英美概况论文
英美概况论文美国个人主义
浅析美国文化中的个人主义及其社会影响摘要：在美国文化中，有一种早已形成的文化现象，那就是个人主义，个人主义构成了美国文化模式的基本特性和主要内容，是美国文化的核心。
本文将从个人主义的含义、个人主义的本质以及个人主义对美国社会的影响三方面进行分析论述，从而有助于客观地了解美国文化中的个人主义传统。
关键词：个人主义；美国文化；含义；本质；积极影响；消极影响一、个人主义的含义英语中的个人主义与汉语中的个人主义不同。
从汉语的角度来看，个人主义带有浓厚的贬义色彩，即一切从个人的所得利益出发，是赤裸裸的个人物质利益与个人权利的追求。
然而英语中的个人主义的内涵却是积极的，肯定的，即认为个人价值至高无上，强调自我支配和自我控制，反对权威、宗教、国家、社会及其他任何干涉和阻挠个人发展的外在因素。
同时，个人主义又是一种价值体系，一种人性理论，甚至成了对某种政治、经济、社会和宗教行为的一种态度和倾向。
二、个人主义的本质美国文化中的个人主义，能真正表述美国思想。
它源自清教主义的理性原则，源自清教主义对个人自主的追求，是一种典型的西方资本主义政治和社会哲学。
在英语世界里首先使用“个人主义”一词的是美国哲学家爱默生，他对个人主义大加渲染和推崇，认为它有益于个性的发展和社会的进步，其“没有政治者的政府才是牢不可破的政府”的观点，早已渗透到美国民众的思想意识之中。
如今，美国成了个人主义价值观的典型代表，这种植根于早期殖民时期及在开拓边疆时期得到发扬光大的自立精神一直延续至今，成为美国精神的重要组成部分。
基督精神，自由主义与个人主义共同构成美国文化的三大支柱。
但代表美国文化模式基本特征的个人主义却是直接、真实地涵盖了美国思想。
个人主义成了美国人的最高理想及社会理想和世界观。
对美国人来说，个人主义等于其生命攸关的身份认同。
在美国文化的发展过程中，它成了美国思想的起点和归宿，构成美国文化的精髓。
三、个人主义对美国社会的积极影响个人主义的独立奋斗、开拓进取精神成为美国人的生命基调，是美国社会发展的内在驱动力，对美国物质文明和精神文明有巨大的推动力。
如何学好英美概况英文作文
如何学好英美概况英文作文英文：To learn English and American overview English writing well, I believe it is important to first have a good understanding of the cultural and historical background of both countries. This will help to provide context and depth to the writing.For example, when writing about the differences between American and British English, it is important to know that American English has been heavily influenced by immigrants from all over the world, resulting in a diverse vocabulary and pronunciation. On the other hand, British English has been shaped by centuries of history and has a more formal tone.In addition to understanding the cultural andhistorical background, it is also important to practice writing in English regularly. This can be done throughjournaling, writing essays, or even participating in online forums and discussions. By actively engaging with the language, one can improve their writing skills and become more comfortable expressing themselves in English.Furthermore, reading extensively in English can also be incredibly beneficial. This not only exposes the learner to different writing styles and vocabulary, but also helps to improve comprehension and critical thinking skills.中文：要学好英美概况英文作文，我认为首先需要对两国的文化和历史背景有一个良好的了解。
英美概况论文2
If Y ou Are Tired of London, Y ou Are Tired of Life.Y es, I think so.At first, London was in a depression in the chalk north of the weald. It is surrounded by richer clay soil which produced food for the citizens of London. two thousand years ago, Roman built this city, from that time, London has been owing a maximum influence in the world, and from 1801 to 20 century, as a empire of the world-the capital of British empire, London become the biggest city of the world for acquiring a outstanding achievement in politics, economy, humanity culture, science and technology invention.T hat’s the history of London, but now London is still the biggest city of Europe a nd meanwhile it also a city which is worthwhile to visit.London is a cosmopolitan mixture of the Third and First worlds of chauffeurs and beggars, of the establishment the avowedly working class and the avant-garde. Unlike comparable European cities, much of London looks unplanned and grubby, but that is part of its appeal. Visiting London is like being let loose on a giant-sized Monopoly board clogged with traffic. Even though you probably won’t know where the hell you are, at least the names will look reassuringly familiar.London has many famous places, such as River Thames, Tower Bridge, Swiss Re Towe r, Palace of Westminster, Big Ben, Millennium Bridge, London Eye, St Paul’s Cathedral, and Tower of London and so on. At the same time, as we known, it is one of the most important economic centre of the world and the maximum economic centre of Europe as well.London is a year-round tourist center, with few of its attractions closing or significantly reducing their opening hours in winter. Y our best chance of good weather is, of course, at the height of summer in July and August, but there’s certainly no gu arantee of sun even in those months and that is when you can expect the biggest crowds and highest prices. Besides when it rains hard, the weather gets a little cold in the later, afternoon the sky will be clear, the sun will begin to shine and it will be summer at this time of day. And then, London fog is the obviously characteristic.With so many beautiful places and the amazing history, anyone who didn’t visit it before is really a pity. No other area of Britain is as rich in history tradition and cultural associations as London. Throughout the capital there are great mansion, venerable old buildings, houses, unrivalled collections of art treasure and colorful ceremonies to suit every possible taste and mood. History is from there and, of course, it is worthwhile visiting London. So, if you are tired of London, you are tired of life. I think that’s true.。
英美概况论文unit1ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom1
英美概况论文unit1ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom1A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom Ⅰ As a student majored in science in my high school, I have little knowledge about the society and culture of countries. But I’m still curious about this. So I hope I will learn more about the English-speaking countries. Next I will talk about the preview of the unit 1.The first passage is about the introduction of the United Kingdom. In my memory, I only know the United Kingdom is a developed country, and the building of United Kingdom is very beautiful and magnificent. Now, after reading those passages, I know The UK is includes 4 parts : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . I always thing the UK is point at English, but now I know the four country make up the UK. The United Kingdom is a complicated country with a complicated name and it is a multiracial social. The remarkable class , regional and economic difference of the United Kingdom make it different.Now let’s talk about the four countries.England is a highly urbanized country. And its capital, London, which is dominant in the UK in all fields: government, finance, and culture. So London is a huge weight in Britain’s economic and culture life. It is the conquest of Britain. Before the 1st century AD, British was made up of many tribal Kingdoms of Celtic people. In 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire, and became part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years; Then it came under threat from Germanic peoples; from the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings threatened Britain’s shores; King Alfred the great turned in the tide in south against the Vikings; the next invaders were theNormans who speak French, from Northern France, who English throne, and became William the First , King Arthur and his Round Table, giving Knights equal precedence and showing Knights’demand for a more democratic system. Second, Robin Hood hid in the forest, rebelled against Normans and robbed from the rich to give to the poor. The next few hundred years following the Norman invasion and power gradually transferred from the monarch to the parliament. Scotland is the second largest of the four nations, both in population and in geographical area. And Scotland is the most rugged part of the UK, and the most confident of its own identity. The largest city is Glagow, and its capital is Edinburgh. Both cities have ancient and internationally respected universities dating from the 15th century. The capital, Edinburgh, which is a east coast, famous for its beauty, dominated by its great castle on a high rock largest city. Scotland was neither conquered by the Romans nor by the Anglo-Saxons. The division between highland and lowland Scotland remains a cultural divide today, in much the same way as north and south England see themselves as different from each other. Scotland has a great tradition of innovation in the arts, philosophy and science.Wales is the smallest on the British mainland. It is very close to the most densely populated parts of central England. It retains a powerful sense of difference from England. And it retains its own language. 19% population speak Gaetic. The capital of Wales is Cardiff.Ireland has been divided by a long and blood conflicts as a result of its colonial history. Until 1921 the full name of the UK was “The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland”One of the key issues in late 19th century. British politics was a campaignin parliamen t for what was called “the Home Rule Bill”.The artistic and cultural activity in the UK Artistic and cultural activity in Britain ranges from the highest professional standards to a wide variety of amateur involvement, London, is one of the leading world centers for drama, music, opera and dance. Some 650 professional arts festivals take place each year. The Edinburgh International Festival is the largest of its kind in the world.There is music for every taste in Britain including opera, choral and classical orchestras pieces, rock and pop, folk and jazz, military and brass bands, acoustic and newly emerging musical collaborations such as music theatre, music with live arts. In musical composition, experimentation is in vogue, with composers mixing their sources: medieval modes and minimalism, quotations from Wagner and from Debussy, Indian melodies and African rhythms. Since the early 60s with the emergence of the Beatles, The Rolling Stones, and the Who, through the 70s with Genesis, Led Zeooelin and Pink Floyd and the 80s with Dire Straits bands have generated major followings worldwide representing a multi-million dollar industry. And the legacy continued into the 90 with Pop phenoms The Spice Girds and groups like Oasis, the Verve, Jamiroquai, and the list goes on. British Pop music is alive and well and will continue to be in 2000 and beyond.。
英美国家概况英语论文
Britain and the United States, in today's world is the two big powers in society, the two countries have extremely similar in a lot of places, so they have the obvious differences?First，the character of Americans and British man was not the same.British tradition, focusing on good manners etiquette. Americans believe in freedom, not like constraints.The British character traits are: apathy, subtle, introverted, conservative and rational rigor, gentleman's humor. Corresponds to American character was summed up as follows: warm, cheerful, adventurous, innovative, and imaginative alive, straightforward humor.Second，British and American philosophy of education is different.British Conservative and strict, reflected in education was rigorous style of study, improve the education system. It has a strict quality control system, quality assessments and scientific research and university teaching evaluation results known to the world, United Kingdom higher education is being checked on a regular basis.Americans are pursuing equality and freedom, reflected in education is the United States education system with diversity, openness Characteristics, internationality, flexibility, the United States education is to ensure fair and equal opportunities for education, and to give full play to different educational objects can meet the personality characteristics to raise the full of vigor and vitality.Third, British and Americans in their everyday life practices also differ.From the fashion point of view, Britons are paying attention to clothing, paying attention to a gentleman, Americans are more casual, wants to wear what, in their own comfort, not to mind other people's assessment, will not be evaluated.See from eating food of both countries, British diet also exudes British upper classes should be noble, from selection to Cook, and then at the dinner table, the British none to maximize detail. Americans -diet does not pay attention to fine, the pursuit of fast and convenient, not luxury, more popular. Three meals a day are just. Such eating habits to some extent also reflected American life, vigorous and resolute, as if it is not to the British procrastination, so attention to detail.British and American in their respective essence on why such a huge difference? Human environment is the main reason, I think. Secondly geographical environment is one of the indispensable factors.。
英美概况英文作文
