence of humanism is to______.（A）restore a medieval reverence for the church（B）avoid the circumstances of earthly life（C）explore the next world in which men could live after death（D）emphasize human qualities31 The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely______.（A）William Langland's Piers Plowman（B）Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales（C）John Gower's Confessio Amantis（D）Sir Gawain and the Green Knight32 The tragedy of Dr. Faustus, the protagonist in Christopher Marlowe's The Tragic History of Dr. Faustus, is the very fact that______.（A）man is confined to time（B）he tried to join Africa to Spain（C）he became a man without soul after he sold it（D）he conjured up Helen, the lady who was the very cause of the Trojan War33 In reading Shakespeare, you must have come across the line "to be or not to be". That is the question by______.（A）Iago in Othello（B）Lear in King Lear（C）Shylock in The Merchant of Venice（D）Hamlet in Hamlet34 "Read not to contradict and confute, nor to believe and take for granted" is one of the epigrams found in______.（A）Bacon's Of Studies（B）Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress（C）Fielding's Tom Jones（D）Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language35 The sentence "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?" is the beginning of one of Shakespeare's______.（A）comedies（B）tragedies（C）sonnets（D）histories36 Romance, which uses narrative verse or prose to tell stories of______adventures or other heroic deeds, is a popular literary form in the medieval period.（A）Christian（B）knightly（C）Greek（D）primitive37 Which of the following historical events does NOT directly help to stimulate the rising of the Renaissance Movement?（A）The rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman culture.（B）The new discoveries in geography and astrology.（C）The Glorious Revolution.（D）The religious reformation and the economic expansion.38 Which of the following statements best illustrates the theme of Shakespeare's Sonnet 181（A）The speaker eulogizes the power of Nature.（B）The speaker satirizes human vanity.（C）The speaker praises the power of artistic creation.（D）The speaker meditates on man's salvation.39 Novum Organum is a successful treatise written in Latin on methodology. The argument is for the use of______.（A）the deductive reasoning（B）the inductive reasoning（C）general reasoning（D）particular reasoning40 Among the following plays which is NOT written by Christopher Marlowe?（A）Dr. Faustus.（B）The Jew of Malta.（C）Edward II.（D）The School for Scandal.41 Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between______and______centuries. （A）16th/mid-19th（B）14th/mid-18th（C）14th/mid-17th（D）16th/mid-17th42 Which of the following is NOT composed by John Milton?（A）Gulliver's Travels.（B）Paradise Lost.（C）Paradise Regained.（D）Areopagitica.43 ______and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanism.（A）Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe（B）John Milton, Thomas More（C）Edmund Spenser, Christopher Marlowe（D）John Donne, Edmund Spenser44 In his life,______shows himself a real revolutionary, a master poet and a great prose writer. He fought for freedom in all aspects as a Christian humanist, while his achievements in literature make him tower over all other English writers of his time and exert a great influence over later ones.（A）Edmund Spenser（B）John Milton（C）John Donne（D）William Shakespeare45 ______frequently applied conceits in his poems.（A）John Donne（B）John Milton（C）Edmund Spenser（D）Thomas Gray46 In the following writings,______has been recognized as an important landmark in the development of English prose.（A）Of Studies by Francis Bacon（B）The Advancement of Learning（C）Essays by Francis Bacon（D）Novum Organum47 ______used wisdom in saving Antonio from being cut a pound of flesh by Shylock in The Merchant of Venice.（A）Judge（B）Portia（C）Bassanio（D）Duke48 ______refers to the works of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.（A）Romanticism（B）Metaphysical poetry（C）Naturalism（D）Critical Realism49 Spenser's masterpiece______is a great poem of its time.（A）The Faerie Queene（B）The Shepherdes Calender（C）The Canterbury Tales（D）Metamorphoses50 Which of the following is NOT among the literary giants of English Renaissance? （A）Edmund Spenser.（B）John Donne.（C）Samuel Johnson.（D）Francis Bacon.51 Shakespeare's plays are written in a beautiful English language. He created______ to express his characters.（A）free verse（B）short verse（C）blank verse（D）regular verse52 ______is known as the poets' poet.（A）Edmund Spenser（B）John Milton（C）Christopher Marlowe（D）Robert Frost53 ______shows how mankind, in the person of Christ, withstands the tempter and is established once more in the divine favor.（A）Paradise Regained（B）Paradise Lost（C）Samson Agonistes（D）Beowulf54 Which of the following writings is the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English?（A）Paradise Lost.（B）Paradise Regained.（C）Samson Agonistes.（D）Beowulf.55 Which of the following is NOT true about Renaissance?（A）Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.（B）Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and Reformation.（C）It was Chaucer who initiated the Reformation.（D）The Elizabethan drama, in its totality, is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.56 Christopher Marlowe gave new vigor to ______ with his mighty lines.（A）the Petrarchan sonnet（B）sestina（C）blank verse（D）terza rima57 Which of the following statements about Shakespeare's greatest tragedies is NOT true?（A）Macbeth's lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes. （B）The Old King Lear who is willing to totally give up his power comes to a good end.（C）Hamlet, the melancholic scholar-prince, faces the dilemma between action and mind.（D）Othello's inner weakness is made use of by the outside evil force.58 The convention of the desire for an escape from society and a return to nature in American Literature is particularly evident in______.（A）Cooper's Leather-Stocking Tales（B）Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter（C）Whitman's Leaves of Grass（D）Irving's Rip Van Winkle59 Hawthorne's works are marked by a preoccupation with the______ view of original sin and the mystery of evil.（A）Catholic（B）Orthodox（C）Calvinistic（D）Marxism60 In Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter, "A" may stand for ______.（A）Angel（B）Adultery（C）Able（D）all the above61 In Leaves of Grass,______is all that concerned Whitman.（A）individualism（B）freedom（C）the spirit of democracy（D）all the above62 ______is not Melville's work.（A）Moby-Dick（B）The Private Life（C）White Jacket（D）Pierre63 Washington Irving's social conservation and literary preference for the past is revealed, to some extent, in his famous story,______.（A）The Legend of Sleepy Hollow（B）Rip Van Winkle（C）The Custom-House（D）The Birthmark64 The chief spokesman of New England Transcendentalism is______.（A）Nathaniel Hawthorne（B）Ralph Waldo Emerson（C）Henry David Thoreau（D）Washington Irving65 In______, Whitman's own early experience may well be identified with the childhood of a young growing America.（A）A Pact（B）Song of Myself（C）There was a Child Went Forth（D）Cavalry Crossing a Ford66 ______is regarded as the first American prose epic.（A）Nature（B）The Scarlet Letter（C）Walden（D）Moby-Dick67 Which may NOT be one of the causes for the rise of American Romantic Movement?（A）The westward territorial expansion.（B）The great increase in population.（C）The victory of the settlers in the Indian war.（D）The rapid economic transformation.68 In Irving's Rip Van Winkle the drastic political changes in the lapsed 20 years are suggested by all the following except______.（A）the flag of the United States（B）the portrait of George Washington（C）the graves of the dead Union soldiers（D）the mention of election and Congress69 In Moby-Dick after the whaling ship the Pequod sinks, Melville writes: ... then all collapsed, and the great shroud of the sea rolled on as it rolled five thousand years ago. The author might imply that______.（A）nothing changes in the 5,000 years of human history（B）man's desire to conquer nature can only end in his own destruction（C）nature is evil as it was 5,000 years ago（D）nature has the ultimate creative power70 After the night in the forest in Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown, Brown dreaded that the church roof might "thunder down" while the priest was giving his eloquent sermon. The reason for such dread is perhaps that______.（A）the church was badly in need of repair（B）too large a crowd had gathered to listen（C）the minister had betrayed himself as a big liar（D）Brown had committed a sinful act71 The Transcendentalists believe that, first, nature is ennobling; and second, the individual is______.（A）insignificant（B）vicious by nature（C）divine（D）forward-looking72 Here is a short passage from a story: "He recognized on the sign, however, the ruby face of King George, under which he had smoked so many a peaceful pipe, and underneath was painted in large characters, GENERAL WASHINGTON. The story must be______.（A）Cooper's Leather-Stocking Tales（B）Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown（C）living's Rip Van Winkle（D）Hemingway's Indian Camp73 In Hawthorne's novels and short stories, intellectuals usually appear as______.（A）commentators（B）observers（C）villains（D）saviors74 Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of the American Romantic writings?（A）Expression of the artist's imaginations, emotions, impressions, or beliefs.（B）Emphasis on rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum.（C）Love for the remote, supernatural, mysterious, exotic and illogical quality of things. （D）To see nature as a source of mental cleanness and spiritual understanding.75 Which of the following writings is not finished by Ralph Waldo Emerson?（A）Nature.（B）Essays.（C）The Over-Soul.（D）Of Studies.76 Statement"______" is wrong in describing Nathaniel Hawthorne.（A）One source of evil that Hawthorne is concerned most is over-reaching intellect （B）Hawthorne is also a great allegorist（C）Hawthorne is also a master of symbolism（D）Hawthorne is a realistic writer77 Which of the following comments on the writings by Herman Melville is not true? （A）Bartleby, the Scrivener is a short story.（B）Benito Cereno is a novella.（C）The Confidence-Man has something to do with the sea and sailors.（D）Moby-Dick is regarded as the first American Prose epic.78 Leaves of Grass commands great attention because of its uniquely poetic embodiment of ______, which are written in the founding documents of both the Revolutionary War and the American Civil War.（A）the democratic ideals（B）the romantic ideals（C）the self-reliant spirits（D）the religious ideals79 It is on his______that Washington Irving's fame mainly rested.（A）tales about America（B）early poetry（C）childhood recollections（D）sketches about his European tours80 Hester Prynne, Dimmesdale, Chillingworth, and Pearl are most likely the names of the characters in______.（A）The Scarlet Letter（B）The House of the Seven Gables（C）The Portrait of a Lady（D）The Pioneers81 According to Whitman, the genuine participation of a poet in a common cultural effort was to behave as a supreme______.（A）democrat（B）individualist（C）romanticist（D）leader82 Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown?（A）Allegory.（B）Ambiguity.（C）Interior monologue.（D）Symbolism.83 "I celebrate myself, and sing myself, And what I assume you shall assume, For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you." Who could have written these lines?（A）Edgar Allen Poe.（B）Walt Whitman.（C）Ralph Waldo Emerson.（D）Henry David Thoreau.84 What kind of narrative point of view is adopted in Moby-Dick??（A）The first person.（B）The second person.（C）The third person limited.（D）The third person omniscient.85 One typical feature of Irving's writing is______.（A）always preaching（B）his best classic style（C）short and difficult to understand（D）symbolic86 Transcendentalists recognized______as the "highest power of the soul". （A）intuition（B）logic（C）data of the senses（D）thinking87 The finest example of Hawthorne's symbolism is the recreation of Puritan Boston in______.（A）The Scarlet Letter（B）Young Goodman Brown（C）The Marble Faun（D）The Ambitious Guest四、问答题88 " … There also was a Nun, a Prioress;Simpler her way of smiling was and coy.Her greatest oath was only 'By ST Loy!"And she was known as Madam Eglantyne.