中国文化(英语版)
中国文化介绍英文版Chinese Culture introduction
The commonly used techniques and styles in Chinese painting include ink painting, meticulous painting, freehand brushwork, etc., each with its unique aesthetic value and artistic expression.
Chinese Ceramics and Chinese Knives
Chinese porcelain is most famous for porcelain from Jingdezhen, Longquan Kiln, and other places, with a history dating back to the Tang Dynasty.
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Buddhism and Zen Buddhism have a deep impact on Chinese culture, including Chinese poetry, calligraphy, painting, music, and folk customs They also spread to other countries and regions in the world
The Origin of Chinese Culture
The origin of Chinese culture can be traced back to the Yellow River basin, which is considered the slogan of Chinese civilization The Yellow River is an important river in China that has nurtured the growth of many urban civilizations
英文版中国传统文化
英文版中国传统文化In the vast expanse of cultural landscapes, the intersection of English and Traditional Chinese Culture presents a unique and enchanting fusion. This blend not only highlights the rich tapestry of Chinese heritage but also imparts a fresh perspective to the global audience, enabling a deeper understanding and appreciation of both cultures.The essence of Traditional Chinese Culture lies in its profound philosophy, vibrant art forms, and intricate traditions. Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism have shaped the ethical and moral values of the Chinese people for centuries. These philosophies emphasize harmony, respect, and balance, principles that are as relevant today as they were in ancient times.Art in China is as diverse as it is captivating. Calligraphy, painting, and pottery are just a few examples of the numerous artistic expressions that have withstood the test of time. Each stroke of the brush, each tint of ink, and every contour of a pottery piece tells a story,reflecting the artist's thoughts, emotions, and thecultural ethos of their era.Festivals and traditions are another vibrant aspect of Chinese culture. The Lunar New Year, Mid-Autumn Festival, and the Dragon Dance are celebrations that bring joy and unity to families and communities. These traditions are not just rituals but also a way of life, passed down through generations, connecting people to their ancestors and to the land.When Traditional Chinese Culture meets English, it opens up a world of possibilities. English, as a global language, provides a platform for the world to discover the richness of Chinese heritage. Through translations and interpretations, the depth and complexity of Chineseculture are made accessible to a wider audience.In this fusion, we see how English words and phrases are creatively adapted to capture the essence of Chinese traditions. For instance, the term "Confucius sayings" or "Taoist philosophy" are used to introduce Westerners to the wisdom of ancient Chinese thinkers. These translations notonly convey the meaning but also retain the cultural authenticity of the original.Moreover, English has also borrowed many elements from Chinese culture, enriching its vocabulary and expression. Words like "tea," "silk," and "paper" have become synonymous with Chinese culture, reflecting the influenceof China on global history and trade.In conclusion, the enchanting fusion of English and Traditional Chinese Culture is a testament to the power of cultural exchange and understanding. It bridges the gaps between East and West, allowing for a deeper appreciationof both cultures. As we continue to explore and embracethis fusion, we are reminded of the beauty and diversitythat can arise when different cultures come together in harmony.**东西方文化的魅力融合——英文版中国传统文化** 在丰富多彩的文化景观中，英语与中国传统文化的交融展现出独特而迷人的魅力。
《中国文化》英语教程复习题及答案
I. Chinese Cultural Terms :1.绿茶green tea2.红茶black tea3.乌龙茶oolong tea4.黑茶dark tea5.花茶scented tea6.茉莉花茶jasmine tea7.八大菜系eight major schools of cuisine /8 Regional Chinese Cuisines8.茶道tea ceremony9.茶具tea set10.紫砂壶boccaro teapot11.北京烤鸭Beijing roast duck12.清蒸鱼steamed fish13.狗不理包子Goubili steamed buns14. 佛跳墙Buddha Jumping the Wall15. 《论语》The Analects16. 《诗经》The Book ofSongs17. 《道德经》Classic of the Way and Virtue18.道家Daoism19.汉字Chinese character20.象形文字pictograph21.甲骨文oracle-bone inscription/ oracle-bone script22.篆文seal character/ seal script23.文房四宝four treasures of study24.丝绸之路the Silk Road25. 海上丝绸之路the Maritime silk road26.一带一路倡议The Belt and Road Initiative27.西域the Western regions28.敦煌石窟the Dunhuang Grottoes29.春秋时期the Spring and Autumn Period30. 方块象形文字the square-shaped pictographic character31. 颜(真卿)体the Yan style32. 民间艺术folk arts33.年画New Year pictures34.剪纸paper cutting /papercuts35.皮影戏shadow play36.苏绣Suhou Embroidery37.造纸术paper making38.印刷术printing39.佛经Buddhist scripture40.行书running script /semi-cursive script41.草书cursive script42.楷书regular script/standard script43.隶书official script/ clerical script44.砚the ink slab/ the ink stone; 墨ink stick45.六艺：礼乐射御书数“six arts” : ritual,music,archery, carriage driving , calligraphy , and mathematics46.毛笔the writing brush47.宣纸xuan paper/ rice paper48.中国书法Chinese calligraphy49.简体字：simplified characters50. 繁体字complex characters/ traditional characters51.中国结Chinese knots52.佛教Buddhism53.国徽national emblem54. 国旗national flag55. 国歌national anthemII. Multiple choices (每题三个选项中选一个最佳答案)1)Which of the following is irrelevant to the pictographic symbols of Chinese characters? (下列哪项与汉字的象形符号无关？)Aspiration. 吸Imagination.想象Creativity.创造力Allusion.典故2) Which of the following statements is true of the name of Fudan Universit(y关于复旦大学的名称，下列哪个陈述是正确的？)The characters both stand for "the sun rising on the horizon"这.些字符都代表着“太阳在地平线上升起”The name is taken from a Chinese classical poem.这个名字取自中国古典诗歌The name encourages the students to get up early in the morning.这个名字鼓励学生早上早起The characters are intended to tell the students to make progress day by day.这些字旨在让学生们一天天地进步3) Which of the following languages mostly consists of language pictures(下列语言中哪一种主要由语言图片组成？) ? B___Mandarin Chinese. 普通话Hieroglyphs of ancient Egypt.古埃及的象形文字Oracle-bone inscription. 甲骨文Seal characters.篆书4) The symbol for “swimming” is closest to (“游泳”的符号最接近的是)oracle-bone inscription 甲骨文Mandarin Chinese 普通话seal characters 篆书none of the above 没有选项5)The symbol for “athletics” contains the ingredients of (“运动”的符号包含了)dancing and running 跳舞、跑步running and swinging 跑步和摆动dancing and swinging 跳舞和摆动triathlon and football 铁人三项和足球6)All the following are the titles of Confucius excep(t以下孔子的头衔除了) ___.Ban educator 一个教育家A biologist 一个生物学家A scholar 有识之士A philosopher 一个哲学家7)The expression “filial piety” most probably means being (“孝”的意思很可能是指) ___.DLoyal to the state 忠于国家Obedient to sister(s) 听姐姐的话Responsible for the family 对家庭负责Dutiful to parents 孝顺父母8)Which of following can best describe Confucius’ view on the relationship between man and nature (下面哪一个最能说明孔子对人与自然关系的看法？) ___.D Brothers 兄弟Husband and wife 夫妇Doctor and patient 医生和病人Mother and son 母子9)Through burial and ancestral worship rituals,people can learn that (通过丧葬和祭祖仪式，人们可以了解到。
中国文化概况(English)英语版
Agriculture as Economic Foundation
a farmer’s life is relatively fixed, settled, and relaxingly permanent---"the lack of mobility." (be free from risk and adventure; conservatism)
Farming was the major mode of production and family, the basic unit.
e.g: encouraging farming but limiting commerce, worship the land, fear for the heaven and the earth,
On Human Nature
Mencius
“人无有不善,水无有不下。”
“human nature is originally good”
Xunzi
“人之性恶，其善者伪也。”
“human nature is originally evil”
Imperial Confucianism--- Dong Zhongshu
Yuannan-Guizhou mountainous region; tropical rain forest
ocean
Influence: To provide natural advantages for Chinese culture
1) to develop independently 2) be free from the impact of foreign cultures Thus, Chinese culture is relatively stable , independent and distinctive.
