专业八级-55

专业八级-55(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}PART Ⅰ LISTENING COMPREHENSION{{/B}}(总题数：1，分数：10.00)ANSWER SHEET ONE {{B}}Money in America{{/B}} Money is used to buy goods or services and (1) ______ debts. (1) ______ In America, money supply consists of (2) ______ (paper (2) ______ money), coins, and demand deposits [(3) ______ ]. (3) ______ In a modern credit economy, money must possess two most important attributes: acceptability and (4) ______. It also (4) ______ has two legal attributes: legal tender and (5) ______. (5) ______ Money performs four main functions: a. standard of value; b. (6) ______; (6) ______ c. store of value; d. standard of deferred payment. There are three partially conflicting theories of value for explaining the (7) ______ in the value of American money, (7) ______ namely the commodity, quantity and income theories. Coins are credit money or (8) ______ money whereas (8) ______ paper money consists of Federal Reserve notes. Demand deposits are supplied depending on a bank's total (9) ______ (9) ______ reserves. The Federal Reserve, or Fed, as a central bank, (10) ______ and (10) ______ controls the nation's money supply and credit.ANSWER SHEET ONE {{B}}Money in America{{/B}} Money is used to buy goods or services and (1) ______ debts. (1) ______ In America, money supply consists of (2) ______ (paper (2) ______ money), coins, and demand deposits [(3) ______ ]. (3) ______ In a modern credit economy, money must possess two most important attributes: acceptability and (4) ______. It also (4) ______ has two legal attributes: legal tender and (5) ______. (5) ______ Money performs four main functions: a. standard of value; b. (6) ______; (6) ______ c. store of value; d. standard of deferred payment. There are three partially conflicting theories of value for explaining the (7) ______ in the value of American money, (7) ______ namely the commodity, quantity and income theories. Coins are credit money or (8) ______ money whereas (8) ______ paper money consists of Federal Reserve notes. Demand deposits are supplied depending on a bank's total (9) ______ (9) ______ reserves. The Federal Reserve, or Fed, as a central bank, (10) ______ and (10) ______ controls the nation's money supply and credit.（分数：10.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：discharge）解析：[听力原文]1-10 {{B}}Money in America{{/B}} Money is anything that is in general use in the purchase of goods and services and in the discharge of debts. Money may also be defined as an evidence of debt owed by society. The money supply in the United States consists of currency (paper money), coins, and demand deposits (checking accounts). Currency and coins are government-created money, whereas demand deposits are bank-created money. Of these three components of our money supply, demand deposits are by far the most important. Most of our money supply is invisible, intangible, and abstract. The two most important inherent attributes that money must possess in a modern credit economy are acceptability and stability. In earlier times in the evolution of money and monetary institutions in the United States, the attributes of divisibility, portability, and visibility were important. The two legal attributes of "legal tender" and "standard money" are not of as much importance today as in the past. The four functions that money often performs are standard of value; medium of exchange; store of value; and standard of deferred payment. In a modern specialized economy and, most especially, are tile most important of these. Although it is agreed that the value of money has fallen in the United States over time, there are three in part conflicting theories of value that have been advanced to explain this phenomenon; the commodity, quantity, and income theories. Most economists today espouse either the second or more typically, the third of these. Any money can retain its value as long as its issuance is limited; it need not have a commodity backing. Inflation or rising prices have been explained by demand and/or supply theories in recent years, although historically the former has been thought toprovide the more satisfactory explanation. Our presently circulating coins are credit money or token money in that the market value of metal in the coins is worth less than the face (or mint) value of the coins. Gresham's Law—i.e., bad money tends to drive out good money—explains why coins with a greater market value than mint value cease circulating. Most of the paper money in the United States consists of Federal' Reserve notes; the remaining minor types of paper money are called treasury currency. Demand deposits are bankcreated money, the supply of which is limited to any single bank by the amount of its total