Swizertland figues2008
Ventuz维图斯定点中国
Ventuz维图斯定点中国作者：David来源：《信息化视听》2014年第09期2008年北京奥运会开幕式上呈现的绚丽画面至今让人记忆犹新，时隔6年，2014年8月16日晚20点在南京奥体中心举行的第二届夏季青年奥运会开幕式再次让电视机前的观众震撼。
绚烂多彩的烟花、天空划过的流星、美轮美奂的蓝色天文台、自由因子空中爆炸、6色音符渺渺升起、空中奔跑的LOGO人、显现在空中的南京青奥会LOGO，这一切既让观众叹为观止，同时也在好奇，在现场上空没有任何介质的情况下，这些影像是如何形成的？答案很简单，均是Multipixs公司使用Ventuz虚拟技术呈现给全球几十亿电视机前观众的。
同时这也是国际大型赛事开幕式中首次运用这种电视虚拟技术，让表演空间延伸到了体育场上空，甚至体育场外。
开幕式舞美总设计师陈岩表示：“把虚拟技术运用到美术场景之中，这在奥运史上还没有过，南京青奥会是第一个，可以载入史册。
” 整个青奥会的开幕式，通过虚拟技术一共向全世界的电视、网络观众呈现了7种华丽的效果。
这些效果也是让CCTV创意工作室刘新（青奥会虚拟总设计）最为骄傲的：“这是奥运历史上首次展示虚拟技术，这可以说是一次伟大的尝试，是艺术与技术最好的结合。
”什么是Ventuz说到这里，有些读者一定要问，这Ventuz到底是什么？为什么得到如此高的评价？简单地说，Ventuz是一款实时的图像内容创作编辑播控软件，是市面上真正意义上的实时三维可视化工具，为各类视听内容制作的高端应用而生。
Ventuz不仅让艺术创作有了极高的自由度和众多的可能性，而且还提供了一个不需要任何编程技能的直观工作流程，将客户的数据及信息以高端3D可视化的形式来展示给他们的合作伙伴和客户。
Ventuz设计性强、使用简便，可用于视频墙、投影映射、广播电视在线包装，并且可以和几乎所有的交互设备实现交互应用。
在专业展示、视频墙安装、多点触摸应用或演播室和播出领域，甚至融软硬件为一体的复杂系统里，Ventuz都能够在满足系统可靠性和全部功能情况下实现各种创意设计。
The Selfish Giant 自私的巨人
And the Giant stole up
behind him and took him
gently in his hand,
and put him up into the tree.
And the tree broke at once into blossom. Now the giant
relized that he was too selfish.
Photographs of Oscar Wilde & Lord Alfred Douglas
Place: Oxford Date: summer 1893
Date: probably 1892 Place: Oxford Date: summer 1893
In 1895, Wilde was arrested for "gross indecency" （严重猥亵）. He ws then imprisoned for two-year hard labor and he received daily visits from Lord Alfred Douglas.
Poems
Poems(诗集) Sphinx(斯芬克斯) The Ballad of Reading Gaol(瑞丁监狱之歌)
Dramas
Vera(薇拉) Lady Windermere`s Fan(少奶奶的扇子) The Duchess of Padua帕都瓦公爵夫人 Salomé（莎乐美） A Woman of No Importance（无足轻重的女人） The Importance of Being Earnest(认真的重要性)
Every afternoon, as they were coming from school, the children used to go and play in the Giant’s garden.It was a large lovely garden, with soft green grass,beautiful flowers, and peach–trees.The birds sat on the trees and sang so sweetly that the children used to stop their games in order to listen to them.
阿拉善盟第一中学2023届高三上学期期末考试英语试卷
阿拉善盟第一中学2022〜2023学年度第一学期高三年级期末考试考生注意：1.本试卷分选择题和非选择题两部分。
满分120分，考试时间100分钟。
2.答题前，考生务必用直径0.5毫米黑色墨水签字笔将密封线内项目填写清楚。
3.考生作答时，请将答案答在答题卡上。
选择题每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑;非选择题请用直径0. 5毫米黑色墨水签字笔在答题卡上各题的答题区域内作答，超出答题区域书写的答案无效，在试题卷、草稿纸上作答无效。
4.本卷命题范围：高考范围。
第一部分阅读理解(共两节，满分40分)第一节(共15小题;每小题2分，满分30分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
AWe did a quick survey of New Year traditions around the world, and couldn’t help but notice that the traditions might reflect cultural varieties? but the meanings behind them are pretty universal.PhilippinesIn Philippines? families hold traditional dinner parties called Media Noche to greet the New Year. Circle-shaped fruits are their favorites, such as grapes, oranges and melons, since they look like coins, you know. Filipinos actually try to choose 12 different kinds of fruit to put on the table—one for each month in the New Year.Make sure you leave some food in your plate. It’s bad luck to start the New Year off as a hungry wolf.SpainMany Spaniards will eat 12 fresh grapes at midnight—one with each strike of the clock. Each grape represents a wish for happiness and good luck for every month in the coming year. This “12 grapes in 12 seconds“ custom came from a grape farmer in the Alicante region who wanted to promote his produce abouta century ago. The tradition has spread to other countries too? with a few adjustments. In Portugal? they eat12 dried grapes. In Peru? they eat a thirteenth grape.DenmarkIn Denmark? they eat kransekage, a big horn-shaped cake, on New Year’s Eve. When they’re finishedwith the cake, it’s Danish custom to throw the used plates against the front doors of their friends and neighbors. It’s actually a sign of friendship.ItalyPork sausages are usually served on New Year’s Eve in Italy. Italians choose pork because they think pigs are fat and keep moving forward, while other animals, such as chickens or cows, move backward or stand still.But whatever you eat into the New Year in Italy-pork, fish or chicken-make sure you stay at home. Italians throw old possessions out of the window after midnight as an out-with-the-old,make-room-for-the-new gesture.1. How many kinds of fruit are usually served at Media Noche?A. 6.B. 8.C. 10.D. 12.2. Who eat dried grapes at midnight to greet the New Year?A. The Portuguese.B. Spaniards.C. Filipinos.D. Italians.3. What do the last two traditions have in common?A. Eating special meat.B. Throwing away old things.C. Leaving food in plates.D. Preferring coin-shaped fruits.BThere is a curious love triangle that sits at the center of the new documentary Fire of Love.It’s between a man, a woman and a volcano. Well, all of them are volcanoes.Their names might not be especially well-known today, but in the 1970s and ‘80s, French scientists Katia Krafft and Maurice Krafft were very famous for their photographs and writings about the volcanoes. When they died in 1991 on Mount Unzen in Japan, their deaths were covered globally. But their story has somewhat faded in the public memory in the past three decades? though Werner Herzog did spotlight them in his 2016 documentary Into the Inferno.The Kraffts? who first bonded over Mount Etna and Mount Stromboli and were married in 1970, witnessed about 140 eruptions on every continent except Antarctica and won an Emmy for their National Geographic documentary Mountains of Fire. They would famously drop everything to get to an active volcano, and were often the first on site. They were also known for their willingness to get dangerously close.Filmmaker Sara Dosa once met the Kraffts while making an earlier film about Iceland many years ago. In 2020, with the help of Image’ Est, a French museum, and Maurice Krafft’s brother, Bertrand Krafft, Dosa and her team were able to get access to over 180 hours of footage shot by the Kraffts. So Dosa decided to make something about the Kraffts in the true spirit of the Kraffts.“We wanted to let them play themselves. We see them as the authors of their own story,“ Dosa said. ”This is a co-creation, shot by them and starring them. We’re just stringing together the pieces of their life for the audience to connect with.”However Fire of Love is anything but a filmed Wikipedia(维基百科)page. Dosa and her team have drawn on the techniques of French New Wave films to help shape the style of their film, including playful multiple screens.4. Where did Katia Krafft and Maurice Krafft pass away?A. On Mount Etna.B. On Mount Stromboli.C. On Mount Unzen.D. On Mount Krakatoa.5. Why were the Kraffts considered as volcanoes?A. They were enthusiastic about studying volcanoes.B. They were well-known for their short-lived marriage.C. Their deaths were related to the biggest volcano.D. Their love story appeared in many volcano books.6. Who directed the film Fire of Love?A. Bertrand Krafft.B. Sara Dosa.C. Werner Herzog.D. Katia Krafft.7. What is the text?A. A love story.B. A biography.C. A documentary.D. A film review.CHumans have long been trying to make sense of our place in the universe. Waiting at a launch site in French Guiana? NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope is the latest step forward in that ancient quest (探索).Using telescopes, astronomers have seen many galaxies (星系) such as the Andromeda Galaxy and the NGC 3227 Galaxy. So far, the most distant galaxy ever discovered, GN-z11,was spotted by the Hubble Space Telescope. To the untrained eye, it looks like a red blob (小点点), but it’s basically like looking back in time about 13.4 billion years ago. That’s just about 0.4 billion years after the Big Bang.“Hubble is limited in how far back in time it can look, so finding this one was just a lucky break,” saysMarusa Bradac, an astronomer at the University of California. “A stronomers only spotted it because decades of using Hubble have let them cover much of the sky, and this particular early galaxy is surprisingly bright although it is 25 times smaller than the Milky Way Galaxy and has just one percent of its mass.”Already, with that one galaxy, we’ve started to question some of our assumptions about how galaxies grow. The powerful, $ 10 billion James Webb Space Telescope has technology that should let it see back to 0.1 ~0.2 billion years after the Big Bang, the period when the very first galaxies possibly formed.“If all go well, the James Webb Space Telescope will help us to build up the story of how the first galaxies ever formed and how they grew into galaxies we see today and we live in today,” says Bradac. “But the ch ances of seeing those first born stars with the new telescope are small. There’s maybe even more of a chance that we might see some of those stars explode. Such information can help us understand how galaxies formed and changed into the familiar shapes and structures seen today. That’s what’s amazing about the new telescope.”8. When did the Big Bang take place?A Around 13.0 billion years ago.B. Around 13.4 billion years ago.C. Around 13.6 billion years ago.D. Around 13.8 billion years ago.9. What does the underlined words “this one” in paragraph 3 refer to?A. The Milky Way Galaxy.B. The GN-z11 Galaxy.C. The Andromeda Galaxy.D. The NGC 3227 Galaxy.10. What is the fourth paragraph mainly about?A. The great potential of the new telescope.B. The need for new scientific breakthroughs.C. The cost of the James Webb Space Telescope.D. The importance of the Hubble Space Telescope.11. What can the new telescope most likely help scientists do according to Bradac?A. Find the first born star in the universe.B. Witness the occurring of the Big Bang.C. See the explosion of some of the first born stars.D. Get a complete understanding of the universe.DBe it sugar or social media, the response in our brain is the same: It produces a “feel-good” chemi cal called dopamine. It first brings about pleasure, but it doesn’t last very long. It is then followed by pain so that we have to search for the pleasurable things again.“This cycle of pleasure and pain made sense in the time of early humans when we had to constantly search for our basic needs-food, water, shelter,” says Dr. Anna Lembke, a Stanford Medical School researcher. “But our brains weren’t adjusted to put out the ‘fire of dopamine’ caused by pleasurable things that are so easily available in mode rn life.”In addition, when we’re repeatedly exposed to pleasure-producing things, we’re not able to take joy in the same rewards. Instead, we need stronger and stronger stimulus (刺激) just to feel good. Otherwise, the cycle will lead us to anxiety, depression and many other problems.“This is a universal problem—not one limited to those struggling with the disease of addiction. If we want to stay mentally healthy, we must rethink how to break the cycle in a dopamine-overloaded world,” says Lembke.Her suggestions for the addicts?Take a 30-day break from anything that we rely on for pleasure. This doesn’t mean going cold turkey forever. But this first month is key to breaking the pleasure-pain cycle and it’s a lot easier to cut out an addictive behavior entirely at first. Then re-introduce the pleasurable things little by little, like just a few bites of ice cream at a time or just one hour online a night.Another strategy is to create physical distance between us and our addiction. That could mean just removing the addictive thing from our personal space. For someone who’s addicted to video games, that could mean a separate laptop for work and one for play.“In a time of abundance, we have to strike a pleasure-pain balance, which means intentionally avoiding pleasure and seeking the kind of purposeful pain that keeps us healthy, such as exercise,” Lembke says. “By doing so, we will reset reward pathways and eventually be a lot happier. It’s not easy, but it’s well worth doing in the long term.”12. What can we learn about dopamine from the text?A. It has always been harmful to humans.B. It gives us less joy for the same rewards.C. It can be caused by anything available.D. It can lead to a lasting good feeling.13. What do the underlined words “going cold turkey” probably mean?A. Abandoning.B. Waiting.C. Cooking.D. Repeating.14. What does Dr. Anna Lembke suggest we do in the long term?A. Avoid pleasure in life.B. Set a strict limit on pleasurable things.C. Change reward pathways.D. Expose ourselves to repeated rewards.15. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?A. Ways to Live With Dopamine in PeaceB. Tips on Getting Rid of Social Media AddictionC. Strategies for Making Most of the Modern LifeD. The Need to Strike a Pleasure-pain Balance第二节(共5小题;每小题2分，满分10分)根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。
Mascots of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
• Fuwa embody the natural characteristics of four of China's most popular animals -- the Fish, the Panda, the Tibetan Antelope, the Swallow -- and the Olympic Flame.
• Each of Fuwa has a rhyming two-syllable name -- a traditional way of expressing affection for children in China. Beibei is the Fish, Jingjing is the Panda, Huanhuan is the Olympic Flame, Yingying is the Tibetan Antelope and Nini is the Swallow. • When you put their names together -- BeiJing Huan Ying Ni -- they say "Welcome to Beijing," offering a warm invitation that reflects the mission of Fuwa as young ambassadors for the Olympic Games.
• Like all antelopes, Yingying is fast and agile and can swiftly cover great stretches of land as he races across the earth. A symbol of the vastness of China's landscape, the antelope carries the blessing of health, the strength of body that comes from harmony with nature. Yingying's flying pose captures the essence of a species unique to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, one of the first animals put under protection in China. • The selection of the Tibetan Antelope reflects Beijing commitment to a Green Olympics. His head ornament incorporates several decorative styles from the Qinghai-Tibet cultures and the ethnic design traditions of Western China. Strong in track and field events, Yingying is a quick-witted and agile boy who represents the yellow Olympic ring.