…She wore a coral trinket on her arm,A set of beads, the gaudies tricked in green,Whence hung a golden brooch of brightest sheenOn which there first was graven a crowned A,And lower, Amor vincit omnia.A. Identify the author and the title of the work from which the passage is taken.B. What does the name "Madam Eglantyne" imply about the nun?C. What does the line "Amor vincit omnia" mean?89 "… Though changed in outward luster, that fixed mindAnd high disdain, from sense of injured merit,That with the Mightiest raised me to contendAnd to the fierce contention brought alongInnumerable force of spirits armed,That durst dislike his reign, and me preferring,His utmost power with adverse power opposedIn dubious battle on the plains of Heaven,And shook his throne....A. Identify the poet and the poem.B. Who does the Mightiest refer to in the passage?C. What idea does this passage express?90 But thy eternal summer shall not fade,Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st:Nor shall death brag thou wander'st in his shade,So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life the thee."A. Identify the poem and the poet.B. What does the word "this" refer to?C. What idea does this stanza express?91 "…And thus the native hue of resolutionIs sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought,And enterprises of great pith and moment,With this regard, their currents turn awry,And lose the name of action."A. Identify the author and the title of the work from which the passage is taken.B. What does the native hue of resolution mean?C. What does the pale cast of thought stand for?92 "…If he be not apt to beat over matters, let him study the lawyer's cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt."A. Identify the work from which this quotation is taken from and summarize the main idea of the work.B. What does the phrase "beat over matters" mean?C. What does the word "receipt" refer to?93 (A lot of common objects have been enumerated before, and here are the last two lines of "There Was a Child Went Forth")The horizon's edge, the flying sea-crow, the fragrant of salt marsh and shore mud. These became part of that child who went forth every day, and who now goes,And will always go forth every day.A. Who is the author of this poem?B. What does the "child" stand for in the poem?C. In one or two sentences, interpret the implied meaning of the two line.94 "'Poor little Faith!' thought he, for his heart smote him. 'What a wretch am I, to leave her on such an errand! She talks of dreams, too. Methought, as she spoke, there wastrouble in her face, as if a dream had warned her what work is to be done tonight. But, no, no!' it would kill her to think it. Well; she's a blessed angel on earth; and after this one night, I'll cling to her skirts and follow her to Heaven.'"A. Identify the author and the title of the work from which this passage is taken?B. Who is Faith?C. How do you interpret the speaker's feeling?95 To go into solitude, a man needs to retire as much from his chamber as from society. I am not solitary whilst I read and write, though nobody is with me. But if a man would be alone, let him look at the stars. The rays that come from those heavenly worlds, will separate between him and vulgar things. One might think the atmosphere was made transparent with this design, to give, in the heavenly bodies, the perpetual presence of the sublime. Seen in the streets of cities, how great they are! If the stars should appear one night in a thousand years, how would men believe and adore; and preserve for many generations the remembrance of the city of God which had been shown! But every night comes out preaches of beauty, and light the universe with their admonishing smile.A. This paragraph is taken from a famous essay entitled______.B. Who is the author?C. What does the author say would happen if the stars appeared one night in a thousand years?D. Give a peculiar term to cover the author's belief.96 "God knows, I'm not myself— I'm somebody else— ... and I'm changed, and I can't tell what's my name, or who I am."A. Identify the work and the author.B. The speaker says he is changed. Do you think he is changed, or the social environment has changed?C. What idea does the quoted sentence express?97 Whether fagged by the three days' running chase, and the resistance to his swimming in the knotted hamper he bore; or whether it was some latent deceitfulness and malice in him: whichever was true, the white Whale's way now began to abate, as it seemed, from the boat so rapidly nearing him once more; though indeed the whale's last start had not been so long a one as before. And still as Ahab glided over the waves the unpitying sharks accompanied him; and so pertinaciously stuck to the boat; and so continually bit at the plying oars that the blades became jagged and crunched, and left small splinters in the sea, at almost every dip.A. From which novel is the paragraph taken?B. What is the name of the novelist?C. Who is Ahab?D. What is the name of the white Whale?E. What is the theme of the novel?五、论述题98 William Shakespeare is one of the most remarkable playwrights and poets the world has ever known. Try to discuss his art of creations.99 Comment briefly on Hamlet's hesitation in taking revenge.100 Comment briefly on Geoffrey Chaucer's literary contributions to English literature.101 According to the setting of the poem Paradise Lost, discuss the theme, the author's intention to create it and the implication that the poem expresses.102 Discuss briefly the main tragic heroes in Shakespeare's four greatest tragedies.103 Emerson is generally known as an essayist. What is the style of his prose?104 Whitman is a giant of American Letters. Discuss Whitman's art of poem: the language, the characters, etc..105 Being a period of the great flowering of American literature, the Romantic Period is called "the American Renaissance". Briefly discuss what the features of American literature in this period are.106 Moby Dick is regarded as the first American prose epic. Who is the author of the work? What figure of speech is adopted to show the theme? Discuss the question.107 Comment briefly on the symbolic significance of The Scarlet Letter.。
专业英语八级英语语言学知识(语言习得)模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级英语语言学知识（语言习得）模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 3. GENERAL KNOWLEDGEPART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN)Directions: There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question.1．In general, language acquisition refers to children’s development of their______.A．first languageB．second languageC．foreign languageD．dialectal language正确答案：A解析：一般来说，语言习得指的是儿童的第一语言发展，即儿童在其长大成人所在的社区的本族语的发展。
知识模块：语言习得2．______holds that language learning is simply a matter of imitation and habit formation.A．The behaviorist viewB．The innatist viewC．The naming theoryD．The contextualism正确答案：A解析：行为主义论(the behaviorist view)认为，语言学习是一个简单的接受语言刺激、模仿语言、形成语言习惯的过程。
知识模块：语言习得3．______holds that children are born with an innate mechanism that allows them to acquire language.A．The behaviorist viewB．The innatist viewC．The naming theoryD．The contextualism正确答案：B解析：先天主义论(the innatist view)认为儿童生来大脑就具有学习语言的机制，受到一定的语言刺激后就可以激活该机制习得语言。
语言学考研模拟测试题
语言学考研模拟测试题一、填空题（每空 1 分，共 20 分）1、语言是人类最重要的交际工具，也是的载体。
2、现代语言学之父是，他的代表作是《》。
3、音素是的最小单位，音位是的最小单位。
4、语法单位有四级，分别是语素、词、和。
5、词义的性质包括概括性、和。
6、文字是记录语言的，汉字属于体系的文字。
7、语言演变的特点包括渐变性、和。
8、社会方言是由或因素而形成的语言变体。
9、语言接触的结果主要有语言的借用、、和语言混合。
10、转换生成语法的创始人是。
二、选择题（每题 2 分，共 30 分）1、下列属于元音的是（）A pB mC uD s2、汉语普通话中“妈”“麻”“马”“骂”的语音区别在于（）A 音高B 音强C 音长D 音色3、“黑板”这个词属于（）A 单纯词B 合成词C 派生词D 复合词4、下列词中属于动宾结构的是（）A 白菜B 理发C 飞机D 提高5、“他跑得很快”中“得”的作用是（）A 表示可能B 表示程度C 表示结果D 表示趋向6、下列句子中属于兼语句的是（）A 他叫我去北京。
B 我知道他来了。
C 他有个妹妹很聪明。
D 他喜欢读书。
7、下列属于词缀的是（）A 老师B 烟头C 鸟儿D 绿化8、世界上使用人数最多的语言是（）A 汉语B 英语C 西班牙语D 阿拉伯语9、语言发展的根本原因是（）A 社会的发展B 语言内部的矛盾C 语言的接触D 人的发音器官的发展10、下列属于借词的是（）A 扑克B 马虎C 玻璃D 沙发11、下列属于舌尖中音的是（）A dB tC nD l12、汉语普通话中“一”的变调规律不包括（）A 在去声前读阳平B 在阴平前读去声C 在阳平前读去声D 在轻声前读阳平13、“他不喜欢游泳”中的“不”是（）A 副词B 动词C 形容词D 助词14、下列属于会意字的是（）A 日B 刃C 休D 江15、语言融合的必要条件是（）A 政治上的平等B 经济上的发达C 文化上的先进D 各族人民杂居三、名词解释（每题 5 分，共 20 分）1、语流音变2、语义场3、词类活用4、语言规划四、简答题（每题 10 分，共 20 分）1、简述语言和言语的区别和联系。
英语专业考研语言学试题
英语专业考研语言学试题 11. Peter ________come with us tonight, but he isn’t very sure yet.A. mustB. canC. mayD. will2. — Could you borrow your dictionary?— Yes, of course you ________.A. mightB. willC. canD. should3. A computer ________think for itself, it must be told what to do.A. can’tB. couldn’tC. may notD. might not4. I didn’t hear the phone, I ________asleep.A. must beB. must have beenC. should beD. should have been5. There was plenty of time, she ________.A. mustn’t have hurriedB. couldn’t have hurriedC. must not hurryD. needn’t have hurried6. The plant is dead. I ________it more water.A. will giveB. would have givenC. must giveD. should have given7. Very loud noises ________make people ill, hurt their ears, or even drive them mad.A. mustB. needC. canD. should8. He asked me for the dictionary many times; please tell him that he________have it tomorrow.A. mustB. needC. mayD. dare9. — Why is she still standing there?— She ________be waiting for her boyfriend.A. canB. mustC. dareD. need10. Two eyes________ see more than one.A. canB. mustC. mightD. shall11. What ________he mean? ________you tell me?A. can; MayB. can; CanC. may; MayD. must; Should12. How ________he say that his teacher was unfair?A. mustB. mightC. couldD. need13. It ________be very cold in this part.A. canB. oughtC. shallD. dare14. I’d like to ask a question if I ________.A. mustB. willC. mayD. might15. Even in summer the temperature ________suddenly drop below freezing.A. mightB. oughtC. mustD. need16. He decided to join the army so that he ________defend the country.A. may helpB. might helpC. helpsD. helped17. You ________always be talking like that.A. mightn’tB. mayn’tC. can’tD. mustn’t18. The car ________have broke down just when we were about to start off.A. mustB. couldC. mightD. should19. You ________see him while he is in hospital.A. have betterB. had betterC. would ratherD. had to20. There is a fine sunset; it ________to be a fine day tomorrow.A. oughtB. shouldC. has toD. has better21. You are his father, you ________take care of him.A. mightB. oughtC. ought toD. are able to22. That’s all. It ________be talked about any more.A. needn’tB. mightn’tC. darn’t toD. needn’t to23. The question ________discussing.A. needsB. needC. can beD. must be24. He ________even look out of the window.A. daren’tB. daresn’tC. dared not toD. dares not25. I’m so hungry that I ________find something to eat.A. have toB. wouldC. mayD. can26. All the students ________do their best for the modernization of our country.A. canB. shouldC. mayD. might27. You ________be careful with your homework.A. mustB. have toC. mayD. are used to28. It is getting darker. You ________not go home.A. had betterB. have betterC. would ratherD. would like29. I ________what happened to our school.A. would like knowB. would like to knowC. would like knowingD. would like that I know30. — Would you mind my changing the plan?— ________.A. Oh, no, pleaseB. Yes, I mind notC. No, I wouldD. Yes, I will31. — It ________ be Jack who is in the library.—I’m sure it ________be him, I saw him off at the railway station just two days ago.A. can’t; can’t eB. must; mustn’tC. must; can’tD. can’t; mustn’t32. I ________tell her the truth about his marriage.A. can’t helpB. can’t butC. may not helpD. mustn’t but33. Since she is angry, we ________.A. had better to leave her alongB. should leave her aloneC. would rather to leave her aloneD. must leave her alone34. Look! What you’ve done to me. You ________more careful.A. maybeB. had toC. should have beenD. would be35. ________read the letter for you?A. Would you like meB. Do you want meC. Will you mind meD. Shall I36. He promised he ________not make such silly mistakes.A. wouldB. shouldC. mightD. could37. ________it be true that his father will go abroad?A. CanB. MayC. NeedD. Should38. Those streams are so small that they ________be shown in the maps.A. mustn’tB. may notC. can’tD. may39. — May I use your bike?— ________.A. No, you may notB. No, you mustn’tC. No, you won’tD. Sorry, I’m afraid not40. — Must I write to her?— No, you ________.A. mustn’tB. shouldn’tC. can’tD. don’t have to41. — Need I start tonight?