legal reserves. If it lends more than the amount of its excess reserves it would have an adverse clearing balance. Modern fractional reserve banking grew out of the experiences of early goldsmiths who found that 100 percent reserves were not needed with a reserve requirement ratio of say 20 percent, the banking system as a whole could expand its demand deposits in a 5:1 ratio to its reserves. A monopoly bank could operate as does the entire banking system, since being the only bank it is, in effect, the entire banking system. If some money leaks out of the banking system, its coefficient of credit expansion is reduced from the 5:1 ratio indicated above. The Federal Reserve, or Fed, is a central bank whose prime function is to monitor and control the nation's money supply and credit through monetary policy in the attempt to stifle inflation, promote economic growth with high employment, and help with the sale of government bounds. It is not clear that the Fed has always understood its powers and purposes. It has had much more success in helping with the sale of government bonds and in performing its service functions than in promoting growth and maintaining stability. The Fed's three main quantitative weapons, in order of importance, are open market operations; discount rate policy; and changes in legal reserve requirements. It has at times had some moderate success in using some qualitative controls as well.填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：currency）解析：填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：checking accounts）解析：填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：stability）解析：填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：standard money）解析：填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：medium of exchange）解析：填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：decline）解析：填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：token）解析：填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：legal）解析：填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：monitors）解析：二、{{B}}SECTION B{{/B}}(总题数：1，分数：5.00)（分数：5.00）(1).Which of the following is NOT a point made by Daniel at the beginning part?（分数：1.00）A.All media people try to be objective.B.All people have some prejudice.C.Unlike radio and TV, newspapers are impersonal. √D.People cannot avoid showing their bias.解析：[听力原文]1-5 INTERVIEWER: Newspapers seem sort of impersonal.., but radio and TV—there are personalities involved. Isn't there a lot more possibility that since there are personalitiesinvolved it will have a greater impact on people's reactions? DANIEL: Well, I think you have to first start with the understanding that no person is unobjective. We're all striving to be objective, but we have our own prejudice. It's build in. And so, even the person who writes the story in the newspaper lets that bias come through in his pen. Of course, when we arc personally on camera, we're trying to stick pretty closely to a script that we have already written. INTERVIEWER: Uhm.... DANIEL: But sometimes, perhaps in an ad, although we try to avoid as much of that as possible—some of our prejudice or bias will show, even though we're striving not to let it show. INTERVIEWER: Uh... but when people read a newspaper article, it's kind of cold. DANIEL: Right, that's true. INTERVIEWER: It could be... it could be a real exciting story, and all you can do is put exclamation marks. But when you see a person that... DANIEL: I see what you're saying. INTERVIEWER: I started to say that the particular biases of a person can come through more readily. DANIEL: I think it's something you have to guard against. It would be wrong for that to happen. But, yes, I think what you're saying is true—that in trying to interpret the words that are on the script, I might.., in my voice or in my expression show some type of reaction to it. Uh... probably, would be more of a reaction than it would of an interpretation—although the voice implies an interpretation when you read any group of words. INTERVIEWER: Right. DANIEL: I guess the idea is to make that sentence not so bland, but so—leave out adjectives, leave out adverbs so that you deal just with nouns and verbs, and in that way, you keep it as straight as you possibly can. INTERVIEWER: How do you see yourself, primarily—other than reporting the news? Uh... are you an entertainer? DANIEL: No. No, I don't think I'm an entertainer. I think, perhaps, the sports man might be an entertainer of sort—although he has a journalistic function too. I see myself as a public servant. Uh... the same as... a policeman or a mayor might be providing information to people that they need in their lives to... to live their life, to make decisions and so forth. INTERVIEWER: But you are conscious, of