Sentence-meaning &propositional content

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句子意义和话语意义

The relationship beerance meaning
• In many situations, utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning, however it contains more than sentence meaning, because utterance meaning is the result of the combination of sentence meaning and context. • In other words, utterance meaning is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.
• The meaning of an utterance is the meaning of the sentence plus the meanings of the circumstances: the time and place, the people involved, their backgrounds, their relationship to one another, and what they know about one another.
2. Sentence meaning VS. Utterance meaning
• Sentence meaning belongs to semantic area while utterance meaning belongs to pragmatic area. • Sentence meaning is abstract and decontextualized, utterance meaning is concrete and context-dependent.

sentence翻译成中文

sentence翻译成中文“Sentence”翻译成中文是“句子”，即一个或多个由空格分隔的单词组成的意义完整的句子。

句子是人类最基本的语言单位之一，是表达精神世界的最重要的工具。

句子的种类非常多，形式上有叙述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句等，内容上有实句、虚句等。

句子是一个完整的思想体现，它把一件事情所包含的主要信息表达出来，因此它是构成文章的最小单位。

如果在表达某一个意思时，只用一个句子就可以完成，那么就可以称它为独立句；如果需要用多个句子才能完整地表达出来，那么就可以称它为组合句。

比如：“不要把希望寄托在明天”，这是一个独立句，而“谁若放弃了沉舟，便是放弃了生命的希望”，这是一个组合句。

句子结构也是不同的，有单主格句、双主格句、主谓宾句、主谓状语句、定语从句等结构。

单主格句指句子只有一个主语，比如“我有一个梦想”；双主格句指句子有两个主语，比如“大家都很努力”；主谓宾句指句子有一个主语、一个谓语和一个宾语，比如“我喜欢看书”；主谓状语句指句子有一个主语、一个谓语和一个状语，比如“我正张望着天空”；定语从句指句子由一个主句和一个定语从句组成，比如“这是我们所期待的一天”。

句子也可以根据语气来分类，有祈使句、祝愿句、陈述句、疑问句、感叹句等，其中祈使句又可以分为命令句、请求句、劝告句等，比如“请原谅我”就是一个请求句；祝愿句是祝福别人的句子，比如“祝你有个美好的未来”；陈述句是表达一件真实的事情，比如“他是个勤奋的学生”；疑问句是问别人的句子，比如“你会唱歌吗？”；感叹句是表达对某件事情的态度，比如“多么美好的一天啊！”。

句子的另一个特点是习惯用语。

习惯用语是表达某种思想或情感的句子，如“你长大了”表达的是祝福的意思；“你太棒了”表达的是赞许的意思；“老大哥”表达的是尊重的意思。

句子是表达思想的基本单位，它是构成文章的最小单位，它通过多种形式、多种语气表达出来，并有其特定的习惯用语。

因此，学习句子既有利于提高英语水平，也有助于培养学生的思维能力，提高学生的表达能力，从而有助于拓展学生的知识面。

语言学-第五单元-sentence-meaning

E g: John loves Mary → (Lm) (j)
Analyzed in the same way as those with one argument.
E g: kill is CAUSE (x ,(BECOME (y, (～ALIVE (y))))).
Cause
(x
y becomes non-alive)
• father: PARENT (x, y) & MALE (x)
– x is a parent of y, and x is male.
• take: CAUSE (x, (HAVE (x, y)))
– x causes x to have y.
• give: CAUSE (x, (~HAVE (x, y)))
– x causes x not to have y.
Sense Relations
a. John killed Bill but Bill didn’t die. kill = CAUSE( x, (BECOME (y, (~ALIVE(y))))) die = BECOME( x, (~ALIVE(x)))
ⅰ. ﹁/ ～p
ⅱ.conjunction＆ disjunction∨ implication→
equivalence≡
(and)
(or)
(if…then) ( iff…then/if and only
if…then)
Propositional Logic: study of the truth conditions for propositions:
how the truth value of a composite proposition is