冈特 兰堡简介
冈特·兰堡艺设7班08119187 陈孟秋一、冈特·兰堡简介冈特·兰堡（Gunter Rambow）,德国设计大师，1963年兰堡毕业于卡塞尔美术学院，1960年22岁，在法兰克福成立了自己的图形摄影工作室，美国著名艺术史学家菲利普梅洛斯在其《图形艺术设计史》著作中称，兰堡为“德国视觉诗人”，称兰堡的法兰克福图形摄影工作室为二十世纪后期最具创意的设计工作室之一。
从1960年学生时期到20世纪末，兰堡在近四十年创作生涯中，创作了200多件代表作，他对世界现代设计的发展起着巨大的推动作用，设计界、设计理论界的人们称德国为现代设计和现代设计教育的摇篮。
兰堡的艺术植根于他的民族文化，包豪斯思想是他的艺术根基，土豆文化是他的灵魂，60年代西方的学潮则奠定了他视觉设计的革命性。
兰堡被成为当代世界最杰出的视觉诗人，他以其丰富的阅历，超群的智慧和卓越的想象力，不断地更新和塑造自己的设计风格。
他的作品的独特风格、视觉语言的魅力、表现形式的创造力，被称为世界杰出的“视觉诗人”。
在30年的职业生涯中，兰堡设计了几千幅招贴。
他的招贴画多次在国际艺术大展和年展上获奖，并被多国博物馆、大学以及文化机构收藏，兰堡力图通过设计表现个人的艺术思想、意识观念和形态立场，在基于视觉传达功能的基础之上，把设计当成诗歌那样创作，高度地个人化、自由化。
他更加强调自我意识和对生活的领悟，在视觉效果上追求视觉冲击力，强调平面效果的突破。
二、冈特·兰堡的风格从1960年学生时期到20世纪末，兰堡在近四十年创作生涯中，创作了200多件代表作，基本上可以划分为三个时期： 60年代绘画图形广告时期； 70年代-80年代摄影图形广告时期；90年代符号性图形广告时期。
兰堡60年代的绘画图形广告造型优美，表现自然，深刻，注重画面整体设计意念的把握，尽可能摆脱纯绘画艺术中直观的写实表现；八十年代的摄影图形广告风格是兰堡的又一个顶峰时期，兰堡风格也好，德国风格也好，摄影图形都把广告艺术带入了一个新时代，引导了国际潮流，他为慕尼黑费舍尔出版社涉4及的系列招贴作品表现了兰堡对朝现实主义的理解和发展。
保罗·斯特兰德：20_世纪摄影史的一个路标
/老照片少年贡德维尔·夏朗德，法国，1951 年保罗·斯特兰德（Paul Strand，1890—1976），20世纪美国摄影艺术界一位承先启后的重要人物，世界摄影史上最重要的摄影家之一，被评论家称为“20世纪摄影史的一个路标”，与爱德华·韦斯顿和阿尔弗雷德·斯蒂格里茨一样，他把摄影的艺术性提高到了新的高度。
丨保罗·斯特兰德丨Old photos/老照片斯特兰德，1890年出生于纽约一个中产家庭，家境殷实，父亲是一名搪瓷制品销售商，12岁时，就拥有了自己的第一台相机。
14岁时，他就读于纽约民族文化学校，遇到了美国摄影家路易斯·海因（Lewis Hine），在其影响下开始学习摄影。
斯特兰德日后影像里对于人性的关注和精准捕捉，就得益于路易斯早年的教育。
1907年，在路易斯·海因的带领下，斯特兰德参观了纽约大名鼎鼎的“291画廊”，这次参观激发了斯特兰德探索摄影艺术表现的可能性，而在此之前，他只是将摄影当作业余爱好。
在那里，斯特兰德遇到了斯蒂格利茨，并接触到了画廊里展出的巴勃罗·毕加索、保罗·塞尚和乔治·布拉克的前卫画作。
这些作品启发他在照片中强调抽象的形式和图案，如《阴影图案》、《纽约》和《华尔街》（均为1915年）。
在这一时期最大胆的照片之一《白栅栏》（1916年）中，斯特兰德故意破坏透视，从色调平面和节奏模式构建强有力的构图。
到1917 年，斯特兰德已经成为一位知名的艺术家了。
斯特兰德拒绝了当时流行的画意摄影，而倾向于通过使用大画幅相机来实现微小的细节和丰富微妙的色调范围。
他严格依赖摄影方法，意识到相机的客观性既是其局限性，也是其最主要的特点。
他对建筑的纯粹和直接描绘影响着其他美国摄影师的作品，他们试图通过朴实无华的摄影图像来表达抽象的形式价值。
1935年，斯特兰德与哈罗德·库尔曼（Harold Clurman）和查尔·克劳福德（Cheryl Crawford）一起去苏联访问，认识了当地一些观加纳女孩安娜, 1964年Old photos/老照片卢扎拉一家，意大利，1953年1936年斯特兰德制作了《划过平原的犁》（The Plow than Broke Plains），描写美国南方腹地的工会情形。
各国公益新玩法_创新让世界不一样
2016.4c慈善观察＊＊Charity observation 日本：猛兽当“设计师”所得全部捐出为给世界野生动物基金会和一家动物园筹款，日本动物园筹款组织Mineko俱乐部请动物园里的狮子、老虎和熊“设计”了四条个性“洞洞”牛仔裤，并以高价出售了其中3条。
该组织请志愿者把牛仔布绑在轮胎等物品上，然后扔进动物园的猛兽圈里，任由猛兽们撕咬、扯拽，由此形成各种洞洞牛仔布，然后交给制衣厂，做成四条牛仔裤。
其中两条是由狮子“制作”，另外两条分别由老虎和熊“设计”。
该组织表示，这些“洞洞”牛仔裤上的图案都是由猛兽们“设计”的，而且保证每条裤子上的图案各不相同，“全球唯一”。
这些独一无二的牛仔裤通过拍卖网站被出售，三条一共卖出3500美元，其中一条由狮子“设计”的牛仔裤卖出1500美元高价。
怎么样，想不想来一条……各国公益新玩法创新让世界不一样说起做公益，最先映入你脑海的画面是什么呢？捐款捐物、义务支教、做志愿者……是不是觉得很没新鲜感？今天就给大家介绍一些非常新奇、非常有趣、非常好玩，而且可参与性也很强的公益案例。
公益并没有固定的模式，有想法就去做吧。
公益慈善也不是基金会、公益组织等专业机构和人士的专利。
只要愿意，每个人都可以参与其中，并从中得到乐趣。
在这个过程中，你还会发现一个不一样的自己！图片 ︳日本：猛兽当“设计师” 所得全部捐出图片 ︳美国：比萨传递计划美国：比萨传递计划在美国费城，有一家特别火爆的比萨店。
从门脸看，这家店没什么特别，但一进门，顾客首先看到的不是桌椅板凳，而是贴满整面墙的五颜六色的便利贴。
很多人通过它表达感谢：“上帝会祝福你，这是我今天吃到的唯一一餐。
”“谢谢店老板，我现在又有了工作，明天就会上班。
”……之所以人气爆棚，源自店老板梅森•沃特曼2014年推出的创意——来店里买比萨的顾客可以多花1美元，为有需要的人预留一块比萨，沃特曼将此命名为“比萨传递计划”。
经过传播之后，很多人跑到店里表示，要为无家可归者提供帮助。
桑迪·斯各格兰德
桑迪·斯各格兰德——女性摄影家视角中的现实内容提要：进入20世纪以来，摄影图像开始在当代艺术中的地位开始慢慢提高。
而摄影也以其自身的实践证明它自身仍然富于活力并且给其它艺术样式注入了活力。
它以自身的表现来证明现当代绘画可以表现的视觉感知艺术摄影同样可以做的很好。
比如美国后现代摄影家桑迪·斯各格兰德的装置摄影艺术就完全体现了这一点。
她的作品具有很浓厚的超现实主义意味，通过这种手法向人们表达一位女性对现实的幽默讽刺。
关键词：桑迪·斯各格兰德装置摄影超现实女性正文1．关于桑迪·斯各格兰德桑迪·斯各格兰德（sandy skoglund ），美国当代装置摄影家，1946年出生于美国马萨诸塞州东部的昆西，1964年至1968年，他在马萨诸塞州北安普顿的史密斯学院学习了艺术与艺术史，之后，她继续自己的学业。
1969年毕业于爱荷华州大学，学习了电影制作、版画雕刻艺术以及多媒体艺术。
1971年拿到了她的文学硕士学位，1972年拿到绘画的美术硕士学位。
1972年，斯各格兰德移民到了纽约，开始了她的观念艺术生涯。
通过她的符号标记以及图片拷贝技术来处理各种复杂的、导向过程的作品。
接下来，斯各格兰德希望能用她的观念思想文件带领她走向摄影。
这种摄影技术的兴趣混合了她对流行文化以及商业图片策略，直接形成了我们今天所熟悉的她的装置摄影。
斯各格兰德目前生活在新泽西的泽西市。
桑迪·斯各格兰德是一位美国摄影师和装置艺术家，她花费几个月的时间，通过建立复杂的设置或者静态画面，通过仔细的进行颜色选择和其他物品而建立了超现实主义摄影。
最终，与演员一起完成最终的拍摄。
这样的工作特点是极其繁琐的选题，形成鲜明对比的色彩或者单色的色彩组合。
代表作品有《狐狸的游戏》，《冷战》，《行走在蛋壳上》，《巴黎的猫》等等。
2. 桑迪·斯各格兰德作品所表达的思想桑迪·斯各格兰德作品大多都是以两面夹角墙为中心展开的，这样显得画面纵深，透视感强烈，配以强烈的色彩反差之后造成了巨大的视觉冲击感，让人过目难忘，遐想万分，是一位很有特点的摄影家。
C4·毕加索(080726)
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传播效果
15家专业媒体及网站，110家其他 媒体，其中 5家重点汽车杂志封面及内文 媒体
V发现·生活 发现·
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时尚动感派对
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通发稿件： 我有我精彩，爱上C4 Piccaso》 通发稿件：《我有我精彩，爱上C4 Piccaso》 稿件方向：从产品入手，找到C4 Piccaso与众不同的地方 以车的高品位,阐释其倡导的“visiospace” 理念, 与众不同的地方， 稿件方向：从产品入手，找到C4 Piccaso与众不同的地方，以车的高品位,阐释其倡导的“visiospace” 理念,印证其带来 V”生活风潮 生活风潮. 的“V”生活风潮. 表现形式
V发现·生活——Visiospace路拍行动
•主题：驱动C4 picasso 驱动生活 •形式：线上报名，Visiospace路拍行动，在C4 picasso minisite上完成 上完成
路拍新闻
V发现·生活 发现·
发稿件: 约会C4 最符合visiospace理念人选将获使用权》 visiospace理念人选将获使用权 发稿件: 《约会C4 Piccaso 最符合visiospace理念人选将获使用权》 稿件方向: 发布“最符合visiospace理念” visiospace理念 将获得若干年C4 Piccaso免费使用权的消息 同时加入对C4 免费使用权的消息。 稿件方向: 发布“最符合visiospace理念”的人 ，将获得若干年C4 Piccaso免费使用权的消息。同时加入对C4 Piccaso 品牌的理解和阐释，突出其“visiospace”理念带来的精彩“v”生活 品牌的理解和阐释，突出其“visiospace”理念带来的精彩“v”生活 表现形式: 表现形式:
Harvard Reference
2nd Edition: Updated December 2007University of WollongongAuthor-Date (Harvard) Referencing Guide2008This guide was jointly produced by staff in the University Library, Learning Development and CEDIRThe style has been adapted from the publicationStyle Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers 2002 (6th edition)About this GuideAccurate referencing is critical to quality academic writing and avoidance of plagiarism. To assist students to develop this important skill, the need for a nominated style – in the absence of an established discipline-specific style – was identified by the University's Academic Senate: That Academic Senate approve the proposal that the University adopt the HarvardReferencing System as the default referencing system to be used in the absence ofdocumented Faculty/Discipline preferred referencing techniques, to be effective from2004Academic Senate 2003, Resolution 111/03, Minutes from 19/11/2003, UOW, WollongongAs the Harvard Referencing System has many variations, the Library, Learning Development and CEDIR have collaborated to produce the UOW Author-Date (Harvard) Referencing Guide.The Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers (2002) was used as the basis for tailoring the Guide. Other reputable sources were consulted for consistency, particularly when dealing with resource types not addressed in the Style Manual. Reference entries for additional resource types were developed based upon those included in the Style Manual. It is still not possible to include all variations, particularly as new resources are constantly emerging.At times you will still need to adapt the existing reference type examples to create an appropriate equivalent.Feedback on the guide may be sent to.au/scripts/WebObjects.exe/ccc.woa/wa/feedbackHow to Use this Guide•Remember, the keys to good referencing are1. Accuracy2. Consistency – make sure you apply the same principles and conventions through the entiredocument3. Verification – make sure there is enough information to help your reader locate the resourceIf the examples provided do not exactly match the elements of the resource youwish to reference:•Look carefully at a similar reference type and use the Format of keyelements, together with the examples provided, to construct entries in-text and within the reference list•If some of the key elements cannot be found, include as much detail asyou can•Always check with your lecturer or tutor for clarification, as the accuracy of your referencing is part of the assessment of your work•Refer to the Glossary for definitions of resource types, terms used and standard abbreviations AcknowledgementsStyle Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers 2002, 6th edn, John Wiley, Queensland.Learning Connection 2006, Referencing Using the Harvard Author-Date System, University of South Australia, accessed 23/6/2006,.au/learningconnection/student/learningAdvisors/documents/harvard-referencing.pdf2nd Edition: Updated December 2007AReference type Example of in-text reference Example of entry in reference listABS/AustralianBureau of StatisticsSee Statistics PublicationAdvertisement See Ephemera: AdvertisementAnnual Report See ReportArchival Material Note: Archival material needs to be referenced in accordance with National Archives of Australia guidelines. Please see UOW Archives' Citing Archival Material .au/archives/guides/citearch.htmlMcCaffrey’s thoughts suggest … (NWUA: McCaffrey; D92/5, Notebooks). Wollongong University Archives: Francis McCaffrey; D92, Francis McCaffrey Collection, 1865-1932; D92/5, Notebooks.Artwork Format of key elementsArtist’s family name, Initial(s) year of production, Title of Artwork, material, held at location of gallery, museum, etc.Painting Lysistrata 1 (Boyd 1971) illustrates a key image of … Boyd, A 1971, Lysistrata 1, painting, held at Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney.Photograph(Online)The presentation of Pompeii by Levin (1995) is aclassic …Levin, A 1995, Levin-1, photograph, Pompeii Forum Project ArchivalProjects: General Views, accessed 9/1/2007,/pompeii/images/b-w/levin/small/levin-1.gifPhotograph (Unpublished)The photo of the protea … (Smith 2006). Smith, G 2006, ‘Flowers in our garden 4’, photograph, in possession of theauthor, Shellharbour, NSW.When a work is unpublished, the title is placed in quotation marks and notitalicised. See Image In Another Source for a photograph appearing withinanother source.Sculpture The Lawrence Hargrave Memorial (Flugelman 1988) demonstrates … Flugelman, B 1988, Lawrence Hargrave Memorial, sculpture, held at Mt Keira escarpment, base of the walk to the Summit Track, Keiraville, NSW.Audiovisual Work Format of key elementsTitle year of production/broadcast, format, Publisher, Place of Recording, day and month of broadcast.Notes:•Only include the day and month of broadcast when applicable•This list of audiovisual works is not exhaustive. Use this reference format as a guide to help reference other audiovisual worksFilm The film, An Inconvenient Truth (2006), suggestsa … An Inconvenient Truth 2006, film, Paramount Classics and Participant Productions.Radio Program The plight of indigenous communities was talkedof … (Blackchat with Paulette Whitton 2006). Blackchat with Paulette Whitton 2006, radio program, Koori Radio, Strawberry Hills, NSW, 12 October.Television Program Several problems related to media control werepresented … (Lateline 2006). Lateline 2006, television program, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Sydney, 20 September.Video Director, Pellizzari, frames the narrative from …(Rabbit on the Moon 1987).Rabbit on the Moon 1987, videorecording, Australian Film and Television.Video (DVD)Discipline involves … (Positive Discipline 2006). Positive Discipline: A Creative Alternative for Parents and Teachers 2006,DVD, Meridian Education Corporation, Bloomington, Illinois.Video (Online)See Website: Web VideoBReference type Example of in-text reference Example of entry in reference listBlog SeeWebsite: Weblog4 of 29Book Format of key elementsAuthor’s family name, Initial(s) year, Title of Book, Publisher, Place of Publication.ORAuthor’s family name, Initial(s) year, Title of Book, Series Title, description of work, edition, Editor (ed.) or other contributor,Publisher, Place of Publication.Note: The second version above expands on the first to include elements less commonly found. Include the following elementsonly if applicable:• Series Title•description of work - such as catalogue number or organisation for which a work is prepared•edition - only include for an edition other than the first edition•Editor (ed.) or other contributor - may include compiler (comp.), reviser (rev.), translator (trans.) or illustrator (ill.)1 Author Levy (2007) illustrates these issues … Levy, J 2007, Racing through History: Stock Cars then to Now, Children’sPress, New York.2 or3 Authors This view is noted by Sulsky and Smith (2005,p43) …OR… is one of the causes of stress (Sulsky & Smith2005, p43). Sulsky, L & Smith, C 2005, Work Stress, Thomson/Wadsworth, Belmont, California.When an in-text reference forms part of asentence, use the word and to link authors'names. Use an ampersand (&) when the in-textreference is inside brackets.Always use an ampersand (&) for multiple authors in the reference list.McCrum, Cran and MacNeil (1986) note that … McCrum, R, Cran, W & MacNeil, R 1986, The Story of English, Faber &Faber, London.More than 3 Authors Based on this premise, the study (Malinowski etal. 1999, p106)supports …Malinowski, W, Larsen, AA, Ngu, B & Fairweather, S 1999, Human Geography, Routledge, New York.No Author A History of Reclamation in the West (2000) is an interesting work that provides ... A History of Reclamation in the West 2000, History Program, Bureau of Reclamation, Salt Lake City, Utah.No Date Aguilar (n.d.) creates a character who … Aguilar, G n.d., Home Influence, James Nisbet, London.E-book Library Catalogue The electronic age has demanded changes inleadership (Cohan 2002, p6) where once …Cohan, PS 2002, E-leaders, Capstone Publishing, Oxford, UK, accessed31/8/2006, University of Wollongong Library.5 of 29E-book Database Rubin’s (2001) comprehensive coverage of thelatest animated and other videos …Rubin, M 2001, The Little Digital Video Book, Peachpit Press, Berkeley,California, accessed 17/11/2006, Safari Books Online database.E-book Online Totten’s (1836) text about algebra led the way fora ...Totten, S 1836, A New Introduction to the Science of Algebra: Designed forStudents in Colleges, and the Higher Schools and Academies, FJHuntington, Hartford, accessed 17/11/2006,/books?vid=OCLC05752750&id=Rn8AAAAAMAAJ&printsec=titlepage&dq=science&as_brr=1The trend towards digitising classic literature canbe seen in the release of … (Dickens 1997).Dickens, C 1997, The Project Gutenberg eBook of Bleak House, accessed12/1/2007 /dirs/etext97/blkhs12h.htm2nd or Later Edition A program should reflect in its design a logicalpathway ... (Farrell 2007). Farrell, J 2007, Programming Logic and Design: Comprehensive, 4th edn, Thomson Course Technology, Boston, Massachusetts.Edited, Revised or Compiled, NoAuthor Cinema during the Great War was anothermedium for propaganda … (Wexman 2006).Wexman, VW (ed.) 2006, A History of Film, 6th edn, Pearson/A & B, Boston.Edited, Revised or Compiled, WithAuthor The tragic flaw of the main protagonist inCoriolanus (Shakespeare 1976) …Shakespeare, W 1976, Coriolanus, The Arden Shakespeare, PhilipBrockbank (ed.), Methuen, London.Include the publication date of the edition used. The Arden Shakespeare isthe Series title.Edited, More Than 3 Editors The editors Horngren et al. (1996) claim politicalprofessional ethics …Horngren, CT, Foster, G, Datar, SM, Black, T & Gray, P (eds) 1996, CostAccounting in Australia: A Managerial Emphasis, Prentice Hall, Sydney.In a Language OtherThan English Sand (1932) describes ... Sand, G 1932, Histoire de ma Vie (History of my Life), Calmann-Levy, Paris.ORSand, G 1932, History of my Life (in French), Calmann-Levy, Paris.In a Language OtherThan English, Personal Translation Dante (1975, p5) began his poem with “Nelmezzo del cammin di nostra vita” [In the middleof our lives (my translation)].Dante 1975, La Divina Commedia, Piccola Biblioteca Einaudi Testi, Torino.In a Language OtherThan English,PublishedTranslation The author (De Certeau 1984) concludes … De Certeau, M 1984, The Practice of Everyday Life, trans. S Rendall,University of California Press, Berkeley.Give the publication date of the edition being used if it is not the same dateas the original edition.6 of 29Chapter Restraint is crucial in maintaining … (Rose 2002).Rose, DB 2002, ‘Good hunters’, in Country of the Heart: An IndigenousAustralian Homeland, Aboriginal Studies Press for the Australian Institute ofAboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, Canberra, pp77-113.Chapter in an EditedBook Community and ideas of nationhood are complex… (Anderson 1995).Anderson, I 1995, ‘Aboriginal nation(s)?’, in S Perera (ed.), Asian & PacificInscriptions: Identities, Ethnicities, Nationalities, La Trobe University Schoolof English, Bundoora, Victoria, pp65-82.Multiple Works by the Same Author Research (Hess 1993, 1997) has concluded … Hess, DJ 1993, Science in the New Age: The Paranormal, its Defenders andDebunkers, and American Culture, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison,Wisconsin.Hess, DJ 1997, Can Bacteria Cause Cancer? Alternative Medicine ConfrontsBig Science, New York University Press, New York.Multiple Works by the Same Author in the Same Year Recent studies have revealed the causes ofnurses’ absence are … (Preston 1990a, 1990b).Preston, AC 1990a, Multivariate Analysis of Nurses’ Absence Behaviour,Business Research and Development Fund of the Confederation of WesternAustralian Industry, East Perth, WA.Preston, AC 1990b, Theories and Causes of Labour Absence: Reconcilingthe Economic and Psychology Approaches, Business Research andDevelopment Fund of the Confederation of Western Australian Industry, EastPerth, WA.Material Accompanying aBook Supplementary tables (Keller 2005) indicatetrends …Keller, G 2005, Statistics for Management and Economics, 7th edn, CD-ROM, Thomson Brooks/Cole, Belmont, California.Book Citing AnotherSourceSee Work Citing Another SourceBrochure See Ephemera: BrochureCReference type Example of in-text reference Example of entry in reference list Chapter SeeBook: ChapterBook: Chapter in an Edited BookComputer Program See Software7 of 29ConferenceUnpublished Paper Mayoral et al. (2005) suggest that surgery … Mayoral, R, Tsagarakis, N, Petrone, M, Clapworthy, G, Caldwell, D &Zannoni, C 2005, ‘Integration of haptic and visual modalities for a total hipreplacement planning system’, paper presented to the Third InternationalConference on Medical Information Visualisation - Biomedical Visualisation(MediVis 2005), London, England, 5-7 July 2005.Published Paper(Online)It has been suggested that planning for total hipreplacement … (Mayoral et al. 2005).Mayoral, R, Tsagarakis, N, Petrone, M, Clapworthy, G, Caldwell, D &Zannoni, C 2005, ‘Integration of haptic and visual modalities for a total hipreplacement planning system’, in Proceedings of the Third InternationalConference on Medical Information Visualisation - Biomedical Visualisation(MediVis 2005), London, England, 5-7 July 2005, accessed 3/10/2006, IEEEXplore database.Published Paper(Print)O’Connor (2005) suggests that academic writingis often …O’Connor, L 2005, ‘Writing, identity and ways of knowing in science’, inProceedings of the 2005 Annual International Conference of the Associationof Tertiary Learning Advisors Aotearoa/New Zealand (ATLAANZ), Dunedin,New Zealand, 15-17 November 2005.Proceeding Grigg and Bond (2005) highlighted the issues in learning support so that … Grigg, G & Bond, C (eds) 2005, Supporting Learning in the 21st Century: Proceedings of the 2005 Annual International Conference of the Association of Tertiary Learning Advisors Aotearoa/New Zealand (ATLAANZ), Dunedin, New Zealand, 15-17 November 2005.Course Material See •E-reading•Lecture/PresentationCourse Reader Kegan-Gardiner (2005) argues that men … Kegan-Gardiner, J 2005, ‘Men, masculinities and feminist theory’, in Kimmel,MS, Hearn, J & Connell, RW (eds), Handbook of Studies on Men andMasculinities, Routledge, London, pp35-50, SOC330 Gender and SocietyCourse Reader Spring 2006, University of Wollongong.DReference type Example of in-text reference Example of entry in reference listDictionary Entry See Encyclopedia/DictionaryDiscussion SeePersonal Communication8 of 29EReference type Example of in-text reference Example of entry in reference list eduStream SeeLecture/PresentationElectronic Book See Book: E-bookEmail SeePersonal CommunicationEncyclopedia/ Dictionary Note: If no author or editor is identified in an encyclopedia/dictionary, the necessary information is given in the text and an entry in the reference list is optional.No Author The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (1993, p66)defines ‘amercement’ as … The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 1993, 4th edn, Oxford University Press, Oxford.With Author/Editor(Online)A weblog is … (Ince 2001). Ince, D (ed.) 2001, A Dictionary of the Internet, accessed 29/11/2006, OxfordReference Online database.With Author/Editor(Print)A bureaucracy is … (Bendix 1968).Bendix, R 1968, ‘Bureaucracy’, in International Encyclopedia of the SocialSciences, vol.2, pp206-217.Ephemera Format of key elementsPrint: Author’s family name, Initial(s) year, Title, format, Publisher, Place of Publication.Object: Author’s family name, Initial(s) year, Title, format, viewed date, location details.Notes:•It is important when citing ephemera to describe the item and provide details of the source in the appropriate format•This list of ephemera is not exhaustive. Use this reference format as a guide to help reference other forms of ephemera•For online examples, see also Website: Web PageAdvertisement Advertisements like Lindt’s (2005) ‘IntenseIndulgence’ seduce consumers with … Lindt 2005, ‘Intense Indulgence’, Vogue Entertaining & Travel, Aug/Sept, p161.… the reminder to motorists displayed…(RTA n.d.). RTA n.d., How Fast are You Going Now?, billboard, viewed 7/1/2007, Princes Highway, Heathcote, NSW.Brochure (Online)The plan (Library Business Plan Summary 2006)hopes to …Library Business Plan Summary 2006, University of Wollongong Library,Wollongong, NSW, accessed 4/10/2006,.au/about/planning/pdfs/busplansummary.pdfBrochure(Print)The brochure (Opera: 2007 Sydney Opera HouseLife Amplified 2006) advertises the program for …Opera: 2007 Sydney Opera House Life Amplified 2006, brochure, Sydney.9 of 29Theatre/ConcertTicket The design of Chris Isaak's concert tickets ...(Chris Isaak Concert 2006).Chris Isaak Concert 2006, concert ticket, WIN Entertainment Centre, 20November.Equation See FormulaE-reading Notes:•When the e-reading is a link to a database, cite as for a Journal Article•When the e-reading is a link to a web page, cite as for a web page•When the item is scanned by the Library, add the access date and the words University of Wollongong Library e-readings Chapter It has been suggested … (Kell 2001, p34). Kell, P 2001, ‘Futures in the new globalised education markets’, in MKalantzis & A Pandian (eds), Literacy Matters: Issues for New Times,Common Ground, Altona, Victoria, accessed 25/10/2006, University ofWollongong Library e-readings.Journal Article It is important to note … (Cotterall 1995). Cotterall, S 1995, ‘Developing a course strategy for learner autonomy’, ELTJournal, vol.49, no.3, pp219-227, accessed 1/9/2006, University ofWollongong Library e-readings.FReference type Example of in-text reference Example of entry in reference listFilm SeeAudiovisual Work: FilmFigure The data as presented in Figure iv (Crystal 1997,p227) ...However, if the figure, table or graph isreproduced in your work, also include a referenceto the original within your caption or label, e.g.... (Crystal 1997, p227, fig.iv). Crystal, D 1997, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, 2nd edn Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Formula … as an exemplar of a complex application(Johnson 2003, eqs 5.2-5.6).Johnson, P 2003, Equations in Modern Science, Palgrave, London.10 of 29Reference type Example of in-text reference Example of entry in reference list GovernmentPublicationSee also Legal MaterialHansard/ ParliamentaryDebate (Commonwealth)Mr Braithwaite (Australia, House ofRepresentatives, Debates, 1989, p379) drewattention to ...Australia, House of Representatives 1989, Debates, vol.HR165, pp379-552.(Online)Mr Braithwaite (Australia, House ofRepresentatives, Debates, 1989) drew attentionto ... Australia, House of Representatives 1989, Debates, vol.HR165, pp379-552, accessed 14/2/2007,.au/piweb/TranslateWIPILink.aspx?Folder=HANSA RDR&Criteria=DOC_DATE:1989-03-02%3BSEQ_NUM:147%3BParliamentary Paper Sources of funding report … (Australia,Parliament 1999, Aboriginal and Torres StraitIslander Commercial Development CorporationAnnual Report 1998-99, Parl. Paper 414). Australia, Parliament 1999, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commercial Development Corporation Annual Report 1998-99, Parl. Paper 414, Canberra.Report Ergas (1986, p23) identified two consequences created by geographical dispersion. Ergas, H 1986, Telecommunications and the Australian Economy, Report to the Department of Communications, AGPS, Canberra.Report by a Government Agency The Australian Sports Drug Agency (2004, p16)lists alcohol, beta blockers ...Australian Sports Drug Agency 2004, Anti-Doping Information Handbook,Australian Sports Drug Agency, Canberra.Graph SeeFigure HReference type Example of in-text reference Example of entry in reference list Hansard See Government Publication: Hansard/Parliamentary DebateReference type Example of in-text reference Example of entry in reference listImage In Another Source See also •Artwork•FigureBook The filmmaker often depicts characters viewed through a windshield, as the actor Dennis Hopperappears … (Cook & Gemunden 1997, p224). Cook, RF & Gemunden, G (eds) 1997, The Cinema of Wim Wenders: Image, Narrative, and the Postmodern Condition, Wayne State University Press, Detroit, Michigan.Newspaper Article The Traveston Dam site is captured byphotographer Mechielsen (in Roberts 2007, p4),providing background to …ORThe Traveston Dam site is captured byphotographer Mechielsen (2007, p4), providingbackground to ...Roberts, G 2007, ‘Dam blow for Beattie from federal Labor’, The Australian, 9 January, p4. Photograph by Les Mechielsen.When credit is given to the creator of the image in another source, list the creator at the end of the reference for that source.ORMechielsen, L 2007, ‘Inappropriate’, photograph, The Australian, 9 January, p4.Web Page Barnes’ (n.d.) image of the type of sculpture is … Barnes, G n.d., Wollongong - Monuments and Statues - Nike, P06\P06805,Wollongong, JPEG, accessed 12/02/2005.au/IllaIms/jsmall/P06/P06805.jpg Interview SeePersonal CommunicationJ-KReference type Example of in-text reference Example of entry in reference listJournal Article Format of key elementsAuthor’s family name, Initial(s) year, ‘Title of article’, Title of Journal, volume, issue number, page range, accessed date,database name (or URL).Note: Only include access date and database name (or URL) for journals accessed online1 Author Feinstein’s (2006) positive review claims … Feinstein, S 2006, ‘After daybreak: the liberation of Bergen-Belsen, 1945’,History, vol.34, no.3, pp89-90.2 or3 Authors Although Wong and Pang (2000, pp14-15)suggest that the moral character of a nurse …Wong, T & Pang, S 2000, ‘Holism and caring: nursing in the Chinese health care culture’, Holistic Nursing Practice, vol.15, no.1, pp12-21.Strong, Silver and Perini (1999) provide a strong connection between …OR... 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ORBlair, DJ 1996, ‘Beyond the metaphor: football and war, 1914-1918’, Journal of the Australian War Memorial, no.28, accessed 15/5/2007,.au/journal/j28/j28-blai.htmMultiple Worksby the Same AuthorSee Book: Multiple Works by the Same Author and apply the same principlesJournal CitingAnother SourceSee Work Citing Another SourceLReference type Example of in-text reference Example of entry in reference listLecturePresentation Adams (2006) noted that … Adams, M 2006, The Stolen Generation, lecture, ABST150 Introduction toAboriginal Australia, University of Wollongong, delivered 10 August.Audio (eduStream)Adams (2006) spoke about … Adams, M 2006, The Stolen Generation, audio recording of lecture,ABST150 Introduction to Aboriginal Australia, University of Wollongong,delivered 10 August.Lecture Notes(Online)Lu (2006) discussed ... Lu, X 2006, MATH142 ‘Sequences and series’, lecture notes, accessed25/10/2006, eLearning@UOW.For online lecture notes available through e-readings, see E-reading.Lecture Notes(Print)Puotinen provides practice in … (2006, p12).Puotinen, M 2006, EESC304 Geographic Information Systems Ex2.3Practical Exercise Notes, Faculty of Science, University of Wollongong.Legal Material Notes:•The list of legal materials is not exhaustive. 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岛屿生态地理学理论【岛屿生物地理学理论与生物多样性保护】