中国优秀传统文化 英语版
中国优秀传统文化英语版Chinese Superior Traditional CultureChina is a country with a long history and a rich cultural heritage. Its superior traditional culture has been praised and admired worldwide. The Chinese traditional culture encompasses a wide range of aspects, including literature, philosophy, arts, architecture, music, traditional medicine, and martial arts, among others. This culture not only reflects the wisdom, creativity, and artistic achievements of the Chinese people but also offers valuable teachings and insights for contemporary society.One of the most notable aspects of Chinese traditional culture is its literature. Chinese literature, with a history spanning over 3000 years, has produced numerous influential works that have greatly impacted world literature. Works such as "The Analects of Confucius," "Dream of the Red Chamber," and the poetry of Li Bai and Du Fu are considered classics of Chinese literature. These works not only showcase the beauty and elegance of the Chinese language but also explore profound and universal human themes, such as love, friendship, and the pursuit of knowledge.Philosophy is another essential part of Chinese traditional culture. The teachings of Confucius, Laozi, and other ancient philosophers have profoundly influenced not only Chinese society but also the development of mankind. The philosophy of Confucius, focusing on ethics, social order, and filial piety, has shaped the moral values and societal structures in China for centuries. The philosophy of Laozi, on the other hand, emphasizes living in harmony with nature and finding inner peace. These teachings offer valuable guidance for individuals to lead a meaningful and fulfilling life.Chinese traditional arts, including calligraphy, painting, ceramics, and traditional opera, are renowned for their exquisite craftsmanship and profound cultural meanings. In calligraphy, the strokes and structure of characters are meticulously crafted to convey aesthetic beauty and spiritual messages. Traditional Chinese painting, often depicting landscapes, flowers, and birds, captures the essence of nature and transcends the boundaries of time and space. Chinese ceramics, such as porcelain, are highly admired for their delicate designs and superb techniques. Traditional Chinese opera, with its vibrant costumes, unique singing style, and expressive movements, showcases the rich cultural heritage and diversity of China.Traditional medicine, known as Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), has been used for thousands of years to maintain health and treat diseases. Based on the principles of balancing Yin and Yang and enhancing Qi (vital energy), TCM incorporates various practices, such as acupuncture, herbal medicine, and qigong exercises. TCM's holistic approach to healthcare, focusing on the prevention of diseases and the optimization of overall well-being, has gained recognition and popularity worldwide. Martial arts, or Wushu, are deeply rooted in Chinese traditional culture and have been passed down through generations. These ancient combat techniques not only serve as a means of self-defense but also promote physical fitness, mental discipline, and spiritual cultivation. Tai Chi, for example, is a slow and graceful form of martial arts that combines physical movements with deep breathing and meditation. It has become widely practiced for its health benefits and as a form of relaxation.In conclusion, Chinese superior traditional culture encompasses various aspects that have contributed greatly to the country's development and the enrichment of human civilization. Its literature, philosophy, arts, traditional medicine, and martial arts stand as a testament to the wisdom, creativity, and enduring values of the Chinese people. Furthermore, the teachings and insights gained from these cultural treasures continue to inspire and guide individuals in their pursuit of a harmonious and fulfilling life.。
中国文化英语教程unit3原文翻译(束定芳版)
中国文化英语教程unit3原文翻译(束定芳版)（原创实用版）目录1.介绍中国文化英语教程 Unit 3 的内容2.翻译束定芳版的 Unit 3 原文3.对原文进行详细解读正文中国文化英语教程是一本面向英语学习者的教材，旨在通过教授中国文化的知识，帮助学习者更好地理解和掌握英语。
本教程的 Unit 3 主题为“中国传统文化”，内容包括中国古代哲学、文学、艺术等方面。
本文将对束定芳版的 Unit 3 原文进行翻译，并详细解读原文内容。
【原文翻译】Unit 3: Chinese Traditional CultureLesson 1: Confucianism1.1 Confucius and His Ideas1.2 The Five Constant Virtues1.3 The Four Noble TruthsLesson 2: Taoism2.1 Lao Tzu and His Thoughts2.2 The Yin and Yang2.3 The Tao Te ChingLesson 3: Chinese Literature3.1 The Analects3.2 The I Ching3.3 Tang PoetryLesson 4: Chinese Art4.1 Calligraphy4.2 Painting4.3 SculptureLesson 5: Chinese Traditional Music5.1 The Qin5.2 The Erhu5.3 The Guqin【原文解读】本单元的主题是中国传统文化，共分为五个小节，分别是儒家、道家、中国文学、中国艺术和中国传统音乐。
第一节课是儒家，主要介绍了儒家学派的创始人孔子及其思想，以及儒家五常：仁、义、礼、智、信。
同时，还介绍了佛教的四谛：苦、集、灭、道。
第二节课是道家，讲述了道家学派的老子及其思想，包括道家的阴阳学说和《道德经》。
第三节课是中国文学，本节课选编了《论语》、《易经》和唐诗作为学习材料，以展示中国古代文学的魅力。
中国文化 英语简介
2). Rulers’ view on heaven: prior concern his people’s well-beings 皇天无亲，惟德是辅。
Extended Reading:
1. 《中国文化读本》 叶朗，朱良志 外语教学与研
究出版社 2. 《Insights into Chinese Culture》 中国文化英语教程 叶朗，朱良志 外语教学与研究出版社
3. 《中国的品格》楼宇烈 南海出版公司
4. 《中国哲学简史》 冯友兰 北京大学出版社 5. Confucius The Analects, Raymond Dawson, Oxford University Press
1) hold aloft monarchical power, value school education ( 高扬君权，重视师教) 天地君亲师 2) scorn deity’s power and its influence ( 淡化神权) 天地不是神，是生养万物的根本( not all-mighty gods ) 3) extol moral justice and emphasize self-elevation ( 高扬明道正谊，强调自我提升)
2. human --- an ethical specie
a. human groups and classifies out of individual desires (人生而有欲，欲而不得，则不能无求，求而无度量分界，则不能不争。 争则乱，乱则穷。先王恶其乱也，故制礼义分之，以养人之欲，给人之 求。使欲必不穷乎物，物必不屈于欲，两者相持而长，是礼之所起也。) 《荀子• 礼论》 根据每个人对社会的贡献和对社会的需求来分配一定的 物质，这样就使欲和物之间的需求和供给达到一种平衡。 b. human disciplines themselves through education on humanity 王弼：“止物不以威武，而以文明，人文也” 不用武力而用文明来是 天 下万物各得其所，此人文也。( non-violence ) 孔颖达：“观乎人文以化成天下者，言圣人观察人文，则诗书礼乐之 谓，当法此教而化成天下也。( artistic education and influence )
中国文化课(英语)
（1） 红茶的加工过程
•
萎凋
揉捏
发酵
干燥
(三) 青茶（乌龙茶 ）
• 半发酵茶 • 产地 福建、广东、台 湾 • 茶水清亮微黄 • 茶香浓郁
（1）乌龙茶的加工过程
萎凋 做青
炒青
揉捏
发酵
干燥
（四）黑茶
• • • • • 发酵茶 色泽 红褐色 产于云南 做成茶饼 越陈越香
为什么茶叶如此受欢迎？ Why tea is popular?