— Yes, you ________.A. doB. needC. mustD. may42. The old man ________sit for hours watching the ships.A. wouldB. shouldC. was used toD. would rather to43. If the telephone ________ring, please wake me up.A. wouldB. shouldC. willD. might44. I wish they ________stop making remarks about me.A. wouldB. willC. shouldD. shall45. You’re thirsty, aren’t you? ________he get some coffee?A. DoesB. ShallC. WouldD. Let46. Which of the following is wrong?A. That may be true.B. That might be true.C. That can be true.D. That could be true.47. — Would you lend me some money?— Yes, I ________.A. wouldB. willC. canD. may48. He ________ swimming when he was young.A. was used to goB. got used to goC. used to goingD. used to go49. You say you ________ not do it, but I say you ________do it.A. will; shallB. shall; shallC. shall; willD. will; will50. You ________out yesterday without a coat. No wonder you caught cold.A. should have goneB. shouldn’t have goneC. could not have goneD. might have gone51. He ________the 8:30 train because he didn’t leave home until 9:00.A. can’t catchB. couldn’t catchC. may notD. can’t have caught52. You ________us this because we had more than enough.A. needn’t bringB. needn’t have broughtC. mustn’t bringD. couldn’t have brought53. — He learnt the language in three months.— He ________very hard.A. must workB. might have workedC. must have workedD. might work54. — Who told you my telephone number?—I don’t remember. It ________Mary.—It can’t be Mary, she doesn’t know it.A. may have beenB. can have beenC. must beD. can be55. You ________him, why didn’t you?A. ought to thankB. ought have thankedC. ought to have thankedD. ought thank56. I ________have arrived a little earlier, but my car broke down.A. shouldB. couldC. canD. can’t57. — ________we go out for a walk?—Great. Let’s goA. ShallB. WillC. MayD. Should58. Though she was seriously ill, she ________ complete the work in time.A. wouldB. was able toC. was possible toD. might59. — Would you like to play chess with me?— Yes, ________.A. I’dB. I wouldC. I’d likeD. I’d like to60. Tom is late. He ________the wrong bus.A. must takeB. must have takenC. might takeD. could take英语专业考研语言学试题 21. Charles Babbage is generally considered ________the first computer.A. to have inventedB. inventingC. to inventD. having invented2. Little Jim should love ________to the theatre this evening.A. to be takenB. to takeC. being takenD. taking3. — I usually go there by train.— Why not ________by boat for a change?A. to try goingB. trying to goC. to try and goD. try going4. John was made ________the truck for a week as a punishment.A. to washB. washingC. washD. to be washing5. She reached the top of the hill and stopped ________on a big rock by the side of the path.A. to have restedB. restingC. to restD. rest6. She pretended________ me when I passed by.A. not to seeB. not seeingC. to not seeD. having not seen7. Though he had often made his sister ________, today he was made________by his sister.A. cry; to cryB. crying; cryingC. cry; cryingD. to cry; cry8. Tell him ________the window.A. to shut notB. not to shutC. to not shutD. don’t’ shut9. ________her sick to think of the matter.A. That madeB. That causedC. It madeD. It caused10. The woman’s job is ________after the disable children.A. lookB. looksC. lookedD. to look11. She ________to ________everything.A. demanded; tellB. demanded; be toldC. required; tellD. required; be told12. It’s time ________our league meeting.A. to beginB. beginningC. that we beginD. that we’ll begin13. That day I was the last one ________the experiment.A. madeB. makingC. to makeD. having made14. I’m hungry. Get me something ________.A. to be eatenB. to eatC. eatingD. to be eating15. Would you ________me to show you around the place?A. letB. likeC. mindD. care16. She is said ________the necklace.A. that she lostB. that she has lostC. to loseD. to have lost17. What do you think is the best way ________the problem?A. to settlingB. in which settlingC. to settleD. settling18. You are ________retell the story.A. oughtB. ought toC. expectingD. expected to19. I didn’t want the problem ________again.A. to raiseB. to be raisedC. being raisedD. be raised20. Have you had the nurse ________your son’s temperature?A. to takeB. takingC. takeD. taken21. First we should find a hotel ________for the night.A. to put up at itB. in order to put up atC. at where to put upD. at which to put up22. ________wake me up when you come in.A. You’d better not toB. You’d better notC. You hadn’t better toD. You hadn’t better23. I don’t think you need ________ today.A. to leaveB. to be leavingC. leavingD. being left24. We have been looking for the girl all the morning, but she is no where________.A. to seeB. to be seenC. being seenD. seen25. He should ________for what he has done.A. praiseB. be praisedC. have praisedD. to be praised26. He felt a stone ________his back.A. hittingB. to hitC. hittedD. hit27. I hurried to school, only ________out it was Sunday.A. findB. to findC. foundD. would find28. Here are some exercises that need________ after class.A. doneB. to be doneC. being doneD. to do29. I’ve been waiting for half an hour ________me the phone call.A. to giveB. for you givingC. of you to giveD. for you to give30. Everything ________smoothly.A. seems goingB. seems to be goingC. is seeming to goD. is seeming to be going31. It was thoughtful ________us the map of the city.A. of you to sendB. for you to sendC. of you sendingD. for you sending32. You are fortunate ________as a member of the club.A. being acceptedB. to acceptC. To have acceptedD. to have been accepted33. ________wasn’t pleasant ________up so early.A. He; to wakeB. He; to be wakenC. It; of him to wakeD. It; to be woken34. I find these problems are easy________.A. to work outB. to be worked outC. in working outD. to be worked them out35. How rude ________him ________a child like that.A. of; to treatB. for; to treatC. of; is to treatD. for; is to treat36. It was stupid ________him ________attend the lecture.A. of; to notB. of; not toC. for; to notD. for; not to37. It was impossible ________lost time to ________.A. for; make upB. of; make upC. for; be made upD. of; be made up38. The shoes are too large ________.A. to me to wearB. for me to wearC. to me to be wornD. for me to be worn39. ________was sorry________ made such a silly mistake.A. It; to haveB. It; havingC. I ; to haveD. I; having40. I’ll be delighted ________.A. when I’ll see you againB. to see you againC. that I see you againD. to have seen you again41. He was ________tired ________any further.A. too; walkingB. too; to walkC. so; walkingD. so; to walk42. Will you be ________kind ________make tea for me?A. so; toB. fairly; toC. so; as toD. fairly; as to43. The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ________.A. sitB. sit onC. be satD. be sat on44. I ________how to answer the question.A. puzzleB. am puzzlingC. have puzzledD. am puzzled45. Have you decided ________the party?A. whether you holdB. why to holdC. whether to holdD. if to hold46. He doesn’t know ________to stay or not.A. ifB. eitherC. neitherD. whether he ought47. Last summer I took a course on ________.A. how to make dressesB. how dresses be madeC. how to be made dressesD. how dresses to be made48. He hesitated ________ the medicine.A. takingB. about to takeC. whether he takeD. whether to take49. How do the birds know exactly ________ direction ________?A. which, flyingB. which; to fly toC. in which; to flyD. X; flying to50. —I don’t know ________with the problem.— Why not ________your teacher for advise?A. what to do; to askB. how to do; to askC. what to do; askD. how to do; ask51. I think he should get a job, but you can’t force him ________ if he’s not ready ________.A. to get; toB. to get; XC. to; X D; to; to do52. — Would you like to go to the ball?— Yes, ________.A. I’dB. I’d likeC. I’d like toD. I’d like to go53. —Aren’t you in charge of this?— No, and I ________.A. don’t wantB. don’t want toC. don’t want to be D am not54. ________the truth, I don’t want to go.A. To tellB. TellC. TellingD. In order to tell55. I’d rather read something at home than ________to the park in such weather.A. goB. to goC. goingD. went56. We could do nothing but ________Father for help.A. askB. askingC. to askD. asked57. He wanted nothing but ________in the corner.A. seatB. be seatedC. be seatD. to be seated58. It ________about two years________ such a big dam.A. takes; in buildingB. takes; to buildC. needs; in buildingD. needs; to build59. How much did ________cost ________the house?A. it; in rebuildingB. he; in rebuildingC. it; to rebuildD. he; to rebuild60. ________requires patience ________a good nurse.A. She; to beB. she; if she isC. It; to beD. It; if she is。
[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编28.doc
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[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编28.doc[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编28一、填空题1 The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as______. (中山大学2008研)2 ______is formed when the leaner attempts to learn a new language, and it has features of both the first language and the second language but is neither. (中山大学2006研)3 Hymes' theory leads to notion/function-based syllables, and a step further,______syllabuses. (中山大学2005研)4 Error is the grammatically incorrect form; ______ appears when the language is correct grammatically but improper in a communicational context. (中山大学2008研)5 As a compromise between the "purely form-focused approaches" and the "purely meaning-focused" approaches, a recent movement called______seems to take a more balanced view on the role of grammar in language learning. (中山大学2011年研)二、单项选择题6 In Krashen's monitor theory, "i" in "i + 1" hypothesis of second language acquisition refers to ______. (对外经贸2006研) （A）interaction（B）interference（C）input（D）intake7 The______is a syllabus in which the language content is arranged in terms of speech acts together with the languageitems needed for them. (西安外国语学院2006研)（A）structural syllabus（B）situational syllabus（C）notional syllabus（D）functional syllabus8 Negative transfer in learning a second language is known as______.（A）interference（B）interlanguage（C）fossilization（D）acculturation9 ______sees errors as the result of the intrusion of L1 habits over which the learner had no control.（A）error analysis（B）performance analysis（C）contrastive analysis（D）discourse analysis三、简答题10 How do you understand interlanguage? (西安交通大学2008研)11 What are the four obvious barriers to adult 12 acquisition? (浙江大学2003研)12 Linguists have taken an internal and/or external focus to the study of language acquisition. What is the difference between the two?(北外201 1研)13 What is the difference between mistakes and errors?14 What are the distinctions between interlingual and intralingual errors?15 What are the different views of input hypothesis and interaction hypothesis on discourse's contribution to languageacquisition?四、名词解释16 Applied linguistics (武汉大学2006研)17 Interlanguage (北外2010研；北航2010研；上海交大2005研)18 Contrastive analysis (北航2010研；浙江大学2004研)19 face validity (南开大学2011年研)20 Error Analysis (中山大学2011年研)五、举例说明题21 Krashen's Input Hypothesis and Language Learning.