语言学6

1the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.2 .语境ContextThe notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language, it’s generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.3.叙述句ConstativesConstatives are statements that either state or describe, and are thus verifiable and it bearing the truth-value.;4.行为句PerformativesPerformatives are sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and are not verifiable.5.言内行为Locutionary ActA locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases ,clauses. it’s the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.6.言外行为Illcotionary ActAn illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention it’s the act performed in saying something.7.言后行为Perlocutionary ActPerlocuationary Act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something. it’s the consequence of ,or the change brought about by theutterance.8.句子意义Sentence meaningIt refers to a sentence and is a grammatical concept, the meaning of a sentence is often studied as the abstract intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of predication.9.话语意义Utterance meaningIt refers to a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes and utterance and it should be considered in the situation in which it is actually uttered.问答题1.Semantics 和Pragmatics的区分Pragmatics studies how meaning is conveyed in the process of communication.The basic difference between them is that pragmatics considers meaning in context, traditional semantics studies meaning in isolation from the context of use.2.A sentence is a grammatical concept. It usually consists of a subject and predicate. An utterance is the unit of communication. It is the smallest linguistic unit that has a communicative value. If we regard a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication，it becomes an utterance. Whether “Mary is beautiful.”is a sentence or an utterancedepends on how we look at it. If we regard it as a grammatical unit or a self-contained unit in isolation，then it is a sentence. If we look at it as something uttered in a certain situation with a certain purpose，then it is an utterance. Most utterances take the form of complete sentences，but some utterances are not，and some cannot even be restored to complete sentences.3.Sentence meaning与Utterance meaning的区别Sentence meaning---abstract, decontextualized.Utterance meaning---concrete, contextualized it’s based on sentence meaning, it’s the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.A sentence meaning is often considered as the intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication. It is abstract and independent of context. The meaning of an utterance is concrete，and context-dependent. The utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning；it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication，or simply in a context. For example，“There is a dog at the door”. The speaker could utter it as a matter-of-fact statement，telling the hearer that the dog is at the door. The speaker could use it as a warning，asking the hearer not to approach the door. There are other possibilities，too. So，the understanding of the utterance meaning of “There is a dog at thedoor”depends on the context in which it is uttered and the purpose for which the speaker utters it.4.A locutionary act is the act of uttering words，phrases，clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax，lexicon and phonology. An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention；it is the act performed in saying something. A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something；it is the consequence of，or the change brought about by the utterance；it is the act performed by saying something. For example：You have left the door wide open.The locutionary act performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words "you，" "have，" "door，" "left，" "open，" etc. and expressed what the word literally mean.The illocutionary act performed by the speaker is that by making such an utterance，he has expressed his intention of asking the hearer to close the door.5.六七十年代时，美国哲学语言学家John Searle对言外行为分成了5类阐述性Representatives---to commit the speaker to something’s being the Case ,to the truth of what has been said.例词:stating, believing, swearing, hypothesizing最有代表性,指令性Directives---are attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do something.例词:inviting, suggesting ,requesting ,advising ,warning ,threatening, ordering 是特有实例承诺性Commissives---when speaking the speaker puts himself under obligation.例词:promising, undertaking, vowing最典型表达类Expressives---the speaker is expressing his feelings or attitude toward an existing state of affairs.例词:apologizing ,thanking, congratulating宣告类Declarations---the successful performance of an act of this type brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality.例句I now declare the meeting open/I appoint you chairman of the committee/I fire you.这五类differ in their strength or force.6. 合作原则的准则4Maxim of Cooperative Principle数量the maxim of Quantity-----你说的话应包含所需内容且不可超过内容要求Make your contribution as informative as required;Do not make your contribution more informative than is required质量the maxim of Quality -----不要说你认为是假的话或你缺乏足够证据的话Do not say what you believe to false.Do not say for which you lack adequate evidence关系the maxim of relation-----使你的话与话题相关be relevant方式the maxim of manner-----避免模糊、歧义，应简明有序Avoid obscurity of expression and ambiguity;Be brief/be orderly.1. The maxim of quantity1. Make your contribution as informative as required （for the current purpose of the exchange）.2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.2. The maxim of quality1. Do not say what you believe to be false.2. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.3. The maxim of relationBe relevant..4. The maxim of manner1. Avoid obscurity of expression.2. Avoid ambiguity.3. Be brief （avoid unnecessary prolixity）.。

sentence的词根

sentence的词根【原创实用版】目录1.词根的定义与作用2.sentence 的词根及其含义3.sentence 词根的发展与演变4.sentence 词根在现代英语中的应用5.结论正文词根是词语的基本部分，它是词汇构成的基础，具有表示词语基本意义的功能。

在英语中，许多词汇都是由词根和其他词缀组合构成的。

今天我们将探讨英语中一个重要的词根——"sentence"，它的含义、发展以及在现代英语中的应用。

"sentence"这个词的词根可以追溯到拉丁语"sententia"，意为“想法”或“意见”。

在英语中，"sentence"的基本含义是“句子”，它是表达一个完整思想或信息的语言单位。

然而，除了这个基本含义之外，"sentence"的词根还衍生出其他一些相关词汇。

词根的发展是一个漫长的过程。

从最初的拉丁语"sententia"，到古法语"sentence"，再到现代英语中的"sentence"，它的形式和含义都发生了一定的变化。

在中世纪，"sentence"一度表示“判决”或“审判”，这一含义在现代英语中仍然有所体现，例如“刑事判决”（criminal sentence）和“无罪判决”（acquittal）等词汇。

在现代英语中，"sentence"的词根在许多词汇中都有体现，如"sentiment"（情感、观点）、"sentimental"（感伤的、多愁善感的）、"sentimentality"（感伤性、多愁善感）等。