中国——茶的故乡
•
一、茶的起源 （神农氏 5000 BC)
（一）神农发现草能治病
（二）神农食草中毒遇茶而解
二、茶的发展（西汉
药材-饮料）
三、茶的盛行（唐朝以后 斗茶）
四、如今的茶文化
五、中国主要的茶产地
六、茶的主要总类 Varieties of tea
How many kinds of tea do you know？
• 第三步 润茶 • 沸水冲入壶中，至满， 使竹筷刮去壶面茶沫， 当即倾于茶船或茶 海——一种较大的茶 杯
•四步 浇壶
• 盖上壶盖
• 清洗茶杯
• 盖上茶盖浇之开水， 使壶内壶外温度一致。 功夫茶具温杯 等候茶 水泡好的当儿，用刚 才温壶及润茶的茶水， 就在茶船中清洗茶杯
Green tea 红茶 青茶 黄茶 绿茶 花茶 白茶
White tea
Black tea Yellow tea
Oolong tea Dark tea
Scented tea
黑茶
规则：
• 所有的同学分成三个组，每组五个人。 • 每组同学派一名代表分别到前边领取一包茶。 • 鉴别茶叶的颜色、味道、说出茶叶的种类、 功效
关于中国文化的英语演讲(精选多篇)
关于中国文化的英语演讲(精选多篇)1. The Glory of Traditional Chinese CultureLadies and gentlemen,Today, I would like to talk about the glory of traditional Chinese culture.China has a rich history and culture that have developed over thousands of years. Traditional Chinese culture has influenced many aspects of modern life, from literature and art to medicine and philosophy.One of the most prominent aspects of Chinese culture is calligraphy. Chinese calligraphy is an art form that involves writing characters with a brush and ink. It is believed to have originated in ancient China over 4,000 years ago and has since become an important part of Chinese culture. It is not just a means of communication, but an art form that expresses emotion and beauty.Another important aspect of Chinese culture is Chinese cuisine. Chinese food is known for being both delicious and healthy, with a long history of using natural ingredients and herbs for medicinal purposes. Chinese cuisine is diverse and varies greatly from region to region, with each region developing its own unique flavor and cooking style.In addition, traditional Chinese medicine has had a significant impact on modern medicine. It is based on the concept of balanceand harmony in the body and uses natural remedies to treat illness and promote health. This holistic approach to medicine has gained popularity in recent years, with many people turning to traditional Chinese remedies for their health benefits.In conclusion, traditional Chinese culture has made a significant impact on modern life, from art and cuisine to medicine and philosophy. The glory of Chinese culture is something that should be celebrated and appreciated by people all over the world.2. The Importance of Confucianism in Chinese CultureGood afternoon, ladies and gentlemen,Today, I would like to discuss the importance of Confucianism in Chinese culture.Confucianism is a philosophical and ethical system that originated in China over 2,500 years ago. It is named after Confucius, a Chinese philosopher and teacher who lived during the Zhou dynasty.Confucianism emphasizes the importance of moral values such as respect, kindness, and honesty. It also focuses on the importance of education and self-improvement. These values and beliefs have had a significant impact on Chinese society and culture.One of the most important aspects of Confucianism is the concept of the Five Relationships. These relationships are between ruler and subject, father and son, elder brother and younger brother,husband and wife, and friend and friend. Each relationship is based on a set of moral values and principles, such as respect, loyalty, and forgiveness.Another important aspect of Confucianism is the emphasis on education. Confucianism teaches that education is the key to personal and societal success. This philosophy has contributed to the high value placed on education in Chinese culture.Confucianism has also had a significant impact on Chinese art and literature. Many Chinese paintings and poems reflect Confucian values and beliefs, such as the importance of nature and the beauty of simplicity.In conclusion, Confucianism is a philosophy that has had a profound impact on Chinese society and culture. Its values and beliefs continue to be an important part of Chinese life today.3. The Significance of the Chinese DragonLadies and gentlemen,Today, I would like to talk about the significance of the Chinese dragon.The Chinese dragon is a symbol of power, strength, and good luck in Chinese culture. It is believed to have originated in ancient China over 5,000 years ago and has since become an important part of Chinese folklore and mythology.The Chinese dragon is depicted as a large, serpentine creature with four legs and a long, sinuous body. It is often seen as a benevolent creature that brings prosperity and good fortune.The dragon is also a symbol of unity and harmony. In Chinese mythology, the dragon is often seen as a mediator between the heavens and the earth. It is believed to bring balance and harmony to the world.The dragon is also an important part of Chinese celebrations and festivals. It is often featured in dragon dances, which are performed during events such as the Chinese New Year. These dances involve several dancers holding a long, decorative dragon, which they move in a sinuous, undulating manner.In addition, the dragon is often depicted in Chinese art and literature. Many Chinese poems and paintings feature the dragon as a symbol of power and majesty.In conclusion, the Chinese dragon is an important symbol in Chinese culture, representing power, strength, and good luck. It is a beloved creature that has captured the hearts and imaginations of people all over the world.4. The Festival of the Moon in ChinaGood afternoon, ladies and gentlemen,Today, I would like to discuss the Festival of the Moon in China.The Festival of the Moon, also known as the Mid-Autumn Festival, is a traditional Chinese holiday that is celebrated on the 15th day of the eighth lunar month. The festival is based on the lunar calendar and falls on a different date each year on the Gregorian calendar.The Festival of the Moon is a time for family reunion and gratitude. It was originally a harvest festival, celebrating the end of the summer harvest season. It is also a time to give thanks for good fortune and to pray for a good harvest in the coming year.One of the most important traditions of the Festival of the Moon is the eating of mooncakes. Mooncakes are small, round pastries that are typically filled with sweet or savory ingredients such as lotus seed paste or egg yolk. The round shape of the mooncakes represents the full moon, which is a symbol of family reunion and completeness.The festival is also a time for lantern displays and moon-gazing. It is traditional to light lanterns and go outside to admire the beautyof the full moon. This activity is especially popular with children, who often carry lanterns shaped like animals, fruits, or other objects.In recent years, the Festival of the Moon has become a global celebration, with people all over the world enjoying mooncakes, lanterns, and moon-gazing. It is a time to celebrate the beauty of the moon and to appreciate the importance of family and togetherness.In conclusion, the Festival of the Moon is an important part ofChinese culture, celebrating the harvest season and the beauty of the full moon. It is a time for family reunion, gratitude, and togetherness, and is enjoyed by people all over the world.。
中国文化英语作文
中国文化英语作文中国文化英语作文（精选35篇）在平平淡淡的日常中，大家总免不了要接触或使用作文吧，借助作文可以宣泄心中的情感，调节自己的心情。
为了让您在写作文时更加简单方便，下面是店铺精心整理的中国文化英语作文，欢迎阅读，希望大家能够喜欢。
中国文化英语作文篇1Traditional Chinese culture is beginning to capture the attention of the world. This is true even as popular culture that has traditionally been considered Western begins to spread throughout China. Kung Fu, especially, has had a great impact on the millions of people who first learned about China through it. From that, they may come to China and learn about other aspects of this culture, such as traditional operas like the Beijing and Sichuan ones. Asian nations have long known about the greatness of ancient Chinese culture. Their own cultures are a mix of native ones and those Chinese characteristics. Korea and Japan long ago adopted ideas such as Confucianism is something that continues today even as it is challenged by Pop Culture. This strength comes from the ideas given in the Four Books of Confucianism (The Great Learning, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius, and The Book of Mencius). These books built upon the ideas of an even more ancient period codified in the Five Classics. From them, the West learns such things as Fengshui and other concepts that are uniquely Chinese. China has taken steps to further this spread of its culture by establishing Chinese Cultural Centers in such places as the United States and Europe.中国传统文化正在吸引全世界的注意，尽管在传统意义上被看成是西方文化的流行文化开始在中国广泛传播。
英文版中国传统文化
英文版中国传统文化（中英文实用版）Title: The Essence of Chinese Traditional CultureIn the vast tapestry of global culture, China's traditional heritage stands as a towering pillar, brimming with the wisdom and creativity of an ancient civilization. From the elegant strokes of calligraphy to the poetic harmony of tea ceremonies, this unique cultural expression has captivated the world for millennia.标题：中国传统文化之精髓在全球文化的斑斓大观中，中国传统文化如同一根耸立的巨柱，充满了古老文明的智慧与创造力。
从书法的优雅笔触到茶艺的诗意和谐，这种独特的文化表达形式已经令世界着迷数千年。
The philosophy of yin and yang, deeply rooted in Chinese thought, reflects a balance and harmony that is visible in every aspect of traditional culture. From the culinary art of Chinese cuisine to the precision of martial arts, this pursuit of equilibrium resonates with the core values of Chinese society.阴阳哲学，深植于中国思想之中，反映了一种平衡与和谐，这种平衡在传统文化的每一个方面都可见一斑。
中国文化(英语)
Chinese Gongfu is a very important and unique form of Chinese culture. It can be viewed as both a popular and a classical art: today it is very common and widespread; on the other hand, it has had a very long developed history.