英美概况英文作文The United States is a diverse and multicultural country with a rich history and a strong sense of individualism. From the bustling streets of New York City to the serene beauty of the Grand Canyon, the US offers a wide range of experiences for visitors and residents alike.In terms of politics, the US is a federal republic with a two-party system dominated by the Democratic and Republican parties. The country is known for its strong emphasis on democracy and individual freedoms, and has a long history of political activism and social movements.When it comes to food, the US is a melting pot of different culinary traditions, with each region offeringits own unique dishes and flavors. From Southern barbecue to New England clam chowder, there's something for everyone to enjoy.In terms of culture, the US is a global leader inentertainment, with Hollywood producing a large majority of the world's films and television shows. The country is also known for its music, with genres like jazz, rock, and hip-hop all having roots in American culture.In terms of geography, the US is incredibly diverse, with everything from deserts and mountains to forests and beaches. The country is also home to a wide variety of wildlife, including bears, eagles, and bison.In terms of economy, the US is one of the largest and most influential in the world, with a strong emphasis on innovation and entrepreneurship. The country is known for its technological advancements, particularly in the fields of Silicon Valley and biotechnology.In terms of education, the US is home to some of the world's top universities and research institutions, making it a popular destination for students from all over the world. The country also has a strong emphasis on sports, with American football, basketball, and baseball being particularly popular.In terms of language, English is the most widely spoken language in the US, but the country is also home to a large number of Spanish speakers, particularly in states like California and Texas.In terms of transportation, the US has a well-developed network of highways, railways, and airports, making it easy to travel around the country. The US is also known for its love of cars, with many Americans relying on them for their daily commute.。
英美概况作文--狄梦瑶
My speech experienceWhen I was a freshman in our university, I decided to take part in an interview to become a member of the Student Union. So I have to give a public speech. In this speech I was asked to do three things—introducing myself such as my name, hometown, character, hobbies and so on; talking about my advantages of joining the Student Union and my understanding and opinions about the Student Union.Before the speech, I did a lot of things to prepare. For example, I bought a beautiful suit for I wanted to give judges a good impressions. Then I learned some necessary manners. I also wrote a speech draft by myself. That time I thought the speech was a piece of cake. Next day, I came to the competition site with confidence. Then we drew lots for turns. Unfortunately I was the last one and it made me a little nervous. But at that time I told myself , “I would make it!” Then the interview began. To my surprise, everyone was excellent. They strutted to the stage, introduced themselves confidently and answered questions calmly. At that time I was very nervous as if I got butterflies in my stomach. Later, it was my turn to give a speech. A deathly hush fell over the big room and everyone was staring at me. I walked to the stage shuddering with terror. I delivered my speech breathing quickly, biting my nails and trembling my body. All in all, I just wanted to dig a hole for myself on the ground.Few days later, within expectation I failed in this interview. I was very sad. But as Thomas Paine said, “Fail ure is the mother of success.” I believe that sort of defeats are only step ping—stones.Name: ChristinaClass: 4Student Number: 2012411158。
英美概况论文
My view on social transformation in the United Kingdom Abstract:The seventeenth century to the eighteenth century has witnessed the great changes in the United Kingdom ,ranging from economic and social transformation to the change of value orientation.As fas as the various ways of historical research are concerned, the economic and social history study has become a new direction in the historical research.So today I will maily base on the reform of economy and discuss some economic and social problems in the transformation era in the United Kingdom.At the same time, I hope it will provide us some experiences towards the transformation in ChinaKey words:transformation,economy,social problems.It is universally ackowledge that the United Kingdom has undergone the Industrial Revolution since eighteenth century.What we should attach importance on is the profound impacts of the economic reforms.Economic activities’ change s in pattern,scale, benefit, and structure are the motivation of the development and the changes of human society. Therefore, the transformation from the medieval feudal society to modern capitalism is mainly based on the variations from traditional natural economy to the highly developed industrial and commercial economy.1We attribute the great reforms in the United Kingdom of this period to the profound and comprehensive changes in economy.Now,let us have a deep look at the transifomation.1、Economic reforms1)Commerilization of the agriculture: There was a change from the relativelyquiescent state in the Middle Ages to the currency market and commercial exchange with more freedom and liquidity .iiThere are many reasons for this kind of changes,such as the rapid increase in the population, the process of the civilization and the expansion of the international trade so on and so forth.The commercialization has interrelated with the capitalist production in agriculture,for it has provided the foudation of the production and the circulation in the future,which has promoted the process of manufature.2)Great-leap-forward development in industry:Coal exploiting and primitiveaccumulation of capital have contributed to the process of the large-scale machine industry,which is the epitome of the developmental of capitalist industry. The capitalist estancia and manual workshop have also deepened the development of it.At that time, the United Kingdom enjoyed ever increasing rate of economy growth,making it the most properous country in the world and she was regarded as the workshop of the world.3)Expansion of the maket demand:Dealing with the contradiction between thesupply and demand rightly is significant to the development of a country.The market demand has demonstrated diversification in the United Kingdom inseventeenth century.The jump of the national requirment has become an obvious feature in Britain,which provided the mass production with foundation and opportunities.The growth in the supply also met the demand of the people and the country in turn,thus making a virtuous circle between the supply and demand.2、Social transformationIn fact,sociology derived from the 18th century, and it appered as an independent discipline in the 1930s.It is the outcome of the modern capitalism,for the meaning of its existence is solving the social problems which comes hand in hand with the rapid development of the economy in the transformation time.We all know that the reforms had changed the society in various ways,and today I will select two topics which are mistaken by someone in the past to discuss as follows.1)Class differentiationThe Industrial Revolution simplified the class structure in Britain.Industrial capitalist class and industrial proletariat class have turned to be the two main opposed classes in the society.There is several climaxes of labour movements in Britain.But today I would like to talk about the differentiation among the working class.⏹Labours on the farm land:We all know a typical phenomenon in England thatthere lied an aristicracy and gentry----farmer------labour structure.It wasaristicracy and gentry who own the land,farmers who lend the land andlabours who work on the land.⏹Domestic servants:With a long history,domestic servants are a bigemployment department,especially for women.They lived together with theirmasters and have a comlex identification. But we have to admit that theirsocial standards were quite low to some extent.Industrial workers:In this period of time,workers in factories have differentiated in two ways,one is the propotion of population,the other one iseconomic status.For the industry where workers can be repalced bymachineries,it is evitably that the population of the labours decreased andtheir economic status descends.Textile industry is a typical example for thesekinds.2)PovertyThe poor in the seventeenth century can be divided into two different kinds,the first kind is people who lose all or part of the capital goods,such as sevants and hire labours,and the other one is people who need government subsidy to keep body and soul together.But based on the data1600-1720 the propotion of the expense on food by labours in the United KingdomActually,based on the Engel's Coefficient,the labours in England nearly have adequate food and clothing.But the data did lie some defect,for it assumed that thelabours worked everday of the year without enjoying the weekends.So the real propotion may come to 70%3However,the problem of starving is not so serious in the seventeenth in England when comparing with other European countries,like France.In a word,on one hand,the labours did go through their life with their slender wages,on the hand,they did not live with distress and darkness as some historians exaggerated before.The purpose of this paper is not only just analysing the phenomena in the economic and social transformation in England,but also offering us some expericences towards the reforms in China. It is believed that China had come to the era of social transformation in the late 1980s. At home,from the sociology scholars’point of view, social transformation was defined the meaning of three aspects:first is system transformation, namely system from planned economy to market economy system.the second refers to the social structure.Scholars who hold this idea maintain that social structure is the main part of social transformation, It consists of people's behavior, the way of life ,value system etc.The third one refers to the social form changes, namely refers to the variatation from traditional society to modem society, from agricultural society to industrial society, from closed society to open society.4We can easily sense the big changes in the society as well as some economic andsocial problems.However,what we should keep in mind is that these problems can not be avoided and all countries have undergone them in the history as we can see in the United Kingdom.But they can be solved by the development of the economics and sociology,by the adjustments of the policy,by the endeavor of the people of the whole country.1<经济社会史> 商务印书馆侯建新2002<The England of Elizabeth:A structure of Society> A.L.Rowse 1951 3John Komlos “The Food Budgt of England Workers Acomment on Shammas”Iournay of Economic History 19884/view/633149.htm?fr=ala0_1。
英语辅修《英美概况》论文
Two Queens in English History- Li Jia Mathematics class 6 There are several queens in English history. They are just like royal red roses decorating the monotonous garden of the monarch filled with green. Two roses are so fragrant that it is hard to ignore them. They are Queen Elizabeth I and Queen Victoria who both dominated the country with their female charms and wisdom. They created marvelous periods in English history that had great effects on later generations. The golden ages are named after them. One is called Elizabethan Age, and the other is known as Victorian Age. Although they lived in different times and experienced diverse life, both of them show the elegance, intellectuality and calm as a queen. They have similarities in some way. Let’s make a comparison between these two great females in the following aspects.1.Early ExperiencesElizabeth was born at Greenwich Palace of Placentia in London. She suffered a lot in her early years. Before she was three years old, her mother was put to death for alleged adultery and the marriage was declared invalid. As a result, Elizabeth’s birth became illegitimate and subsequently lost her claim to the English throne. She was so neglected by her father that she had to wear clothes that were too small. Fortunately, her stepmothers didn’t do much harm to her and she got a comprehensive education ranging from history, mathematics, poetry and languages in palace. She had a good command of several languages, like Greek, Latin, French, Italian, and Spanish, which laid a solid foundation for her reign in the future. Because of the influence of her last stepmother Catherine Parr and her tutors, Elizabeth became a Protestant. The peaceful life came to an end after her young brother-King Edward VI’s death. Since then, she was involuntarily involved in endless cruel fight for the crown and various political plots. The experience is so miserable that she once doubted whether she could survive when imprisoned in the Tower of London. After a series of struggle with her half-sister Mary, she finally get the crown after Mary’s death.Victoria was born at Kensington Palace in London. She should have owned a happy family but her father died of Pneumonia in a sudden. What her father left for his wife and daughter was only heavy debts. From then on, Victoria have to lead a frugal life which means she would wear same clothes for years. At the age of 11, she started to learn the lengthy court etiquette and complex behavior taboos. Anyway, her childhood was not so happy. She finally came into power when she was only 18.2.StatesmanshipElizabeth I was able to work with parliament, but there were also problems. Parliament asked for its customary right of free right confirmed in writing and right to discuss important questions at will instead of the king’s invitation. Neither