修辞学之句法修辞

①Syntactic schemes of BalanceBalance in sentence construction is based on the principle that ideas of the same importance should be expressed in the same grammatical form to enhance clarity and coherence, by giving them “equal weight” In a balanced sentence, not only are the forms of the balanced parts similar, but often the parts are also of similar length, with the same number of words. he chief schemes of balance are parallelism ,antithesis, chiasmus , and its variation antimetabole.A "I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today!" -- Martin Luther King, Jr., I Have a Dream.（Antithesis It s the rhetorical contrast of ideas by means of parallel arrangements of words, clauses, or sentences. by a strong contrast of skin and character, the speaker emphasis his dream.）B "He is no fool who gives what he cannot keep to gain that which he cannot lose"-- Jim ElliotC "Death destroys a man, but the idea of death saves him." (E. M. Forster, Howard's End)D I came, I saw, I conquer.(Parallelism It’s the deliberate repetition of similar or identical words, phrases or constructions in lines, sentences or paragraphs.)E No one can be perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly moral till all are moral; no one can be perfectly happy till all are happyF In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon you and yours, to the last of your bad race, to answer for them. In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon your brother, the worst of your bad race, to answer for them separately. (repetition is used with parallelism to emphasize the equal importance and weight of his idea.)②Syntactic schemes of InversionWhen the normal order of words in a basic sentence pattern is reversed, inversion takes place.A After a storm comes a calm.B Out of the mouth comes evil.C Poor as the hometown is, the local customs are most abundant.D May your love soar on the wings of a dove on flight.( inversion is used to give a good wish)E Long and steep is the path to virtue, and smooth is the way that leads to wickedness.(By a sharp contrast, inversion is used to emphasize the hardship of keeping virtue. )F Beautiful is youth because it never comes again.(Inversion is used to emphasize the beautiful youth, by compared withit never comes again )③Syntactic schemes of OmissionA We use words like honor, code, loyalty. We use these words as the backbone of a life defending something. You use them as a punch line-- delivered by Jack Nicholson (from the movie A Few Good Men)B "From now on we are enemies, you and I. Because you choose for your instrument a boastful, lustful, smutty, infantile little boy." -- delivered by F. Murray Abraham (from the movie Amadeus)(He uses asyndetic coordination to describe the choice, emphasizing the sense of angry, hate and rage. )C When we listen to the better angels of our nature, we find that they celebrate the simple things, the basic things -- such as goodness, decency,love, kindness." -- Richard Nixon, Inaugural AddressD Check this out. So you meet this person. Boy, are they fine, kind, sensitive, loving, witty, charming, intelligent...." -- Stevie WonderE Well, I lay if I get a hold of you I'll—. Mark Twain's Tom Sawyer:（creates a suspense, make the plot interesting.）F Unless I had believed I would see the goodness of the Lord in the land of the living . . .（The implication is that the author does not know what he would have done.）④Syntactic Scheme of Addition or InsertionWriters sometimes find it necessary to clarify, qualify, or amplify a point or statement, for emphasis. At other times they may wish to say something as an afterthought, or insert some random observation in a statement. To do this, they may resort to any one of the following devices, which, for convenience, we will label with the traditional Greek names, as there are no English substitutes.A And I want it to be spring and I want to brush my hair out in front of a mirror and I want a kitty and I want some new clothes.（The speakers frustrated mood is conveyed by the string of requests she pours out in rapid succession, in a tone of almost hysterical insistence.）B What he means by this is that, in poetry, structures which are roughly equivalent in sound, or sentence structure, or grammatical category, or other aspects tend to be combined in a linear order or sequence.(Here evidently each alternative is of equal importance.)C He had a girl there, well, she wasn’t exactly a girl, she was thirty-five if she was a day.(W. Somerset Maugham: “The Colonel’s Lady”)(The writer explains the girl, for certain).D He rushed beyond the barrier and called to her to follow. He wasshouted at to go on but he still called to her. She set her white face to him, passive, like a helpless animal. Her eyes gave him no sign of love or farewell or recognition.(The effect here is cumulative: the total loss of feeling or motion, a total numbness.)E Towns like ours, set in a sea of land, have been described thousands of times as dull, bleak, flat, uninteresting. Margaret Laurence: “Heart of a Stranger”F The man sitting in the iron seat did not look like a man: gloved, goggled, rubber dust-mask over nose and mouth, he was part of the monster, a robot in the seat. (John Steinbeck: The Grapes of Wrath)⑤Syntactic Schemes of RepetitionA One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.(Proverb)( A powerful rhetorical device which creates good rhythm and parallelism to make the language musical, emphatic, attractive and memorable.)B We shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty. (John F. Kennedy)(Speaker here uses any to express strong determination)C When the right people get together for the right reason in the right place in the right way and at the right time, the right kind of memories are in the making.(It is used for emphasis, for expressing strong emotions or some special purposes. emphasizing the importance of rightfulness)D I want to know how long she’s been there, I want to know what she’s there at all for. (W. Howells)(Anaphora involves the repetition of the same word at the beginning of successive clauses, sentences or verses.)E And will you, nill you, I will marry you. (Shakespeare)F Reading make th a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. (Francis Bacon: “Of Studies”)⑥Syntactic scheme of Climax and Anti-climaxA It is an outrage to bind a Roman citizen; to scourge him is a crime; to put him to death is almost parricide. (Cicero)(Ideas arranged in such a way develop gradually, like climbing a ladder, each idea outweighing the preceding one until reaching the summit.)B We do not retreat. We are not content to stand still. As Americans, we go forward, in the service of our country, by the will of God. (Franklin D. Roosevelt)C How haughtily he cocks his nose, to tell what every schoolboy knows. (J. Swift)D I was born an American; I live an American; I shall die an American. (Daniel Webster)(In persuasive speech or writing, it is extremely effective in stirring up feelings and emotions.)E The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes. (Anticlimax is often employed to humorous effects, ridicule or satire.)F We had plenty of company in the way of wagon-loads and mule-loads of tourists—and dust. Mark Twain英语1201班姓名王楚婕学号120901108。