The earliest Neolithid earthenware with very few adornments mainly falls into three categories: storing,boiling and drinking vessels. By the late Neolithic Age, carving decorative patterns on the surface of earthen-ware became a common practice, and the burnished black pottery of the Longshan Culture~, which is as thin as eggshell, represents the highest technological level of baking earthenware at that time.
CHina's china
自新石器时代的半坡文化，中国的陶瓷行业有超 过6000年的历史。
中国传统文化介绍(英文版)
栏目索引与介绍•当前位置: 主页/•中外文化/中国文化随着中国加入世界贸易组织，中国将进一步对外开放，中国经济与世界经济更加融合。
因此，将中华民族悠久的历史和灿烂的文化介绍给世界各国人民是所有英语爱好者应尽的责任。
开辟这个栏目，就是为了适应对外宣传的需要。
我们将在此介绍中国历史、音乐、绘画、考古、旅游、经济、宗教等方面的情况。
那些从事中国文化教学与研究的师生会在这里找到一些参考资料和英语表达方式。
中国文化知识漫谈(中文）中国文化美国行（新闻报道与背景介绍）Culture Relics文化古迹Travel Features旅游Wushu/Qigong武术与气功Opera/Theatre戏曲Galleries/Museums美术馆与博物馆Peking Opera中国京剧Events/Festivals节日与民俗Local Opera中国地方戏Chinese New Year's Day中国新年来历与24节气Dance Drama and Ballet中国舞剧与芭蕾Traditions of Chinese New Year中国新年除夕习俗Modern Chinese Drama中国话剧Do's and Don'ts of Chinese New Year 中国新年禁忌Acrobatics, Puppet and Shadow Shows杂技、木偶戏与皮影The History of Lion Dance中国舞狮Quyi Performances中国曲艺表演The History of Fireworks中国鞭炮Paintings/Handicrafts绘画与工艺品Lantern Festival元宵节成语典故一 (三国演义、西游记）Brithday of Confucius孔子生日成语典故二Birthday of Mazoo妈祖生日成语典故三Dragon Boat Festival端午节成语典故四Moon Festival中秋节中国古代简史中国文学（包括古文、近代、现代与当代文学以及文化传统，作家传记）中国诗歌英译 (请综合训练中翻译技巧栏目）中国旅游《旅游英语》网络课程中国旅游十大特色中国西藏北京景点天坛中国美食故宫中国十二生肖：12 Taditional Zodiacs M usic音乐RAM HORSE Solo Recordings中国音乐独奏MONKEY ROOSTER CollectedRecordings中国音乐集锦SNAKE DRAGON TraditionalChinese中国传统乐器与音乐InstrumentalmusicDOG PIG Classical Music中国古典音乐OX TIGERRABBIT RAT中国文化知识漫谈（一）文化的含义什么叫文化？《易经》上说：“观乎天文，以察时变，观乎人文，以化成天下。
中国文化 英语版
1. C: What do you think of China?你怎么看中国？W1: China is a fascinating country. It has a lot to offer the world.中国是个迷人的国家，她对世界的贡献是巨大的。
W2: I don’t know a lot about China yet, but I’m eager to learn.我对中国还不太了解，但我很想知道。
2. C: What do you think of the Chinese?你怎么看中国人？W1:Chinese are very hospitable and kind-hearted.中国人民热情好客，亲切友好。
W2: Chinese value family and education more than Americans.中国人比美国人更看重家庭和教育。
3. C: What are your feelings about life in China?你觉得在中国的生活怎么样？W1: Life in China is so different from life in my country.中国的生活跟我们国家的截然不同。
W2: Life here seems more stable than life in my country.这里的生活似乎比我们国家的更稳定些。
C: How do you like the Great Wall?你觉得长城怎么样？W1: It’s the most amazing thing I’ve ever seen!那是我见过的最令人震撼的景观！W2: It’s really awesome! Words can’t describe it!真令人敬佩！无法用言语来形容。
Words can’t describe... 无法用言语表达1) Words can’t describe how thankful I am.我对你的感激之情溢于言表。
中国文化概况英汉对照版
中国文化概况英汉对照版中国文化概况英汉对照版一：英文版：Chinese culture, with its rich heritage spanning thousands of years, is one of the oldest and most diverse cultures in the world. It is a blend of traditions, art, philosophy, and customs that have been shaped by the vast and diverse geography of China. From the ancient times of the Yellow Emperor and Confucius to the modern era, Chinese culture has continuously evolved while maintaining its unique identity.At the heart of Chinese culture lies its philosophical traditions, including Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. These philosophies have profoundly influenced the moral and social values of the Chinese people. Confucianism, for instance, emphasizes the importance of family, respect for elders, and the pursuit of knowledge and wisdom.Chinese art, another vital aspect of its culture, encompasses a wide range of styles and mediums, including painting, calligraphy, sculpture, and ceramics. Chinese painting, known for its use of brush and ink, often depicts natural landscapes and scenes from history and mythology. Calligraphy, considered both an art and a way to cultivate one's character, is highly revered in Chinese culture.Cuisine is also a significant part of Chinese culture, characterized by its diversity and emphasis on harmony and balance. Chinese cuisine varies greatly from region to region, with each area having its own unique flavors and specialties. Traditional Chinese medicine, with its holistic approach to health, is another important aspect of the culture.Lastly, Chinese festivals and customs play a crucial role in cultural expression. The Spring Festival, or Chinese New Year, is the most important and widely celebrated festival in China. It is a time for family reunions, feasting, and the giving of red envelopes. Other notable festivals include the Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, and Lantern Festival, each with its own traditions and significance.汉语对照版：中国文化，拥有数千年的丰富遗产，是世界上最古老、最多样化的文化之一。
中国文化(英语版)
An Outline of Four Major Schools of Thoughts Introduction1.Confucianism:1.1Confucius, the founderConfucius (traditionally 28 September 551 BC --- 479 BC) lived between 551 and 479 during the late years of the Spring and Autumn Period of China. He was a great thinker, educator and statesman as well as one of the most learnt people at that time. So he was horned as “the sage of sages” and the teacher of all ages.1.2RenMencius claimed that human nature was good meaning humans have inborn tendencies toward virtue. Without being taught, people have at least momentary feelings of compassion for the sufferings of others.1.3YiIf we cultivate this feeling of compassion, it will develop into the virtue of benevolence. If we cultivate our sense of shame, it will develop to the virtue of righteousness.1.4 LiMoral ways of conduct refers to any of the secular social functions of daily life, akin to the Western term for culture. Shaping the rituals in a way that leads to a content and healthy society, and to content and healthy people, is one purpose of Confucian philosophy.1.5 CommentConfucianism has been regarded as an ethic-political system in ancient China Confucianism's great contribution to the Chinese nation is its shaping and moulding of the Chinese character and national soul and its founding of the complete system of knowledge. It also has left us a rich literary heritage known as the Four Books and Five Classics.2.Mohism2.1Mozi, the founderMo Zi (470 BC --- 391 BC), original name Mo Di (墨翟), was a Chinese philosopher, thinker, educator, scientist, and militarist. He was born a few years after Confucius' death and died a few tears before Mencius' birth.2.2Ten ProposalsInclusive Care 兼爱Rejecting Aggression 非攻Elevating the Worthy 尚同Conforming Upward 尚贤Rejecting Fatalism 非命Rejecting Music 非乐Thrift in Utilization 节用Thrift in Funerals 节葬Heaven's Intention 天志Existence of Ghosts 名鬼2.3CommentAlthough popular faith in Mohism had declined by the end of Qin Dynasty, its views are said to be strongly echoed in Legalist thought.3.Daoism3.1 Laozi, the founderLi Er was a mystic philosopher of ancient China, best known as the author of the Tao Te Ching(often simply referred to as Laozi). His association with the Tao Te Ching has led him to be traditionally considered the founder of Taoism (pronounced as "Daoism"). He is also revered as a deity in most religious forms of the Taoist religion, which often refers to Laozi as Taishang Laojun, or "One of the Three Pure Ones". He is considered as the father of Chinese philosophy. In the history of Chinese philosophy no one can be compared with Lao Zi who so extensively and thoroughly studied the laws of motion in the world.3.2 DaoIt is the mechanism of everything that exists, the natural, eternal, spontaneous, indescribable way things began and pursued their course.3.3 DePower of morality or power for good. It is the power of naturalness, or power, of simplicity, even of weakness. This is possibly the most important point in the Daoistphilosophy, and has immense influence on the development of Daoist religion.3.4Major teachingsTaoists teach that Tao is the force that existed before all other things. Tao literally means "the way". Taoists teach that a person should leave things alone and let nature take its course through wu wei or "not doing". In addition a person should not try an manipulate others' thoughts but instead they should be allowed to find their own way based on their faith in the Tao. Also Taoists are encouraged to take care of their physical health and longevity so that they can be in harmony with Tao.4. Legalism4.1 Han Fei Zi, the founderHan Fei (280 BC --- 233 BC) is was a Chinese philosopher, the most outstanding representative of the Legalist school. He was a prince of the royal family of Han during the Warring and States Period(475---221 B.C.).He and Li Si studied with Xun Kuang.In this context, his works have been interpreted by some scholars as being directed to his cousin, the King of Han.4.2 FaThe rule of law stands in contrast to the idea that the leader is above the law. The law code must be clearly written and made public. All people under the ruler were equal before the law.4.3 ShuIt means special tactics and “secrets” are to be employed by the ruler to make sure others do not take over control of the state. Especially important is that no one can fathom the ruler’s motivations, and so no one can know which behavior might help them getting ahead except following the laws.4.4 ShiIt literally means "legitimacy, power or charisma". It is the position of the ruler, not the ruler himself or herself, that holds the power. Therefore, analysis of the trends, the context, and the facts are essential for a real ruler.4.5 CommentLegalism greatly influenced the philosophical basis for the imperial form of government. During the Han Dynasty, the most practical elements of Confucianism and Legalism were taken to form a sort of synthesis, marking the creation of a new form of government that would remain largely intact until the late 19th century.。