of the requires above did Elizabeth agree. She regarded them as violations of her prerogative. So at that time, the queen had a strong power above the parliament. As a result, the contradiction between autocratic royalty and the bourgeoisie begin to appear.For the sake of politics, Elizabeth broke religious ties with Rome and restored the independence of the Church of England. She imposed the Common Prayer Book, the English selection of the Bible, on all churches in England. She was a protestant, but she implemented religious tolerance policy at the same time. This decision made England more stable.Conversely, when Victoria ruled over the country, the constitutional monarchy had been built and gradually become perfect. Under such history background, Queen Victoria didn’t interfere in the internal affairs much. However, she did promote the establishment of compulsory education and the opening of the first World Expo. She was sympathetic to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, and favored greater religious liberty for those people who did not belong to the official Church of England.What’s more, she showed her own political vision and pointed out the majordirection of the foreign policy. She stood by the Conservative Party and had a intimate relationship with the leader of the party. It directly lead to the realization of colonial policy that made the country become an empire on which the sun never set. During her reign, Britain invaded many nations including China. Because of the vast foreign expansion, Victoria finally became Empress of India. The country extended its effects on the whole world. Nowadays, there are still plenty of places which is entitled her name Victoria.3. Marriagewhen it comes to the marriage, Queen Elizabeth I seemed to go blank. She is known as “the virgin queen”.Through Elizabeth’s lifetime, she never married to anybody. Elizabeth told the parliament: “I have already joined myself in marriage to a husband, namely the kingdom of England.”if she had n’t been so loyal to her country, she should have constructed a family. Her former brother-in-law King Felipe II once proposed to her, then she declined it. And she loved Earl of Leicester so much, but they missed each other since a protestant husband would intensify the sectarian strife from her perspective. To avoid the possible religious and political conflicts, she refused to be involved in a marriage. Maybe she is just a lonely woman when coming down from the holy throne. It is a tragedy for a woman to have no husband and no child. Chances are that she chose the people’s welfare rather than her own well-being confronted with the significant responsibilities a queen must undertake.Victoria was much luckier than Elizabeth, she married her cousin Albert. Although their marriage was decided by their parents, their love turned legend in the end.Albert helped the queen tackle various state affairs. He devoted himself to prompting the perfection of constitutional monarchy and changed the disorganized climate of the House of Hanover. Elizabeth adored her husband so much that she agreed with him most of the time. They enjoyed a harmonious and pleasantrelationship.They have nine children in total. Victoria brought up them in person instead of leaving them solely in the care of nannies and governesses. She set a strict discipline for her children and asked them to take their father as example. Victoria once wrote a letter to her pregnant daughter about giving birth to a child. She complained the misery and tiredness a mother had to endure and the happiness to own a child. It completely revealed the contradictory feeling of an ordinary mother.Some of Victoria’s children and grandchildren eventually married the heirs to thrones of Spain, Russia, Sweden, Norway, and Romania, because of her many descendants, Victoria became known as the “Grandmother of Europe”.Victoria took responsibilities not only as a queen, but a wife and a mother. Her family life set a good example for her people.4.Outcomes of the ReignDuring Queen Elizabeth I’s 45 years rule, England became a brilliant kingdom with prosperous economy and multiple cultures. The principal achievement is that England won the naval battle with Spain and get position as a major sea power. Elizabeth’s politics met the need of the rising bourgeoisie and promoted the development of the Renaissance which was represented by several figures like Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson. Her rule pave way for the shaping of British Empire.The reign of Queen Victoria has been the longest of any monarch in British history. She was the official head of United Kingdom and the worldwide British Empire. Owing to the stability of the whole society and the enormous foreign market, industrial revolution was carried out successfully. The revolution has changed people’s lifestyle completely and promoted the construction of infrastructure.It was a big change that London owned a convenient metro network, a comprehensive sanitary sewer system and a complete street lamp lighting system during these years.5. ConclusionTo conclude, both of them did a good job. The country obtained considerable development in the politics, economy, culture and so on. As members of few queens in English history, what they have done are much more superior to many kings. Their beauty and wisdom will leave deep impression on descendants. People will be long forgetting them forever.。
英美概况结课论文
从奥巴马看美国的种族歧视—浅谈美国种族歧视消弱的原因【摘要】美国是一个多民族国家。
种族歧视是美国历史上的一个长期问题，它困扰了美国几百年。
终于，在美国黑人们的长期抵抗和奋斗下，种族歧视在美国逐渐被消弱。
更甚之，2008年，第一位非洲裔总统奥巴马在美国出现，这更加表明黑人在美国社会中的地位显著提高，黑人将会过上更加美好的生活，并且美国的种族歧视也将最终走向消亡。
【关键词】美国种族歧视消弱原因众所周知，2008年，奥巴马当选为美国总统，成为美国历史上第一位黑人总统，从而创造了美国乃至世界上的一大奇迹。
看到奥巴马在就职仪式上那激情澎湃的演说，我不禁想起几百年来在美国历史上那惨不忍睹的种族歧视。
当时，美国黑人处于极其卑微的地位，这与现在黑人成为美国总统形成鲜明对比，这不仅表明美国黑人的社会地位不断提高，更加表明美国的种族歧视正在被消弱，这是一种积极的社会现象，也是全世界人民所乐意见到的。
可是，是什么原因引起了美国社会种族歧视的消弱呢？一、美国黑人奴隶制的废除在北美殖民地时期，由于殖民地急需大批劳动力，所以在此时期对非洲黑人奴隶的贩卖和奴役十分猖獗。
从1686—1786年的100年间，约有25万非洲黑人被贩卖到英属北美殖民地。
黑人奴隶在北美殖民地的地位极其悲惨，特别是那些在田间终日劳动的黑奴，被当作“耕畜”使用，每天被迫劳动18—19个小时。
美利坚合众国成立后，制定了联邦宪法。
但宪法保留了奴隶制，维护了奴隶贸易。
到1860年，美国黑人奴隶已达到400万。
19世纪上半期，美国人民开展了广泛的反对奴隶制运动。
30年代起，废奴主义在美国广为流行。
废奴主义者加里森创建了新英格兰反对奴隶制协会，并领导成立了全国性废奴主义组织——美国反对奴隶制协会。
到40年代，废奴团体已达2000个，形成了声势浩大的群众运动。
虽然反动势力多方压制和迫害，但废奴主义者仍坚持开展多种活动。
他们出版书籍、报刊并散发传单，到各地宣传演讲，控诉奴隶主的罪行，揭露和抨击奴隶制的罪恶。
英美概况论文：on the Rise of the United States
课程论文论文题目：On the Rise of the United States 主修学校：武汉理工大学学生姓名：侯伟龙学号： 0121011360606指导教师：邓绪新成绩：On the Rise of the United States中文摘要：美国位于北美的南方，东濒大西洋，西临太平洋，北靠加拿大，南接墨西哥。
大部分地区属于温带大陆性气候，南部属亚热带气候，西部沿海地区分布有温带海洋性气候和地中海气候。
拥有98,300,000平方公里的土地和3120,000,000的人口数量，是世界第三大国家。
它由50个州所组成，其中有两个海外州阿拉斯加和夏威夷。
美国诞生于1776年7月4日。
美国是个多文化和多民族的国家，全国有100个种族超过了一百万人。
主要的民族有美利坚民族、拉丁裔、非裔和亚裔。
美国的自然资源非常的丰富，煤、石油、天然气等矿物储量均居世界前列。
美国也是世界上最早开始重视环境保护的国家之一，在1872年联邦政府建立了黄石国家公园以保护当地环境，成为了世界上第一个国家公园。
当今美国仍在全世界的经济、政治、军事、科技等众多领域有着庞大影响力，这是他国不能与之相媲美的。
美国是资本主义混合经济，是世界第一大经济体系，国民拥有很高的生活水平，人均国民生产总值超过四万美元，居世界前列，是全球最富裕、经济最发达、生活水平最高的国家之一。
美国在1776年以前是英国的殖民地，在短短的200多年间从一个受压迫的国家发展成为了一个世界举世瞩目的国家，不得不为之赞叹。
关键词：美国；经济；发展Abstract:The United States is situated in the south of North America with the Atlantic Ocean on the east, the Pacific Ocean on the west, Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. Most of the regions belong to temperate continental climate, the south belongs to subtropical climate and the western coastal areas have temperate marine climate and Mediterranean climate. With 9.83 million square kilometers and about 312 million people, the United States is the third largest country in the world. The United States consists of 50 states. Alaska and Hawaii, two of the 50 states are separated from the continental of America. The United States was born on July 4, 1776.The United States, created by immigrants, is a nation of over 100 ethnic groups who have more than one million people. The main nationalities have the united nation, Latinos and African and Asian. America's natural resources are very rich with coal, petroleum and natural gas mineral reserves in the world. The United States is one of the countries which start to attach the importance of environmental protection earliest in the world. In 1872 the federal government established Yellowstone national park to protect the local environment that has become the world's first national park. Nowadays the United States is a leading economic, political, and cultural force in the world. America has a capitalist mixed economy and the largest economic system in the world. The citizens have a very high standard of living. Their per capita GNP can reach over 40 thousand dollars which ranks first in the world. It is the most advanced and well-developed country. The U.S. was British Colony before 1776, but within a short span of two hundred years it has made such significant achievements to become an eye-catching Nation from a Nation that had been oppressed. We have to applaud the Nation for their achievements.Keywords：America；economy；development1.Introduction:It’s well known that America is a very young country with only more than two hundred years history, but during the past two hundred years, it has become the most powerful country in the world. Many sociologists and economists have done a lot of research on it to analyze the contributing factors to the success, but their conclusions often vary greatly because they view the problems from different perspectives. The only indisputable factor is that the United States has a large piece of fertile land and abundant mineral sources between the two large oceans. And the two large oceans also provide a good condition for America to trade with other countries. On the other hand the immigrations have brought a large number of talented people who have made a great contribution to the development of the United States. Then I will share my view on this topic in detail in my essay.2. The Reasons of American risingThe United States has been the biggest industrial country since 1870 in the world. It has ever experienced a rapid development era of the economy. That rapid development results from many factors. First, the geographical location of the US provides a very good condition for its agricultural development and makes it become a strong country gradually. Second, the US is rich in mineral sources and fertile farm soil with moderate climate. Third, as a result of the African immigration, America has enough people to provide the labor for the development of the economy. At last, the US has many skilful workers and excellent scientists, such as Einstein. Now let’s start to analyze the process of its growing in economy step by step.2.1The immigration brought a lot of talented personSome of those immigrations had advanced knowledge in agriculture and political system and belief. These early immigrations were the pioneers for the rising of America. They laid the foundation for church and governmental authority in America. Many of the first immigrants were educated people and their knowledge contributed to their success in the New World. They brought advanced agricultural technology for the America. And they also set up schools to develop education. In summary, the early immigration has laid the foundation for American agriculture and education.2.2 The War had great influence on the country2.2.1 The First War of independenceThe United States started a large-scale independence war which ended European control of both North and South America from 1775 to 1783. The war wonindependence for the 13 states and started a new era in American history. From then on, the United States has become an independent country. American independence inspired American people greatly. Then American economy developed very fast in the 13 colonies. In general the War of Independence made a new beginning of American history.2.2.2 The second war of independenceAfter this war, the U.S. completely got rid of the British control and began a new period of rapid development .This war also made their citizens realize the importance of a strong nation government. It strengthened the feeling of national united and patriotism through this war. And Americans also turned their attentions to the development of the western part of the continent.2.2.3 The Civil WarAmerican slavery or Negro silvery existed in the southern states after the second War of Independence, while the northern states were capitalism. The contradiction between south and north became more and more intense. When Abraham Lincoln was elected president, the southern states broke away and formed a new nation, the confederate States of America. Then the Civil war broke out on April 12, 1861. After this war, the United States became a unified capitalist country. After that American economy developed much more rapidly in every field. Abolishing slave system helped to establish a unified home market and enlarged the supply of the free labor. Through this war the American people cleared away all the obstacles and determined to develop science and production further. The U.S. led the world in industry 30 years later after the war.2.2.4 The First World War brought a big chanceThe First World War marked another turning point in