2005-8-2高级语音学

Phonetic Nhomakorabea – 语音学
（2005/8） [1989年第2学期开]
要求：凡选该课程的学生要按时到课堂听讲。 计成绩方法：大小测试各1次或撰写一篇学期课程论 文（1000字） 教材：自选 任课教师：潘炳信
Phonetics – 语音学
参考书目：

Speech and Writing
Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. Most of the languages in the world have both spoken and written form. Of the two media, speech is more basic than writing. The earliest writings go back only about five thousand years, but man had been talking for hundreds of thousands of years before these first documents.
LECTURE 1
（第一讲）
INTRODUCTION
Phonetics – 语音学
（2005/8） [1989年第2学期开]
英语语音学是高等师范本科英语专业高年级阶段的一 门选修理论课，是供学生在低年级阶段修完语音课后 选修的课程。 英语语音学是研究英语语音现象的科学，也是研究语 言学的最重要的基础。掌握英语语音学理论的基础知 识有助于较深刻地理解英语语音和语法现象，有助于 正确理解话语的意义，从而进一步提高听说读写的技 能。作为英语教师，掌握语音学理论的基础知识，对 提高语音、语法和课文的教学质量很有益处。 本课程每周授课2学时，以讲授为主，组织课堂讨论 1-2次。
●Uvular (Back of the tongue and uvula) as in French word ―rouge‖
●Glottal (Vocal cords) as in the English word ―help‖[London Cockney]
Speech Organs
Manners of Articulation
（2005/8） [1989年第2学期开]
1. Roach, Peter. 2000 [1983,1991]. English Phonetics and Phonology: A Practical Course. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2. Clark, John & Colin Yallop. 1990. An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology. Oxford: Blackwell. 3. Jones, Daniel. 195 ? An Outline of English Phonetics. 4. Ladefoged, Peter. 2001.[1975,1982,1993]. A Course in Phonetics. 4th ed. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt College Publishers. 5. Cheng, Chin-chuan. 1973. A Synchronic Phonology of Mandarin Chinese. The Hague: Mouton. 6. Dow. 1972. An Outline of Mandarin Phonetics. 7. 黄伯荣 廖序东 《现代汉语》
2. ACOUSTIC PHONETICS ---to study the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted between mouth and ear. Instruments, such as the oscillograph （示波器）and the sound spectrograph, have been used to translate a sound into a visual representation of its components in terms of frequency and intensity.
Importance of Phonetics
LECTURE 2
Articulatory Phonetics
The Speech Organs
●The first essential for the students of Phonetics is to have a clear idea of the structure and functions of the various parts of the speech organs.
fricative affricate
approximant
p b
f v q
t
s
d
z
k g
h
d
(w) r l j w
lateral
How to describe a consonant
●Consonants may be described in terms of five factors:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. State of the vocal cords [voiced or voiceless] Place of articulation Central or lateral articulation Velic closure [oral or nasal] Manner of articulatory action
Places of Articulation
●Bilabial (Made with the two lips) ●Labiodental (Lower lip and upper front teeth) ●Dental (Tongue tip or blade and upper front teeth) ●Alveolar (Tongue tip or blade and the alveolar ridge ) ●Retroflex (Tip of the tongue and the back of the alveolar ridge) ●Palato-Alveolar (Tongue blade and the back of the alveolar ridge) ●Palatal (Front of tongue and hard palate) ●Velar (Back of the tongue and soft palate)
Branches of Phonetics
1. ARTICULATORY PHONETICS ---to study the way in which a speech sound is produced, to discover which vocal organs are involved and how they coordinate in the process.
3. AUDITORY PHONETICS ---to study speech sounds from the hearer’s points of view. We may look into the impression a speech sound makes in the hearer as mediated by the ear, the auditory nerve and the brain. This is a less well-studied branch of phonetics, because we still have difficulties in identifying and measuring psychological and neurological responses to speech sounds.
Manners of Articulation
●Stop (Complete closure of the articulators involved so that the airstream cannot escape through the mouth.) There are two possible types of stop. ●Nasal stop /m n ŋ / ●Oral stop / p b t d k g / ●Fricative ( ) /f v s z q ʃ ʒ r h/ ● Affricate() /ʧ ʤ / ― church, judge ‖/ts dz tr dr/ ● Approximant () /j / /w / ―yes, we‖ ● Lateral () / l / ―middle, little‖ Trill in Scottish English―raw, rye‖;Tap in American English ―letter‖
A Few Terms
Phonetics – 语音学 Phonology – 音位学 Phoneme -- 音位 The only word remembered by an American student
in the course PHONOLOGY.

Language – 语言 Speech – 言语 Writing – 文字 Speech sound – 语音
Speech Organs
Places of Articulation
●Consonants. In order to form consonants, the airstream through the vocal tract must be obstructed in some way. Consonants can be classified according to the place and manner of this obstruction. Here are some of the possible places of articulation and the principal terms for these particular types of obstruction: