PETS2语法考点总结

P ETS2/高中语法考点总结1
独立主格结构
定义：独立主格结构的状语由名词或代词+另一成分构成的复合结构担任。

（作状语）
基本结构○1.名词或代词+分词This problem settled, they left the meeting room ○2．名词或代词+形容词His mother being ill, he had to stay home to look after her
○3．名词或代词+副词He put on his socks, wrong side out
○4.名词或代词+不定式Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out
○5．名或代词短语Our teacher came into the classroom, book in hand
(在此结构中，如果逻辑主语与介词短语中的名词都升级单数名词，不用冠词) 1.p.p被动现在分词表主动。

例：Seeing from the top, you can find everything so small.(现在分词表主动) Having been asked for so many times, he felt so boring（过去分词表被动）
have，则表示动作发生在后面内容之前，包含了“已经”之意
3.With without 复合结构：
With/without+名词/代词+分词/不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语在句子中可以充当定语或状语。

With/without+名词/代词+现在分词。

用现在分词表示主动、正在进行或发生的动作。

例：I could n’t finish my work with those children playing around
With/without+名词/代词+过去分词，表示被动或已经完成的动作
例：In the read-room, we found her seated at a desk, with her attention fixed on a book
With/without+名词/代词+不定式。

用不定式表将来发生的动作。

例：with a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time
With/without+名词/代词+形容词
例：She sleeps with the window open
With/without+名词/代词+副词
例：With production up by 60％，the company has had an other excellent year. 4With/without 复合结构与独立主格结构的转化
在作时间状语 原因状语 条件状语 伴随状语 时可以与独立主格结构互相转化，此外还可以变为状语从句和并列句。

With/without 复合结构可以做后置定语修饰名词，而独立主格结构则不可做后置定语修饰名词。

5.独立主格结构句子成分的分析和与普通句、定语从句的辨析
1.凡是句子中有连词如and 、but 等，为普通句
2.主句从句成分完整的，不是独立主格结构，独立主格结构中的成分不完整，缺乏谓语。

【注意非谓语动词（过去分词、现在分词）】
3.注意语态，分析主动、被动、不定式 的选择
4.分析逻辑主语，如果逻辑主语和真正主语一致，则可以省略，如不一致，则加上逻辑主语。

动词的时态
主动语态 have done
被动语态 have been done
主动语态 having been doing
被动语态
have been done 主动语态 be+doing
被动语态 be+being done
主动语态 will have done
被动语态
will have been doing
）(shall do)
主动语态 would have been doing
被动语态 would have been being done
主动语态will have been doing
被动语态 will have been being done
主动语态had been doing
被动语态had been being done
主动语态would have done
被动语态would have been done
would be doing
( would do)
虚拟语气
1.真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生，其中if是如
果的意思句型为主将从现
2.注意在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表将来，应用shall、will
3.表示真理时，主句谓语动词便不用shall（will）+动词原形，而用一般现在时
的动词形式
4.
时态：可以表示过去、现在和将来的情况。

它的基本特点是时态推后
○1同现在事实相反的假设
例：If they were here, they would help you
○2同过去事实相反的假设
例：If he had worked harder, he would have succeeded
○3表示对将来的假想
条件从句主句
例：If you succeeded, every thing would be all right
If you should succeed, everything would be all right.
If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.
5.混合条件句
主句和从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主句和从句的谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间的不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。