American history. The First World War broke out in June 1914. For the sake of that it didn’t happen in the United States. So the United States announced the neutrality on August 2, 1914. The American neutral policy was aimed at making a profit by trading arms and war materials with the warring countries. Generally the United States got a lot of benefits through this war. And because of the peaceful domestic environments, its economy also got a very rapid development.2.2.5 The Second World WarAs the First World War, the United States also got a lot of benefits in the Second World War. After the Second World War, the United States has benefited a lot from a prolonged period of unprecedented prosperity and became the strongest country in thecapitalist world. At that time, many capitalist countries were deep in debt to America. The U.S. industrial production made up about 60% of the world’s total while its exposition monopolized about 30% of the world market which made it possible for America to enjoy another period of economic prosperity.2.3 The Industrial RevolutionAmerica has taken part in the Industrial Revolution twice. During that period, the American economy developed very rapidly. After the two times Industrial Revolution, the United States has basically realized the realization of urbanization. Science and new inventions played an important role in promoting the economic development. The iron and steel industry was one of America’s basic industries. At the same time, railway construction proceeded rapidly which resulted from the steel industry. By 1920 America had already constructed more than 400000 kilometers of railroads which greatly sped up the development of economy.2.4 President Roosevelt’s “New Deal” saved the America’s economyWhen a country faced with problems, they always need a great leader to save the nation. There were many serious weaknesses in the American economy in the 1920s. In 1932, in the depth of the depression, the American people chose Franklin D. Roosevelt as their next president who promised a “new deal” to get America out of the depression. The new deal increased government interference in the nation’s economic life, strengthening the trend towards big government. It used public fund to finance a lot of government projects in order “to put people to work”. It also provided help to the unemployed, the old, the sick, and the homeless through redistribution of social wealth. The “New Deal”has produced far-reaching influence on America’s social welfare program.2.5 Natural causes2.5.1 PositionAmerica has two neighbor countries, Mexico and Canada. Both Mexico and Canada have no threat to America which provides a steady environment to develop own country. It has two long coastlines which are convenient to go on international trade. Now Canada has been America’s most important trading partners and the trade between Mexico is also climbing.2.5.2 TopographyAmerica has a large area of land, ranking No. 4 in the world .And the topography is various from place to place. America has varied geographical features with large mountains, round-topped hills, big plains, dry deserts and low-lying basins. America’srich land resources and varied geographical conditions are important contributing factors in the development of the United States. Few countries enjoy so many geographic advantages.2.5.3 Climate and weatherThe United States is mainly situated in the northern temperate zone. America has different types of climate in different areas. In New England, the temperature rarely rises above the freezing point in winter. But the several states down the Atlantic Coast from New York to Virginia in the tropical have a little higher temperature. The south eastern parts of the United States enjoy a warm climate with abundant rainfall. In a word, American climate and weather create a better environment for developing.2.5.4 Rich natural resourcesAbout 47% of America’s land areas can be used for farmland. The large area of arable land makes it easy for America to develop its agriculture and grow enough food grain to feed its people. It’s well known that water resources play an important role in a country’s development. And the United States is a comparatively rich in water resources. It totally has 12 rivers and lakes, which can be used to irrigation fields, transport goods, and furnished power. Generally speaking, America enjoys abundant water resources. The United States is also rich in mineral resources, such as coal, iron ore and oil. It also abounds in lead, copper, zinc, gold, aluminum, phosphate rock, and silver. All these natural resources have combined to provide a solid material base for American industry.2.6 The political and economic systemAs we all know, the US. Constitution divides the federal government into three outwardly separate but inwardly inter-dependent branches. They work together but check each other. This can greatly deduce the corruption of the government which indirectly promotes the development of the economy. America has a capitalist mixed economy. And there are many large private enterprises which have made a great contribution to the development of the United States.2.7 American diplomatic relations and militaryAs the globalization has begun, foreign relations also play a vital part in a country’s development and it has become more and more important. The United States of America has established diplomatic relations with most of the countries in the world, especially some developed countries. Almost all countries have embassies in Washington, D.C. and consulates around the country. This greatly strengthened the exchange of America and other countries and promoted the development of the UnitedStates.ConclusionAs we all know America is a very young nation with only 200 years history. But now it has developed from a colony to the strongest country in the world which is worthy of our China to study.There are many reasons for the American’s rising that can be divided into two main parts: internal reasons and external reasons. From my perspective the main reason is the internal reasons. On one hand the American people have tried their best to develop their country in economy, science and technology, education, policy and some other aspects. On the other hand the rich natural resources, fertile farmland and suitable climate also play a great role to the development of the United States. Another important reason is that neither the First nor the Second World War happened in the United States. What’s more, the United States has benefited a lot from the two World War. This provides a stable domestic environment for the development of the United States. And during that period the United States developed very quickly. At last the America attached great importance to the education which has brought a lot of talents. That’s why the science and technology of the United States have developed so rapidly.On the whole, America has set a good example for other countries. We can also learn from the experience of the United States to develop our own country.BibliographyAtkins, Ollie.The White Houses Rears[M]. Chicago: Playboy Press, 1977 (1):102-136. 来安方.英美概况[M].郑州: 大象出版社,1995 (1):143-171.周静琼.当代美国概况[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2003 (1):113-153.张奎武.英美概况学习与指导[Z].吉林：吉林科学技术出版社，2001 (1):21-32/wiki/United_States/view/2398.htm。
英美概况unit2论文
A Brief Introduction to the United KingdomⅡNorthern IrelandNorthern Ireland is the smallest of the four nations, both in area and population. It’s capital is Belfast. Though Northern Ireland is small but it is significant because of the political troubles there. There are four aspect to know about Northern Ireland. First, it is about it’s physically. It is mostly rural, with many beautiful views. There are many famous sights such as Giant’s Causeway、Ironbridge Gorge and Broughty Castle and so on.Second, it is about the political problems which are best known about it. The people of Ireland are living an ordinary life. The crime and the murder rate are very low. But in the world, the Ireland is a country which wants to be independent. So it’s international affect is very great.Third, it is about it’s active cultural life. There are many famous people, such as Seamus Heaney、Heaney won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1995. Neil Jordan won an Oscar for the “Best Original Screenplay”in 1992. Van Morrison is an internationally famous pop musician. Brian Fried is a playwright whose stageplays are acclaimed in London and Dublin. So Ireland is a cultural.Forth, it is about it’s economy problems. Two parts are the big problem. One is the troubles discouraging investment; another is it’s peripherality in relation to the UK. The cost of people is very low.HistoryThe history of Ireland is the one thing that almost everyone knows about Ireland. Ireland has been divided by a long and bloody conflict. The Queen Elizabeth became the settler from late 1905. The ingrained resentment of the British which is almost endemic in the native Irish culture is evident even today. In the 19th century, British politics became a campaign in parliament called “home--rule”. Irish political control Irish affairs. In 1916, the Easter Rising was the most spectacular event. In 1916, IRA expanded the fright. In 1920, most Catholic didn’t appeal to independent. Because English government, trying to increase it’s control of Ireland, encouraged people from Scotland and Northern England to emigrate to the north of Ireland, so the northeast part of Ireland thought of themselves as British, and wished to remain a part of the British state.The troublesThere are many trouble of Ireland1、The popular revolt by Roman Catholics.2、Counter—demonstrations by Protestants3、In 1969, British soldiers were asked to help restore order4、A campaign of bombing and shooting5、Internment6、Bloody Sunday in 19727、In 1973, an agreement was reached8、In the late 1970s and the 1980s, the conflict continued and the life went onIn 1972, 468 people were killed in Northern Ireland included 13 Catholics who had been taking part in a peaceful civil rights march. They were shot dead by British soldiers. This was a key event in streagthening Catholic opposition to the Btitish presence. This day has now been my thought as “Bloody Sunday”.Towards a SolutionFirst is The Bullet and the Ballot Box.Second, in 1985, the Anglo—Irish agreement was signed, giving the Irish a right to consultation on Northern Irish matters.Third, the Downing—Street Declaration said that British had “no selfish or strategic interest” in Northern Ireland.Forth, the IRA declared a ceasefire.The Good Friday AgreementIn January 1974, the British Prime Minister set to a power—sharing executive which involved representatives from both of the Republic and the North of Ireland as well as governance of the North.The next attempt at an all—government solution was known as the Angle—Irish Agreement of 1985. The agreement like the one before it, guaranteed the loyalist Protestant community their right to decide their future—either to join with the South, or to remain as they were.Multi—party negotiations aided this time by the intervention of the United States Senator George Mitchell, the Good Friday Agreement known also as the Belfast Agreement. This agreement assures the loyalist community that Northern Ireland remains part of the United Kingdom and shall not cease to be so with out the consent of the majority of the people of Northern Ireland.On 28th July 2005, the Provisional IRA declared an end to it’s campaign and has since decommissioned what is thought to be all of it’s arsenal.The North of Ireland is now a quieter and more civilized place than it has been for the last thirty years.ConclusionThere is still a palpable culture up North of “telling”—that is, trying to guess without asking whether a stranger is Catholic or Protestant, a game that has a large political point, for it is not easy, with this history behind them, for a Northerner to be comfortable with someone not of his own traditions and persuasion.。
英美概况课程论文要求
英美文化概况课程论文要求一、内容：1.选取与英国或美国文化有关的主题1）历史：历史发展、历史片段、历史人物、历史事件等；2）政治：、政治体制、政治与历史、政治与地缘、政治特征、政治事件等；3）经济：经济体制、经济发展历史、经济特色、经济与政治、经济与地缘等；4）社会：社会问题；5）民俗：传统节日与宗教、礼仪、服饰等6）艺术：音乐（音乐发展历史、音乐类型与特征等）、电影（电影与历史、电影与文学、电影与政治等）、文学、科技等；7）体育：体育与发展、传统体育等。
2. 自拟题目，从以上几方面对英、美文化进行研究或比较研究；选取视角要独特、具体、针对性强，不能太大太泛。
二、要求1. 语言：英文撰写；2. 字数：1000-1500字；A4纸双面打印（控制在1张纸即2页内）；3. 可参考相关资料，但不能原文抄袭；同学间选择题目可相似，但题目和内容不能雷同；如抄袭或雷同视为考试成绩不合格；4. 时间：6周-10周撰写；10周周二准时交作业，过时不收。
5. 格式：1）题目：居中，Times New Roman字体，二号字，加粗；2）正文：Times New Roman字体，小四号字；3）文中标题：Times New Roman字体，四号字，加粗；4）依照样本撰写：The Differences Between U.S.A And Britainin Wedding Customs姓名：（中文）班级：2010级（班）学号：With the development of international activities, intercultural communication shows its great importance. And because the important effects of the differences in customs in intercultural communication, …………….1. The Britain’s wedding1.1………….1.2…………..2. American’s wedding style2.1…………..2.2…………..3.Wedding focus on clothes or focus on price3.1…………..3.2…………..4.Conclusion。
英美概况论文--On the Rise and Fall of Great Britain