course,... when you go before the cameras, that... that you're in a situation.... DANIEL: Right. INTERVIEWER: ... uh... where there must be people that are viewing you as someone— DANIEL: Because of your visibility, you become a somewhat of a celebrity in that sense, and I don't know—I try to play that down, so that doesn't become a thing with me. INTERVIEWER: Uh-uhm... DANIEL: Because I think that's probably the biggest problem in our profession—the biggest temptation is to get a big head. And while you need confidence in order to do your job— it's a... it's a high-pressure job, so you need confidence—you get too much of that confidence, and that begins to come across the tube. INTERVIEWER: Right.... DANIEL: ... as you're kind of a know-it-all, or you think yourself more important than you really should be. And I think that would be dealt with by the viewer. After a while, they'll just turn you off. They'll say, "I don't want to watch that cocky so-and-so any more!" INTERVIEWER: Some newspapers, I suppose, some TV stations, have had the reputation for reporting, for sensationalizing. DANIEL: That's true. There are several markets in the country where.., there are stations that deal primarily with crime news and news of a violent nature. I think they're shoved into that suit, perhaps, by the programming that wraps around them. If they are on, let's say, at eleven o'clock, and the show from ten to eleven—as is usually the case, not usually, but often the case—is a crime or detective-type program. INTERVIEWER: Right... DANIEL: The viewer has been given an appetite for violence. He's been conditioned as the news begins to expect violence. INTERVIEWER: He expects a lot of action on a... on a— DANIEL: Right. And some of the services that make recommendations to local stations say that you should begin with a visual, and it would even be that much better, they say, if you would begin with a visual that involves some kind of criminal activity— INTERVIEWER: Hmm.... DANIEL: ... some.., something that will grab the people's attention and hold them. And don't start, they would say, with something that's political because their minds are not ready to grasp that now. INTERVIEWER: What constitutes newsworthiness? DANIEL: I think when you get down to it, basically, news involves the actions, the words and the products of people. I think it's.., those three would be all inclusive, and of course, in television news,we're essentially concerned with the actions, words and products of people that would affect the largest number of viewers or listeners—in other words, would have a mass appeal. Number two, that are truly news—in the sense that they have happened within, oh, say, the last twenty-four hours. You know, not something that happened a month ago, but something that happened today. So, that would be, I guess, my definition of news. INTERVIEWER: Well, what is it that's mainly attractive to you about your work? DANIEL: Well, there is a psychic reward in the sense of being able to see your product. Sure, at the end of a show, to look back and say, "We got through it." INTERVIEWER: You have something to produce, and you produce it. DANIEL: You have an audience, in a sense—you were alluding to that entertainment function. INTERVIEWER: Uh-huh. DANIEL: Although ours is an information function, it still... if we—at the end, we judge—did we inform our audience? Or did we leave out some things they should have known—and do we feel badly about that? So, there's the psychic reward. There's the sense of being close to newsmakers—to the people where the action... INTERVIEWER: Where the action is. DANIEL: That is exciting, and I enjoy that part of the business. I like working under... under deadlines—under pressure—because I think you probably produce more, and you produce a higher quality of work when you're under pressure. INTERVIEWER: Which means for you, a daily.., a daily deadline or two... DANIEL: Right. And so I enjoy that part of my job. Uh... there's a certain—on television journalism, there—again—guess this would be a psychic reward—there's certain amount of feeling of accomplishment when people will come up to you and say, "gee ,we think you're doing a good job", and that kind of feedback that you get, that other people would not get in their work. I enjoy that. Of course, we also get some negative feedback sometime and you become a little sensitive about that. But also, perhaps, it is of benefit because we learn from our mistakes.(2).Daniel thinks it would be ______ to reveal one's bias too readily.（分数：1.00）A.wrong √B.improperC.naturalD.justifiable解析：(3).Daniel look on himself as a ______.（分数：1.00）A.sportsmanB.public servant √C.mayorD.policeman解析：(4).According to Daniel, the biggest problem for a TV host is to ______.