中国文化英语教程文本 (1)精选全文
精选全文完整版（可编辑修改）Part I Wisdom and BeliefsUnit 1 Confucian thought on heaven and humanityConfucius (551-479 BC), known in China as Kongzi, given name Qiu and alias Zhongni, was a native of Zouyi (present-day Qufu in Shandong Province) of the State of Lu during the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC). A great thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism, Confucius is an ancient sage to the Chinese people. His words and life story were recorded by his disciples and their students in The Analects (Lunyu).Confucius on Heaven: the source of EverythingIn the Shang (1600-1046 BC) and Zhou (1046-256 BC) dynasties, the prevalent concept of “Heaven”was that of a personified god, which influenced Confucius. Generally, however, Confucius regarded “Heaven” as nature. He said, “Heaven does not speak in words. It speaks through the rotation of the four seasons and the growth of all living things.”Obviously, heaven equaled nature, in the eyes of Confucius. Moreover, nature was not a lifeless mechanism separate from humans; instead, it was the great world of life and the process of creation of life. Human life was part and parcel of nature as a whole.Confucius on People: ren and liRen and Li are the two core concepts of Confucius’s doctrine about people.When his students Fan Chi asked him about ren, Confucius replied, “love people”. This is Confucius’ most important interpretation of ren. Love for the people is universal love. Confucius further emphasized that this kind of love should “begin with the love for one’s parents”. He believed no one could love people in general if they did not even love their own parents. Confucius regarded “filial piety and fraternal duty”as the essence of ren. The Doctrine of the Mean (Zhongyong) quotes Confucius as saying, “The greatest love for people is the love for one’s parents.” He also said, “Children should not travel far while their parents are alive. If they have no choice but to do so, they must retain some restraint.” He did not mean that children should not leave their parents at all. What he meant was that children should not make the parents anxious about them while away from home. Confucius said again, “Children should think often of the age of their parents. They should feel happy for the health and longevity of their parents. They should also feel concern for the aging of their parents.”By ren, Confucius meant universal love based on love for one’s parents. How should people love one another then? Confucius said, “One should be aware that other people may have similar desires as oneself. While fulfilling one’s desires, allow others to fulfill their desires as well.” He further said, “Do not do toward others anything you would not want to be done to you.” Thus from oneself to one’s family, from family to society, one should extend love to all people. Mencius (c. 372-289 BC), a great Confucian scholar, best summarized ren as, “loving one’s parents, loving the people, loving everything in the world.”Li refers to rituals, traditions and norms in social life. Of these, Confucius regarded burial rituals and ancestral worship rituals as the most important, because they rose from human feelings. He said, “A child should not leave his parents’ bosom until he is three years old.” He naturally love hisparents. The ritual of wearing mourning for a deceased parent for three years was an expression of the child’s love and remembrance.Confucius on the State of lifeBefore Confucius, only the nobility had the right to education. He was the first figure in Chinese history to initiate private education. According to historical records, Confucius taught for many years and trained 3,000 disciples. A total of 72 of them excelled in the “six arts”, i.e., ritual, music, archery, (carriage)driving, calligraphy, and mathematics. A great educator, Confucius has been admired by later generations as the “sage of sages”.Confucius believed the basic goal of education was to cultivate “persons of virtue”, who should have sound character and uplifted minds. Such people should be able to shoulder important social responsibilities and to make contributions to society. Confucius regarded lofty ideals, great virtue, love of people, and the “six arts” as the general principles of education. Of these, virtue was the most important. His students were involved in a variety of professions, including politics, trade, education, diplomacy, ritual ceremony, and classifying ancient books. Whatever they did, they all wanted to improve their learning of the humanities and to enhance their virtue.Unit 2 Laozi’s philosophy of Non-actionThe book Laozi was written around the sixth century BC. The author is generally believed to be Lao Dan, or Laozi – a recluse who lived during the Spring and Autumn Period. Few records have survived about Lao Dan, who was said to have once held a low civil position in the royal court, in chare of the archival records of the Zhou Dynasty. Yet, due to his great learning, even Confucius was said to have traveled miles to consult him.Laozi, also known as Classic of the Way and Virtue (Dao De Jing), consists of just over 5,000 Chinese characters. Its 81 chapters are divided into two parts, Dao (the Way) and De (Virtue). Short as it is, the book has played a tremendous role in the development of Chinese culture. It became the basis of Daoism, the school of philosophy parallel to Confucianism in ancient China. The thought of Laozi formed the foundation of Daoism, the most influential indigenous school of religion in China. It has also exerted a direct impact on the characteristics, trends of thought and aesthetic sensibilities of the Chinese nation. Today Laozi still plays a role in the development of Chinese thinking. Naturalness and Non-action“Naturalness” is an important concept of Laozi’s philosophy. It refers to a natural state of being, an attitude of following the way of nature. Laozi emphasized that everything in the world has its own way of being and development: birds fly in the sky, fish swim in the water, clouds float in the sky, flowers bloom and flowers fall. All these phenomena occur independently and naturally without following any human will, and humans should not try to change anything natural. Laozi admonished people to give up on any desire to control the world. Following the way of nature is the way to resolving conflicts between humans and the world.“Non-action”is another important concept of Laozi’s philosophy. It is the guarantee of “Naturalness”. Laozi said, “(Dao or the Way) acts through non-action,”by which he did no mean that one should do nothing and passively wait for something to be achieved. Neither did he deny human creativity. What he meant is that human enterprises should be built on the basis of naturalness, not on many attempts to interrupt the rhythm of nature. Human creativity should be in compliance with the ways of nature.The philosophy of Non-contentionOn the basis of “naturalness”and “non-action”, Laozi proposed the view of “overcoming the strong by being weak”. The era Laozi lived in was replete with endless wars. Therefore, war was an important treme for philosophers, and ant-war thinking was the norm. Even the great strategist Sunzi advocated “winning a war without fighting it”, not to mention the great thinker Confucius, who strongly championed a government based on love. Their contemporary Mozi (c. 468-376 BC), founder of Mohism, also condemned wars while calling for “love for all”.According to Laozi, war springs from humanity’s bloated desires. Conflict arises out of people’s struggles to satisfy their desires, and conflict escalates into war. Therefore, Laozi’s philosophy is based on “non-contention”. To him, human striving and competitive strife is the root cause of decline; desiring nothing