On the Rise and Fall of Great Britain中文摘要：英国,又称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，是由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰组成的联合王国。
英国采用君主立宪制政体，王国政府所在地为英国首都伦敦。
英国本土位于欧洲大陆西北面的大不列颠群岛，被北海、英吉利海峡、凯尔特海、爱尔兰海和大西洋包围，气候温和湿润。
它，一个漂泊在大西洋上的小岛，曾经在世界历史发展的漫长时期中湮没无闻，人口不过数百万，国土资源也很有限，却率先敲开通向现代世界的大门，从地理的边缘变成了世界的中心，一跃成为西方强国的领头人，并独领风骚数百年，给人类文明烙上了不可磨灭的印记。
然而到了十九世纪末期，由于美、德等国的崛起以及其他种种原因，英国逐渐失去优势,后来又在第二次世界大战中受到严重创伤，大英帝国国力日渐衰落,海外殖民地也在二战后纷纷宣告独立,大英帝国逐渐演变成一个组织松散的英联邦。
这个曾经号称“世界工厂”和“日不落帝国”的国家又逐渐衰落，回归到欧洲，回归到欧洲的版图之内，回归到大西洋中的那个小岛。
关键词: 农业革命；工业革命；世界工厂；殖民扩张；帝国；世界大战；衰落Abstract in English：Great Britain, also know as The United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland, is made up of England, Scotland, Wales and North Ireland. The British system of government is known as constitutional monarchy and the government is located in its capital city London. Lying in the British Isles to the northwest of Continental Europe, Britain was surrounded by the North Sea, the British Channel, Celtic Sea, Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean with a mild and moist climate.It, a small island which lies in the Atlantic Ocean, was once little-known in the long history of the development of the world and had only several millions of people. What' more, her territorial resources were also limited. However, she is the first country to open the door to the modern world ranging from the geographical edge to the center of the world. She had once been the leading power of the western countries for hundreds of years and also branded an indelible mark on the human civilization. However, in the late 19th century, with the rise of America and German and other factors, Britain began to lose the upper hand in the international competition. Afterwards, she suffered great loss in the two world wars. Britain began declining and the foreign colonies began to win independence one after another. The great Britain Empire became a loose federal country and Britain which was once known as the "workshop of the world" and "an empire in which the sun does not set" began declining gradually and returned to Europe, the European territory，the island in the Atlantic Ocean.Key words:Agricultural Changes;Industrial Revolution;T he workshop of the world;Colonial Expansion ;The World War ;The Empire ;Decline Introduction:Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea to the west and off the European Continent. With the decline of the feudalism and the increase of the influence of the new-born bourgeoisie, she began her capitalist development. Through the closure and foreign plunder, expansion and aggression ,shecompleted the primitive accumulation of capital. She became the first country to undergo the industrial revolution. Soon she became the workshop of the world and had the largest colonies. Of course, she became the most powerful country in the world. However, in the late 19th century with the competition of the new industrialized countries and other factors, she began to lose the upper hand. Afterwards, she suffered great loss in the two world wars. she began to decline. The colonies laid overseas began to revolt against Britain and won independences. Great Britain has gradually evolved into a loose organization of the Commonwealth. In the modern times, she tried to recover form it ,but for different reasons she still developed slowly. Now she is still one of the major developed countries, she has been reduced to be a second-class world power who is always at the America's command in international affairs.1 The rise of Great BritainAs a small country, which had been invaded by several times ,how could Great Britain developed into the workshop of the world and establish the largest empire that history has ever been seen? Let's explore it together.1.1 Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th CenturyIn the mid-18th century the population in England increased rapidly, and most of this increase was in the towns, depending on the countryside, for food. Greater productivity meant handsome profits, so landowners wanted to replace the synall farms cultivated on the open-field system by larger, economically more efficient farms with hedge-divided fields. During the late 18th and early19th centuries the open-field system ended when the Enclosure Acts enabled wealthier landowners to seize any land to which tenants could prove no legal title and to divide it into enclosed fields. A system of crop rotation was introduced. This meant land could be fully used while the cuffivation of fodder crops enabled livestock to be kept through the winter months. Artificial fertilizer and new agricultural machinery, such as the seed drill invented by Jethro Tull (1674-1741), also made arable farming moreefficient and more profitable. The 18th century also saw selective breeding of cattle, sheep and horses by Robert Bakewell (1725-95). Animals by 1800 were 2 to 3 times heavier than ever before. The idea of encouraging tenants to introduce changes was associated with Thomas Coke(1754-1842) of Norfolk in Southern England and even George was so enthusiastic about changes at Windsor that he got the nick-named “Famer George”Agricultural enclosure had good as well as bad results (1) Farms became-bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small; (2) more vegetables, more milk, more diary produce were consumed, and diet became more varied; (3) enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosures. These peasant farmers were forced to look for work in towns, which rapidly became hopelessly overcrowded. Riots erupted in many areas but they could not prevent the march of progress. In Ireland and the Scottish Highlands -land enclosure led to mass emigration, particularly to the New World; and (4) a new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships. Concentra tion of land in fewer hands increased the price of land and dashed the labourers' hopes of ever owning his own land. Loss of the common land for his animals added insult to injury, and meant many had to leave the land to survive. Others became wage labourers, earning rates which were very low in spite of agriculture's new prosperity.1.2 M-The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830)The Industrial Revolution was a necessary result of social development in Britain. It was an outgrowth of social and institutional changes brought by the end of feudalism after the English Civil War in the 17th century. The Enclosure Movement and the Agricultural Revolution were driving more and more peasants off their lands; as a result, they had to seek new employment to survive. Through colonial expansion of the 17th century with the accompanying development of international trade, the greedy English capitalists accomplished their “primitive accumulation of capital”. All these factorscombined to make England the first country to undergo the Industrial Revolution.The Industrial Revolution in Britain first began in the textile industry because of the short supply of yarn. Lots of inventions were made to improve thread-making techniques and the productivity was increased by 200 times. As the 18th century began, coal came to replace wood in the productive process. The crucial development of the Industrial Revolution was the use of steam for power, and the James Watt’s invention of the steam engine led to the fast development of the iron, steel and coal industries. The expansion of production and trade promote the transportation revolution. Afterwards, the first steam locomotive was built in 1814 by Stephenson. The Industrial Revolution turned Britain into the “workshop of the world”. English products flooded the world market. The English bourgeoisie amassed large amounts of wealth through trade, plunder and colonization. No country was strong enough to match England in the 19th century. The Industrial Revolution simplified the class structure in Britain. Revolution pushed the middle class to the dominant position in the country though the noble class was still prominent in Parliament and bureaucracy. However, as the urban workers were more completely dependent on the will of the employer, relations between capital and labor were aggravated and the contradiction between two classes became the major problem in English society. The gravitational center of the English economy also changed. The agricultural South became less important than areas in central and north England, owing to their raw materials and cheap labor for industry. The industry had replaced agriculture as the main source of national income and wealth. The Industrial Revolution had profound significance on England; it enabled Britain to go far ahead of all the other countries. It became the workshop of the world and London became the financial center of the world trade and the English language was used in many parts of the world. The empire came into being during the Industrial Revolution.1.3 Colonial ExpansionEnglish colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583. In the early 18th century, settlements were made in North America, while commercial companies were chartered to trade with other lands, notabl the British East India Company in India. Encouraged by Britain's control of the seas, the discoveries of men like Captain Cook, and especially by the rising tide of emigration, the British colonialists stepped up their expansion in the late 18th century and the early 19th century.1.3.1 The growth of dominionsIn the late 18th century Britain acquired vast, under populated territories: Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.After the Seven Years' War (1756-63 ) between Britain and France, Canada was ceded to Britain by the 1763 Treaty of Paris. French rights were guaranteed by the. Quebec Act of 1774. Then the Canada Act of 1791 divided Canada into Upper Canada (Pntario) where the British had settled, and Lower Canada (Quebec) populated by the French. Only one serious revolt against British rule took place in 1837-38. The British North America Act of 1867 established Canada ,as a dominion. The four founding provinces were Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. The others entered later.Australia was first discovered by the Dutch in the early 1600s. Captain James Cook discovered Botany Bay and claimed the east coast region for Britain, naming it New South Wales, (1770). The English began to transport convicts to Australia in 1788. Free settlement began in 1816, and no convicts were sent to Australia after 1840. The gold rushes (1851-1892) brought more people to Australia, and in 1901 the six self-governing colonies were united in one dominion-the independent Commonwealth of Australia.New Zealand was settled by Maoris in about the 14th century. New Zealand was sighted by the Dutch seaman Abel Tasman in 1642, and named for the Netherlands province of Zeeland. In the1770s Captain James Cook visited New Zealand and claimed it for England. Missionaries became active inthe early 19th century, and systematic colonization was begun in 1840 by the New Zealand Company. Britain drew up the Treaty of Waitangi (1840) with the Maori chiefs, and made the country a separate colony (1841). It achieved self-government in 1952, became a dominion under the British crown in 1907, and was made completely independent in 1931.1.3.2. The Conquest of IndiaThe establishment of the British East India Company in 1600 was a case of economic penetration. The company took control of areas and as a result the British government became directly involved in Indian affairs. The India Act of 1784 set up a “Board of Control”to supervise the Company. Political instability and French interference prompted further intervention. By 1819 the British conquest of India was almost complete. In 1857 the native- troops of the Bengal army of the East India Company mutinied because of (1) resentment at the reforms of ancient Indian institutions carried out by the British; (2) fear of forcible conversion to Christianity; and (3) the issue of cartridges- greased with cow-fat, which offended Hindus, or pig-fat, which offended Muslims . After the mutiny, the control of India passed to the British Crown in 1858, and Queen Victoria became Empress of India in 1877.2 The Fall of Great BritainWith the coming of the 19th century,the British Empire began to go downhill. First,the capitalist countries did not develop at even pace. T owards the end of the 19th century the newly-industrialized countries which developed more quickly than Britain spang up and become Britain's formidable rivals in markets and source of raw materials. In 1900,Britain was surpassed by the United States and Germany in industrial production and Britain lost her economic supremacy in the world. Sceond,when the 20th century was ushered in the state of Britain's imperial rule over her colonies started to totter and an up surge of the national independence struggle of the colonial people began to be in the making. In the process of the crumbing of the British Empire, there were several affairs which directly or indirectly led to her declining.2.1 Britain in the Two World Wars and the AftermathBriain joined in World War I and