岛屿的面积和
隔离程度都影响鸟类物种的数目
２
当一个物种占据某个
岛屿后
就会在一定程度上由该物种的选择方向时期
建立种效应
Ｆｏｕｎｄｅｒ ｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅ
简单他说是指一个传播体
建立种的等位基因数量相对较少
遗传变异将逐渐得到恢复环境条件下岛屿同种种群和纯合水平的提高
研究种群大小对后代种群遗传变异的影响
所谓最小动态面积是指能够包含较复杂的生境类型
１９７５
ＭａｒｑｕｅｓａｓＭａｒｉａｎａｓ ＩｓｌａｎｄｓＰｅｌｅｗ Ｐａｌａｕ Ｉｓｌａｎｄｓ
Ｓｏｍｏａ
Ｆｉｊｉ
１６
Ｒｅｎｅｌｌ Ｉａｌａｎｄｓ
Ｄ＇Ｅｎｔｒｅｃａｓｔｅａｕｘ Ｉｓｌａｎｄｓ
我们就可得到生态学中的所谓
１９１３
Ａｒｒｈｅｎｉｕｓ
１９２５
Ｄｉａｍｏｎｄ和
Ｍａｙｒ
１９６２ａＭｃＱｕｉｎｎｅｓｓ
将这一关系用
它已经扩展到陆地生境岛屿的研
究中去
然后介绍了其在自然
保护区和保护庇护所景观片断化是形成生境岛屿的重要原因之一
２ 岛屿生物地理学理论
２
Ｉｎｓｕｌａｒｉｔｙ
形状和隔离程度不同的岛屿
例如
类活动的影响
１９５６
１９７２
Ｔｒｕｅ ｏｃｅａｎｉｃ ｉｓｌａｎｄｓ
岛屿上的物种数目曾经同其原来相连的陆地相同
陆地桥岛屿由于地质的原因
那么ｚ值可能增加经过对数转换后ＩｓｏｌａｔｅＳａｍｐｌｅ而样本则是群落中的部分个体样本的ｚ值要比隔离种群小１２１７１８３５之间ＭａｃＡｒｔｈｕｒ和Ｗｉｌｓｏｎ
面积曲线以及ｚ值的狭窄范围主要是由于下列两方面引起的
其二是个体总数和物种数目之间的关系非常接近对数正态分布Ｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｓｐｅｃｉｅｓ ａｂｕｎｄａｎｃｅ
Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2008
Arch Orthop Trauma Surg (2008) 128:1339–1344DOI 10.1007/s00402-008-0571-4BASIC SCIENCEImmunological puri W cation of rat precartilaginous stem cells and construction of the immortalized cell strainShuwei Zhang · Anmin Chen · Weihua Hu ·Minghui Li · Hui Liao · Wentao Zhu ·Dengxin Song · Fengjing GuoReceived: 27 June 2007 / Published online: 5 February 2008© Springer-Verlag 2008Abstract Precartilaginous stem cells (PCSC) are adult stem cells that control limb growth of animals and can di V er-entiate directionally. In a previous study, PCSC was reported to begin di V erentiating at the W fth passage; therefore, su Y-cient uni-phenotype PCSC cannot be harvested from primary cell culture. The purpose of this study was to examine whether simian virus 40 large T antigen gene (SV40Tag) could induce rat PCSC to immortalize. Immunomagnetic separation was used to isolate PCSC labeled with W broblast growth factor receptor-3 (FGFR-3). Plasmid pCMVSV40T/ PUR containing SV40Tag was transfected into PCSC by liposome transfection method. One anti-puromycin cell clone was obtained, which was con W rmed as FGFR-3 posi-tive, and expanded to immortalized cell strain. Results from RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry demonstrated that SV40Tag was highly expressed at both mRNA and protein levels after stable transfection. The cells transfected with SV40Tag were expanded to immortalized cell strain, which could maintain its characteristics for 30 passages, named immortalized precartilaginous stem cells (IPCSC). IPCSC were short fusiform or triangular cells with two or three short axons. Immunocytochemistry results of FGFR-3 and Colla-gen II demonstrated that IPCSC retained the characteristics of PCSC and the high proliferation capability of IPCSC was con W rmed by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay. Therefore,we concluded that rat precartilaginous stem cells were puri-W ed and immortalized precartilaginous stem cell strain was established. It may provide a stable cell resource for basic research and cell transplantation therapies.Keywords Precartilaginous stem cells · Immunological puri W cation · Simian virus 40 · Immortalization IntroductionThe applications of chondrocytes in scienti W c and clinical research are su V ocated because of the poor reproductive activ-ity of chondrocytes in vivo and the phenotype’s inclination to change in vitro [1, 2]. Precartilaginous stem cells (PCSC) are adult stem cells which control limb growth of animals and can di V erentiate directionally [3]. PCSC can be used as seed cells of tissue engineering for substitute therapies of cartilage and bone defects [4]. Because PCSC begin di V erentiating at the W fth passage, su Y cient uni-phenotype PCSC cannot be harvested from primary cell culture [5]. Establishing immortalized precartilaginous stem cell (IPCSC) strain may provide a stable cell resource for basic research and cell transplantation. To establish IPCSC strain, primary PCSC was puri W ed by immunological puri W cation method and was transfected with plasmid containing SV40Tag in this study.Materials and methodsCell isolation, puri W cation, and cultureEight Sprague-Dawley rats born within 24h were provided by the animal center of Tongji Medical College. AfterS. Zhang · A. Chen · W. Hu · M. Li · H. Liao · W. Zhu · D. Song · F. Guo (&)Department of Orthopedics,Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,1095 Jiefang avenue, 430030 Wuhan, Hubei, Chinae-mail: fjguo@being sacri W ced in a carbon dioxide container, skin and soft tissues surrounding distal femurs and proximal tibias were aseptically removed under an operating microscope (10£). After perichondriums were removed and physises were separated from epiphysis, thin tangential slices of the artic-ular surface and underlying epiphyseal cartilage were removed with a scalpel until the La Croix rings were seen at both sides of the epiphyseal plate. The La Croix rings were cut down and cut into tiny slices of size 1£1mm. After several rinses in D-Hanks’, each slice was digested for 5min with Complete™ Trypsin Solution (Chemicon Inter-national Inc., CA, USA). Then, each slice was digested overnight with 0.1% collagenase type I (Sigma Chemical Co., MO, USA) at 37°C in a CO2 incubator. The cells were W ltered through a 30 m W lter (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany), centrifuged at 1,000 rpm for 8min, and washed twice with D-Hanks’. The cells were then resuspended in EmbryoMax™-DMEM (Chemicon) with 10ng/ml bFGF (PeproTech Inc., NJ, USA), 10ng/ml EGF (PeproTech), and 0.9% FBS (Gibco BRL Div. of Invitro-gen, Gaithersburg, MD, USA).Forty-eight hours later, the cells were digested by Com-plete™ Trypsin Solution, centrifuged at 1,000rpm for 8min and resuspended in bu V er (PBS, 5g/l BSA, 2mmol/l EDTA, pH 7.2). The cells were W ltered through a 30 m W lter and incubated for 15min at room temperature with rabbit polyclonal FGFR-3 antibody (c-15) (1:100, Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc., CA, USA). After being washed twice with bu V er to remove the unbound antibody, the cells were incubated for 15min at room temperature with goat anti-rabbit IgG microbeads (20 l goat anti-rabbit IgG microbeads and 80 l bu V er for every 107 cells, Miltenyi). After being washed twice with bu V er to remove the unbound IgG microbeads, the cells were resuspended in bu V er and added into the MS Column (Miltenyi). Accord-ing to the instructions, the FGFR-3 positive PCSC were obtained and resuspended in EmbryoMax™-DMEM with 10ng/ml bFGF, 10ng/ml EGF, and 0.9% FBS and cultured at 37°C in a CO2 incubator.Identi W cation of PCSC by immunocytochemistryThe second passage of PCSC and chondrocytes (conserved by our lab) were W xed for 30min in 4% paraformaldehyde at 4°C and washed three times in PBS. After that, the cells were incubated for 20min at room temperature in 0.1% Triton-X100. According to the instructions of SP/DAB kit (Zhongshan GoldenBridge Biotechnology Co., Beijing, China), the cells were stained with FGFR-3 antibody (1:100). The negative control group used PBS instead of FGFR-3 antibody. At last, the nuclei of these cells were stained with hematoxylin.Cell transfection and screeningE. coli DH-5 containing plasmid pCMVSV40T/PUR (pro-vided by Jan Holgersson, Division of Clinical Immunology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden) was ampli W ed in LB with 25 g/ml ampicillin and 10 g/ml tetracycline for 12–16h. Plasmid pCMVSV40T/PUR was extracted according to the instruction of AxyPrep plasmids DNA kit (Axygen Biosciences, CA, USA) and digested by restric-tion enzyme Xho I and Not I (Toyobo Bio, Osaka, Japan). The product was identi W ed by agarose gel electrophoresis.PCSC were cultured in 24-well plates until the con X u-ency was 80–90%. The previous medium was removed and 500 l Opti-MEM (Invitrogen Corporation, CA, USA) was added into each well. An amount of 0.8 g plasmid pCMVSV40T/PUR was diluted into 50 l Opti-MEM.A volume of 2.5 l of Lipofectamine™ 2000 (Invitrogen) was diluted into 50 l Opti-MEM and incubated for 5min at room temperature. After the 5-min incubation, the diluted plasmid and diluted Lipofectamine™ 2000 were mixed gently and incubated for 20min at room tempera-ture. A volume of 100 l of the complexes was added to each well. PCSC were incubated at 37°C in a CO2 incuba-tor for 5h. Then the medium was changed to complete medium.Transfected cells were incubated for 2days and then screened with 0.8 g/ml puromycin (active concentration). Five days later, the concentration of puromycin was reduced to 0.5 g/ml. Puromycin-resistant cell clones, named IPCSC, were isolated and expanded, respectively. Throughout the process of cell screening, IPCSC were cul-tured in DMEM including 10ng/ml bFGF, 10ng/ml EGF, and 0.9%FBS at 37°C in a CO2 incubator.RT-PCRTotal RNA was extracted according to the Trizol instruc-tions. An amount of 5 g total RNA was reverse-tran-scripted to cDNA which was the ampli W cation template. -Actin (product size 170bp) was ampli W ed by the upstream primer (5Ј-GTTGACATCCGTAAAGACC-3Ј) and the downstream primer (5Ј-CACCAATCCACACAGAG TA-3Ј). SV40Tag (product size 558bp) was ampli W ed by the upstream primer (5Ј-TATCTTFCAGGTTCAGGG-3Ј) and the downstream primer (5Ј-TGGAATAGTCACCATG AATG-3Ј). PCR reaction mixtures were prepared as per the instructions of PCR kit (Promega BioSciences, CA, USA). PCR was carried out by the following protocol: a 94°C denaturation step for 5min followed by 30cycles of dena-turation at 94°C for 50s, annealing at 56°C for 40s, and extension at 72°C for 40s. Extension at 72°C for 8min was performed after the cycles.Identi W cation of IPCSC by immunocytochemistryIPCSC were W xed for 30min in 4% paraformaldehyde at 4°C and washed three times in PBS. After that, the cells were incubated for 20min at room temperature in 0.1% Tri-ton-X100. Then some of the cells were stained with mouse anti-rat monoclonal SV40Tag antibody (1:100, Lab Vision Co., CA, USA) and FGFR-3 antibody (1:100) according to the instructions of SP/DAB kit and the nuclei of these cells were stained with hematoxylin. The other cells were stained with rabbit polyclonal Collagen II antibody (1:200, Abcam, Cambridge, UK) by FITC-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG (Zhongshan GoldenBridge Biotechnology Co.). The negative control group used PBS instead of the antibodies.Cell proliferation assayBromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) ELISA assayPCSC2, PCSC6, PCSC10, and IPCSC30 were collected by Complete™ Trypsin Solution, and the cell suspension (7,500 cells per 100 l) was dispensed into each well of 96-well microplates. A concentration of 1 M BrdU (Boehrin-ger Mannheim Corp.) was added to each well after 24h. After another 24h incubation, the cells were W xed with 70% ethanol containing 0.5M HCl for 30min at ¡20°C. Subsequently, DNA synthesis was assayed quantitatively by measuring BrdU incorporation into cellular DNA with an anti-BrdU antibody according to a standard cell ELISA protocol. The cells were treated with nuclease solution for 30min at 37°C, washed, and incubated with the anti-BrdU antibody labeled with peroxidase (Boehringer Mannheim Corp.) for 30min at 37°C. After washing, the samples were incubated with peroxidase substrate at room temperature for 15min. The absorbance (490nm) in the samples was determined by using a scanning multi-well spectrophotom-eter (ELISA reader, Molecular Devices Corp., Sunnyvale, CA, USA) with the excitation at 405nm.Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assayMTT assay was performed to determine the cell prolifera-tion. PCSC2, PCSC6, PCSC10, and IPCSC30 in 200 l of EmbryoMax™-DMEM with 10ng/ml bFGF, 10ng/ml EGF, and 0.9% FBS were added into a 96-well plate and incubated for 24h. Then, 20 l of 5g/l MTT solution was added to each well and incubated for another 4h at 37°C in a CO2 incubator. A volume of 150 l DMSO (Sigma) was added to dissolve the crystal after the previous medium was removed. Then, the absorbance of each well was measured at 490nm by a microplate reader. Cell growth curves of PCSC2, PCSC6, PCSC10, and IPCSC30 were obtained based on the corresponding values of A490 respectively.ResultsPCSC puri W ed by immunomagnetic technology were uni-formly short fusiform or triangular cells with two or three short axons (Fig.1). The staining of FGFR-3 antibody in PCSC was positive (Fig.2), while PBS-treated group was negative.Plasmid pCMVSV40T/PUR was identi W ed by restriction enzyme digestion (Not I and Xho I). The result of gel elec-trophoresis was completely consistent with its original atlas (Fig.3).One anti-puromycin cell clone (IPCSC) was obtained after being screened. IPCSC were short fusiform or triangu-lar cells, and there was no signi W cant di V erence in shape between PCSC and IPCSC. RT-PCR and immunocyto-chemistry results demonstrated that SV40Tag was expressed in IPCSC at mRNA and protein levels (Figs.4, 5). However, all the RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry results were negative in PCSC. Immunocytochemistry results showed FGFR-3 antibody and Collagen II antibody staining Fig.1PCSC after immunological puri W cation £100Fig.2PCSC stained with anti-FGFR-3 £200of IPCSC were positive (Figs.6, 7) and PBS-treated group was negative.BrdU ELISA assay and MTT assay results (Figs.8, 9)showed that the proliferation ability of IPCSC30, as well as PCSC2, was higher than those of PCSC6 and PCSC10(P <0.01). However, no signi W cant di V erence in the prolif-eration velocity between IPCSC30 and PCSC2 wasobserved (P >0.05). The growth curves of IPCSC30,PCSC2, PCSC6, and PCSC10 based on MTT assay showed an “S” shape, respectively. Cell number reached the highest peak after 6days.Fig.3Plasmid pCMVSV40T/PUR digested with Not I and/or Xho I.1 Digested with Not I and Xho I, 2 digested with Xho I, 3 digested with Not IFig.4mRNA expression of SV40Tag ( -actin: 170bp; SV40Tag:580bp)Fig.5IPCSC stained with anti-SV40Tag £100Fig.6IPCSC stained with anti-FGFR-3 £200Fig.7IPCSC stained with anti-Collagen II (FITC) £200DiscussionIt was Robinson et al. [3] who separated PCSC in 1999,which provided a new method of epiphysis growth research. At the same time, they found a new kind of seed cells for tissue engineering. PCSCs that laid a strong foun-dation for further research of the di V erentiation of chondro-cytes were puri W ed by Hongbo et al. [6]. However, there are still many di Y cult problems for us to overcome. First of all, we cannot harvest abundant amount of uni-phenotype PCSCs in vitro because PCSCs begin to di V erentiate at the W fth passage [5]. How to obtain enough cells is a bottleneck for tissue engineering and no answer has ever been found all over the world. Secondly, the gene and micro-environ-ment signaling pathway which control the di V erentiation of chondrocytes needs in-depth study.Simian virus 40 consists of constitutive protein (VP1,VP2, VP3) and two kinds of antigen (Large T antigen andSmall T antigen) [7]. Large T antigen is necessary to initi-ate and maintain the transformed phenotype [8]. SV40Tag is one of the e V ective and commonly used gene segments to immortalize cells in vitro by interacting with growth inhibi-tor pRB, p53, and SEN6 to avoid apoptosis and prolong the lifespan of cells. Ultimately, the immortalized cells can sur-vive during the crisis period [9]. Liposome transfection method was used in this study to transfect rat PCSC with plasmids containing SV40Tag. Southern blotting, RT-PCR,and SV40Tag staining results con W rmed that SV40Tag was successfully transfected into rat PCSC and expressed at gene and protein levels. The BrdU-ELISA assay and MTT assay con W rmed the high proliferation capability of IPCSC30. The proliferation velocity slowed down signi W -cantly after ten passages and the proliferation velocity of IPCSC30 was faster than that of PCSC10. But there was no signi W cant di V erence in the proliferation velocity between IPCSC30 and PCSC2. After being passaged 30£, there was no signi W cant di V erence in shape and biology characteris-tics between IPCSC and PCSC. All the results suggested that SV40Tag could successfully mediate rat PCSC immor-talization in vitro. Thus, SV40Tag-mediated immortalized PCSC may lay a strong foundation for further research such as the di V erentiation of chondrocytes and cell transplanta-tion therapy.Acknowledgments We thank Dr. Jan Holgersson (Division of Clin-ical Immunology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden) for the Plasmids pCMVSV40T/PUR. This work was supported by National Natural Sciences Foundation of China and Ph.D. Program Foundation of Ministry of Education of China.References1.Tscheudschilsuren G, Bosserho V AK, Schlegel J, Vollmer D, Anton A, Alt V, Schnettler R, Brandt J, Proetzel G (2006) Regulation of mesenchymal stem cell and chondrocyte di V erentiation by MIA.Exp Cell Res 312(1):63–722.Zavan B, Giorgi C, Bagnara GP, Vindigni V, Abatangelo G, Cor-tivo R (2007) Osteogenic and chondrogenic di V erentiation: compar-ison of human and rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells cultured into polymeric sca V olds. Eur J Histochem 51(Suppl 1):1–83.Robinson D, Hasharoni A, Cohen N, Yayon A, Moskowitz RM, Nevo Z (1999) Fibroblast growth factor receptor-3 as a marker for precarti-laginous stem cells. Clin Orthop Relat Res 367(Suppl):163–1754.Hongbo Y, Anmin C (2004) In vivo engineering growth-plate-like tissue by composite of alginate hydrogel and precartilaginous stem cells. Orthop Clin North Am 1(7):1–55.Yibei Z, Anmin C, Fengjing G, Shilong H, Wenhua X (2006) Cul-ture of epiphysis stem cells and their growth characteristics in vitro.Chin J Reh 21(1):79–826.Hongbo Y, Anmin C, Hao C (2004) Immunomagnetic separation to isolate and purify precartilaginous stem cells from neonate rats.Chin J Trauma 20(10):606–6087.Nakanishi A, Nakamura A, Liddington R, Kasamatsu H (2006)Identi W cation of amino acid residues within simian virus 40 capsid proteins Vp1, Vp2, and Vp3 that are required for their interaction and for viral infection. J Virol 80(18):8891–8898Fig.8BrdU ELISA results of IPCSC30, PCSC2, PCSC6, and PCSC10Fig.9Growth curves of IPCSC30, PCSC2, PCSC6, and PCSC10based on MTT assay results8.May T, Wirth D, Hauser H, Mueller PP (2005) Transcriptionallyregulated immortalization overcomes side e V ects of temperature-sensitive SV40 large T antigen. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 327(3):734–7419.Gai D, Li D, Finkielstein CV, Ott RD, Taneja P, Fanning E, ChenXS (2004) Insights into the oligomeric states, conformational changes, and helicase activities of SV40 large tumor antigen. J Biol Chem 279:38952–38959。
2008年最精美图片集锦
标题：2008年最精美图片集锦：蛇与蛙的生死较量蛇与蛙的生死较量现在看到的是一只盘绕在树枝上的猫眼树蛇与一只树蛙生死搏斗场景。
由大卫-梅特兰在进行午夜拍摄时偶然见到的生死攸关场面，这张图片在自然历史博物馆举办的野生动物摄影大赛中获“动物行为一等奖”。
2、《爱丽丝奇境迹》中的动物这是《爱丽丝奇境迹》里“疯帽先生的茶话会”的一个画面，图片中看到的昆虫是科里恩-查普拍摄的显微图像，小动物是丹尼斯-库恩科尔绘制的。
3、爱吃香蕉的甲壳虫这张是澳大利亚博物馆举办的无脊椎动物摄影大赛的获奖作品名为“爱吃香蕉的甲壳虫”，摄影作者是迈克尔米歇尔-理查德森。
4、小鸟胚胎显微照片现在看到是一张小鸟胚胎显微照片，荣获2008年尼康小世界摄影大赛“特别图片奖”，采用了体视显微术进行拍摄。
5、甲虫翅鞘特写甲虫因其五彩斑斓的颜色有时也被称之为“活宝石”。
这张图片就是虎甲翅鞘表面的特写镜头，利用了光子晶体和反射机制而形成了这样的视觉效果。
6、冲击波传播和反射图这是“尤里卡”科学摄影大赛中一幅获奖作品。
呈现的是玩具火箭头的雷管爆炸冲击波传播和反射图。
7、太阳移动路线图这张图片显示的是在英国伦敦克里夫顿吊索桥上空太阳移动路线图，拍摄时间为2007年冬至至2008年夏至之间，这是摄影师贾斯廷-奎耐尔使用针孔相机拍摄的。
8、树枝状结晶体雪花这是使用专门设计的雪花显微照相机拍摄到的树枝状结晶体雪花图片，由美国加州理工学院物理学家肯尼斯-利伯布莱切特拍摄。
通过这张照片我们可以清晰地看到这片雪花有六个分枝，分枝又有侧枝。
9、育儿袋中的生命图片中是一只还睡在育儿袋中的红袋鼠婴儿，它的母亲是孤儿，自己独自在沙漠中生活数年，后无意中闯进养牛站，最后在人工饲养下长大。
这张照片获“尤里卡”科学摄影大赛“最佳科学图片奖”。
10、《圣经》形象图这是被形象化的《圣经》图片。
图片下方的柱状图代表了《圣经》所有的1189章节。
每一个柱的长度与《圣经》中对应的章节诗句数目成比例11、电流和磁场线模拟图现在看到的这张图片是利用导电流体模拟的电流和磁场线，左侧是电流，右侧是完整的流速场。
谁是最可爱的人松骨峰战斗事例赏析英语作文
谁是最可爱的人松骨峰战斗事例赏析英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Who is the Cutest Character in Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid?Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid is an anime series that has captured the hearts of fans worldwide with its charming characters and heartwarming storylines. Among the diverse cast, there are several contenders for the title of "cutest character," each with their own unique charms and endearing qualities. In this essay, I will analyze and compare the cuteness of three main characters: Tohru, Kanna Kamui, and Lucoa, through specific examples from the series.Tohru, the main dragon character, is an immediate frontrunner for the cutest character. Her adorable design, with her petite frame, vibrant red hair, and expressive facial expressions, immediately draws viewers in. However, Tohru's cuteness extends far beyond her physical appearance. One of the most endearing aspects of her character is her unwavering devotion and loyalty to Miss Kobayashi, her human companion.Throughout the series, Tohru constantly goes out of her way to support and care for Kobayashi, whether it's cooking delicious meals, helping with household chores, or protecting her from harm.A prime example of Tohru's cuteness is her reaction when Kobayashi falls ill in episode 5. Despite her powerful dragon abilities, Tohru is rendered helpless in the face of a common cold, frantically trying various remedies and even resorting to using her tail as a makeshift humidifier. Her genuine concern and determination to nurse Kobayashi back to health are both heartwarming and endearing. Tohru's childlike innocence and tendency to misunderstand human customs also contribute to her cuteness, leading to hilarious and endearing situations.While Tohru is undoubtedly a strong contender, Kanna Kamui, the young dragon who joins the household, presents a formidable challenge in the cuteness department. Kanna's small stature, large expressive eyes, and deadpan delivery of lines create an irresistible combination of innocence and mischief. Her calm and composed demeanor, contrasted with her occasional bursts of childlike energy, make her an incredibly endearing character.One of the standout examples of Kanna's cuteness is her interactions with her newfound friend, Saikawa Riko. In episode 8, Kanna's attempts to bond with Riko by mimicking her actions, such as drinking coffee and wearing glasses, are both humorous and heartwarming. Kanna's genuine desire to connect with her human friend, despite her limited understanding of human social norms, is a testament to her pure and innocent nature.Furthermore, Kanna's unwavering loyalty to Tohru and Kobayashi, often displaying a protective and supportive nature beyond her years, only adds to her charm. Her tendency to speak in a matter-of-fact tone while expressing profound insights or offering sage advice is both comical and endearing, making her an incredibly unique and lovable character.However, no discussion of cuteness in Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid would be complete without mentioning Lucoa, the voluptuous and seductive dragon who serves as a constant source of both humor and fanservice. While her physical appearance may be the initial draw for some viewers, Lucoa's true cuteness lies in her quirky personality and surprising moments of vulnerability.One of the most memorable examples of Lucoa's cuteness is her reaction to Shouta, Kobayashi's coworker, in episode 3.Despite her sultry and flirtatious nature, Lucoa becomes flustered and tongue-tied around Shouta, revealing an unexpected shyness and innocence beneath her confident exterior. Her attempts to win Shouta's affection, while often misguided, are endearing in their sincerity, showcasing a more vulnerable side to her character.Additionally, Lucoa's genuine care and concern for Tohru and Kanna, often acting as a protective older sister figure, add depth and warmth to her character. Her willingness to put aside her own desires for the well-being of others, coupled with her playful and mischievous nature, create a delightful contrast that endears her to viewers.In conclusion, while all three characters – Tohru, Kanna, and Lucoa – possess undeniable cuteness, the title of "cutest character" ultimately comes down to personal preference and interpretation. Tohru's unwavering loyalty and childlike innocence, Kanna's deadpan delivery and pure heart, and Lucoa's surprising vulnerability and quirky personality all make compelling cases for their cuteness.Ultimately, the true beauty of Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid lies in the unique charms and endearing qualities of each character, allowing viewers to connect and relate to them indifferent ways. Whether it's Tohru's devotion, Kanna's innocence, or Lucoa's unexpected depth, the series offers a delightful and heartwarming exploration of friendship, acceptance, and the bonds that transcend species and circumstances. In the end, the real winner is the audience, who gets to experience the joy and cuteness of these lovable characters throughout their adventures.篇2Who's the Cutest Person?: An Analysis of the Bone Peak Battle ScenesAs an avid fan of the hit anime series "Who's the Cutest Person?", I have been captivated by the intricate world-building, character development, and of course, the epic battle sequences that have kept me on the edge of my seat. Among the numerous clashes that have unfolded throughout the show, the Bone Peak arc stands out as a masterpiece of storytelling and animation. In this essay, I will delve into the Bone Peak battle scenes, analyzing the strategic brilliance, choreography, and emotional weight that make them truly unforgettable.The Bone Peak arc introduces us to the treacherous terrain of the titular mountain range, where the forces of good and evilcollide in a series of intense skirmishes. From the outset, the animators have masterfully captured the harsh and unforgiving environment, with jagged peaks, treacherous crevasses, and an ever-present shroud of mist that adds an air of mystery and danger to every encounter.One of the standout battles in this arc is the clash between the heroic Cutie Squad and the nefarious Ugliness Alliance. The choreography in this sequence is nothing short of breathtaking, with each character's unique fighting style and abilities seamlessly integrated into the action. The animators have paid meticulous attention to detail, ensuring that every punch, kick, and magical blast is rendered with precision and impact.What truly elevates this battle, however, is the emotional weight carried by each character's actions. The Cutie Squad, comprised of our beloved protagonists, fights not only for their survival but also for the preservation of cuteness and justice in the world. Their determination and unwavering spirit are palpable, resonating with the audience and adding depth to the already impressive visuals.On the other side, the Ugliness Alliance's sinister motives and ruthless tactics make them formidable adversaries. Their leader, the enigmatic Lord Grotesque, is a masterfully craftedvillain whose cold calculations and cunning strategies keep the Cutie Squad on their toes. The animators have expertly captured the clash of ideologies between these two factions, elevating the battle beyond mere physical confrontation and imbuing it with deeper philosophical undertones.Another standout sequence is the climactic showdown between the show's protagonist, the ever-adorable Pinky, and her arch-nemesis, the dreaded Uglina. This battle is a tour de force of