is the natural way of life.Laozi said, “The greatest virtue is like water.”He compared his philosophy of “non-contention” to water, to distinguish it from the law of the jungle. He said, “Water nourishes everything but contends for nothing.” To Laozi, humans tend to seek higher positions while water always flows to lower places. Driven by desire, humans like whatever they think is superior while despising whatever they think is inferior. Yet water always flows downward. As the source of life, water nourishes all living things on Earth. No life can exist without water. Water contributes to the world without regard for gain or loss. Remaining low, level and tranquil, water embraces and reflects everything under heaven. The way of water is completely different from the way of people with avid desires.But the philosophy of Laozi is by no means weak. On the contrary, it is full of strength. According to Laozi, water accumulates great strength in its weakness and quietude. Its strength can break down all barriers in the world. He said, “Nothing in the world is weaker than water. Yet nothing is stronger than water when it comes to breaking something strong.”Water is a typical example of the weak winning over the strong. Water is invincible because it desires nothing and contends for nothing.Unit 3 Chinese Buddhist CultureWho am I? Where am I from? Where am I going?Men are mortal. But death is not an once-and-for-all thing. They enter the rotating Wheel of Six Realms:Heaven, Human, Asura, Animal, Hungry Ghost, Hell.Documents stored in computer can be canceled at will, but what we have done in our life, and actually in our innumerable lives, cannot. What has been done has been done. The information is stored in your true “self”, not the physical one, and will accompany you life after life, and determines which Realm you enter.Only when we are completely free from lust, hatred, and folly, can we manage to break away from the capture of the rotating Wheel, and achieve perpetual enlightenment, discovering your true “self”.In Buddhism there isn’t any dominating god who controls your destiny. We are the maker of our own fate. What we are at present is a result of what we have done in the past; and what we will be in the future is decided by what we are doing at present. What we have done form the “karma”, which, like a gene, decides on your future story. But this “gene” can of course be modified, by doing good deeds and obtaining healthy biological and spiritual energy, so as to change our future course of career. We are, therefore, our own master. What are the basic requirements for a Buddhist?Five Prohibitions for the laymen:1) Don’t kill;2) Don’t steal;3) Don’t seek aberrant sensual pleasures;4) Don’t talk irresponsibly;5) Don’t drink alcohol.Part II Creativity and ExchangeUnit 4 The Silk RoadThe silk road refers to a transport route connecting ancient China with Central Asia, West Asia, Africa, and the European continent. It appeared as early as the second century BC and was traveled mainly by silk merchants. The term “Silk Road”, or “die Seidenstrasse”in German, was first noted down by the German geographer Ferdinand Von Richthofen at the end of the 19th century.The silk road began in Chang’an (present-day Xi’an, capital of Shaanxi Province), passing through Gansu and Xinjiang to Central Asia, West Asia, and to lands by the Mediterranean. There were no signs of communication between ancient Chinese civilization and Mediterranean civilization in earlier history. In about the seventh century BC, the ancient Greeks began to learn about an ancient civilization to the east, yet knew little about it. Before the Silk Road, according to archeological findings, there had already existed an intermittent trade route on the grasslands from the Yellow River and the Indus River drainage areas to the Euphrates and the Tigris, and the Nile drainage areas. Yet real communication between China, Central and West Asian countries, Africa and the European continent did not develop until the opening of the Silk Road.Zhang Qian, Trail BlazerThe pioneer who blazed the trail of the Silk Road was Zhang Qian (c. 164-114 BC). In Zhang Qian’s time, the Chinese has little knowledge about Central and West Asian countries, Africa or Europe, although they were aware of the existence of many different countries and cultures in faraway places to the west.During the reign of Emperor Wu (r. 140-135 BC), there were 36 small kingdoms in the Western Regions (present-day Xinjiang and parts of Central Asia). All of them were later conquered by the Huns, who then posed a direct threat to the Western Han and blocked the dynasty’s path west. Under these circumstances, Emperor Wu appointed Zhang Qian to lead a team of more than 100 envoys to the Western Regions.The mission was to unite the Indo-Scythic people against the Huns, who once killed their chieftain. Zhang Qian’s team set out in 138 BC. No sooner had they entered the Hexi Corridor (northwest of present-day Gansu Province), than they were captured by the Huns. After being held under house arrest for over ten years, Zhang Qian and only one other remaining envoy managed to escape and return to Chang’an in 126 BC. Their accounts about the Western Regions were a revelation to Hun emperor and his ministers.In the next two decades, Emperor Wu launched three major campaigns against the Huns, forcing them to retreat from the Western Regions. In 119 BC, the emperor sent Zhang Qian on a second mission to the Western Regions. This time Zhang Qian went further west, while his deputies reached more than a dozen countries in South and West Asia, and the Mediterranean.Zhang Qian’s two missions to the Western Regions opened up the road to the west. EmperorWu adopted a series of measures to strengthen ties with the Western Regions, including encouraging Han People to trade there.Soon the route was bustling with caravans of camels carrying goods of all types and reverberating with the tinkling of their bells. Through the Silk Road, trade flourished between China and Central, South and West Asian countries, Africa and Europe. In 166, envoys from Rome arrived via the Silk Road in Chang’an, were they set up an embassy.Part III Art and AestheticsUnit 5 Music: Govern the Country, Nourish the Mind The tradition of Chinese music dates back to remote antiquity. Governing the country and nourishing the mind through music are two of the main functions of this tradition.Governance Through MusicAccording to ancient Chinese culture, rituals provided the norms of conduct of people. The goal was to maintain social order.Music was for the mind’s cultivation and expression. Its purpose was to enhance people’s outlook on life and imbue them with energy and creativity, such that they could enjoy a more harmonious and happier spiritual life. Individual contentment would then lead to social harmony, as well as to a more harmonious relationship between people and nature. The highest level of ancient Chinese music was to represent spiritual with nature.The prominent stature of music in ancient China explains the emergence of sophisticated instruments from early times. Chime bells were one example. First used in the Shang Dynasty, they became quite popular during the Western Zhou Dynasty (1046-771 BC). In 1978, a fine set of chime bells was unearthed in Hubei Province, from the tomb of Marquis Yi, a local lord in a small state called Zeng during the Warring States Period.The Marquis Yi chime bells consist of 65 bells arranged in three rows. The first row includes 19 niu bells, and the second and third rows include 45 yong bells. The bells in each row differ from one another in shape and size, emanating(发出) different tones. In addition, there is a separate and much larger bell used to adjust pitch. Like the bells, the from is made of bronze, weighing as much as five tons or more. The total weight of the bells is more than 440 kilograms. While the bells bear inscriptions totaling more than 2,800 Chinese characters relating to music and the making of the instrument, the frame is carved with exquisite patterns in relief (浮雕) and fretwork(回纹细工). Instruments of such a scale and such fine craftsmanship were quite rate in the world at the time. Five musicians were needed to play the instrument. Each bell produces two tones when struck at the respective sound points as marked. The entire set of chime bells is able to produce all the tones of a modern piano.Consoling the Mind with MusicThe Chinese zither tends to create a tranquil air. The composition Wild Geese Landing on the Shallow Shore is such an example. With a relaxed rhythm, the first part of the piece depicts a calm Yangtze River under a clear autumn sky. The second part progresses into livelier rhythms to imitate the chirping of many birds. The third part presents a thematic scene of wild geese leisurely landing on the shallow shores of the Yangtze, as a gentle breeze makes the water ripple. To Chinese musiciansand music lovers, the contentment of the wild geese represents the human heart.The zither was also instrumental in communication between ancient scholars and artist. The famous zither composition, Three Stanzas of Plum Blossoms, was based on an Eastern Jin Dynasty story of the poet Wang Ziyou (王子猷) (c. 338-386) and the flute player Huan Yi (桓伊) (?