was one of the victorious countries . It seemed like that she won the greatest victory in history,but she sustained great loss:more than a million dead, a gigantic war debt,and loss of many foreign markets forever. She was exhausted and half bankrupt. About 750,000 Englishmen,fell in action and 1.500,000 were disabled for life. The war cost was about 9 billion pounds an nearly 70 percent of it was met by loans. As a result ,Britain became a debtor country. London was replaced by New Y ork as the world's banking center. Britain's international status was lowered to a great extent and she was deprived of her position as unmatched maritime overlord by the Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty.On June 6,1944,the British joined the Allied forces in the Normandy Invasion and fought in the Second Front in Western Europe until the final victory. World War II started the last stage of Britain's disintegration which was initiated by World War I,on the one hand, Britain suffered enormous losses in the war and her national strength was greatly reduced .With the war over, Britain had face the fact that it was no longer a major power.it would no longer keep up pretences;its cities had been damaged ,its navy and army strethed to the limit, its war debt enormous.Britain needed a long time to recover from the cost war-nothing less than a reconstruction of the nation.2.2 The Loss of ColonizationIn Britain's former colonies, the commonwealth was to keep a certain club-like organization by which Britain manage to keep a certain The October Revolution led to a national liberation movements in British colonies. The British government tried its best at first to suppress them and when that failed,she made concessions.World War I undermined Britain's rules over her colonies. When the colonials participating in the war returned home, they were not as deferential to their English masters as before. Revolutionary ideas of the war like "self-determination of peoples" and socialist idealogies wereside-spread in the British colonial rule began to revolt against colonial rulers and some of them won their victories. After World War II,peoples in the British colonies had been awakened and tempered by the war and their struggle for independence began to surge forward immediately. Within two decades ,most of British colonies became independent. Therefore, Britain suffered a decided in production and foreign trade relative to its prewar status.3 Modern BritainHistory has left much burden on Britain and she didn't recover from the bad condition quickly. There are a series of factors which influence her development.3.1The Monarch and the PeopleThough the feudal class is no longer in power,the monarchy and the Upper House have been retained and the monarchy continues to confer noble titles on distinguished persons. In Britain, the Queen reigns,but she does not rule. The royal house has a large amount of private wealth and spends many million of pounds given by Parliament,which undoubtedly give a burden on the national expenditure. In addition, they have many privileges.Despite traditional as well as present diversity, the British people have their common characteristics--conservatism and deference.Adherence to traditions and familiar things easily leads to public suspicion of new plans of the government,causing numerous protests i n the country.3.2 The Economic FactorsBritain is a trading nation.many years of consumption has exhausted some of Britain's resources. Therefore ,she became one one of the world's largestest importers,buying up a large proportion of the raw materials sold in the world market. Its limited domestic market and inadequate home supply of raw materials compel the country to rely on heavily on foreign trade.In addition,Britain is not self-sufficient in food grain.After the second World War,Britain nationalized some one-fourth of production and service industries.Some of the stated-owned companies made thin profits or even ran at a loss. Britain's slow growth of productivity,soaring inflation,and large unemployment gave birth to the mocking term"British Disease". In spite of the efforts to redjust and some short periods of rapid development,Britain's rate econemic growth has been low in comparison with that of most other industrialized countries.3.3 Cultural and Social FactorsBritain is said to be a state with a from-cradle -to -grave social welfare programme.The government should ensure ,as far as it can,that nobody should be without the means of the minimum necessities of life because of unemployment ,old age,sickness,or over-large families. According to one estimate,government's spending on the social programme consists of more than 40% of the government's total expenditure. It 's a heavy burden on the government,resulting in what is known as ''dependency culture'' which hinders development based on competition.Conclusion:Looking back from Britain’s rise to fall, it is not difficult for us to find that Britain can become the European most powerful country and then the strongest country is a result of its new policy, technology and expansion. The rising bourgeoisie gave rise to the end of the feudal system and ushered a new stage to come. The Industrial Revolution turned Britain into the “workshop of the world” and England was the world’s economic center. And after the colonial expansion, wealth flooded in Britain and the great empire on which the sun never set was established. However, as we all are concerned, one’s previous glory doesn’t guarantee her a brilliant future. When the British were resting on their laurels, the world situation changed. When other countries were researching advanced technology and developing their economy, England was unwilling to adopt new technology and new equipment, she thus lost the monopolize position in the world’s industry and sea power. After two World Wars, the Great Britain’s power declined heavily. Though she won both of twowars, she is still a loser. Many problems were emerging, economic plunge, weakened sea power, loss of foreign colonies, large unemployment, and so on. It can no longer claim to be the most powerful country in the world. However, though it had lost its landlord position, the nation as a whole was not crushed by despair, it was still a powerful country in the world but not the strongest.T aking the rise and fall of Great Britain as an example, we may learn that a country want prosperous, it needs to go through a hard road. But after being glorious, resting on one’s laurels is a road to death. T echnology is the development for all, so we must accept new things and ideas and let our mind emancipated from old stereotype!Bibliography：Alderman Geofftey,Modern Britain 1700--1983,Burrell Row,Provident House,1986,P1--15A.C.W.,Winchester,Nineteent Century Britain 1815--1941,Harlow,Essex,UK, Longman House 1982,P175--181安来芳,英美概况[M],郑州：河南人民出版社，2004.9 ,P130--136张奎武，英美概况[M]，吉林：吉林科技大学出版社，1984,P115-12911。
英语国家概况结课作业小论文
A comparative study on the structure of British and American Governments The structure of American GovernmentsThe main government of the united states is the Federal government.It has three branches:The Legislature,The Executive and The Judiciary.Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government and it consists of two houses:the Senate and the House of Representative.the senate has 100voting member.2 from each of the 50 states.a senator must be over 30 years old.the House of Representative has 435 voting members,a Representatives must be at least 25years old.Congress helps to pass laws of the UnionThere are 15 departments and many independent agencies in executive branch.the President is the chief of the executive branch,who has the power to manage national affairs and the working of the federal government.Cabinet is under the President in the administration branch,which serves the president as a presidential council.The judicial branch consists of 3 main courts:the supreme courts,the courts of appeals and the district courts.the supreme courts is the highest court of the United states.the courts of appeals is set up to share the burden of the Supreme Court.The district courts serves for local government ,and every state has its own judicial system.The structure of the British GovernmentsThe main 3 parts of the British Governments is the Legislature,the Executive and The Judiciary.Parliament is the law-making body of Britain,which is made of the Crown,the House of Lords and the House of Commons.The government is made up of the Prime Minister,the Cabinet ministers and assistants to the ministers.the prime minister is the leader of the majority party in Parliament.The Cabinet is the supreme decision-making body in the British government.the Cabinet follow the principle of collective responsibility and individual ministerial responsibility.In fact,the Prime Minister is the most powerful leader in Britain.The judicial branch is complicated in British.every district has there own legal systems.the magistrates’court deal with all criminal cases.the Crown Court deal with the more serious cases,which will go to high court or the Court of Appeal or even the supreme court。
英美国家概况小论文-英美政治差异
A Comparative Study on the Election System Between United Kingdom and United StatesBoth United Kingdom and United States are the developed capitalist country,however,the former is constitutional monarchy one while the latter is democratic republican one.As a political practice, election is the foundation of modern democracy.Through the comparative study on the election system between the two typical capitalist countries,we can understand their national conditions and modern democracy better.In a modern democratic system between United Kingdom and United States,a fair,honest and regularly held election is the decisive factor of the quality of democracy. On one hand,they both have set up a relatively perfect system of election monitoring.In particular, the news public opinion also plays the role of the supervisor with voters themselves.On the other hand,election process is open and transparent.The candidates were chosen launched a months-long win votes in the election campaign, and voters to vote is completely voluntary.At the same time,both United Kingdom and United States carry out single-name selection system ,which is only one representative in a district.As far as United Kingdom ,it imposed direct elections at the moment.Its elections is concentrated in the parliament election. Communist party and the conservative by parliamentary elections for seats in the parliamentary majority, is composed of the majority party in parliamentary elections, administrative organs, the majority party leader as the head of government and form in order to exercise the administrative power of the country.Elections in the United States mainly concentrated in the President's election. The President of the United States are indirectly elected , but the foundations of this election is based on direct election voters,and this generally called double election in modern election.Republicans and Democrats through the presidential campaign, winning party obtains the national regime, led by the President of the federal government, are appointed by the President's secretary of state, the exercise of administrative power. In the United States, presidential elections determines the belonging of national leadership.Additionally, the congressional elections in the United States also is very important. Both parties in congressional elections, and strive to become a majority, with control of congress, the supreme power.If the majority is consistent with the President and the congress, the President does not have the exercise of executive power resistance, if appear not consistent, so the President at the time of the exercise of executive power is a variety of resistance from the opposition.Yet elections in the United States, is a "rich man's game", cost is higher, the election procedure is more complicated in the election campaign.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion.Election as a basic political system, must be in conformity with its national conditions.At the same time, we should prevent election from commercialization,continuously develop and improve the system of democratic elections. ReferencesNet1吴月.比较和借鉴:英美两国选举制度探析./view/5daf29c5d5bbfd0a79567375.html,2006-01/2013-6. Net2 叶乃康.英美政治制度比较综述./Article/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=55179,2013-1-5/2 013-6-6.Net3 付林，荣红霞.英美等国选举制度比较./view/b5725fe1b8f67c1cfad6b8a7.html,2005-11/2013-6.。
英美国家概况论文
