换言之翻译第四章讲义

6 T extual equivalence: cohesionCohesion:衔接A network of lexical, grammatical, and other relations which provide links between various parts of a text, and which organize and create a text; a surface relation which connects together the actual words and expressions that we can see or hear.(p180)[The connection between successive sentences in texts, conversations, etc., in so far as it can be described in terms of specific syntactic units.]Cohesive devicesHalliday and Hasan：five main cohesive devices in English:reference,substitution,ellipsis,conjunction,lexical cohesion.These devices are probably common to a large number of languages. However, different languages have different preferences for using specific devices more frequently than others or in specific combinations which may not correspond to English patterns of cohesion. For instance, pronominalization is very frequent in English but is rarely used in Japanese and Chinese. Lexical repetition is far more frequent in Hebrew than it is in English. p211Cohesion is also achieved by a variety of devices other than those mentioned by Halliday and Hasan and discussed above. These include, for instance, continuity of tense, consistency of style, and punctuation devices such as colons and semi-colons, which, like conjunctions, indicate how different parts of the text relate to each other. It is worth noting here that unmotivated shifts in style, a common pitfall in translation, can seriously disrupt the cohesion and coherence of a text. p2116.1 ReferenceDefinition: the relationship of identity which holds between two linguistic expressions. P181E.g.Mrs Thatcher has resigned. She announced her decision this morning.Mrs. Thatcher has resigned. This delighted her opponents.p181Coreferencea matter of realworld knowledge--Hoey (1988: 162)e.g.There‟s a boy climbing that tree.a. The boy‟s going to fall if he doesn‟t take care. (repetition)b. The lad‟s going to fall if he doesn‟t take care. (synonym)c. The child‟s going to fall if he doesn‟t take care. (superordinate)d. The idiot‟s going to fall if he doesn‟t take care. (general word)e. He‟s going to fall if he doesn‟t take care. (pronominal reference) p182-183Reference—differences between English and ChineseChinese: repetition, zero reference; fewer or zero pronouns;English: pronominal reference; obligatory pronounse.g.“But if a woman is partial to a man, and does not endeavor to conceal it, he must find it out.”“Perhaps he must, if he sees enough of her.”(Pride and Prejudice)？“如果一个女人爱上了一个男人，而又不故意瞒着它的话，他一定会发现它的。

”“如果他经常见到她的话，他也许会的。

”1a “假如一个女人爱上了一个男人，只要女方不故意瞒住男方，男方一定会看得出来的。

”“要是男方和女方见面的机会很多，或许他总会看得出。

”（上海译文版）1b “假如一个女人爱上了一位男子，只要她不着意隐瞒自己的感情，那位男子就一定能察觉到。

”“倘若双方接触频繁，他或许总能看得出来。

”（太白文艺版）1c “一个女人爱上一个男人，只要女方不有意隐瞒，男方准能看得出来。

”“要是见面多的话，也许他准能看得出来。

”（译林版）6.2 Substitution and EllipsisSubstitution: the case of an item being replaced by another item (or items).Ellipsis: the omission of an item.p186-187SubstitutionPro-nominals (代名词): one, ones, the same, etc.Pro-verbals (代动词): do, etc.Clausal substitution (代句词）: so, not, etc.E.g. 1“Perhaps I can get a guide among your lads, and he might stay at the Grange till morning—could you spare m e one?”“兴许我可以从你的仆人中找一位向导，他可以在田庄住到明天早上——能给我派一个吗？Substitution—substitutionE.g. 2…and I am certain I heard a laugh, and a strange one.我肯定听到一声笑，而且是一声怪笑。

Substitution—lexical cohesion (repetition)E.g. 3Miss Cathay and he were now very thick; but Hindley hated him! And to say the truth I did the same. 凯茜小姐和他很要好了，但是欣德利却恨他，而且说实话，我也恨他。

Substitution—lexical cohesion (repetition)E.g.4“One would almost say that, if there were a ghost at Thornfield Hall, this would be his haunt.”“So I think. Y ou have no ghost then?”“None that I ever heard of,” returned Mrs Fairfax, smiling.“Nor any traditions of one? No legends ot ghost stories?”“I believe not.”“差不多可以说：如果桑菲尔德符有鬼的话，那这儿就是闹鬼的地方。

”“我也这么想。

那么，你们这儿没有鬼了？”“我没听说过。

”菲尔费克斯太太微笑着回答。

“也没有任何关于鬼的传说吗？没有传奇或者鬼的故事吗？”“我肯定没有……”Substitution—substitutionEllipsisE.g.Here are my two white silk scarves. I used to have three.我这有两条白色的丝巾。

我曾经有过三条。

Ellipsis—ellipsisE.g.She kissed me, and I her.她吻了我，我也吻了她。

Ellipsis—lexical cohesion6.3 ConjunctionConjunction involves the use of formal markers to relate sentences, clauses and paragraphs to each other. Unlike reference, substitution, and ellipsis, the use of conjunction does not instruct the reader to supply missing information either by looking for it elsewhere in the text or by filling structural slots. Instead, conjunction signals the way the writer wants the reader to relate what is about to be said to what has been said before. Conjunction expresses one of a small number of general relations.Main relations ：a. additive: and, or, also, in addition, furthermore, besides, similarly, likewise, by contrast, for instance;b. adversative: but, yet, however, instead, on the other hand, nevertheless, at any rate, as a matter of fact;c. causal: so, consequently, it follows, for, because, under the circumstances, for this reason;d. temporal: then, next, after that, on another occasion, in conclusion, an hour later, finally, at last;e. continuatives (miscellaneous): now, of course, well, anyway, surely, after all.E.g.For the whole day he climbed up the steep mountainside, almost without stopping.And in all this time he met no one.Y et he was hardly aware of being tired.So by night time the valley was for below.Then, as dusk fell, he sat down to rest.Points ：First, the same conjunction may be used to signal different relations, depending on the context. Second, these relations can be expressed by a variety of means; the use of a conjunction is not the only device for expressing a temporal or causal relation, for instance.Third, conjunctive relations do not just reflect relations between external phenomena, but may also be set up to reflect relations which are internal to the text or communicative situation.p191老黄老了，人称“黄老”。