(北交大2006研)22 Explain one of the teaching approaches that you're familiar with and discuss its advantages and disadvantages. (浙江大学2004研)23 What do you think are the similarities and dissimilarities between learning a first anda second language? (北外2003研)24 What is communicative competence? How should we develop it in our foreign lauguage learning? (四川大学2009研)25 Read the following paragraphs and then answer four questions. (北外201 1年研) The idea behind the experiential vision of learning is that the use of the target language for communicative purposes is not only the goal of learning, but also a means of learning in its own right. This may clearly involve students using language which they may not have fully mastered, and contrasts with other more ' traditional' approaches which emphasize part practice (i. e., isolating parts of the whole for explicit study and learning)leading up in a more or less controlled manner to integrated language use for communicative purposes. An experientialapproach to learning may therefore involve a degree of what Johnson (1982) refers to as an ' in at the deep end strategy'. Simply throwing learners into wholly uncontrolled and undirected language use is, of course, as dubious a strategy with respect to language learning as doing the same with someone who is learning to swim. For this reason, considerable effort has been devoted by methodologists, material writers, and teachers in recent decades to the way in which two sets of factors can be combined. One is the basic insight that language use can serve a significant role in promoting learning, and the other is the acknowledgement that use of the language needs to be structured in a coherent and pedagogically manageable way. The experiential vision of learning has evolved in a variety of ways since the 1960s and is now encountered in a number of differing forms. Nevertheless, most experiential approaches to learning rest on five main principles which were developed in the earlier days of the communicative movement, even if certain receive more attention in one variant than in another. These principles are the following: message focus, holistic practice, the use of authentic materials, the use of communication strategies, and the use of collaborative modes of learning. (Tudor 2001: 79) An analytical view of learning posits that according explicit attention to the regularitiesof language and language use can play a positive role in learning. Each language manifests a number of structural regularities in areas such as grammar, lexis and phonology, and also with respect to the ways in which these elements are combined to communicate messages. The question, therefore, is not whether languages have structural regularities or not, but whether and in which way explicit attention to such regularitiescan facilitate the learning of the language. An analytical approach to learning rests on a more or less marked degree of part practice, i. e. , isolating parts of the whole for explicit study and learning, even if its ultimate goal remains the development of learners' abilityto put these parts together for integrated, holistic use. At least, two main considerations lend support to an analytical approach to learning. First, in terms of learning in general , the isolation and practice of sub-parts of a target skill is a fairly common phenomenon. ... Second, explicit identification of regularities in a language has advantages which Johnson (1996: 83) refers to as 'generativity' and ' economy'. Mastering a regularity in a language gives learners access to the generative potential of this regularity in new circumstances. ... Explicit presentation or discovery of the structural regularities of a language can therefore represent a short-cut to mastery of this language and support learners' ability to manipulate these regularities for communicative purposes. (Tudor 2001: 86-7)1. What are the differences between experiential and analytical modes of language learning?2. What serves as the theoretical foundation for the experiential mode of language learning and what are its advantages and disadvantages?3. What serves as the theoretical foundation for the analytical mode of language learning and what are its advantages and disadvantages?4. How would you balance the two modes of learning in your teaching or learning of a foreign language?26 How many types of data analysis have been employed in language acquisition research? How are these types of dataanalysis significant in SLA research?。
语言学考研试题及答案
语言学考研试题及答案语言学考研模拟试题一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列哪项不是语言的基本功能？（）A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 逻辑推理D. 社交互动2. 结构主义语言学的奠基人是（）。
A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 布隆菲尔德D. 萨丕尔3. 在语言学中，音位和音素的区别在于（）。
A. 音位是具体的，音素是抽象的B. 音位是抽象的，音素是具体的C. 音位和音素都是具体的D. 音位和音素都是抽象的4. 下列哪项不是生成语法理论的核心概念？（）A. 深层结构B. 表层结构C. 转换规则D. 语言行为5. 语言的任意性原则是由哪位语言学家提出的？（）A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 布隆菲尔德D. 萨丕尔6. 在语义学中，词义的最小意义单位是（）。
A. 语素B. 词汇C. 短语D. 句子7. 下列哪项不是社会语言学研究的内容？（）A. 语言变异B. 语言与性别C. 语言与年龄D. 语言的生物学基础8. 语言的同化现象通常是指（）。
A. 语言的消亡B. 语言的创新C. 语言的借用D. 语言的统一9. 下列哪项是语言接触的结果？（）A. 语言的分化B. 语言的融合C. 语言的独立发展D. 语言的隔离10. 在语言学中，词汇-功能语法是由哪位学者提出的？（）A. 韩礼德B. 乔姆斯基C. 布隆菲尔德D. 萨丕尔二、简答题（每题10分，共20分）1. 简述语言的萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说。
2. 描述一下什么是形态学，并给出一个例子。
三、论述题（每题30分，共60分）1. 论述语言的普遍语法理论及其对语言习得的影响。
2. 分析社会语言学中的“语言变异”现象，并讨论其对语言研究的意义。
参考答案：一、单项选择题1. C2. A3. B4. D5. A6. A7. D8. C9. B10. A二、简答题1. 萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说，又称为语言相对论，是由语言学家爱德华·萨丕尔和他的学生本杰明·李·沃尔夫提出的。
语言学综合练习(1)
英语语言学综合练习I. MatchingDirections: Match each of the following terms in Column A with one of appropriate definitions in Column B.AColumn A Column B1. duality A. a mark added to a symbol to alter its value2. semiotic triangle B. the process whereby a child extends his use of grammaticalfeature to contexts beyond those found in the adult language. 3. sense C. the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds twolevels of “structure” or “patterning”. At the higher level,language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningfulunits; at the lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segmentswhich lack any meaning in themselves, but are combined toform units of meaning.4. diacritics D. any linguistic form which is composed of constituents and isable to be segmented.5. linguistic repertoire E. the complex system of relationships that hold between the ling-uistic elements themselves.6. construction F. a particular model of meaning which claimed that meaning isessentially a threefold relationship.7. incompatibility G. the totality of linguistic varieties possessed by an individual.8. descriptive adequacy H. a personal actual use of language, i.e., any actual utterances aspeaker makes in a particular situation.9. overgeneralization I. a term used in the study of the sense relations between lexicalitems. It refers to sets of items where the choice of one item ex-cludes the use of all the other items from that set (unless thereis a contradiction).10. performance J. one of the criteria suggested by Chomsky for grammar whichrequires that a grammar should coincide with the intuitions ofnative speakers concerning their language.B.Column A Column B1. reference A. The internalized set of rules about the sequences permitted in one’slanguage.2. design features B. It refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set ofdifferent meanings.3. discovering procedures C. The defining feature that there is no motivated relationship betweenthe sign and what it is a sign for.4. ultimate constituent D. The relationship between words and the things, action, events andqualities they stand for.5. language competence E. The framework proposed by Charles Hocket, an American linguist,which discusses the defining properties of human language as againstanimal communication.6. polysemy F. The smallest grammatical unit obtained through segmentation.7. entailment G. The branch of linguistics which studies the human speech organs,and the way in which the speech sounds are produced.8. phonology H. The methods and principles established by Bloomfield in the investi-gation of languages, which enable them to arrive at an appropriatephonological and grammatical description of the language under inves-tigation.9. articulatory phonetics I. A relation exists between two propositions which differ only in that anargument of one is hyponymous to an argument of the other.10. arbitrariness J. A branch of linguistics which studies the sound systems of languages.it studies the ways in which speech sounds form systems and patternsin human language.C.Column A Column B1. psycholinguistics A. a relationship between two words, in which the meaning of one of thewords includes the meaning of the other word.2. morpheme B. a branch of linguistics which studies the perception of sounds bythe human ear.3. immediate constituent C. a speech sound which is usually considered as one distinctive vowelof a particular language but really involves two vowels, with onevowel gliding to the other.4. auditory phonetics D. members that can be grouped under the same superordinate term5. hyponymy E. the two parts that are yielded after each cut.6. co-hyponyms F. the smallest meaningful unit in a language7. dialect G. a process of semantic change by which a word of wide meaning ac-quires a narrower, specialized sense which is applicable to only oneof the objects it had previously denoted.8. diphthong H. the phenomenon that some sentences, in the utterance and the seemingperformance of a speech act, perform a certain illocutionary act indirectly.9. specialization I. a term that refers to the medium of speech by a given individual, whohas acquired it against a particular background of nationality, ethnicheritage, or geographical location.10. indirect speech act J. study of the relationship between language and mind.II. Tell true statements from false ones. Write T for true statements in the bracket aftereach item and F for false ones.1. Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentence patterns of a language.2. Sentences are strings of words put together in a random order.3. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.4. The IC Analysis is not able to analyze split verbs like “do somebody in.”5. Of all the design features of the human language, displacement is the most important.6. Inflection is the manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition ofinflectional affixes, such as number, person, aspect and case.7. Structural grammar, which arose largely from Bloomfield’s work, placed great emphasison analyzing the writing systems of language.8. In TG grammar, the phrase-structure rules, in conjunction with lexical insertion rules, generate asurface structure.9. Language is human specific.10. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in the human history.11. By synchrony we mean to study language change and development.12. Of all the design features of the human language, cultural transmission is the one that reallycounts.13. Language is widely defined as the dress of thought.14. A particular characteristic of componential analysis is that it attempts to treat components interms of binary opposites.15. Transformational rules do not change the basic meaning of sentences.16. The CP Principle, put forth by P. Grice, has four maxims, for writing as well as speaking.17. The relationship of “flower”, “violet”, “rose” and “tulip” is hyponymy.18. The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not makea different word, are phones.19. M. A. K. Halliday said a sentence was the maximum free form and word the minimum free form20. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than thesegment—phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentences.21. Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics that studies language in use and linguistic communication.22. The “speech act theory”, proposed by J. Austen and J. Searle, is a theory about language used to“say things”.23. “Conversational implicature”, according to P. Grice, refers to the extra meaning not contained inthe utterance, understandable to the listener only when he shares the speaker’s knowledge or knows why and how he violates intentionally one of the four maxims of the CP.24. A linguist’s major task is to prescribe some rules for the correct use of language.25. Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as sequences ofletters.26. The expressive and evocative functions of language are actually the different sides of the same thing.petence and performance mean, to Chomsky, much the same thing.28. Language is considered static by most linguists.29. A standard dialect is a primary variety that has no connection with a particular region, but that is widely acceptable.30. Language is the primary means by which a culture transmits its belief, values, and norms.III. Multiple choice. For each question there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one which would be the best answer to the question, or completes the sentence.1. Transformational rules do not change the basic of sentences.A. structureB. formC. sound patternD. meaning2. By it is meant that something represents something else.A. soundB. utteranceC. symbolD. speech3. Pitch variation is known as when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. toneB. intonationC. voiceD. pronunciation4. Linguists give priority to the spoken language but not the written language because .A. vocal sounds are derived from writing systemsB. speech precedes writing everywhere in the worldC. we have recording devices to study speechD. spoken language precedes written language only in Indo-European languages5. are produced when the obstruction is complete at first, then released slowly with friction resulting from partial obstruction.A. NasalsB. GlidesC. FricativesD. Affricates6. We call the relation between “animal” and “cow” as .A. polysemyB. antonymyC. homonymyD. hyponymy7. The study of language development over a period of time is generally termed as linguistics.A. appliedB. synchronicC. comparativeD. diachronic8. means the lack of a logical connection between the form of something and its expression in sounds.A. AmbiguityB. AbstractnessC. ArbitrarinessD. Fuzziness9. is the language of Angles, Saxons and Jutes who invaded Britain after AD 450.A. Old NorseB. CelticC. Middle EnglishD. Old English10. In English if a word begins with a [l] or [r], then the next sound must be a .A. fricativeB. nasal soundC. semi-vowelD. vowel11. In the group of words “ride, walk, fly, go”, “go” is a .A. superordinate termB. hyponymC. subordinate termD. homonym12. deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Applied linguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. Comparative linguisticsD. Linguistic geography13. The pair of words “borrow” and “lend” are called .A. relational oppositesB. synonymsC. complementariesD. gradable opposites14. A linguist is interested in .A. all soundsB. vowels onlyC. speech sounds onlyD. consonants only15. What kind of functions does the sentence “How do you do?” have?A. DirectiveB. EvocativeC. PhaticD. Informative16. The word “language” sometimes used to refer to the whole of a person’s language is called .A. scientific languageB. idiolectC. colloquial languageD. formal language17. The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn’t it?” is .A. directiveB. informativeC. performativeD. phatic18. The phrase “men and women” belongs to the construction.A. predicateB. coordinateC. subordinateD. exocentric19. Which of the following two-term set shows the feature of complementarity?A. single/marriedB. lend/borrowC. hot /coldD. old/young20. The fact that the ability to speak a language is transmitted from generation to generation by aprocess of learning and not genetically, is usually referred to as .A. performanceB. language acquisitionC. cultural transmissionD. competence21. “The man put on his hat” is transformed into “The man put his hat on”. Which rule is appliedaccording to Transformational Generative Grammar?A. DeletionB. CopyingC. ReorderingD. None of the above22. Which description of componential analysis for the word “woman” is right?A. +human, -adult, +maleB. +human, +adult, +maleC. +human, +adult, -maleD. +human, -adult, -male23. The words “railway” and “railroad” are .A. synonyms differing in emotive meaningB. dialectal synonymsC. collocationally-restricted synonymsD. synonyms differing in styles24. covers the study of language use in relation to context, and in particular the study of linguistic communication.A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. StylisticsD. Sociolinguistics25. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as .A. abnormalB. unnaturalC. naturalD. something to be feared26. The words “dog” and “read” are called because they can occur unattached.A. derivational morphemesB. free morphemesC. bound morphemesD. inflectional morphemes27. “Words are names or labels for things”. This view is called in semantic theory.A. mentalismB. conceptualismC. naming theoryD. contextualism28. At the age of four, children .A. can master the essentials of their mother tongueB. can only babble several soundsC. can name the things around them onlyD. can write out all the grammatical rules of their mother tongue29. are produced when the obstruction created by the speech organs is totally and audibly released.A. AffricatesB. FricativesC. StopsD. Glides30. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degree Centigrade” is .A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative31. The words such as “lab”, “doc” are .A. formed by blendingB. acronymsC. coined by back-formationD. clipped words32. “A fish is swimming in the pond” is transformed into “There is a fish swimming in the pond”.Which transformational rule is applied?A. CopyingB. ReorderingC. AdditionD. Deletion33. studies the total stock of morphemes of a language, particularly those items whichhave clear semantic references.A. PhonologyB. MorphologyC. LexicologyD. Lexicography34. Language is .A. instinctiveB. non-instinctiveC. staticD. genetically transmitted35. is defined as any regionally or socially definable human group identified by shared linguistic system.A. A speech communityB. A raceC. A societyD. A country36. The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in and vocabulary.A. structureB. pronunciationC. grammarD. usage37. Which description of componential analysis for the word “boy” is right?A. +human, +adult, -maleB. +human, +adult, +maleC. +human, -adult, +maleD. +human, -adult, -male38. Morphemes that represent “tense”, “number”, “gender”“case” and so on are called mor-phemes.A. freeB. boundC. inflectionalD. derivational39. The study of language development over a period of time is generally termed as lin- guistics.A. comparativeB. diachronicC. appliedD. synchronic40. A group of two or more consonants together in a syllable is called a(n) .A. arresting clusterB. syllableC. consonant clusterD. releasing cluster41. Philosophers, psychologists and linguists commonly make the point that it is the possession ofthat most clearly distinguishes man from other animals.A. soundB. languageC. thinkingD. creativity42. A is the dialect that identifies where the speaker is in terms of a social scale.A. idiolectB. regional dialectC. standard dialectD. sociolect43. The symbols are said to be arbitrary because they do not what they represent.A. meanB. changeC. representD. differ from44. In the following sounds, is a voiceless bilabial stop.A. [p]B. [g]C. [d]D. [b]45. L. Bloomfield is a famous structural linguist.A. BritishB. RussianC. AmericanD. French46. is the study of word formation and the internal structure of words.A. SyntaxB. MorphologyC. SemanticsD. PhonologyIV. Gap-fillingDirections: In this part, you are given a passage with 20 blanks. Choose the right word or phrase from the list given below to fill in the blanks.A). a. know b. such c. end d. word e. field f. term g. work h. fieldsi. about j. used k. sense l. teach m. foreign n. teaching o. Researchp. linguistic q. synonymous r. application s. fluently t. explainBy “applied linguistics” I mean the 1 of linguistic methodology, techniques of analysis and 2 Findings to non-linguistic 3 . Linguistics in this 4 is thus very much a means to some 5 , rather than an end in itself. There are many 6 fields, and there is still much 7 to be done. The first, and major application of 8 research is of course in the field of language 9 and language learning especially in the teaching of 10 languages. The 11 “applied linguistics”has even at times been 12 as if it were 13 with “foreign language teaching”. The relevance of linguistics in this 14 should be fairly obvious. It is obvious that one cannot 15 a language if he does not know 16 it. The operative 17 in this sentence is, of course, “about”. To know about a language is not the same thing as to 18 a language. Being able to speak a language 19 is no guarantee that one is able to 20 and present it to others to learn. Teachers therefore need proper training.B). a. familiar b. sound c. same d. laborer e. geography f. not g. ministerh. lived i. words j. users k. regional l. dialect m. difficulty n. socialo. command p. talk q. men r. limited s. similar t. speakA dialect, then, is a version of a language having minor differences in the sound system which areclearly noticeable to a person speaking a different dialect of the same language, but which does not seriously interfere with communication. Dialects are 1 always concerned with 2 . Sometimes they are due to 3 differences. A man who has worked all his life as a 4 is not likely to 5 very much like a 6 or a judge even though each may have been born and 7 all his life in the 8 city. Not only will the laborers’ choice of 9 be different and more 10 in range but the items in his 11 system will not be quite 12 . However, these 13 are not likely to have much 14 in understanding each other, provided that they 15 about subjects with which both are 16 . Many expert 17 of the language have at their 18 more than one social 19 , just as people trained for the stage often have these plus various 20 .C). a. never b. grammar c. cannot d. further e. unlimited f. derive g. potentialh. system i. infinite j. generative k. transformational l. describing m. producen. core o. rules p. sentences q. function r. consists of s. only t. generative grammar A native speaker of a language has the ability to produce and understand not only those sentences he has actually heard before, but an unlimited number of possible 1 which he has 2 heard before. It is the 3of rules to account for all the possible, or 4 , sentences in a language, and 5 these, but it 6 do so by 7 all the potential sentences since these are 8 , or infinite, in number. A grammar, therefore, states a limited, or finite number of 9 which represents the underlying 10 of the language and which can be applied to 11 , or generate the 12 number of sentences in the language. A grammar which 13 a set of generating, or 14 , rules of this kind is called a 15 . A grammar which 16 distinguishes between two types of 17 : one type which generates the sentences which make up the central 18 of a language, and the other which 19 all other sentences from those of the “core” is called a 20 generative grammar.V. Reading comprehensionPassage IThe basic principle of description is to analyze the language according to its various kinds of patterning: to break it down onto what we call “levels”. Language can be thought of as organized noise. To this we can add: “used in situations”, actual social situations. Organized noise used in social situations, or in other words, “contextualized systematic sounds”. I shall be concerned here mainly with spoken language; not that I wish to suggest that written language is unimportant, but merely so as to avoid complicating some of the formulations. With this as a starting-point I should like to consider in outline one possible approach to the description of a language.Language, whether spoken or written, has a substance; this is the material aspect of language. The substance may be phonic or graphic, but for the moment we will consider only the phonic. The noise, then, is the substance. Language also has a form: this is the organization. In language, therefore, we can recognize a level of substance and a level of form. Now the organization of language, its form, is meaningful; that is, linguistic activity participates in situations alongside man’s other creative activities. Thus for a complete description of language one has to account for the from, the substance and the relationship between the form and the situation. The study of this relationship could be called the semantic level; but since it involves and approaches to meaning rather different from that normally implied by “semantics”, we may refer to this as the “contextual”level, the “context” here being the non-linguistic environment.There is thus a resemblance between “context” as used here and “meaning” in its non-technical sense. But what is generally understood by “meaning”is perhaps too limited to be adequate for linguistics, being confined almost entirely to referents or concepts. For the linguist any consideration and any description of language, be it formal or contextual, is concerned with meaning: this is inevitable, for language is meaningful activity…Language, by its nature as contextualized systematic sound, presupposes substance, form, and situation, the last being the associated non-linguistic factors. Under “form”, however, we must make a further distinction between grammar and lexis, a distinction likewise made necessary by the nature of language. In every language the formal patterns are of two kinds, merging into one another in the middle but distinct enough at the extremes: those of grammar and those of vocabulary…1. By “levels”, the writer actually refers to .A. standards of linguistic qualityB. layers in a linguistic