Sino-American Relation: Dangling Between Friendsand Rivals姓名：微微班级：11级英语二班学号：1112019677二零一三年三月1.IntroductionSino-American relations refer to international relations between the United States of America (U.S.A.) and the government of People’s Republic of China (PRC). Most analysts characterize present Sino-American relations as being complex and multi-faceted. The United States and the People's Republic of China are usually neither allies nor enemies; the US government and the military establishment do not regard the Chinese as an adversary but as a competitor in some areas and a partner in others. As of 2011, the United States has the world's largest economy and China the second largest. China has the world's largest population and the United States has the third largest. China is also the largest foreign creditor for the United States. China's challenges and difficulties are mainly internal, and there is a desire to maintain stable relations with the United States. The Sino-American relationship has been described by top leaders and academics as the world's most important bilateral relationship of the 21st century. 2.history2.1 Opium WarsThe end of the First Opium War in 1842 led to the Anglo-Chinese Treaty of Nanking which forced many Chinese ports open to foreign trade. Until then, Sino-American relations had been conducted solely through trade, but this new pact between Britain and China severely threatened further American business in the region. This treaty effectively ended the era of the Old China Trade, giving the United States as many trading privileges as other foreign powers.2.2 World War IIThe outbreak of the Second-Japanese War in 1937 saw aid flow into the Republic of China, led by Chiang Kai-shek, from the United States, under President Franklin D. Roosevelt. A series of Neutrality Acts had been passed in the US with the support of isolationists who forbade American aid to countries at war. American public sympathy for the Chinese was aroused by Japanese brutality in China. When open war broke out in the summer of 1937, the United States offered moral support but took no effective action.After World War II ended in 1945, the hostility between the Republic of China and the Communist Party of China exploded into open civil war. American general George C. Marshall tried to broker a truce between the Republic of China and the Communist Party of China in 1946, but it quickly lost momentum.2.3 Relations frozenThe United States continued to work to prevent the PRC from taking China's seat in the United Nations and encouraged its allies not to deal with the PRC. The United States placed an embargo on trading with the PRC, and encouraged allies to follow it. The PRC developed nuclear weapons in 1964 and, as later declassified documents revealed, President Johnson considered preemptive attacks to halt its nuclear program. He ultimately decided the measure carried too much risk and it was abandoned.Despite this official non-recognition, the United States and the People's Republic of China held 136 meetings at the ambassadorial level beginning in 1954 and continuing until 1970, first in Geneva and later in Warsaw.2.4 RapprochementBoth the PRC and the US made efforts to try to improve relations between the two major powers. This became an especially important concern for the People's Republic of China after the Sino-Soviet border clashes of 1969. The PRC was diplomatically isolated and the leadership came to believe that improved relations with the United States would be a useful counterbalance to the Soviet threat.Nixon believed it necessary to forge a relationship with China, even though there were enormous differences between the two countries. He also worried immensely that one of the Democrats would preempt him and go to the PRC before he had the opportunity.From February 21 to February 28, 1972, President Nixon traveled to Beijing, Hangzhou, and Shanghai. At the conclusion of his trip, the US and the PRC issued the Shanghai Communiqué, a statement of their respective foreign policy views. In the Communiqué, both nations pledged to work toward the full normalization of diplomatic relations. The US acknowledged the PRC position that all Chinese on both sides of the Taiwan Strait maintain that there is only one China and that Taiwan is part of China..2.5 Obama administrationBarack Obama’s presidency has fostered hopes for increased co-operation and heightened levels of friendship between the two nations. On November 8, 2008, Hu Jintao and Barack Obama shared a phone conversation in which the Chinese President congratulated Obama on his election victory. During the conversation both parties agreed that the development of US-China relations is not only in the interest of both nations, but also in the interests of the world. In the cooperation between China and American, the conflicts of profit happened normally. Only the common profit exists, the relations between them will to turn to better.3. Important issues3.1 Economic affairEconomic affair is the biggest issue among countries. With the help of open and reform policy, based on natural advantages of mineral and cheap human workforce, China sucks in huge amount of funds in developing its internal economy while exports numerous kinds of cargos to the whole globe. Both the US and China benefit a lot after mutual complementary economic relation formed. But that does not mean the whole. Conflict and tension arises when trade surplus oc curs, also with several interest groups’ malevolent attitudes towards a more prosperous China.3.2 Both of them have their own unique way in dealing with politic matters.Though the politic ideology of social status differs sharply, China and the US have to seek cooperation in dealing with regional affairs in order to protect nation’s own safety and interest. The North Korea nuclear incident is such an occurrence that requires multilateral mutual cooperation.3.3 China and America do not share a same origin of civilization.This means that the difference of cultural between countries may bring about conflicts and deputes ceaselessly. Today, with the gradual deepen of mutual understanding in civilization, old hostile attitudes are gone. In the mean time, some of them stay alive or even sharpened as a weapon to achieve creepy goals. For example: the cultural invasion, accusation of human rights, democracy and religion.4. ConclusionFrom all that above, we can see that the relation of the big two has its own uniqueness apart from common bilateral relations. Conflicts, interest intrusions and ideological disputes are constant, however, all of them laid on the foundation of mutually dependent economy. Though trouble happens and in some certain periods the two sides acted like rivals, they are a little more like cooperators, for the foundation they stand on is so steady to wobble. What we can do for the two countries ‘relation is not much, but we all hoping that our country will become powerful and prosperous again and for all.。
英美概况论文英文版
Tourism in America外语学院英本0801 张文凤20084336092【Abstract】This paper centers on the tourism employment and the four interrelated components: the tourists, travel information and arrangements, visitor attractions such as National Parks in the U.S.【Key W ords】Tourism; America; Economy; Employment; Tourists; Tourism Organization; Tourist Attractions; HolidaysIntroduction：1.Tourism, a Major IndustryTourism in America has reached to a fairly high standard according to pleasure, shopping, entertainment, eating, accomodation and transportation.The six aspects are mutually combined with each other properly and there are no weak links in them. Generally speaking, I think that the distinguishing features of American tourism are come from these advantages.1.1 Tourism EmploymentThe most important contribution that tourism in America making to the U.S. National Economy is providing a great deal of jobs. In America, there are one in eight persons being involved into this job. There are 50 States in America,of which there are 32 states that their quality of tourism employment ranks to the first three in each trade.What’s more, there are 684,000 positions provided by tourism are in a high level.The service industry has historically been characterized as providing low paying employment in the United States. But the 1990s has begun a new era for the American economy with major underlying changes in its employment structure. Many of these shifts, however, have gone unnoticed, perhaps because of the difficulty in comprehending such profound fundamental structural changes in the U.S.employment after so many decades of being dominated by the manufacturing industry. For illustration, here are more facts.First, employment directly generated by travel has grown 27.7% in the last ten years （the 1990s）, much faster than the 19.6% increase in total nonagricultural U.S. employment. Second, average hourly earnings in the service sector had grown faster than in all other industries except finance, insurance, and real estate throughout the 1990s.Third, employment in executive positions in this industry had increased faster by the year 2006 than employment in the overall economy. Fourth, the transportation sectors of the travel industry, especially airlines, rank among the highest paying sectors in the U.S. economy.The rapid growth of travel and tourism in the United States through the is also reflected in the increasing travel expenditures in the country.There are two main types of tourism: leisure tourism and business tourism. Business tourism includes travel for business meetings, conferences and conventions, and exhibitions and trade fairs. It accounted for about a quarter of the total domestic trips throughout the 1990s while leisure tourism the other three fourth. Leisure tourism thus becomes the focus of my paper.1.2 Why Do People TravelThe motivations for leisure tourism are varied. Most people travel to meet personal needs. They can revitalize or enrich their lives, escape routine and have a relaxation, board their horizons and learn about different environments, get the chances to taste different foods and so on. Based on these motivations, leisure tourism can be sorted to the followings: education, culture and history, sightseeing, visiting friends or relatives, sports, health and adventure.America has a variety of tourists attractions and activities. They are graceful. People can go sightseeing, go hiking, go camping, go skiing, go swimming, go boating or recuperate and so on.Surprisingly, a growing motivation for much travel that combines pleasure-seeking and practical purposes involves discount shopping. Consequently, shopping become number one activity participated in by domestic travelers in 1999.2.Who Are the TouristsPeople who want to travel are limited by many things such as income, age, education, time. Leisure tourists are people who are away from home or on visits which are short term and temporary or just for pleasure.Even domestic travel is income-related, although styles of travel vary more than travel itself. Most Americans take a vacation trip most years. The differences are in cost level, from the luxury hotels and resorts to the car trip with budget motels and visits to friends and relatives.The demonstrated rule for travel was always that the young traveled more. Most advertising was directed towards those in their 20s and 30s. But things are changing. Those whose children are out of school and who are at the peak of their incomes are a major market segment. Early retirees are more likely to combine incomes adequate for travel with available time. They are especially sought after in the “of peak”seasons when children are in school.Young parents are more likely to stay near home and require different arrangements. Older adults free from parenting responsibilities re-emerge into the travel markets, but are still constrained by the schedule limitations of work.Those with higher levels of education are more likely to travel, seek learning experiences with new environments and cultures. Since education is correlated with income, however, they may also be markets higher cost tours that promise a quality experience.3.Tourism OrganizationsWhere do travelers obtain tourist information? It comes from a variety of resources, but the most direct information about the places that people want to travel comes from friends and relatives. The second most popular source of travel information is travel agency and travel companies are the third.Most of the international arrangements and half of domestic air travel tickets are handled over by the local travel agents. But a travel agent is just a retailer of travel packages for leisure travel. Hundreds of the combinations in tourism arrangements are booked in the local community through the agent.The American government alter some holidays to Monday or Friday to encourage people to travel. The holiday between Thanksgiving Day to Christmas Day is the longest in a year. Holidays such as the Easter, the Independence Day and the Armistice Day are short holidays.In relatively, holidays of teachers and students are more. There is respectively a spring holiday in March, a summer holiday in June or July and a winter holiday in November.Tour operators put together the combinations of travel, hotels, meals, and all the other arrangements for the packages. American Express is a well-known tour operator that operates worldwide. Some tour operators specialized in domestic tourism while incoming tour operators specialized in tours for overseas visitors in the U.S. Most tour operators cooperate with the travel agencts to sell the products to their clients.Others are direct sell