-383). One day the poet was taking a boat trip when he overheard someone on the riverbank say Huan Yi was passing by. Although the two had never met before, they admired each other as poet and flute player. Despite his lower rank of office, Ziyou sent a family member to request Huan Yi to play the flute. Without hesitation, Huan Yi dismounted from his carriage and played Three Stanzas of Plum Blossoms, while Ziyou listened from his boat. After finishing, Huan Yi mounted his carriage and drove on. Ziyou, too, continued with his boat journey. The two of them exchanged not a single word, yet both were content with the communication of their hearts through the music.The flute’s three stanzas were later converted into a composition for the Chinese zither, which has become one of the best-known musical works –as an expression of otherworldly feelings through its eulogy of the plum flower’s purity, fragrance and resistance to the cold.Unit 6 Flying strokes of CalligraphyThe evolution of Chinese characters font甲骨文the Oracle bone script→金文Jinwen (Inscriptions on bronze )→篆书Seal script→隶书Official script→楷书Regular script→草书Cursive script→行书running scriptWang Xizhi and Preface to the Lanting Pavilion CollectionIn the Hall for Cultivation of Mind of the Palace Museum, there is a Three-treasurer Study, which derives its name for the three most valuable calligraphic works housed here. These three treasures, most valued and adored by Emperor Qianling (r. 1736-1795) of the Qing Dynasty, were A Sunny Scene after a Quick Snow by Wang Xizhi, Mid-Autumn by Wang Xianzhi and Boyuan by Wang Xun (349-400). As father and son, Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi hae been known as the “Two Wangs”, their works universally recognized as the peak of Chinese calligraphy.Unit 7 Porcelain – Calling Card of Chinese Culture In English, the country and “porcelain”share the same name –“China”. This proves that Europeans have long known of China’s relationship to porcelain. Porcelain found its way to Europe in the 15th century, occupying an important position in the exchanges between China and other countries. The Keisel Randy Museum in Germany houses a blue-and-white bowl dating back to the Ming Dynasty. Throughout history, China, along with other Asian countries, and Europe maintained a busy and vast trade in porcelain. From 1602 to 1682, the Dutch East India Company transported more than 16 million articles of porcelain to Europe. Porcelain garnered a good reputation for China for its sophistication and elegance, and played an important role in the wave of the Europeanidealization of China during the 17th and 18th centuries. In the rococo style popular in Europe of that time, one could sense, from time to time, the influence of “Chinese vogue”represented by China’s styles of porcelain and gardens.Porcelain is of great significance in the history of Chinese civilization. Pottery was the predecessor of porcelain, while glazed pottery was the basis for the emergence of porcelain. Around the first century, porcelain production first emerged in China, and by The Song Dynasty it had become mature. Song-Dynasty porcelain represented the acme of Chinese porcelain technique. Five famous kilns, the Jun, Ding, Guan, Ge, and Ru, were all creative and original in their respective products, and their porcelain ware has been imitated by later generations throughout the ages. In the Yuan Dynasty, Jingdezhen became the center of the Chinese Porcelain industry.Pure Blue-and-White PorcelainPure and elegant beauty is the goal that porcelain pursues, and this ideal is best explained in the production of blue-and-white porcelain.Blue-and-white porcelain is a typical artifact of porcelain in China. Among the porcelain exported during the Ming and Qing dynasties, 80 percent was blue-and-white. Chinese-made blue-and-white porcelain ware emerged long before the founding of the Tang Dynasty, but it was not until the Yuan Dynasty that this type of porcelain came to be produced in quantity, with the attendant masterpieces. The Ming Dynasty witnessed the maturity of the art, and a large number of valuable pieces were produced in this period. Jingdezhen, a small town that created the enchanting blue-and-white porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty, became its porcelain-producing center; and in the subsequent Ming Dynasty, the imperial kilns were established here. Blue-and-white porcelain is now the most representative of Chinese porcelain.To produce blue-and-white porcelain, cobalt oxide is requisite. It is employed to draw on the white roughcast before glaze is applied. After kilning at a high temperature, the roughcast turns into blue-and-white porcelain, since cobalt oxide turns blue with heat. The white surface with blue patterns and a shiny sheen of glaze produces a pure, elegant and transparent effect.Unit 8 Peking Opera: Artistry of PerformersThe Delights of Peking Opera MasksChina’s Peking Opera radiates with the beauty of resplendent color –vivid, intense and glamorous. This artistic beauty comes not only from the costumes but also from the masks of exaggerated, dazzling designs, gleaming with red, purples, whites, yellows, blacks, blues, greens, every diverse color imaginable.Masks, applied to the two roles of the “jing”or “painted-face role”and the “chou”or “clown”, serve two purposes. One is to indicate the identity and character of the role. For example, a “red face”means the person is loyal and brave; a “black face”signifies the person is straightforward; and “a white face”identifies the person as crafty and evil. The other purpose is to express people’s appraisal of the roles from a moral and aesthetic point of view, such as respectable, hateful, noble, ridiculous, etc.Peking Opera Performance: Sing, Speak, Act, and FightThe performance of a Peking Opera actor can be summarized into four basic aspects, of singing, speaking, acting, and fighting, the core of which is a combination of song and choreography.Singing is of utmost importance in the performance of Peking Opera, because first of all, Peking Opera is a singing art. Any famous Peking Opera boasts several wonderful arias that are well-known and popular with audiences. The charm of the melodies usually embodies the sublime realm of the art of Peking Opera. Unable to appreciate the magic of Peking Opera arias, one would fail to enjoy the profound beauty of the art itself.Speaking refers to character monologs and dialogs, which serve to propel the development of the story. Speaking, like singing, needs to be executed in an appealing way.Acting and fighting mean that actors employ physical movements to express the emotions of the characters and the circumstances. Acting includes body movements and eye movements, solo dancing or group dancing, etc. Most of the dancing is choreographed movements from everyday life. Fighting is choreographed martial arts and acrobatics to depict fight or battle scenes. As the art of Peking Opera depends on movement to depict events, actors are given much room to perform on the stage.In the opera Picking up the Jade Bracelet, the young woman Sun Yujiao and the young scholar fall in love with each other, their eyes affixed on each other as if a thread connected them. Then, as Matchmaker Liu uses her pipe to pull the “virtual” line up and down, the young couple’s eyes accordingly move up and down. These actions produce great humor and add much significance to the performance.Acting and fighting serve the whole “play”or the “world of images”, but at the same time they are themselves a beautiful art in both form and skill. For example, in King Chu Bids Farewell to His Concubine, artist Mei Lanfang performed a sword dance in a miraculously skillful way, which became very popular with audiences. This is a type of beauty in form. As for the beauty of skill, this usually includes some very difficult acrobatic movements, often referred to as “superb skills”.The uniqueness of performances in Peking Opera lies in the fact that the singing, speaking, acting, and fighting, all focus on one or two actors in the play.These