systemC. surfaces parallel to the groundD. units as opposed to structures2. In this passage, “substance” (in line 8) is described as .A. the actual sounds of speechB. the actual marks of writingC. the abstract aspect of languageD. both A and B3. By “non-linguistic” environment (in line 17) is meant the relationship .A. which is irrelevant to semantic levelB. which is opposed to semantic levelC. between language and the real life situationD. between language items within thelanguage system4. According to this passage, the three interdependent levels at which a complete description of language is done are: .A. substance, form, and situationB. substance, semantics and contextC. substance, form, and semanticsD. substance, form, and context5. According to this writer, “form” can be further classified into two types: .A. grammar and contextB. formality and informalityC. inferent and conceptD. grammar and vocabulary6. The writer defines language from the point of view of .A. written features of languageB. spoken features of languageC. material aspect of languageD. meaningful activity of language7. In the author’s opinion, the distinction between grammar and lexis is .A. clearcutB. vagueC. completeD. various8. If phonology is described as “the link between form and phonic substance”, a similar link between form and graphic substance would be .A. semanticsB. phoneticsC. morphologyD. syntaxPassage2Language is a system of arbitrary, vocal symbols which permit all people in a given culture, or other people who have learnt the system of that culture, to communicate or to interact.Now, what is meant by system…? Every language operates within its own system—that is, within its own recurring patterns or arrangements which are meaningful to its speakers. The sounds, which are used to form words, which, in turn, are used in speech utterances, are always arranged in particular ways or designs which convey the same meaning to all speakers of the language. Let us examine some examples in English.When I say the word “the man”, you know I’m talking of one man and of a man previouslymentioned. “The men” on the other hand, conveys the meaning of more than one man.When you hear “arrive” you know it would fit into the place used for verbs in a sentence. “Arrival”, on the other hand, would fit into the slot used for what we generally call a noun, wouldn’t it?To continue, in English, word order is an important part of the system. Compare the two sentences: “The cat bit the cat”. The forms of the words are exactly the same, aren’t they? But what a difference in the meaning…!Examining another feature of the “system”, we find that in English adjectives don’t agree with nouns. We say “the boys are tall” and “the tall boys”; “the girl is tall” and “the tall girls”. In the native language of your students, changes may occur because of gender (masculine or feminine )or because of number (singular or plural).This system of meaningful arrangements of sounds and forms in speech which the youngest native speaker knows by the time he reaches six or seven may differ in important respects from any other language system in the world.1. According to this passage, symbols used to communicate in a given culture are taken .A. on purposeB. off handC. at randomD. in turn2. The feature(s) of English described in this passage is/are .A. pluralityB. agreementC. word orderD. all of them3. From these features described, we know that English is a(n) language.A. analyticB. syntheticC. foreignD. agglutinative4. In line 1, “vocal” refers to .A. vocabularyB. spokenC. writtenD. meaningful5. In line 3, “operates” actually means .A. guidesB. controlsC. functionsD. manages6. Only in , changes may occur because of gender.A. Chinese personal pronounsB. English nounsC. French adjectivesD. all of them7. By “native speakers”, this author meant those people who .A. communicate or interact very wellB. share the same way of lifeC. learn the system of a languageD. reach the age of six or sevenPassage 3Let us take this last point further. We may not have noticed that, in English, if we want to utter a sequence of adjectives before some noun, then we cannot do anything we like: there are a number of restrictions on which adjectives may precede which. These restrictions do not apply to all adjectives (for example, we may say either “it was a pleasant comfortable spot”or “it was a comfortable pleasant spot”), but they affect a good number, as it can be shown by the general unacceptability of such sentences as *“I can see a brown tall chimney” and *”There is a black big sheep”. (The asterisk is used to indicate that what follows is an ungrammatical utterance). Scholars have tried to account for these restrictions by grouping adjectives into classes, calling them “adjectives of age”, “adjectives of dimension”, “adjectives of color”, and so on, and then suggesting rules such as “adjectives of dimension precede adjectives of color”, on the basis of the sentences they have observed. But there are many apparent exceptions to every rule (e.g. “I have a pink big toe”), and no one has yet specified all the factors which contribute to one order of adjectives being more likely than another. It is a lack of knowledge of this kind which the grammarian seeks to remedy.1. These grammatical rules are concerned about .A. word order in a sentenceB. classifying adjectivesC. collocations of adjectives and nounsD. the sequence of adjectives modifying a noun2. These restrictions affect .A. good adjectivesB. numbers serving as adjectivesC. certain kinds of adjectivesD. all adjectives before nouns3. One of the steps to explain these restrictions is to .A. classify the adjectivesB. specify all the factors affecting the order of adjectivesC. count the number of each group of adjectivesD. count the number of adjective groups4. The rules about the sequence of adjectives before nouns are .A. borrowed from LatinB. concluded from language dataC. created by scholarsD. deduced from grammar5. The writer thinks that these rules .A. are not very usefulB. are exceptions of the grammarC. need improvingD. can specify the word orderPassage 4If we compare a piece of written English with a piece of spoken English, regarding them simply as physical objects or events and forgetting for the moment the fact that they convey meaning to us, it is apparent at once that they bear no resemblance to each other whatever. The piece of written English consists of a group of small black marks arranged on a white surface, while the piece of spoken English consists of succession of constantly varying noises. It would hardly be possible for two things to be more different. However, we have only to recall the fact that both of them convey meaning, to be in no doubt that, utterly dissimilar as they may be, they are both equally English. As soon as we make explicit this identity lying behind the complete difference, we have drawn a distinction between language and medium: we have recognized, in effect, that the piece of spoken English and the piece of written English are the same language embodied in different mediums, one medium consisting of shapes, the other of noises.It is possible for the same language to be conveyed by different mediums because the language itself lies in the patterns which the mediums form, and not in the physical objects, as such, of which the mediums consist. When we distinguish language from medium, what we are doing is to distinguish a pattern from its material embodiment, of which, in a sense, it is independent. Language, we could say, is form, while the medium is substance.One thing all mediums have in common is that they mediate between the producer and the receiver of language. Thus every medium has associated with it two sorts of human activity: a producing activity from which the medium results, and a receiving activity by which the medium is apprehended. The first involves acts of mobile organs, the second involves acts of a perceiving sense…So far as two language mediums have been mentioned, one for language in its normal spoken mode, and one for language in its normal written mode. Each is produced by a different sort of muscular activity and each is addressed to a different sense. The medium of language in its spoken mode is created by movement of lips, tongue, larynx, lungs, and other organs, and is addressed to the ear. The medium of language in its written mode is created by movements of hands, arms, and fingers, and is addressed to the eye. These two mediums (which may be called the aural medium and visual medium respectively, according to the sense to which each is addressed) are the best known。
专业英语八级英语语言学知识(语言与社会)模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级英语语言学知识（语言与社会）模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 3. GENERAL KNOWLEDGEPART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN)Directions: There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question.1．A special language variety that mixes languages and is used by speakers of different languages for purpose of trading is called______.A．dialectB．idiolectC．pidginD．register正确答案：C解析：pidgin洋泾浜是原本讲不同语言的人们由于某些特殊原因(如商业交流)的直接交流目的而产生的特殊语言混合体。
Dialect的意思是方言，idiolect是个人方言，register是语域。
知识模块：语言与社会2．The distinctive features of a speech variety may be all the following EXCEPT______.A．lexicalB．syntacticC．phonologicalD．psycholinguistic正确答案：D解析：语言的变体可以是词法、句法、音位方面的变化。
心理语言学是语言学的一个分支。
知识模块：语言与社会3．Which of the following is NOT the speech variety?A．Regional dialects.B．Sociolects.C．Registers.D．Discourse accents.正确答案：D解析：在社会语言学的研究中，人们对三种言语变体特别感兴趣，即：地域方言、社会方言和语域。
[考研类试卷]英语专业语言学(综合)模拟试卷9.doc
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[考研类试卷]英语专业语言学（综合）模拟试卷9一、简答题1 Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show that you understand the ambiguity involved:Example; Smoking grass can be nauseating.a. Putting grass in a pipe and smoking it can make you sick.b. Fumes from smoldering grass can make you sick.Terry loves his wife and so do I.They said she would go yesterday.(3)The governor is a dirty street fighter.The design has big squares and circles.1 Explain the semantic ambiguity of the following sentences by providing two or more sentences that paraphrase the multiple meanings. Example: She can't bear children can mean either She can't give birth to children or She can't tolerate children.2 He waited by the bank.3 Is he really that kind?4 We bought her dog biscuits.5 He saw that gasoline can explode.6 Fifty soldiers shot three wild foxes.7 He saw her drawing pencils.8 Two relations involving word meaning are antonymy and synonymy. Which relation is illustrated in each of the pairs of words below?flourish - thriveintelligent - stupid(3)casual - informalyoung-olduncle-auntintelligent - ableflog - whipdrunk - sober9 What connotations or connotative meanings do you think the following nouns have in English? charity iron mole snow street9 Some of the sets of terms below form semantic fields. For each set:a. acquire, buy, collect, hoard, win, inherit, stealb. whisper, talk, narrate, report, tell, harangue, scribble, instruct, briefc. road, path, barn, way, street, freeway, avenue, thoroughfare, interstate, methodd. stench, smell, reek, aroma, bouquet, odoriferous, perfume, fragrance, scent, olfactory10 Identify the words that do not belong to the same semantic field as the others in the set.11 Identify the superordinate term of the remaining semantic field, if there is one(it may be a word in the set).12 Determine whether some terms are less marked than others, and justify your claim.13 Identify which of the following may be considered to have or to be homographs, homophones, homonyms or polysemy:sea break line ear prayer mature trace house14 What are the differences between less marked and more marked terms in the same semantic field?14 For each group of words given below, state what semantic feature or features distinguish between the classes of(a)words and(b)words. If asked, also indicate a semantic feature shared by both the(a)words and the(b)words.Example; a. widow, mother, sister, aunt, maidb. widower, father, brother uncle, valet The(a)and(b)words are "human". The(a)words are "female" and the(b)words are "male".15 a. bachelor, man, son, paperboy, pope, chief b. bull, rooster, drake, ramThe(a)and(b)words are______The(a)words are______The(b)words are______16 a. ask, tell, say, talk, converseb. shout, whisper, mutter, drawl, hollerThe(a)and(b)words are______The(a)words are______The(b)words are______17 a. walk, run, skip, jump, hop, swimb. fly, skate, ski, ride, cycle, canoe, hang-glideThe(a)and(b)words are______The(a)words are______The(b)words are______18 What are the deictic expressions in the following utterance? I'm busy now so you can't do that here. Come back tomorrow.19 What are the anaphoric expressions in the following utterance? Dr. Dang gave Jane some medicine after she asked him for it.20 What is one obvious presupposition of a speaker who says;Where did he buy the beer?Your watch is broken.