天津商业大学国教 期末考试 组织与管理

6. What are the eight steps of decision process?
1) Identifying a problem 2) Identifying decision criteria
3) Allocating weights to the criteria 4) Developing alternatives
5) Analysing alternatives 6) Selecting an alternatives
7) Implementing the alternative 8) Evaluating decision effectiveness 7. What is the difference between strategic plans and operational plans? Strategic plans: Plans that apply to the entire organization, establish the organization's overall goals, and seek to position the organization in terms of its environment.
Operational plan: Plans that specify the details of how the oveall goals are to be achieved.
Strategic plans tend to cover a longer time frame and a broader view of the organization. Strategic plans also include the formulation of goal, whereas operational plans define ways to achieve the goals. Also, operational plans tend to cover short time periods-monthly, weekly and day to day.
8. What's the span of control, what's the current view of span control, why in recent years has been towards larger span of control?
Span of control: The number of employees a manager can efficiently control.
The current view of span control recognizes that many factors influence the appropriate number of employees that a manager can efficiently and effectively manage. These factors include the skills and abilities of the manager and the employees, and the characteristics of the work being done. For example, the more training and experience employees have, the less direct supervision they will need.
9. How to overcome the barriers for conversation and make interpersonal conversation more effective?
Overcome the barriers:
1) Use feedback 2) Simplify language
3) Listen actively 4) Constrain emotions
5) Watch non-verbal cues
Make interpersonal conversation more effective:
10. What is organization change? What are the internal forces to put the changes?
Organization change: Any alterations in people, structure or technology in an organization.
Internal forces to put the changes :Strategy 、workforce、equipment、employee attitudes.
11. What are the characteristic of effective team?
1)Clear goals 2) Relevant skills 3）Mutual trust
4) Unified commitment 5) Good communication
6) Negotiating skills 7）Appropriate leadership
8) Internal and external support
12.What is the hierarchy needs theory？
That was provided by a famous professor Abraham Maslow's
1) Physiological needs: food, drink, shelter, and other physical requirements.
2) Safety needs: security and protection from physical and emotional harm, as well as assurance that physical needs will continue to be met.
3) Social needs: affection, belongingness, acceptance and friendship.
4) Esteem needs: internal esteem factors such as self-respect, autonmy and achievement, and external esteem factors such as status, recognition and attention.
5) Self-actualization needs: growth, achieving one's potential and
self-fulifilment; the drive to become what one is capable of becoming.。