animation, with each character's signature moves and abilities showcased in stunning detail. The animators have expertly woven in emotional beats, highlighting the deep-rooted rivalry and personal stakes that fuel this clash.Pinky's unwavering determination and resilience in the face of adversity are truly inspiring, while篇3Who is the Cutest Person at Mount Hua Fight Scenes: An AnalysisWhat makes a good martial arts movie? Most would say intense fight choreography, gripping drama, and philosophical depth. However, one underrated but crucial element is cute characters to root for amidst all the kung fu madness. In the cultclassic "Who is the Cutest Person at Mount Hua", the fight scenes stand out not just for their technical brilliance, but for the sheer adorableness of the combatants. Let's take a closer look at some of the key cute-off battles.The Opening Gambit: Bao the Bunny vs. Zhu the PigletRight off the bat, we're treated to an epic clash between two unassuming but fierce warriors - Bao, a floppy-eared bunny, and Zhu, an oink-tastic piglet. What makes this opening salvo so engaging is the sheer disconnect between their fuzzy, cuddly exteriors and their vicious fighting prowess.Bao opens with a series of lightning-fast kicks, his feet a blur of cotton fluffiness. Zhu counters by literally putting his tail in a spin-cycle, deflecting each blow with terrifying power for something so pink and snouty. The choreography culminates in a double puppy-dog eye attack that has the audience melting into puddles.When the dust settles, it's Bao who emerges victorious, polishing off Zhu with a patented "bunny blep" tongue attack. Even in victory though, Bao can't resist giving Zhu's belly a playful nuzzle and tickle. Cute overload!The Five Feline Furies' Fierce FluffeningIf the opening bout was a smile-inducing aperitif, the next major showdown is a veritable seven-course meal of cuteness. The Five Feline Furies, an elite squad of kitty warriors, take on an entire evil horde of rodent ruffians.From the first "meow-meow" battle cry, you know you're in for something special. The feline fighters unleash a dizzying array of pawing, scratching, and yarn-unraveling attacks that would make even the most hardened mouse faint from over-cuteness.Particular highlights include the "Russian Blue Rinse" cyclone attack, the "Siamese Slammich" bodyslam, and of course the "Supreme Persian Purrrrrtector" sphere deflection technique. The Furies flow from one formation to another with adorable grace and agility.Just when you think the kittens have the upper hand, the nefarious Mouse King whips out a terrible doomsday weapon - a giant ball of string! The Furies are powerless against its tantalizing lure and soon become a big cuddly catpile. Only the most hardened viewer wouldn't be letting out high-pitched "awwwww"s at this point.Fortunately, the plucky hero Sir Fuzzworth arrives just in time with a can of tuna fish as a distraction. The Furies break free andsave the day in what becomes one of the most purr-fectly adorable fight finales ever.The Throw-Down Showdown: Punch-Pup vs Fluff-KittenWhile the supporting cast is jam-packed with cute characters, the real draw is the epic rivalry between the two leads -Punch-Pup, a rambunctious boxer puppy, and Fluff-Kitten, an arrogant but skilled feline fighter. Their grudge match could easily be considered the "cutenado" at the heart of the entire film.From the second these two pint-sized powerhouses take to the ring, you can feel the sparks flying amidst a veritable hurricane of fluff and fur. Punch-Pup comes out swinging with a devastating combo of nibbles, head-butts, and high-pitched barks. Fluff-Kitten deflects each blow with catlike reflexes and counter-attacks with a blistering series of claw-swipes andbelly-scratchers.The back-and-forth battling flows like a furry blancmange being sloshed between two bowls. No technique is too cute to employ - we get micro tail-wags, toebeans of fury, and even a few belly-raspberries for good measure. At one point, they even pause for an intense "kissy-kissy-teeth" clash that will melt the hardest of hearts.In the end, after an epic final struggle on the lip of a fishbowl, it's Fluff-Kitten who takes the win by batting Punch-Pup into the drink. Her victory celebration - a simple paw-lick and contented purr - is both graceful and ridiculously adorable. Punch-Pup can only sputter adorably as the credits roll on this soon-to-be classic.A Cute for the AgesWhile "Who is the Cutest Person at Mount Hua" may not have the deepest plot or fanciest effects, it delivers where it counts - in sheer, unrelenting, eye-watering adorableness. The fight scenes in particular shine as masterclasses in taking cuteness to the absolute limit while still retaining thrilling action and technical virtuosity.From the opening bell to that final drenched doggy splashdown, you'll be hard-pressed to find a sequence that doesn't provoke a spontaneous "squeeeee" or two. Heck, even the training montages and walking sequences are insanely cute! It's cute overload of the highest order.So for anyone feeling burned out on the typical gritty martial arts fare, I can't recommend this fluffy gem enough. It's the perfect palette cleanser - a sugary treat that will leave you grinning from ear to ear and desperate for more. Who is thecutest? After watching, you'll realize the answer was inside you all along.。
女王电影英文观后感
As a seasoned film critic,I find myself often drawn to narratives that delve into the complexities of power,legacy,and the human condition. The Queen,directed by Stephen Frears,is a film that encapsulates these themes with a delicate balance of drama and insight.It tells the story of Queen Elizabeth II and the events surrounding the aftermath of Princess Dianas death in1997,a pivotal moment in British history that tested the monarchy and the nations collective emotions.The film opens with a serene portrayal of the Queens daily life,a stark contrast to the turmoil that is about to unfold.Helen Mirrens portrayal of Queen Elizabeth II is nothing short of mesmerizing.She captures the essence of the Queens stoic demeanor,her sense of duty,and the internal conflict she faces as the nation mourns and demands a more human response from the royal family.One of the most striking aspects of the film is its ability to humanize the Queen.Despite her status as a figurehead and the immense power she represents,the audience is privy to her vulnerability and the weight of her responsibilities.Mirrens nuanced performance allows us to empathize with the Queen as she navigates the delicate balance between tradition and public sentiment.The screenplay,written by Peter Morgan,is a masterclass in storytelling.It weaves together the personal and the political,highlighting the pressure on the Queen from both her advisors and the public.The dialogue is sharp and poignant,capturing the essence of the British class system and the unspoken rules that govern it.The film does not shy away from depictingthe friction between the Queen and Prime Minister Tony Blair,portrayed by Michael Sheen,who is eager to connect with the grieving public in a more contemporary and empathetic manner.The cinematography by Affonso Beato is equally impressive,with sweeping shots of the royal estates that underscore the isolation of the Queen.The films visual language is understated yet powerful,reflecting the Queens own restraint and the gravity of her situation.The use of natural light and the contrast between the intimate interiors of Buckingham Palace and the vast,open landscapes of Balmoral serve to highlight the Queens internal struggle.What sets The Queen apart from other biopics is its focus on the unseen aspects of leadership.It explores the Queens relationship with her subjects, her family,and her own identity.The film does not glamorize or vilify the monarchy instead,it presents a balanced view that invites the audience to reflect on the role of the monarchy in modern society.One cannot discuss The Queen without mentioning the films historical context.The events surrounding Princess Dianas death were a turning point for the British monarchy,and the film captures this moment with remarkable accuracy.It is a testament to the films research and attention to detail that it can evoke such a strong sense of the time without resorting to sensationalism.The films score by Alexandre Desplat is hauntingly beautiful,adding an emotional depth to the narrative.It complements the visual storytellingand enhances the emotional journey of the characters.In conclusion,The Queen is a powerful and evocative film that offers a unique perspective on a significant moment in British history.It is a testament to the power of cinema to explore complex themes and humanize historical figures.Helen Mirrens performance is a standout,and the films script,cinematography,and score all contribute to a memorable cinematic experience.It is a film that resonates with audiences,inviting them to reflect on the nature of power,tradition,and the human spirit.。
联合国教科文组织之世界遗产简介
聯合國教科文組織之世界遺產簡介聯合國教科文組織於1972年通過《保護世界文化和自然遺產公約》，協議開列了《世界遺產名錄》，並設立了相應的“世界遺產基金”和“世界遺產委員會”。
主要任務是：鑒定和保護具有突出價值的世界自然和文化遺產，藉國際力量來保護人類共同的珍貴遺產，以促進世界各國和人民對於保護這些具有重要價值的遺產進行充分和有成效的合作，通過加入協議，各成員國將承擔保護他們國內遺產的義務，並使之成為世界遺產的組成部份。
中國於1985 年加入世界遺產公約，至2002年底止，共有28個項目被聯合國教科文組織列入《世界遺產名錄》。
（一）聯合國教科文組織對於世界遺產的使命：‧鼓勵各國簽署《保護世界文化和自然遺產公約》並確認其自然和文化遺產獲得保護。
‧鼓勵各成員國提名和推薦本國遺產以列入《世界遺產名錄》。
‧鼓勵各成員國建立世界遺產地保護狀況的匯報體制。
‧提供技術援助和專家培訓，協助維持世界遺產地的安全。
‧向瀕危的世界遺產地提供緊急援助。
‧支持各成員國推廣對認識保護世界遺產的活動。
‧鼓勵當地民眾參與保護其自然或文化遺產‧對自然和文化遺產保護的國際間協作。
（二）文化遺產的定義：文化遺產是指具有歷史、美學、考古學、科學、民族學或人類學價值的紀念地、建築群和遺址。
文化遺產的三種類別：１.文物：從歷史、藝術或科學角度，具有突出普遍價值的建築物、碑雕和繪畫，具有考古性質成份或結構的銘文、洞窟或聯合體。
２.建築群：從歷史、藝術或科學角度，在建築式樣、分佈或與環境景色結合方面具有突出普遍價值的單體或相連接的建築群。
３.遺址：從歷史、審美、人種學或人類學角度，具有突出普遍價值的人類工程或自然與人的共同傑作及考古遺址等。
申報《世界遺產名錄》文化遺產項目的條件：１.代表一種獨特的藝術成就和創造性的天才傑作。
２.能在一定時期或某一文化區域，對建築藝術、紀念物藝術、城鎮規劃或景觀設計方面的發展產生過大影響。
３.能為一種消逝的文明或文化傳統提供獨特或特殊的見證。
国际最佳自然摄影大奖PPT参考课件
穿过河流。我运气很好，在它即将开始发力奔跑、水
花四溅时，我用一个600毫米的镜头瞄准了它的眼睛。
当雌狮正面向我们奔来时，我和同伴们一动不动地挤
在一起，然后它从我们身边经过。在它急忙奔向队伍
时，我们都长出了一口气。”——Brian Hampton
拍摄器材：Canon 1Ds Mark II; 600mm lens; 1/640
2008 Windland Smith Rice 国际最佳自然摄影大奖
2021/3/10
授课：XXX
1
2021/3/10
授课：XXX
一年一度的 Windland Smith Rice国际最佳自然摄 影大奖是为了纪念杰 出的自然摄影家 Windland Smith Rice而创办。该大奖 寻求通过Rice女士富 有创造力的摄影艺术 和摄影——这一重要 教育媒介来重新点燃 人们对大自然的欣赏、 知识和管理的热情。
脉，俄勒冈州
作者：Sean Bagshaw，美国
“在2007年8月28日晚上，在北美西海岸线可以观看一场壮
观的月全食，天空也非常晴朗。我和一个朋友决定碰碰运气，
看能不能在俄勒冈州南部的相思塔山的一个高点上拍摄月全食。
我需要分别拍摄月球的照片，并将好处的。因为可以允许我用长焦镜头拉近拍摄并
授课：XXX
11
滑稽动物类获奖作品：马卡罗尼企鹅，南乔治亚岛 作者：Andrew Rouse，英格兰 “当我为了取一个广角视野位置向山上爬的时候， 我发现了一群企鹅穿过一座冰川。这让我使劲地大笑 起来，因为我知道我必须拍下这情形。在花了30分钟 用背滑下山后（谁说摄影没有乐趣的？），我重新整 装待发，在晴朗美好的下午，我一直微笑，因为一波 又一波的马卡罗尼企鹅从我面前的冰川上走过。”—
Z Zegna 2008 09秋冬时装发布会 浪漫解构主义 打造崭新都市摩登
Z Zegna 2008 09秋冬时装发布会浪漫解构主义打造崭新都
市摩登
李涛;Z Zegna（图）
【期刊名称】《北京服装纺织》
【年(卷),期】2008(000)003
【摘要】Z Zegna 2008/09秋冬系列针对新一代的摩登职业人群设计,完全建立在现代感的设计基础之上,强调块面对比、面料组合和轮廓重塑。
工装感的设计融入了几何的概念和三维图形的线条,在创造新轮廓的同时,亦继承着Ermenegildo Zegna系列拥有的奢华面料和精湛技艺。
【总页数】3页(P142-144)
【作者】李涛;Z Zegna（图）
【作者单位】无
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】TS941.717
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拼图碎片_泰尔德_西班牙_徐知兰
63不同：2011年世界建筑节奖/MAKING A DIFFERENCE: THE 2011 WAF AWARDS 在埃拉杜拉幼儿园的中庭里，以原有的风格僵硬的建筑为背景，新长出了一片有机景观，风格完全相反且重叠其上。
最近才以顶篷覆盖的中庭里，充满了明亮的色彩与柔和的阴影，将这里变成一处生动的景观。
与玛利亚别墅的设计意图相类似，设计消减了承重结构，围合墙体表面光泽的处理捕捉了反光，共同瓦解了由各种色彩所形成的印象主义场景。
于是，中庭成为进行表达的场景，一处无限的故事情景，足以为幼儿提供各种游戏所需的奇妙感受。
从中庭望出去，同时还能透过新建的顶篷瞥见室外的树木，这座顶篷也只许这些树木和云彩的形象透过来，却把其他部分从画布上统统抹去。
设计任务要求为现有的中庭建一座顶篷，必须能形成自然通风的阴凉遮蔽，并为幼儿的游戏提供遮光挡雨的保护。
根据设计方案，我们以有机的形式将教室、餐厅和主入口之间位于室外的直接通道部分围合起来。
最终形成了这样类似一小块拼图的结构，它把自己嵌入微妙的历史对话之中，又几乎毫不触及它们，好像一片漂浮的云朵，让阳光通过它倾斜在原有的墙面上。
尽管使用了60m 3的现浇加固混凝土，截面厚度为20cm －30cm 不等，但这座顶篷却依然显得轻盈通透。
顶篷悬挂在现有的屋顶结构上，最大程度地减少了立柱的使用。
一根根114mm×5.4m 金属圆柱涂上颜色之后，好像一片小树林，在围合墙面的映衬下消失了踪影。
遮阳顶板悬挂在原有屋顶结构中带螺栓的HEB 120型截面金属横梁上。
顶篷改变了空间的特征，使其中的物体变得很有表现力且非常统一；这座顶篷也能控制日照、光线、雨水的影响，并为幼儿提供私密感和尺度感。
□（徐知兰 译）At the patio of the Infant School "La Herradura" a new organic landscape grows against the rigid typology of the original building, opposed and superimposed. The bright colours and soft shadows gently fill the newly covered patio, turning it into a living landscape. In a similar intent to Villa Mairea the supports vanish and the satinated treatment of the enclosing walls captures the luminous reflections, helping to fragment an impressionist reality formed by spots of colours. The patio, thus, becomes a scenario for representation, a limitless scenario adequate to the magic of the infantgames. Whilst glympes of the outside trees can be seen from the patio, the new roof cover has been permissive only with them and with the clouds, the rest erased from the canvas.The brief demanded a cover solution for the existing patio that would generate naturally ventilated shadowed areas and protection from the sun and rain for the infant games. On plan, the organic form encloses the exterior envelope of the direct routes between classes, dining-room and main access. The result is this sort of puzzle piece that inserts itselft into the old, subtle dialogue by barely touching it, almost floating like a cloud, light flooding the existing walls. Despite the poured 60m 3of reinforced concrete the cover appears light and airy, with a changing slab section of 20cm －30cm.The cover is suspended from the existing roof structure minimising the number of pillars. The metallic circular pillars of dimension 114mm×5.4m, are coloured like a small forest, dissappearing拼图碎片，泰尔德，西班牙PUZZLE PIECE, TM. DE TELDE, SPAIN, 2010建筑设计：罗梅拉与鲁伊斯建筑师事务所 ARCHITECTS: Romera y Ruiz Arquitectosagaisnt the enclosing walls. The roof slab is suspended from the existing roof structural beams with bolted metallic HEB120 profiles.The cover changes the character of the space, the result achieves an expressive and unitary vision of the object, allowing to control the solar radiation, light, rainwater and providing intimacy and scale for the infants.□(图片提供/Images courtesy: World Architecture Festival)建筑师/Architect: Pedro Romera Garcia业主/开发商/Client/Developer: Concejalía de Educación, Ayuntamiento de Telde环境工程师/Environmental Engineer: Pedro Romera Garcia主承建商/Main Contractor: Samuel Mentado, Syocsa Inarsa, S.A.结构工程师/Structural Engineer: Hugo Ventura, Ventura y Machado Asociados所获奖项/Award: 2011年世界建筑节旧建筑改造奖/ 2011 WAF －New and Old Winner11 屋顶/Roof64世界建筑 2012/06342－4 中庭/Patio65不同：2011年世界建筑节奖/MAKING A DIFFERENCE: THE 2011 WAF AWARDS 2789655 屋顶平面/Roof plan6 剖面/Section7.8 分析图示/Analysis diagrams 9 细部/Details18m18m。