(3)We regret buying that car.21 Someone stands between you and the TV set you were watching, so you decide to say one of the following. Identify which would be direct and which would be indirect speech acts.Move!You're in the way.(3)Could you sit down?I can't see anything.Please get out of the way.22 What are the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle?23 Which maxim does this speaker seem to be particularly careful about: Well, to be quite honest, I don't think she is ill today.24 How would you describe this short exchange in terms of the actions performed by the speakers? .Carol; Are you coming to the party tonight?Lara; I've got an exam tomorrow.25 What is meant by the term "cohesion" in the study of discourses?26 Say what one is replacing in the following text.A group of people marching on the road should keep to the left. There should be look-outs in front and at the back wearing reflective clothing at night and fluorescent clothingby day. At night the look-out in front should carry a white light and the one at the back should carry a bright red light visible from the rear.27 Pick out all the instances of discourse reference in the following text.At one point the Brundtland report states that " The loss of plant and animal species can greatly limit the options of future generations; so sustainable development requires the conservation of plant and animal species". What, all of them? At what price? ... At another point the Brundtland report says that economic growth and development obviously involve changes in the physical ecosystem. " Every ecosystem everywhere cannot be preserved intact. " Well, that's a relief. But how can it be made consistent with the earlier objective? Does it mean that it is all right to deprive some people in some parts of the world of a piece of their ecosystem but not others? What justification is there for this discrimination?。
[考研类试卷]英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编10.doc
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[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编10一、简答题1 In what way do we say English is an inflectional language?（厦门大学2006研)2 Illustrate lexical change proper with the latest examples in English, covering at least four aspects.（大连外国语学院2008研)3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Immediate Constituent Analysis(IC Analysis)(北京交通大学2006研)4 Illustrate "Immediate Constituent Analysis".（大连外国语学院2008研)4 For each of the following pairs of sentences, discuss how the two sentences are different from each other.（南京大学2006研)5 A.His carelessness I can't bear.B. I can't bear his carelessness.6 A.A dagger killed the tourist.B. The tourist was killed with a dagger.7 A.A hurricane killed eight people.B. Eight people died in a hurricane.8 Describe with tree diagrams the transformations involved in forming the question "Does John like the book?"（南开大学2007研)9 What, in your view, makes a text a text, rather than a series of unconnected utterances? What are the implications of your answer for second language teaching?(北外2006研)9 The English sentences given below are ungrammatical. You are required to give the syntactic explanation to the ungrammaticality in each of the sentences.（南开大学2011研)10 * Jack put his ball.11 * I wonder Michael walked the dog.12 * Frank thinks himself is a superstar.13 What are the similarities and differences between a phrase and a clause?（中山大学2011研)14 Explain the seven types of meaning and use examples to illustrate your ideas.（人大2007研；南开大学2004研)15 Discuss sense, denotation and reference, using Chinese examples to illustrate your points.(北外2008研)16 Words are in different sense relations with each other. What sense relation is illustrated in each of the pairs of words below? Add one more example to each pair.(北航2008研)(a)casual - informal(b)intelligent - stupid(c)steal - steel(d)animal - dog17 For each of the following pairs of words, state the principal reason why they may not be considered to be synonyms:（浙江大学2005研)a. man boyb. toilet looc. determined stubbornd. pavement sidewalke. slim skinnyf. move run18 Put the following words in a hierarchical order(you can use a tree diagram if need be)and try to define at least two of them:(北师大2003研)crocodile, mammal, reptile, rabbit, primate, animal18 Study the following exchange and then answer the questions that follow.(南京大学2006研)"Take some more tea. " the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly.I've had nothing yet, Alice replied in an offended tone, "so I can't take more. "19 Why was Alice offended?20 What is the problem with the March Hare's remark? What is the linguistic issue involved here?21 Consider the following statements. When do we say Statement A entails Statement B? When do we say Statement A presupposes Statement B? Does Statement A necessarily entail Statement C? Why? Do Statements A and D both presuppose Statement B?Why?(南京大学2008研)A. Jack's brother has gone bankrupt.B. Jack has a brother.C. Jack's sibling has gone bankrupt.D. Jack's brother has not gone bankrupt.22 In each of the following sentences, the second part cancels some information given by the first part. However, this seems to result in quite acceptable utterances in group(l)andin very awkward utterances in group(2). Explain why.(北外2002研)Group(1)a．老张有三个小孩子，其实还不止三个。
专业英语八级英语语言学知识(语言与语言学)模拟试卷1(题后含答
专业英语八级英语语言学知识（语言与语言学）模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 3. GENERAL KNOWLEDGEPART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN)Directions: There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question.1．Which of the following does NOT state how the linguist discovers the nature and the rules of the underlying language system?A．He has to collect and observe language facts.B．He has to display and then generalize some similarities of the language facts.C．He has to formulate some hypotheses about the language structure.D．He has to deal with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.正确答案：D解析：语言学家为了找出潜在的语言系统中的实质和规则，他须收集和观察语言事实，找出某些相似性并对其作出概括；然后，对语言结构进行某种假设，再对照所观察到的事实进行反复验证以充分证明它们的有效性。
知识模块：语言与语言学2．Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language?A．Arbitrariness.B．Productivity.C．Cultural transmission.D．Finiteness.正确答案：D解析：语言的区别性特征有五个：arbitrariness(任意性)，productivity(能产性)，duality(双层性)，displacement(不受时空限制性)，cultural transmission(文化传递性)。
2021年硕士研究生入学考试《外国语言文学综合考试》模拟试题
5.______________ means that the meaning of one sentence is contained in that of another.
12.“Shall I compare thee to a Summer’s day?/Thou art more lovely and more: /Rough winds do shake the darling buds of Maie,/And Summer’s lease hath all too short a date.”
A. George Washington B. William Penn
C. Thomas Jefferson D. Benjamin Franklin
II. Fill in the blanks with proper answers. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. Both linguistics candidates and literature candidates must do this part. (20%)
B.Ulysses
C.Paradise Lost
D.Wuthering Heights
9. The world’s largest freshwater lake is Lake _________.
A. Superior B. Ontario
英语语言学试题(1)及答案
英语语言学试题（1）I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___.A、 prescriptiveB、 sociolinguisticC、 descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、 mouthB、 lipsC、 tongueD、 vocal cords3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___.A、 bound morphemeB、 bound formC、 inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A、 coordinatorB、 particleC、 prepositionD、 subordinator5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike."A、 is synonymous withB、 is inconsistent withC、 entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、 semanticsB、 pragmaticsC、 sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization.A、 elaborationB、 simplificationC、 external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、 Lingua francaB、 CreoleC、 PidginD、 Standard language9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrusB、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A、 learningB、 competenceC、 performanceD、 acquisitionII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ .13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d___ the form of "be".19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c______period for first language acquisition.20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, I ______is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner. III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why youthink so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)( )21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.( )22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.( )23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.( )24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only. ( )25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.( )26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise.( )27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spoken today also includes languages that are not Indo-European.( )28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech situations known as domains.( )29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.( )30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language. IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)31、duality32、diachronic linguistics33、broad transcription34、morphological rules35、phrase structure rule36、relational opposites37、componential analysis38、context39、euphemism40、brain lateralizationV. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of a second language.语言学试题(1)参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A 10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains. 29、FThe true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of+HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(Middle English)→ /faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis, e.g.spinle--spindle.4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an OldEnglish word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。
[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编20.doc
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[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编20.doc[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编20一、填空题1 As the lexical words carry the main content of a language while the grammatical ones serve to link its different parts together, the lexical words are also known as content words and grammatical ones______. (中山大学2008研)2 In traditional grammar, ______is the only word class which can function as a substitute for another item. (中山大学2006研)3 In terms of the meaning expressed by words, they can be classified into______words and ______words. (南开大学2007研)4 The______is the minimal distinctive unit in grammar, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether lexical or grammatical. (北二外2008研)5 There are two fields of morphology: the study of______and the study of______. (人大2006研)6 A______morpheme is one that cannot constitute a word by itself. (北二外2003研)7 ______ is a branch of linguistics that studies the interrelationship between phonology and morphology. (南开大学2007研)8 ______is a relatively complex form of compounding in whicha new word is formed by joining the initial part of one word and the final part of another word. For example, the English word smog is made from______and______. (人大2006研)9 Back-formation refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an______affix from a longer form already in the language. (中山大学2006研)10 ______is a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form. It is the minimum free form. (中山大学2005研)11 Affix is the collective term for the type of formative that call be used only when added to another morpheme. Affixes are limited in number in a language, and are generally classified into three subtypes, namely, prefix, suffix, and______. (北京邮电大学2010研)12 Words can be classified into variable words and invariable words. As for variable words, they may have______changes. That is, the same word my have different grammatical forms but part of the word remains relatively constant (中山大学2011年研)13 Bound morphemes are classified into two types; ______and______root.14 A word formed by derivation is called a______, and a word formed by compounding is called a______.二、判断题15 Some linguists maintain that a word group is an extension of word of a particular class. (清华2001研)（A）真（B）假16 Words are the most stable of all linguistic units in respect of their internal structure. (大连外国语学院2008研)（A）真（B）假17 Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs are content words. (北二外2008研)（A）真（B）假18 Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and articles are all open class items. (清华2001研)（A）真（B）假19 The words "loose" and "books" have a common phoneme and a common morpheme as well. (北二外2007研)（A）真（B）假20 Free morpheme may constitute words by themselves. (大连外国语学院2008研)（A）真（B）假21 Root also falls into two categories: free and bound. (北二外2006研)（A）真（B）假22 A stem is the base form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. (对外经贸2006研) （A）真（B）假23 The words "water" and "teacher" have a common phoneme and a common morpheme as well. (北二外2006研) （A）真（B）假24 The words "boys" and "raise" have a common phoneme and a common morpheme as well. (北二外2008研)（A）真（B）假25 Analogic change refers to the reduction of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. (对外经贸2005研)（A）真（B）假26 The smallest meaningful unit of language is allomorph.（A）真（B）假三、单项选择题27 Words like pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles are______items. (北二外2003研)（A）open-class（B）closed-class（C）neither open-class nor closed-class28 Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as______. (西安交大2008研)（A）lexical words（B）grammatical words（C）function words（D）form words29 Bound morphemes do not include______. (西安交大2008研)（A）roots（B）prefixes（C）suffixes（D）words30 ______other than compounds may be divided into roots and affixes. (大连外国语学院2008研)（A）Polymorphemic words（B）Bound morphemes（C）Free morphemes31 ______refers to the way in which a particular verb changes for tense, person, or number.(西安外国语学院2006研)（B）Inflection（C）Derivation（D）Conjugation32 Which two terms can best describe the following pairs of words: table—tables, day + break—daybreak. (大连外国语学院2008研)（A）inflection and compound（B）compound and derivation（C）inflection and derivation33 Compound words consist of______ morphemes. (北二外2003研)（A）bound（B）free（C）both bound and free34 Which of the following words is formed by the process of blending? (对外经贸2006研)（A）WTO（B）Motel（C）Bookshelf（D）red-faced35 Which of the following words are formed by blending? (对外经贸2005研)（A）girlfriend（B）television（C）smog（D）bunch36 The word UN is formed in the way of______. (西安交大2008研)（A）acronymy（C）initialism（D）blending37 Which of the following is NOT a process of the lexical change? (大连外国语学院2008研)（A）INVENTION.（B）ACRONYM.（C）LEXICON.38 Language has been changing, but such changes are not so obvious at all linguistic aspects except that of______. (西安外国语学院2006研)（A）phonology（B）lexicon（C）syntax（D）semantics39 "Wife", which used to refer to any woman, stands for "a married woman" in modern English. This phenomenon is known as______. (西安交大2008研)（A）semantic shift（B）semantic broadening（C）semantic elevation（D）semantic narrowing40 It is true that words may shift in meaning, i. e. semantic change. The semantic change of the word tail belongs to______.（A）narrowing of meaning（B）meaning shift（C）loss of meaning（D）widening of meaning41 A suffix is an affix which appears______.（A）after the stem（B）before the stem（C）in the middle of the stem（D）below the stem四、简答题42 What is the distinction between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes? (四川大学2007研)43 What does the concept morphophoneme mean? What is the relationship between phoneme and morphophoneme?(南开大学2004研)44 What are phonologically conditioned and morphologically conditioned form of morphemes? (武汉大学2005研)45 How are affixes classified? (四川大学2008研)46 A number interesting word-formation processes can be discerned in the following examples. Can you identify what is going on in these?(a) The deceased's cremains were scattered over the hill.(b) He's always taking pills, either uppers or downers. (上海交通大学2007研)47 How to distinguish root and stem?48 Illustrate the relationship between morpheme and allomorph by examples.49 What are closed-class words and open-class words?五、名词解释50 Open-class words (浙江大学2007研)51 Lexical word (武汉大学2005研)52 Morpheme (武汉大学2008研)53 Stem (四川大学2007研)54 inflectional morpheme (南开大学2004研)55 Free morphemes (西安交大2008研)56 Bound morpheme (上海交大2007研)57 Inflection (四川大学2007研)58 Compound (四川大学2007研)59 Allomorph (四川大学2006研)60 Back-formation(四川大学2008研；北外2010研)61 Prefix (北外2010研)62 cognate(南开大学2011年研)六、举例说明题63 Illustrate lexical change proper with the latest examples in English, covering at least four aspects. (大连外国语学院2008研)64 Semantic change plays a very important role in widening the vocabulary of a language. (中山大学2008研)65 Illustrate the ways of lexical change. (武汉大学2005研)66 What are the major types of semantic Changes? (人大2006研)。
[考研类试卷]英语专业语言学(综合)模拟试卷7.doc
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[考研类试卷]英语专业语言学（综合）模拟试卷7一、简答题1 Distinguish between synchronic and diachronic linguistics.2 A wolf is able to express subtle gradations of emotion by different positions of the ears, the lips, and the tail. There are eleven postures of the tail that express such emotions as self-confidence, Confident threat, lack of tension, uncertain threat, depression, defensiveness, active submission, and complete submission. This system seems to be complex. Suppose there were a thousand different emotions that the wolf could express in this way. Would you then say a wolf had a language similar to man's? If not, why not?3 What is the test most often used for determining phonemes in a language? Illustrate how the test works with examples.4 What's the difference between an open and a closed syllable?4 For each group of sounds listed below, state the phonetic feature or features which they share. Example; [p] [b] [m] Feature; bilabial, stop, consonant5 [g][p][t][d][k][b]6 [u][u:][ ɔ]6 Name the single feature that distinguishes the following pairs of sounds.7 [ ð] : [θ]8 [p] : [f]9 [I] : [e]10 [b] : [m]11 [s] : [∫]12 [s] : [ð]12 The following sets of minimal pairs show that English [p] and [b] contrast in initial, medial and final positions.Initial Medial Finalpit/bit rapid/rabid cap/cabFind similar sets of minimal pairs for each pair of consonants given;13 [k]-[g]14 [m]-[n]15 [b]-[v]16 [b]-[m]17 [P]-[f]17 The English data below provide examples of stress placement on certain verbs. ABC ap'pear a'dapt as'tonishcol'lide col'lapse con'sidere'rase e'lect i'magineca'rouse ob'serve de'terminecor'rode tor'ment 'promise18 Describe in words the stress placement on these verbs. Make sure you refer to syllable structure in your statement.19 Provide syllable representations of the words col'lide, e'lect, and con'sider in order to illustrate your conctusion about stress placement in these forms.20 Which of the following forms are possible words ofEnglish?mboodcoofp(3)sprokeworpzfrailktleemflukebsarn21 Consider the following words and finish two tasks:For each word, determine whether it is simple or compound.Circle all of the bound morphemes. Underline all of the roots, fly reuse spiteful preplan desks triumphed suite optionalityuntie delight fastest prettiertree justly deform mistreatdislike payment disobey premature。
考研英语专业考试试卷真题
考研英语专业考试试卷真题一、听力理解（共30分）1. 短对话理解（每题1分，共10分）听下面10段对话，每段对话后有一个问题。
从题中所给的A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳答案。
[录音材料略]2. 长对话理解（每题2分，共10分）听下面2段较长的对话，每段对话后有2-3个问题。
从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳答案。
[录音材料略]3. 短文理解（每题2分，共10分）听下面3篇短文，每篇短文后有2-3个问题。
从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳答案。
[录音材料略]二、阅读理解（共40分）1. 快速阅读（每题2分，共20分）阅读下面的文章，然后回答1-10题。
根据文章内容，从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出正确答案。
[文章内容略]2. 深度阅读（每题2分，共20分）阅读下面的文章，然后回答11-20题。
根据文章内容，从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出正确答案。
[文章内容略]三、完形填空（共20分）阅读下面的文章，从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
[文章内容略]四、翻译（共20分）1. 英译汉（每题5分，共10分）将下列英文句子翻译成中文。
[句子1][句子2]2. 汉译英（每题5分，共10分）将下列中文句子翻译成英文。
[句子1][句子2]五、写作（共30分）1. 小作文（10分）根据所给情景写一封书信或电子邮件。
[情景描述略]2. 大作文（20分）根据所给题目写一篇议论文。
[题目描述略]请注意：本试卷为模拟试卷，仅供学习参考，具体考试内容以官方发布的考试大纲为准。
祝各位考生考试顺利！。
[考研类试卷]英语专业语言学(综合)模拟试卷8.doc
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[考研类试卷]英语专业语言学（综合）模拟试卷8一、简答题1 Each of the following columns illustrates a different morphological process. Column I Column II Column IIImouse/mice go/went 'record/re'cordride/rode is/was 'import/im'porttake/ took good/better 'convict/con'victman/men she/her 'imprint/im 'printeat/ate am/are 'dispute/dis'puteWhat morphological process is at work in each column?Describe in your own words the difference between the process exemplified in Column I and that in Column II.(3)Think of at least one more English example to add to each column.2 Each of the following words can be either a noun or a verb. record outline report journey convict outrage exchange imprint answer remark contest import surprise retreat crippleFor each word, determine whether stress placement can be used to make the distinction between the noun and the verb.Think of two more English examples illustrating the process of stress shift to mark a category distinction.3 In English, the suffix -er can be added to a place name. Examine the words in the two columns below.Column A Column BLondoner GlasgowerNew Yorker DenvererBerliner SydneyerDubkiner AustraliaerNewfoundlander VictoriaerWinnipeger CalcuttaerNew Zealander BristolerIn general terms, what does the suffix -er mean in these words?How is this -er different in meaning from the -er found in the words skater and walker?(3)State the constraint on the distribution of -er illustrated above in your own words. Does this constraint also apply to the type of -er used in the word skater?(Hint: What would you call "one who discovers" or "one who ploughs"?)4 Determine whether the words in each of the following groups are related to one another by processes of inflection or derivation.go, goes, going, gonediscover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverability(3)lovely, lovelier, loveliestinventor, inventor's, inventors, inventors'democracy, democrat, democratic, democratize5 Do you think that morphology and syntax should be treated as separate are as of study? Give reasons to support your views.5 Place an asterisk next to any of the sentences that sound ungrammatical to you. Explain what makes these sentences ungrammatical.6 The tutor told the students to study.7 The tutor suggested the students to study.8 The customer asked for a cold beer.9 The customer requested for a cold beer.10 He gave the Red Cross some money.11 He donated the Red Cross some money.12 The pilot landed the jet.13 The jet landed.14 A journalist wrote the article.15 The article wrote very well.16 Julie is bored of her job.17 Julie is tired of her job.18 Myself bit John.19 I was surprised for you to get married.20 Has the nurse slept the baby yet?21 Explain why the following sentence is ungrammatical. Which personal pronoun in English would have the same form whether it occupied the position of "us" or "she" below?* Us visit she on Sundays.22 5.List as many examples of these constituents as you can identify insentences(a)and(b)below: NP, PP, VP.List as many examples of these lexical categories as you can identify insentences(a)and(b): N, prep, V.a. A Guns "N" Roses concert at an arena near ST. Louis ended in disaster after some 2500 fans staged a full-fledged riot.b. The trouble started when Axl Rose asked venue security to confiscate a camera he saw near the front of the stage.23 What prescriptive rules for the "proper" use of English are not obeyed in the following sentences?That's the girl I gave my roller skates to.He wanted to simply borrow your car for an hour.24 In the following sentence, the phrase "in the car" could be used(i)to show where the biting took place or(ii)to specify that it was the man in the car that was bitten. How would the tree diagrams for(i)and(ii)differ?The dog bit the man in the car.。