performers used to be called “jue’er”, hence “mingjue” was used to refer to famous actors or actresses. In this sense, the world of imagery created in Peking Opera mainly relies on the singing, speaking, acting, and fighting of actors, especially in the performance of the famous plays. This is the biggest difference between Peking Opera and other forms of performing arts in terms of aesthetic appreciation. And the remark –“Peking Opera is the art of performers”–well describes its quintessence.The Beauty of a “Visual World”Depicting a “visual world”is a distinctive feature of Peking Opera. Its virtually consists of two aspects: one is virtual movements, and the other virtual settings. Virtual movement refers to imitating actions onstage. For example, riding a horse. Onstage, an actor cannot ride a real horse, but can only hold a whip and imitate the movement of galloping by walking around the stage, turning the body, wielding the whip, and pulling the reins. A virtual setting means creating an imagined environment onstage. For example, rowing a boat. As there is no water or boat on the stage, an actor usually takes an oar and, through actions, makes the audience “see”the rowing of a boat on water.One is At the Crossroad. This opera describes the story of two yamen runners escorting Jiao Zan to prison. On the way they stay at an inn for the night. Ren Tanghui, whose task is to protect Jiao Zan, checks in at the same time. The owner of the inn, however, suspects Ren Tanghui is planning to murder Jiao Zan, so he gropes his way into Ren’s room at night. Thus a fight starts. What is special about the performance is that, although the fight happens at night, the stage is brightly lit; yet the audience is able to sense it is a pitch-dark night from the actors’performances, which feature stealthy movements typical of people in darkness. Sometimes, one man’ s sword swishes down, onlya few inches away from the other’ s face, yet the latter feels nothing, thus producing a breathtaking yet meaningful and humorous effect.The other example is Autumn River, a play transplanted from Sichuan Opera. This story describes a young nun, Chen Miaochang who leaves the nunnery to pursue her lover Pan Bizheng. Onstage, there is neither water nor boat, but through the performance of the young woman and the old boatman, the audience is able to obviously “see”that the stage is a river. The boat sways forward; all the way there the girl complains about the boat for being slow, while the old boatman keeps teasing her about her anxiety to see her lover. The performance is full of wit and humor.These examples describe the function of the “virtual world” in the art of Peking Opera, which provides limitless room for the performances of actors; and in return, performers present the audience with a world of images full of appealing wit. If in fact the stage of At the Crossroad was really all black to represent the dark night, and there was a real boat on the stage of Autumn River, what could the actors do? And what we still find as much wit and meaning in the performances? We doubt it.Part IV Folk CustomsUnit 9 Life with Fragrant TeaTea is a wonderful beverage originally produced in China about 4,000 years ago. During the Tang Dynasty, Japanese monks introduced tea seeds to Japan, and by combining tea with Zen Buddhism, created the world-famous Japanese tea ceremony. In the 17th century, the Dutch took to Europe the Chinese habit of tea drinking, which then became a tradition of the Europeans. In England in particular, people developed the custom of afternoon tea. Prior to the 19th century, all the tea in the world was grown in China, and even the English word “tea”was a transliteration of the pronunciation of “tea”in the Fujian dialect of China. Tea is an important contribution of the Chinese people to the world.Ways of Savoring TeaThe Chinese people look to tea drinking as an art, which incorporates a wide range of knowledge; the taste of tea might be light, yet the meaning is rich and deep.The Chinese attach great importance to the water, tea leaves, tea set, and fire, when making and drinking tea.Water is an element of priority in the making of tea. To make a good cup of tea, quality water is a must. The ancient Chinese commented on tea making thus: the tea must be new, and water must be live, or flowing. Lu Yu(陆羽) (733-804), the Saint of the Tang Dynasty, pointed out that, to make fine, water from high mountains is the best, followed by water from rivers and wells. In the cloud-enveloped high mountains, crystal clear spring water is the best for making tea; water in the brooks though also good, is not pure because it smells of the earth, therefore is only second best. Considered third is water from wells, as artificial springs from underground are often stagnant and tinted with the flavor of salt. It is thus no match at all for uncontaminated mountain spring water. Unluckily for us today, we do not even have the third type of water to make tea; we use either tap water or artificially purified water – a true pity indeed!As making good tea needs good water, Chinese people have long developed the tradition of valuing springs, while springs have become famous because of people’s love for tea. It is said that Lu。
中国文化英文版
Chinese characters
Chinese Arts
Chinese Food
Chinese Eight Regional Cuisines
Jiangsu High cutting techniques Anhui Nutritious food Hunan Known for sour and spicy dishes
large meatball Fujian peculiar about soup Tai bai fish Sichuan Spicy-hot Tremella and quail eggs soup Shandong excellent seafood Dong po Pork Guangdong Delicacies Yi xiang fish Zhejiang light, crisp, elegant
China Ancient Four Inventions
• Compass(罗盘), gunpowder(火药), papermaking skill(造纸 术) and typography(印刷 术), is China ancient four inventions, it is one of the signs that China become to the ancient civilized country, occupy the important position in the history of human civilization.
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It produces in the primitive society, Japan, South Korea, north Korea and other countries of medicine are favorite developed on the basis of it.
Chinese knot is by paleolithic sew knot, promote to the han dynasty the etiquettes note, then evolved into today‘s decoration craft. It shown on the gentler and wisdom of the ancient civilization is one of the cultural knowledge.
Chinese porcelain from the evolution and development of pottery and become, the original porcelain originated in more than 3000 years ago. In the song dynasty, the most prosperous industry. China "and" China "in English as a word, full explanation of Chinese porcelain of elegant unsurpassed completely can be used as a representative of China.
c u l t u r e
Chinese characters
chime Chinese knot
Chinese Kung-Fucine
China
The Great Wall
Peking Opera
Dunhuang Caves
tea
汉字的演变过程： 甲骨文→金文→小篆→隶书→楷书→草书
Chinese kung fu, also called Chinese martial arts. Originated from the primitive society period, the Chinese WuShu originated from the ancient ancestors productive labor. People in hunting production activities, gradually accumulated splitting, cut, thorn skills,
The Great Wall is in different periods of ancient China to protect SaiBei nomadic nations hit and the scale of construction of a massive military engineering referred to. The Great Wall things for tens of thousands of li, therefore is called the Great Wall. The Great Wall was built in two thousand years ago the spring and autumn period and the warring states period.
The mogao grottoes, it is commonly known as cheonbuldong, is known as the 20th century most valuable cultural found, is located in dunhuang in the west of hexi corridor, it was built in the period of the sixteen QianQin, is the world's largest existing content, the most abundant buddhist art holy land.
Docent: Material finishing member： PPT Producer：
According to legend, the emperor shen nung tea originated from ancient times, the tea is made by the tea leaves, after bubble water use, has strong heart, diuresis effect.
the original form of offensive and defensive skills is a foundation for the formation of martial arts technology.
The doctor of traditional Chinese medicine refers to the traditional Chinese medicine, is the study of human physiology, pathology and disease diagnosis and control of a subject.
Peking Opera is formed in Beijing one of the Chinese operas flourishing, has been 200 years of history and enjoys reputation home and abroad, known as China's "the quintessence of a country".
Chimes is ancient Chinese important percussion instrument, it is a clock. Chimes by several different sizes of the clock had the order to hang on the gallows into a group or groups, each clock percussive pitch each are not identical.