operators, who sell the package direct to the public. In essence, tour operators are the intermediaries between the airlines, hotel chains, bus companies,etc. and the travel agents.In America, several hotel chains are in the most major cities around the world such as Hilton. Their accomodations are upscal for the tourists and business travelers. They are well-developed for their combination of beaches and golf and other sports facilities along with luxury hotels and restaurants.Some hotel chains are also in cooperation with airlines in an attempt to bypass the local travel agents.America conducts vigorous propaganda for governmental travel.They are equipped with the most advanced economy, culture and technology in the world which are pretty attractive to the travelers all over the world.The American news media covering the whole world and films in Hollywood are actually soft advertisements for American tourism.There are some special policies for the economically backward regions.Openning gambling hells is not allowed in most states of American.But it is an exception in the eastern Atlantic City, New Jersey, and in the western Neveda, Las V egas andReno.Gambling is defined as any sort of game or contest in which individuals wager money in the hope of financial gain.4.Tourist AttractionsThere must be some attractions so that people become interested in one place and have an appetite for traveling. Attractions can be divided into two types: one is composed of man-made attractions, such as theme parks, museums, theaters and so on; the other includes natural ones, such as the mountains, rivers,etc.There are thousands of museums and artgalleries all over the United States. In the past 5 years, nearly 40 million Americans, or one-fifth of U.S. residents went on a garden tour, attended a gardening show or participated in some other garden-related activity. Going to the beach is one of the American people’s most popular leisure travel activities. National parks are one of America’s biggest attractions. They are managed either by the federal, the states, or the local governments. There are 48 national parks in the U.S.A. stretching from Maine to California, Alaska to Hawaii.Conclusion:In a word, American tourism is very prosperous.It makes a great contribution to economical development and meets people’s traveling demands.Tourism can improve the overall competitive strength and promote international standing. The tourism in U.S. is well-arranged and the project is very reasonable, and the scenery spots are really famous and attractive so that a lot of people look forward to taking a trip to those places.In return, it drive the tourism in America to develop.。
英美国家概况课程论文
What I Have Learnt in This CourseAs we know,English has become the most popular language in the world nowadays.And as the main countries that use English as the offical language,the UK and the USA both have a long and splendid culture.After the course of Essentials of British and American Cultures,we have got more understanding of the different cultures.After the course, we can make a comparison between the west and the east culture.So much common point and difference can be found in different kind of cultures.At the the same time,it can promote us with a deeper understanding of our own Chinese culture.Now,I will share something useful that I have learnt in this course.1.The basic information of British and AmericaThe full name of British is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.England, Scotland, wales and Northern Ireland constitute the United Kingdom, the unification of the central government and in a head of state. Britain is located beyond continental Europe in Great Britain, surrounded by the North Sea, British Isles, Celtic sea, across the English channel, the Atlantic ocean and the Irish sea.The land area is 24.36 square kilometers and a population of about 60 million. Britain is the world's first industrialised countries and with a culturally diverse and opening-up thoughts of society. Capital London is the largest and most international city in Europe.America is short for The United States of America.The east is coast Atlantic, west near the Pacific, north to Canada, south meets Mexico. The land area of America is more than 962 million square kilometers,third in the world.On July 4, 1776, the continental congress in Philadelphia has officially approved the declaration of independence, declared the U.S. to birth. Since 1870, United States national economy ranks the first in the world.Today's America is one of the five permanent members of the UN security council, in its global politics,the huge influence in economy, military, entertainment and other domain can’t be matched by other nations.2.The history of British and AmericaAlthough the United Kingdom covers only a small area of the earth’s surface,it represents people of many different origins and cultures.The history of human habitation and settlement in Britain goes back to the Stone Age hunters and gatherers who arrived from the European continent about 10,000 years ago.Around 2000 BC these Stone Age people started to erect huge monuments.Work on the henges continued intermittently into the Bronze Age,until about 1500 BC.The clearest historical item in the general knowledge of most British people is the year 1066.Passing quickly over a long period of civil wars,the wars of the Roses,fought between two branches of the English royal family who each claimed the throne,we approach the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern period.In the 16th century,Europe as a whole was changing rapidly.During the 17th and the 18th century,Britain was under war for decades.The main enemy was Spain and France.After the battle of Waterloo and the fall of Napoleon,Britain enjoyed a long period of peace.And then time cames to 20th century.Britain is still widely respected.America is a young country,it was first discovered around the year 1000.after that,some English settlements come to this continent,and they captured the land.In the 18th century,a revolution took place,Americans broke away from the control of British,and then a constitution was devised.After sectional conflict and civil war,America came to get a quickly development in the following decades,and America now has become a great nation.3.English as a languageAs we know,English is one of the main offical languages of the United Nations, is a international exchange language as well. English belongs to the indo-european of sino-japanese Germanic branch, and through the British colonial activities,it widely spreads to other part of the world. Because of history and various national language contact, its vocabulary, grammar from a dollar into multiple from "more inflectional" into "little inflectional", voice has also undergone a regular changes.According to the number of English native speakers of English may be calculated, the world's third-largest language, but it is the world's most widely second language. The world is more than 60% of the letters written in English in two centuries, English and American culture, economic, military, political and scientific leadership makes English become a international language.Along with the time changes, China's continuous development and the level of English requirement rise ceaselessly, more and more foreign students go abroad. Oral English gradually developed into a indispensable part in life. Therefore, the prevalence of oral English in expanding the scope constantly too, the importance of spoken English also will be more and more important.In about 1500 years,English has developed from the language of a small,warlike,agrarian people,to the language of a highly developed technological civilization and now has one of the richest vocabularies of any language in the world.It has become the most influential and most international language of modern times,spoke by 275 million native speakers,and the language that so many people in the world want to learn.4.Others beyond the text bookBeyond the text book,I think I have experienced a lot in other aspects.During this course,for instance,we have seven team members,when we made the PPT,we divided our work and then united them together.It improves our team spirit and raises our passion.When we acted as a teacher in class,I think we all have terrific performance because we have prepared it for so a long time.Afterwards,Mr.Tyler,the foreign teacher,give me very deep impression.From the lesson,I realized that my English is so poor.Even though I studied English when I just a child,but I found so many sentences that he said was beyond my comprehension.As a motto puts it,where there is a will,there is a way.As far as I’m concerned,the learning way is still far and I have no alternative but to improve my oral English,spare no effort.。
如何学好英美概况英文作文
如何学好英美概况英文作文Hey there! Learning about English and American概况，it's like exploring two fascinating worlds. Here's a fun, no-rules approach to crafting engaging essays:1. Hang Loose with History: Don't be a history buff, just dive in! Start with a snappy hook: "From the Pilgrims to the present, America's story is a rollercoaster ride of innovation and change. Skip the boring dates, highlight the juicy details."2. Pop Culture on the Move: Talk about your favorite TV shows, movies, or music. "From 'Friends' to 'Breaking Bad', these cultural icons define our times. Don't quote, just share your personal take on why they're timeless."3. Celebs and Celebrity Culture: "Stars, they're not just in the sky, they're in our daily lives. From the red carpet to social media, analyze how celebrities influence society."4. LGBTQ+ Rights and Diversity: "The LGBTQ+ movement? More than a trend, it's a human rights battle. Share a personal anecdote or a current issue that resonates with you."5. Eating, Drinking, and Being American: "From apple pie to beer, food and drink are part of our identity. Don't write a recipe, tell a story about how they connect you to the land."6. Sporting Legends: "From the World Cup to the Super Bowl, sports are a unifying force. Share a memorable game or athlete that inspires you."7. Environment and Sustainability: "From the Great Barrier Reef to the California wildfires, the environment is a conversation starter. Share your thoughts on how we can protect it."8. Education and Education Systems: "Schools? More than just books, it's about learning to question and grow. Sharea memorable teacher or a lesson that changed your perspective."Remember, the key is to be personal and engaging. Don't worry about perfect grammar or structure, just let your voice shine! Happy writing!。
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文化是一个复合体，其中包括知识、信仰、艺术、法律、道德、风俗以及人作为社会成员而获得的任何其他能力和习惯。
交际的过程是人们运用语言知识和社会文化知识传递信息的过程，所以学习语言与了解语言所反映的文化背景知识是分不开的。
语言与文化是相互依存的,语言携带文化,同时又受到文化背景的影响。
英语作为一种世界上主要的语言之一,其地位受到世界各国的重视,所以学习英语语言的产生发展及英美英语的差异及发展具有深远的意义。
英国与美国，是当今世界社会上的两大强国，这两国在很多方面有着极其相似的地方，都说的是英语，都是资本主义国家，都主宰着当今世界诸多事件的走向，都有着严格的法律制度与健全的社会体系，都拥有莘莘学子们梦寐以求的世界上首屈一指的高等学府……英国人和美国人互不服气，英国人说美国人没有历史，美国人说英国人不懂未来。
这样相似的两个国家，又有着那些明显的不同之处呢？我将从一下几点进行论述：
两国文化的相同之处
同源性使得这两个国家的文化具有很多相同的地方。
1语言——都是英语
2宗教——以基督教新教为主
3社会交往的一些细节——女士优先，文明有礼，保护隐私，忌讳星期五，数字十三等
4节日——万圣节、复活节等。
尽管英美两个国家都是讲英语的，但是美国英语和英国英语是不相同的。
英国人与美国人虽然说的都叫英语，但这两种英语的差异还是很大的，学英语的人都知道，英语中有英式发音和美式发音两种。
英国人的英语，相对而言，发音比较清楚，连读的部分较少，一般听起来相对比较字正腔圆;而美国人说英语，则秉持这能省则省，能连就连的原则，因此，对于把英语作为第二语言的人来说，听英国人的发音相比较下会舒服得多，而如果要习惯美音，恐怕只有在美国生活过的人才真正做到了。
另外，两国在字词上的用法也有很多的不同，比如：第二层Second floor(美) ---First floor(英)地铁Subway---underground.学期Semester---term商店Store---shop 假期vacation---holidays 电话忙音The line is busy.---The line is engaged
英美生活习俗差异
英国人和美国人在自己日常生活习俗上也有区别。
从服饰上看，英国2人非常讲究衣着，讲究绅士风度，西装革履，皮鞋锃亮。
美国人则比较随便，想穿什么就是什么，以自己舒适为主，不会去介意别人的评价，别人也不会去评价。
有的英国女士接待黄皮肤朋友时，专门涂抹上黄色面霜，以表示对朋友的亲近和尊重。
美国人可方便多了，近几年，美国流行大花裤衩，校内校外，老老少少，都少不了它的影子。
但这也并不是说，他们到处随意，在一些场合，他们也是西装革履，文质彬彬，很有些“绅士”的派头。
但如果一看到没有旁人，这些“绅士”就原形毕露，鞋也脱了，领带也松了，扣子也解了，脚也搭起来了。
从饮食上看两国的美食都像英语一样，是一个大杂烩，广泛吸收了世界各地不同文化的影响。
众所周知，英国是一个聚集了诸多绅士淑女的地方，而英国的饮食，也处处散发着英国上流社会应有的高贵气质，从选材到烹饪，再到餐桌上的一言一行，英国人无不将细致发挥到了极致。
特别在餐桌礼仪上，不能在餐桌上说话，不能有餐具敲击的声音，刀叉的握法……几乎所有我们所了解的法式西餐的规则都被英国人所遵守而同样是吃饭，到了美国人身上，则就显得随意了许多。
美国式饮食不讲究精细，追求快捷方便，也不奢华，比较大众化。
一日三餐都比较随便。
老美的最爱便是所谓的垃圾食品。
对于生活节奏极快的老美来说，五分钟就能搞定的汉堡薯条显然要比规矩多多的西式大餐要吸引人的多。
至于这种饮食习惯导致的结果，便是老美的街头行走的人中，大腹便便者显然要比标准身材的人多得多。
这样的饮食习惯某种程度上也折射了美国人的生活，雷厉风行，不向英国人那般拖沓，那样注重细节。
另外美国人除了过和英国人一样的节日外，还有自己的感恩节等。
美国人的性格和英国人也是不相同的。
有人把美国人的性格概括成：热情、开朗、冒险、创新、奔放活剥、直白的幽默
相对应英国人的性格特点是：冷漠、含蓄、内敛、保守、理性严谨、绅士的幽默
英美的教育理念不同。
美国人孜孜不倦的追求平等和自由，体现在教育上就是美国的教育体制具有多元性、开放性（向不同层次学习能力和经济条件的人开放）、国际性、灵活性（各种不同性质的学校满足不同目标的人的需要，国家没有统一的教育制度）的特点，使美国教育既能满足不同人群、不同层次的人们的需要，确保教育公平和机会均等，又能满足并充分发挥不同受教育对象的个性特点，使教育充满活力和生机。
而英国人的保守与严谨，体现在教育上就是严谨的学风，完善的教育体系。
它拥有一套严格的质量监控体制，各大院校的教学质量评估与科研水平评估结果向全世界公布，英国的高等教育会定期受到检查。
英国大学的科研水平长期保持了一个很高水平，也是与这个质量监控体制分不开的，许多开创性的研究发明起始于英国，比如第一只克隆羊，就培养于爱丁堡大学。
英国教育的质量也体现在对学生的严格考核上，有的专业可以用“残酷”来形容，被淘汰而拿不到学位的也大有人在，英国老师通常不会因为学生只差一点而放学生一马，他们的职业道德和敬业风度有力地保证了教育质量。
两个国家，两种文化，两种截然不同的教育风格，竟都共同代表着世界教育领域最顶尖的教育水准，这与政府民众对教育的深刻认识不无关系。
美国人认为，一个人不管处于什么境地，有两件事是必须做的，并伴随着一生：一是受教育，一是信宗教。
美国人对教育的重视，达到了与信仰宗教一样的虔诚境界。
而英国教育标榜自己的口号是：The Best You Can Be——你能成就极至，反映出了他们的教育理念和始终追求的信仰。
在这种意识下使得不论是美国教育还是英国教育，都不仅仅是作为一种纯粹的功利目的而进行的活动，且具有了宗教般虔诚的信仰，近乎是一项神圣的宗教行为了。