二语习得(L7正)

Definition
Strategy vs technique Stern (1983)
Strategy is general tendencies or overall characteristics of the approach employed by the language learner, leaving techniques to refer to particular forms of observable learning behavior.



History of of strategies study
Began in 1970s 1. Carton, A. 1966. The Method of Infererence in Foreign Language Language Study. 2.Carton, A. 1971. ‘Inferencing: a process in using and learning language’ in Primsleur and Quinn (eds.)
Background of strategies study
studies of learning strategies as an “explosion of activity” in recent years
Changes in paradigm:
Teacher/teaching-centered to Learner/learning-centered
Learning strategies Process and strategies in creative language learning
Process Hypothesis formation strategy simplification (1) overgeneralization (2) transfer inferencing (1) intralingual (via intake analysis) (2) extralingual Receptive (via intake analysis) Productive Metalingual interactional Formal practice Functional practice
Intralingual inference, interlingual inference, extralingual inference
3.Rubin, J. 1975. What the ‘good language learner’can teach us. TESOL Quarterly 9(1): 41-45. 4.Naimen, N., M. Frohlich, A. Todesco, 1975. The good Lanugage learner. TESL TALK 6(1): 58-75. Hot issue in 1980s Widely applicated to language teching in 1990s
Direct effect on ITL or indirect effect on ITL Rubin (1987) Learning strategies are strategies which contribute to the development of the language system which the learner constructs and affect learning directly.



Types of learner strategy

Learning strategy 学习策略 Production strategy 表达策略 Communication strategy 交际策略
Learning strategy

Learning strategies in formulaic speech learning

Learner processes
Learner strategies
declarative (rules and chunks of speech Kn social (i.e. devices for managing interaction in L2)


procedural
for learning (devices for internalizing or automatizing L2 kn)
14. What are the effects of personalityon the use of communication strategies? 15. What are the effects of the learning situationon the use of communication strategies? 16. What is the role of communication strategies?
Conscious or subconscious
Chamot (1987) Learning strategies are techniques, approaches or deliberate actions that students take in order to facilitate the learning, recall of both linguistic and content area information. Cohen (2006) Learners’ conscious and semi-conscious thoughts and behaviors, to improve the knowledge and understanding of L2, as well as strategies for using the language that has been learned or for getting around gaps in language proficiency.
Oxford (1990) Behavioral or mental Language learning strategies are behaviors or actions which learners use to make language learning more successful, self-directed and enjoyable. Winstein (1986) Learning strategies are the behaviors and thoughts that a learner engages in during learning that are intended to influence the learner’s encoding process.

12.What are the effects of proficiency levelon the use of communication strategies?

13. What are the effects of the problem-sourceon the use of communication strategies/
cognitive production/reception (devices for using existing resources automatically) for using communication strategies (devices for compensating for inadequate resources)

scripts(greeting sequences)
Learning strategies in formulaic speech learning

Learning strategies in formulaic speech learning:


Pattern memorization Pattern imitation Pattern analysis
The characteristic of strategy
1. Strategies refer to both general approaches and specific actions or techniques used to learn an L2 2. Strategies are problem-oriented – the learner deploys a strategy to overcome some particular learning problem. 3. Learners are generally aware of the strategies they use and can identefy what they consist of if they are asked to pay attention to what they are doing/thinking. 4. Strategies involve linguistic behavior (such as requesting the name or an object) and non- linguistic (such as pointing at an object so as to be told its name). 5. Linguistic strategies can be performed in the L1 and in the L2. 6. Some strategies are behabioural while others are mental. Thus some stragegies are directly observable, while others are not.