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3Legal basesS w i s s T o u r i s m i n F i g u r e s 2008Legal bases of the Federal GovernmentNational Promotion of Tourism : Bundesgesetz vom 21. Dezember 1955 über die Schweizerische Verkehrszentrale, ab 1995 Schweiz Tourismus (SR 935.21)Promotion of Innovation and Cooperation : Bundesgesetz vom 10. Oktober 1997 über die Förderung von Innovation und Zusammenarbeit im Tourismus (SR 935.22)Promotion of the Lodging Industry : Bundesgesetz vom 20. Juni 2003 über die Förderung der Beherbergungswirtschaft (SR 935.12)Regional Policy: Bundesgesetz vom 6. Oktober 2006 über die Regionalpolitik (Stand 1. Januar 2008); (SR 901.0)Gambling Facilities : Bundesgesetz vom 18. Dezember 1998 über Glücksspiele und Spielbanken (Spielbankengesetz, SBG) (SR 935.52)Exclusiv VAT Tariff for Lodgin Services : Bundesgesetz vom 2. September 1999 über die Mehrwertsteuer (Mehrwertsteuergesetz, MWSTG) (SR 641.20)Tourism Statistics : Verordnung vom 30. Juni 1993 über die Durchführung von statistischen Erhebungen des Bundes (SR 431.012.1)Natural Parks: Bundesgesetz über den Natur- und Heimatschutz (NHG), vom 1. Juli 1966 (SR 451)Source: www.admin.ch4Legal basesOverview of tourism laws of the Swiss CantonsCanton Internet LawAargauwww.ag.ch No tourism lawAppenzell Innerrhoden www.ai.ch Tourismusförderungsgesetz vom 25. April 1999Appenzell Ausserrhoden www.ar.ch Tourismusgesetz vom 22. September 2003Basel-Landschaft www.bl.ch Tourismusgesetz vom 19. Juni 2003Basel-Stadt www.bs.ch Standortförderungsgesetz vom 29. Juni 2006 Bern www.be.ch Tourismusentwicklungsgesetz vom 20. Juni 2005Fribourg www.fr.ch Tourismusgesetz vom 13. Oktober 2005Geneva www.ge.ch Tourismusgesetz vom 24. Juni 1993Glaruswww.gl.ch Tourismusentwicklungsgesetz vom 6. Mai 2007Graubünden www.gr.ch Wirtschaftsentwicklungsgesetz vom 11. Februar 2004Jura www.ju.ch Tourismusgesetz vom 31. Mai 1990Lucerne www.lu.ch Tourismusgesetz vom 30. Januar 1996Neuchâtel www.ne.ch Tourismusgesetz vom 25. Juni 1986Nidwalden www.nw.ch Fremdenverkehrsgesetz vom 25. April 1971Obwalden www.ow.ch Tourismusgesetz vom 8. Juni 1997St. Gallen www.sg.ch Tourismusgesetz vom 26. November 1995Schaffhausen www.sh.ch Tourismusgesetz vom 2. Dezember 1996Solothurn www.so.ch Wirtschaftsgesetz vom 9. Juni 1996Schwyz www.sz.ch Gesetz über die Wirtschaftsförderung vom 27. November 1986Thurgau www.tg.ch Gastgewerbegesetz vom 26. Juni 1996Ticino www.ti.ch Tourismusgesetz vom 30. November 1998Uri www.ur.ch Verordnung vom 4. April 2004 über die Förderung des Tourismus Vaud www.vd.ch Tourismusgesetz vom 15. September 1999Valais www.vs.ch Tourismusgesetz vom 9. Februar 1996Zug www.zg.ch Tourismusgesetz vom 27. März 2003Zurichwww.zh.chNo tourism lawS w i s s T o u r i s m i n F i g u r e s 200862003 2004 2005 200620079.6 9.7 1)1)1)11.611.9 12.513.614.621.2 21.6 1)1)1)5.1%4.8%1) 1)1)2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 50.9 55.258.3 65.0 72.5 45.2 49.6 54.8 63.0 68.8 10.2 11.2 12.4 13.7 16.0 11.6 11.9 12.5 13.6 14.6 4.2 4.2 4.24.44.6Tourism – an important sector of the economyS w i s s T o u r i s m i n F i g u r e s 2008Tourism generates incomeDomestic and international tourism are important factors in the Swiss economy. Of a total revenue of CHF 21.6 billion in 2004, 9.7 billion (or 44.9%) came from domes-tic tourism. Expenditure by foreign visitors in Switzerland added some CHF 11.9 billion (2.6% of the Gross Domestic Product).Total tourism revenuein billion CHFFrom domestic tourists From foreign tourists(Tourism balance of payments)2)Total Tourism’s share of Swiss Gross Domestic Product 1) no estimate2) 2003/04/05: revised figures, 2006/07: provisional figures Source: Swiss Federal Statistical OfficeTourism – an invisible exportThe expenditure of foreign guests in Switzerland has the same effect on the Swiss balance of payments as the export of goods. 8.3 percent of Switzerland’s export r e v enue come from tourism.Export revenue by industry 1)in billion CHF1. Metal and machine industry2. Chemical industry3. Watchmaking industry4. Tourism (Tourism balance of payments)5. Textile industry1) excl. income from capital abroad and work abroad Source: Swiss Federal Statistical Office720051) 20062) 20072)20051) 20062) 20072) 8.2 8.9 9.9 8.3 9.0 9.9 6.3 6.9 7.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.8 3.0 3.1 2.7 2.5 2.41.5 1.6 1.7 12.5 13.6 14.6 11.0 11.6 12.3Tourism – an important sector of the economyTourism, including overnight stays as the major source of incomeThe tourism balance of payments shows the revenue from foreign tourists in Swit-zerland and the expenditure of Swiss tourists abroad. Calculations are based on a mixture of statistical data including frequency, turnover and prices, additional sta-tistics from foreign and domestic authorities as well as estimates.Tourism balance of payments Revenue/Expenditure Revenue from Expenditure of Swiss foreign tourists tourists abroad in billion CHF in billion CHFTourism, including overnight stays Visitors staying in lodging facilities and with relatives Educational & medical stays Excursionists, transit visitors, other tourism Consumption expenditure of border-zone inhabitants including short-term residents (<4 months)Total 1) revised figures 2) provisional figures Source: Swiss Federal Statistical OfficeS w i s s T o u r i s m i n F i g u r e s 20088143 72 86 30124 29 26 7913 26 22 6120 26 20 6628 25 11 6333Tourism – an important sector of the economyS w i s s T o u r i s m i n F i g u r e s 2008Average spending per visitor and overnight stayOvernight tourists Expenditure 2003 in million CHF for:Lodging Meals Incidentals Total In hotelsIn vacation apartments At camp grounds In group accommodation In youth hostels With friends and relatives Source: Swiss Federal Statistical OfficeDistribution of incidentalsForeign guests in Switzerland spend money not only in hotels and restaurants, but also in other businesses. In 2004, for instance, they spent the following estimated amounts on:Sector Expenditures 2004Fuel CHF 695 million Tobacco CHF 137 million SweetsCHF 288 million Souvenirs, handicrafts CHF 67 million Taxi faresCHF 111 million Inland water transportation CHF 20 million Sights or points of interestCHF 21 millionSource: Swiss Federal Statistical Office9Tourism – an important sector of the economyS w i s s T o u r i s m i n F i g u r e s 2008Facts and figuresIn Switzerland many industries benefit directly and indirectly from tourism. It ranks fourth in the national export balance and with about 30000 employees is one of Switzerland’s most important small-business sectors.– 6.2 percent share of gross domestic product GDP (2006)1)– CHF 14.6 billion export revenue generated by foreign guests 2)– 72.5 billion overnight stays in hotel and parahotel industry (2007)3)– CHF 28.3 billion tourism gross value added (2006)1)Tourism is the leading economic sector in mountain areasTourism is the key growth sector in mountain areas and marginal regions and helps maintain the balance between periphery and centre:– Grisons: 30 percent of cantonal GDP and 30 percent of total employment (2007)4)– Valais: 25 percent of cantonal GDP and 27 percent of total employment (2002)5)Tourism shapes Switzerland’s image abroad Studies show that Switzerland is a well-known brand:– «Swissness» is a purchase-relevant factor abroad– The Switzerland brand is associated with positive contents around the world,e specially with nature and natural beauty Tourism creates jobsTourism is an important employer in urban and rural areas and fulfills its responsibil-ity as a provider of apprenticeship positions. Tourism jobs are non-relocatable.– 335000 full-time equivalents – direct and indirect employment (2007)6)– 10 percent of total employment in SwitzerlandQuality as a competitive advantageThe Quality Label for Swiss Tourism (Q) is a joint industry program to enhance the quality of service. Currently labeled businesses per stage (per 31.12.2007):Q1: 1158, Q2: 257, Q3: 1951) The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2007, WEF 2007, 2) Swiss Federal Statistical Office, 3) Estimate Switzerland Tourism, 4) Der Tourismus im Kanton Graubünden. Wertschöpfungsstudie, HTW Chur 2007, 5) Volkswirtschaftliche Bedeutung des Tourismus im Kanton Wallis, Berwert, A.; Rütter H.; Müller. H., 2002, 6) Employment statistic, Swiss Federal Statistical Office122002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2175.3 2166.2 2177.0 2180.1 2206.2 2262.7 1212.6 1201.0 1202.0 1204.6 1209.9 1233.6 962.7 965.1 974.9 975.5 996.3 1029.1 190.4 182.9 180.9 177.3 176.9 180.7 93.3 90.4 87.8 84.8 83.6 85.3 97.0 92.5 93.2 92.5 93.4 95.4 85.3 85.5 85.8 88.1 89.1 90.8 75.9 75.6 75.7 77.4 77.8 79.7 9.4 9.9 10.1 10.6 11.3 11.1 2.1 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 1.6 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 10.6 9.9 8.6 7.3 7.0 7.6 5.7 5.4 4.8 4.2 4.0 4.2 4.9 4.5 3.7 3.1 3.1 3.4 51.6 51.4 53.4 53.4 52.6 53.9 33.7 33.3 34.9 35.0 35.0 35.517.918.118.518.317.618.4143.0 144.9 148.3 149.5 150.2 75.9 76.7 77.6 77.4 79.2 67.1 68.2 70.7 72.1 71.0 33.3 33.8 36.0 35.6 34.0 41.4 38.3 41.2 41.8 43.7 18.5 17.1 18.7 18.1 18.6 56.1 55.0 58.5 59.3 59.1 217.7 217.0 225.5 227.0 227.9 94.4 93.8 96.3 95.5 97.8 123.2123.3129.2131.4 130.1S w i s s T o u r i s m i n F i g u r e s 2008Jobs and employeesFull-time equivalents according to economic sectors (in thousands)1)Service industry Total MenWomen Hospitality industry Total Men Women Transportation by road Total and rail Men Women Transportation by boat Total Men Women Transportation by air Total Men Women Part-time employment Total in transportation; Men travel agenciesWomen 1) Average over four quarters. Source: Employment statistic, Swiss Federal Statistical OfficeEmployment statistics: hotel and catering industry(in thousands)200620072007 2007 20074thquarter 1thquarter2th quarter3thquarter 4thquarterFull-time employees (90% and over) Of which men Of which women Part-time employees I (50-89%) Part-time employees II (<50%) Of which men Of which women Total number of employees (overall) Of which men Of which women Source: Employment statistic, Swiss Federal Statistical Office132.9 0.2 3775 61.2 2.63.6 4576 54.8 3.3 17.1 5857 60.4 2.6 13.7 4919 55.5 1.5 0.7 2475 35.3 2.8 16.2 5013 57.1 2.5 4.7 4267 52.4 1.6 3.5 2362 36.3 2.6 7.4 4097 55.7 3.6 11.9 6778 69.8 4.4 24.2 8758 73.6 2.9 11.3 4881 56.0 2.8 10.7 5389 57.1 1.4 12.3 1811 34.5 2.4 10.2 3105 49.8 2.710.7463954.8Mobility in Switzerland — results on travel behaviourS w i s s T o u r i s m i n F i g u r e s 2008Travel with overnight staysFrequency, duration, distanceJourneys with one or more overnight stays are on average the longest trips and hence account for a significant share of annual mobility. Distance figures are based on round trips and distances at the destination. The total distance amounts to ap-proximately 4600 kilometres per person and year.55% of those surveyed have taken at least one trip with an overnight stay over the past 4 months. This corresponds to an average of 2.7 journeys per year, with ap-proximately one in nine as a business trip.Senior citizens take significantly fewer trips with overnight stays than the rest of the population. People in the 26–45 year age bracket cover the longest distances. In-come as a key factor is even stronger for journeys with overnight stays than for day trips: For example, the group with a monthly income of between 8000 and 12000 Swiss Francs travels about twice as much and almost three times as far as those with incomes below 4000 Swiss Francs. Number of thereof businessTotal distance at least one journey journeys trips (in %)per year (km) over the pastper year 4 months(share in %)Age6–17 years 18–25 years 26–45 years 45–65 years 66 and over Gender Men Women Household income Up to CHF 4000CHF 4001–8000CHF 8001–12000Over CHF 12000Spacial structure (residential community)Suburban core community Other suburban community Isolated town Rural community Total Source: Microcensus 2005, Swiss Federal Statistical Office1410.6 7.1 10.2 10.2 18.4 10.5 7.9 10.3 10.2 22.8 2.2 3.1 1.6 2.2 13.7 3.1 6.2 2.3 3.4 17.0 12.6 9.2 18.8 12.8 14.3 4.5 4.7 6.7 4.7 9.5 5.8 5.0 2.8 5.4 4.3 49.3 43.252.749.0100.057.1 24.8 43.4 41.6 36.288.2 20.2 68.7 44.6 43.7 32.1 15.4 29.4 36.7 35.7 21.7 5.0 16.5 36.9 32.2 47.5 69.3 48.6 65.2 70.7 33.9 15.0 36.1 37.7 38.130.311.8 71.2 23.550.4Mobility in Switzerland — results on travel behaviourS w i s s T o u r i s m i n F i g u r e s 2008Objectives, purposes and choice of transportAround half of all journeys with overnight stays are taken abroad. Naturally, this share is higher for business trips as longer domestic business trips often do not re-quire an overnight stay.Among domestic destinations the classic holiday regions are most popular, namely Eastern Switzerland (with Graubünden), Schweizer Mittelland (including Berne and others) and the Lake Geneva Region (including Valais). However, Ticino and Central Switzerland are also often chosen as destinations, given the fact that these