（分数：1.00）A.become anxiousB.become self-important √C.become confidentD.become self-conscious解析：(5).What does Daniel find most attractive about his profession?（分数：1.00）A.visibilityB.high salaryC.high pressureD.feeling of accomplishment √解析：三、{{B}}SECTION C{{/B}}(总题数：2，分数：5.00)（分数：3.00）(1).The supermarket that caught fire was located in the ______ of Asuncion, capital of Paraguay.（分数：1.00）A.suburb √B.downtownC.centerD.north end解析：[听力原文]6-8 ASUNCION, Paraguay—Survivors in a crowded supermarket said locked doors kept them from escaping and may have been to blame for many of the at least 256 deaths in Paraguay's worst disaster in more than half a century. Hundreds more were injured, many with serious burns, after the blaze swept through the multilevel supermarket on the outskirts of the capital, Asuncion, while it was crowded with Sunday shoppers. Officials said it was the worst tragedy in Paraguay since a failed military insurrection in 1947 left some 8,000 people dead. The heat of the blaze caused one floor to collapse, crushing dozens of cars in the parking lot as flames engulfed the motorists inside, police said. Badly burned bodies, some with twisted limbs, were whisked away as black billows of smoke rose overhead. Rescuers led away dozens of children found near the store's toy department. Authorities said they had detained two owners of the supermarket for questioning about reports by some survivors that doors had been locked, k statement released by the management denied doors were locked after the fire broke out to prevent looting. The fire may have been fueled by an exploding gas canister in the food court area. But authorities said they still had not concluded what cause the blaze. Several levels of the multilevel supermarket were covered in soot, including a lower level parking garage where cars were crushed and burned. An Associated Press photographer at the scene said hundreds of neighbors living nearby rushed to the scene, helping to carry bodies from the building as firefighters held water hoses. One woman, her face caked in soot, cried as she was carried away on the shoulders of a rescuer. Stretched for emergency services including medical equipment, Paraguayan authorities frantically sought additional ambulances from remote interior cities, even neighboring Argentina.(2).About ______ people died in a military insurrection in 1947.（分数：1.00）A.800B.1,800C.8,000 √D.1,000解析：(3).The fire was supposed to be caused by an explosion in ______.（分数：1.00）A.the store's toy departmentB.food court area √C.the parking garageD.electronic appliances area解析：{{I}}Questions 9 to 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each question. Now listen to the news.{{/I}}{{I}}Questions 9 to 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each question. Now listen to the news.{{/I}}（分数：2.00）(1).Sam Edwards died from ______.（分数：1.00）A.a strokeB.cancerC.high blood pressureD.a heart disease √解析：[听力原文]9-10 LOS ANGELES—Sam Edwards, a character actor who made scores of appearances on such TV shows as "Gunsmoke," "Barnaby Jones," "McCloud" and "Happy Days," as well as portrayingthe town banker on "Little House on the Prairie," has died at age 89. Edwards, who also appeared on radio and in films, died Wednesday after suffering a heart attack, said his stepson, William Edwards. Born into a show business family, Edwards made his stage debut as a baby when his mother, actress Edna Park, held him in her arms during a scene for the play "Tess of the Storm Country." He appeared on radio with his family in the 1930s in "The Adventures of Sonny and Buddy," in which he played a boy who runs away to join a traveling medicine show, and later as himself in "The Edwards Family," a program that also featured his brother, sister and parents. After three years in the Army during World War Ⅱ, he returned to radio in the mid- 1940s, moving on to television in the 1950s. He worked regularly in TV into the 1980s, appearing on such shows as "The Streets of San Francisco," "The Dukes of Hazard," "Wonder Woman". On "Little House on the Prairie," he portrayed Mr. Anderson, the town banker from 1978 to 1983. His film credits included "Twelve O'clock," "Hello Dolly!" and "The Postman Always Rings Twice" and numerous TV movies. He also supplied the voices for several children's productions and appeared on "Winnie the Pooh" records as Owl and Tigger.(2).Sam Edwards made his first stage appearance in ______.（分数：1.00）A.Tess of the Storm Country √B.The Adventures of Sonny and BuddyC.The Edwards FamilyD.Winnie the Pooh解析：四、{{B}}PART Ⅱ READING COMPREHENSION{{/B}}(总题数：4，分数：4.00)1.The author argues that the practice of rationalization is ______.（分数：1.00）A.misguided √B.originalC.reasonableD.well-grounded解析：本题为一般推理题。