regions are notably smaller than the other major regions.Destination by travel purpose (in %)Leisure BusinessOtherTotalShare of population major regions Lake Geneva Region (incl. Valais)Schweizer Mittelland (incl. Berne)Northwestern Switzerland Zurich Region Eastern Switzerland (incl. Graubünden)Central Switzerland Ticino SwitzerlandReasons for choice of transport (in %, multiple answers possible)Main means of transportAeroplaneOn foot/ Motorised Public Other by bycicle privat transport transport Lack of alternatives Travel time Costs Perceived safety Pleasure Higher reliability Luggage, bulky itemsSource: Microcensus 2005 on Travel Behaviour, Swiss Federal Statistical Office15228000 9000 2800024 85110.5Hotel and catering industryS w i s s T o u r i s m i n F i g u r e s 2008The Swiss hotel and restaurant industry: the most important industry in tourismemployees traineeshotel and restaurant establishments billion francs annual turnover million francs paid in VAT orper cent of the overall net VAT receivablesThe hotel and restaurant establishments are an important element of the Swiss economy. Some 228000 people are employed in the hotel and restaurant industry. This is slightly less than 10 per cent of all people employed in the service sector. Some 9000 trainees are also employed in the hotel and restaurant industry.The aforementioned figures do not include the fact that the hotel and restaurant industry and therefore the economy of tourism also indirectly generate many jobs in other sectors such as, for instance, the construction industry, in agriculture and in specialist retail. For instance, around half of the meat in Switzerland is consumed in the catering industry. This means that jobs are created in both agriculture and the butchery business.The 2005 census of establishments counted some 28000 hotel and restaurant es-tablishments. Of these, 67.3 per cent were restaurants, 15.1 per cent hotels with restaurants, 6.4 per cent bars, 3.5 per cent canteens and 1.7 per cent hotels with-out a restaurant. Together, these hotel and restaurant establishments generated an annual turnover of CHF 24 billion.According to the Federal tax administration (FTA), the hotel and restaurant industrya lso makes a substantial contribution to VAT revenues. In 2005, the hotel and res-taurant industry paid CHF 851 million in VAT. The approx. 27000 restaurants andh otels liable for tax thus contributed 10.5 per cent of the overall VAT of the FTA volume of CHF 8.1 billion.Source: Industry Report 2008, GastroSuisse16Accommodation sectorS w i s s T o u r i s m i n F i g u r e s 2008Overview of the accommodation sectorSwiss tourism statistics break accommodation options down into hotel accommoda-tion, health establishments and supplementary accommodation.Hotel accommodationHotels, boarding houses, guesthouses, motelsHealth establishmentsSanatoria which are not subsidized by the Canton and convalescent homes with medical management or support, Alpine health establishments, altitude clinics, rheumatic clinics, public spasSupplementary accommodationPrivate rooms (vacation homes and apartments):These are properties which are offered for rental to third parties. They exclude prop-erties which are solely occupied by the owners or long-term tenants, or their fam-ily members.Camp and caravan sites:Demarcated sites which are accessible to everyone for the temporary parking of caravans and motor homes in which they travel, and for the temporary erection of tents. One «parking place» is equivalent to three «sleeping places» on average (four in the Ticino). Group accommodation:Dormitories for tourists and groups, club and association houses, mountain ref-uges and huts. Youth hostels:Switzerland’s official youth hostels.Accommodation statistics (HESTA) for hotels and health establishments replace the statistics for hotels and health establishments which date back to 1934 but which were discontinued in 2003 due to budget restrictions. In methodological terms, these figures cannot be compared to the old statistics; HESTA has been in opera-tion since 1.1.2005.171.7 5.4 –2.92.5 4.5 0.13.8 5.6 1.54.7 7.1 1.4 2.5 4.4 0.0 6.0 9.1 1.54.6 7.8 0.34.05.5 1.92.03.5 0.25.26.0 4.510.3 12.3 8.08.5 9.7 6.94.4 6.5 1.6Accommodation sectorHotels and health establishmentsOvernight stays in the Swiss hotel and wellness establishments amounted to 36.4 million (+4.4%) in the year 2007, and are associated with 15.6 million (+5.5%) arrivals. Thus the length of stay amounts to 2.3 nights (compared to 2.4 nights in the previous year). On average, with 2.5 nights, foreign guests remained longer in Swiss hotels and wellness establishments as compared to Swiss visitors with 2.1 nights. In the year 2007, 57.4 percent of overnight stays were on account of for-eign visitors. These came chiefly from Germany (16.7% of aggregate demand), the United Kingdom (6.3%), the United States (4.6%), France (3.8%) and Italy (3.1%). All named countries increased their numbers in overnight stays as compared to 2006, although to greatly varying extents. Viewed as continents, the demand from Europe and Switzerland was the most significant (85.7%, including Switzerland), followed by Asia (6.3%) and America (6.1%). Guests from Africa and Oceania made up less than 1 percent of the aggregate demand.In the year 2007 the tourism regions Graubünden, Zurich, Valaise, Bernese Oberland and Central Switzerland were the most visited, each with at least 3.7 million visitors – and united together, they account for approximately 62 percent of all overnight stays. Expressed as a percentage the regions Geneva (+8.5%) and Zurich (+7.7%) grew the most strongly.Development of overnight stays in 2007Change in percent compared to the same period in 2006 TotalForeigners Swiss January February March April May June July August September October November December Entire year Source: Swiss Federal Statistical OfficeS w i s s T o u r i s m i n F i g u r e s 20081815.4 6.8 8.620.9 9.1 11.6 6.1 2.7 3.3 2.3 1.1 1.2 1.4 0.7 0.7 1.1 0.5 0.6 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.2 1.5 0.7 0.715.8 7.4 8.3 1.7 0.6 1.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.12.2 0.8 1.4 0.6 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.8 0.3 0.52.3 0.7 1.6 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.336.415.820.2Accommodation sectorS w i s s T o u r i s m i n F i g u r e s 2008Overnight stays by country of residence of visitors (in millions)Country of residence of visitorsYear 2007 Winter 06/07Summer 07SwitzerlandTotal of foreign countries GermanyUnited Kingdom 1)France ItalyNetherlands BelgiumNordic countries 2)Russia Spain AustriaOther countries EuropeEurope total (excl. Switzerland)United States Canada BrazilOther countries America America total JapanChina (incl. Hongkong)Korea Israel IndiaOther countries Asia Asia total AfricaAustralia, Oceania Other overseas countries Total 1) Great Britain and Northern Ireland2) Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Iceland ( from 1.1.1994)Source: Swiss Federal Statistical Office1919103 38310 2.9 2.9 5.9 54.5 46.3 17591 34361 2.2 2.8 5.0 51.1 42.5 14463 29383 2.0 2.4 4.4 51.2 44.612221 20473 1.2 3.0 4.1 69.5 56.0 8821 14552 0.6 2.3 2.9 67.6 54.5 9466 18315 1.5 1.3 2.8 49.9 42.89286 17389 0.9 1.6 2.5 52.7 41.95663 10766 0.6 1.1 1.7 55.5 45.45094 9225 0.6 0.5 1.1 42.1 33.43213 5081 0.3 0.7 0.9 65.5 51.73159 5232 0.4 0.4 0.7 47.9 38.42174 4173 0.3 0.4 0.6 50.6 43.92566 5043 0.4 0.2 0.6 42.6 35.91931 3424 0.2 0.2 0.4 42.2 32.92022 4146 0.2 0.2 0.4 36.4 26.7 1614 2901 0.2 0.2 0.4 46.4 35.8 971 1530 0.1 0.1 0.3 60.7 48.61351 2738 0.1 0.2 0.3 35.8 28.0967 1982 0.1 0.1 0.2 42.6 33.71231 2368 0.1 0.1 0.2 37.4 27.81105 2011 0.1 0.1 0.2 41.0 30.1601 1707 0.1 0.0 0.2 42.4 29.5998 1708 0.1 0.0 0.1 31.0 25.1758 1587 0.1 0.0 0.1 31.5 25.5 596 1114 0.1 0.1 0.1 40.9 31.2746 1499 0.1 0.0 0.1 18.7 15.6127710 24101915.4 20.9 36.4 53.3 43.6Accommodation sectorS w i s s T o u r i s m i n F i g u r e s 2008Hotel industry: capacity, overnight stays and occupancy rate Cantons 2007Cantons Capacity 1)Overnight stays in millions Occupancy rate 2) in % Rooms Beds Swiss Foreigners Total Rooms Beds Graubünden Bern Valais Zurich Geneva Ticino Vaud Lucerne St. Gallen Basel-Stadt Aargau Obwalden Schwyz Thurgau Fribourg Solothurn Zug Uri Nidwalden Neuchâtel Basel-Landschaft Appenzell Innerrhoden Appenzell Ausserrhoden Glarus Schaffhausen Jura Switzerland Sorted by overnight stays 2007, in decreasing order1) Monthly weighted and only open establishments (available rooms and beds)2) Number of recorded overnight stays in percent of the total monthly net capacity Source: Swiss Federal Statistical Office2019103 38310 2.9 2.9 5.9 0.5 0.5 14167 23828 1.4 3.2 4.6 0.7 0.5 14463 29383 2.0 2.4 4.4 0.5 0.4 12365 24988 1.6 2.1 3.8 0.5 0.4 13536 25990 1.6 2.1 3.7 0.5 0.4 8821 14552 0.6 2.3 2.9 0.7 0.5 9466 18315 1.5 1.3 2.8 0.5 0.4 9286 17389 0.9 1.6 2.5 0.5 0.4 9712 18228 1.2 0.8 2.0 0.4 0.3 7290 12900 0.8 0.9 1.8 0.5 0.4 4973 8185 0.4 0.8 1.3 0.6 0.4 2062 4207 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.3 2466 4744 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.2 127710 24101915.4 20.9 36.4 0.5 0.46942 11659 0.5 2.0 2.6 74.7 61.06192 10115 0.3 1.7 2.0 69.3 55.33050 5843 0.5 0.8 1.3 71.9 66.3 2950 5483 0.3 0.8 1.1 65.2 54.9 3124 4929 0.3 0.7 0.9 66.8 52.82786 5372 0.4 0.5 0.9 60.4 50.52291 4269 0.2 0.6 0.8 66.4 58.9 2140 3788 0.2 0.5 0.7 66.7 51.11914 3277 0.3 0.4 0.7 69.4 56.01541 2940 0.2 0.5 0.6 69.8 61.11683 3145 0.2 0.4 0.6 60.7 52.4 1435 2974 0.1 0.4 0.5 61.1 52.31506 2770 0.3 0.2 0.5 60.2 55.81355 2088 0.2 0.3 0.5 79.9 64.81422 2914 0.1 0.4 0.5 56.9 51.51227 22770.3 0.2 0.5 63.2 59.2Accommodation sectorTourist regions 2007Tourist regions Capacity 1) Overnight stays in millions Occupancy rate 2) in %Rooms Beds Swiss Foreigners Total Rooms Beds Graubünden Zurich Region Valais Bernese Oberland Central Switzerland Geneva Ticino Lake Geneva Region (Vaud)Eastern Switzerland Schweizer Mittelland Basel Region Fribourg Region Neuchâtel/Jura/Jura bernois Switzerland Top destinations in 2007Destinations 3)Capacity 1)Overnight stays in millions Occupancy rate 2) in %Rooms Beds Swiss Foreigners Total Rooms Beds Zurich Geneva Zermatt Lucerne Basel Davos St. Moritz Lausanne Bern Interlaken Lugano Grindelwald Arosa Opfikon Lauterbrunnen Ascona S w i s s T o u r i s m i n F i g u r e s 2008212002 5755 143218 263449 – – –2003 5691 143148 263024 – – –2005 5836 143796 274035 4970 127409 2391502006 5693 142514 271591 4967 127527 24042920075635141596270146495412771024101956 1706 3916 60.4 43.1 63.6 282 7025 13333 53.9 45.1 61.3 930 32547 59619 58.8 49.7 81.0 411 28696 51023 65.4 54.6 134.0 76 9715 16334 64.7 54.8 326.4 2867 41415 83161 37.5 29.9 37.8 333 6607 13633 50.3 41.3 62.7 4954 12771024101953.343.696.1845 845 17.1 17.11129 1974 22.8 39.81654 3628 33.4 73.2856 4484 17.3 90.5255 4738 5.1 95.696 4834 1.9 97.671 4905 1.4 99.04949541.0100.0Accommodation sectorCapacity in hotels and health spas Year Recorded Recorded Recorded Open Available Available EstablishmentsRooms Beds EstablishmentsRooms BedsHotels based on star rating system 2007Year Open Available AvailableOccupancy Occupancy Revpar 4)Establishments Rooms Beds rate 2) in % rate 2) in % Rooms Beds ***************No information No category Total Hotels and health spas according to size of establishment 2007Size of establishmentOpen cumulative in % cumulative Establishments0 to 10 beds 11 to 20 beds 21 to 50 beds 51 to 100 beds 101 to 150 beds 151 to 200 beds 201 to 300 beds 301 and more beds 1) Monthly weighted and only open establishments (available rooms and beds)2) Number of recorded overnight stays in percent of the total monthly net capacity 3) Top 16 destinations based on overnight stays in 20074) Revpar = revenue per available room * days open verified by hotelleriesuisse Source: Swiss Federal Statistical OfficeS w i s s T o u r i s m i n F i g u r e s 200822* + ***** **** ***** 69 145 61 13 % % % % 67.6 53.0 46.2 43.930.6 45.1 50.1 48.3 1.8 2.0 3.8 7.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 –24.6 –21.4 –18.5 –16.2 75.4 78.6 81.5 83.8 –34.6 –36.4 –40.5 –40.0 40.8 42.2 41.1 43.8 –13.7 –14.0 –14.5 –15.6 27.1 28.2 26.6 28.2 –11.1 –7.7 –5.1 –4.4 16.0 20.5 21.4 24.0 –4.3 –4.8 –5.4 –6.8 11.8 15.6 16.1 17.3 –6.5 –7.0 –6.4 –5.7 5.3 8.6 9.7 11.3 0.9 0.6 2.5 1.1 6.2 9.3 12.2 12.4 –8.2 –9.9 –15.7 –11.0–2.1–0.6–3.61.569.1 63.4 68.9 69.2 62.9 63.4 58.1 73.364.4 59.8 66.6 69.7Accommodation sectorS w i s s T o u r i s m i n F i g u r e s 2008Turnover Distribution and Operating Costs according to hotel category (2006)The Swiss Hotel Credit Association (SGH) annually publishes average figures for ho-tels and, in the year 2006, 368 hotels were assessed. The following published fig-ures are based on this assessment and reflect average values. With these figures, it must be taken into account that within the various categories between seasonal and year-round commercial enterprises, as well as between the lakeside and mountain hotel trade; in each case substantial differences are at hand.Hotel category Number of hotels Earnings on food and beverages Earnings on accommodation Earnings on other services Total turnover Direct operating expenses Gross profit I Personnel expenses Gross profit II Other operating expenses Operating result I Management expenses Operating result II Maintenance and replacements Gross operating profit Financial and investment expenses Operating cashflow Non-recurring earnings and expenses Corporate cashflow Depreciation Corporate result Important key figuresEarnings from food preparation Earnings from beverages Earnings from merchandise Source: Swiss Association for Hotel Credit (Statistical year 2006)。