这些词汇都与"sentence"的基本含义——表达一个想法或观点有关。

综上所述，"sentence"的词根在英语词汇的发展和演变中扮演了重要角色。

语义学作业 the sentence and utterance

Sentence and UtteranceAfter having several classes, I had a brief view of the sentence and utterance as follows:SentenceThe meaning of a sentence is often studied as the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of predication. It is obvious that the sentence meaning is connected with the meaning of the words which constitute the sentence; but it is still clear that the sentence meaning is not the totality of the meanings of the component words. Because the syntactical structure of the sentence also plays a role in determining the sentence meaning. That is to say, the meaning of a sentence is a product of both lexical and grammatical meaning. Lexical meaning is the de-contextual denotation of the words which is defined in the dictionary, while the grammatical meaning is abstract meaning represented by the grammatical structures of the words. Therefore, a sentence is a grammatical unit consisting of one or more words that are grammatically linked. It can include words grouped meaningfully to express a statement, question, exclamation, request, command or suggestion.As with all language expressions, sentences might contain function and content words and contain properties distinct to natural language,such as characteristic intonation and timing patterns.Sentences are generally characterized in most languages by the presence of a finite verb, for instance, "The dog is barking."A sentence usually can be devided into the simple sentence and compound sentence and complex sentence according to its general style.A simple sentence consists of a single independent clause with no dependent clauses.A compound sentence consists of multiple independent clauses with no dependent clauses. These clauses are joined together using conjunctions, punctuation, or both. However, a complex sentence typically contains at least a subject noun phrase and a finite verb. While the subject is usually a noun phrase, other kinds of phrases work as well, and some languages allow subjects to be omitted. There are two types of clauses: independent and subordinate. An independent clause demonstrates a complete thought; it is a complete sentence: for example, “I am happy. ”A subordinate clause is n ot a complete sentence: for example,“ because I have no money. ”See also copula for the consequences of the verb to be on the theory of sentence structure.Sentences can also be classified based on their purpose:A declarative sentence or declaration, the most common type,commonly makes a statement: "He has to go to school."An interrogative sentence or question is commonly used to request information — "Does he have to go to school?" — But sometimes not; see rhetorical question.An exclamatory sentence or exclamation is generally a more emphatic form of statement expressing emotion: "He has to go to school!"An imperative sentence or command tells someone to do something : "Go to school." or "Go to school!"UtteranceIn my point of view, the langue and parole shall be mentioned before the utterance is discussed. Generally speaking, utterance does not have a precise linguistic definition. Phonetically an utterance is a unit of speech bounded by silence. In dialogue, each turn by a speaker may be considere d an utterance. To some degree, the “utterance” does not mean words, sentences, or even the texts. Sometimes, even an intonation or a gestures will have their implied meanings.In semantics, we know the word “mean" has different meanings. Asis known to us, one utterance or expression has more than one meaning except its literal meaning. So in accordance with this phenomenon, the subject “pragmatics” has been formed. By virtue of the efforts of some linguistic experts such as Austin and Grice, they put forward some relevant theories, principles and methods to study this phenomenon, therefore, the most outstanding theory, the illocutionary act, came into being. The speaker may utter out one utterance but refer to a total different thing beyond its literal meaning.We use the term “utterance” to refer to complete communicative units, which may consist of single words, phrases, clauses and clause combinations spoken in context, in contrast to the term 'sentence,' which we reserve for units consisting of at least one main clause and any accompanying subordinate clauses, and marked by punctuation in writing. And in an utterance, there are some theories that has performative function in language and communication. Among those theories, Speech Act Theory is the most dominated, including Locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary acts.Besides, in our daily communication, an utterance is generally used to refer to spoken language. It can be refer either to the process of uttering or to the products of that process. Utterances in the first of these two senses are commonly referred to nowadays as speech acts. While in the second sense, it may be referred to- in a specialized sense of the term- as inscriptions.The differences between sentence and utteranceAs has been mentioned before, a sentence is a grammtical concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often regarded as abstract, intrinsic. However, when we consider it as what we actually utter in the course of communication, it will become an utterance. What’s more, we should consider the situation where it is actually used. Therefore, we cannot tell if "The dog is barking" is a sentence or utterance. Maybe it can be both. Whereas, the meaning if a sentence is abstract, intrinsic and decontextualized, while an utterance is concrete, and contexy-dependent. The meaning of an utterance is based on sentence meaning. It is the realization of the abstract meaning if a sentence in a real situation of communication or a context. And most utterances take the form of grammatically complete sentences, some utterances are not, and some even are not complete sentences. For instance, “Hello!” “Good night.” They all are utterances, which have meaning in a actual context or situation.The distinction between sentence meaning and utterance meaning suggests us a further organizing principle. This distinction cannot be taken for granted in the way that the one between word-meaning and sentence-meaning can. Not only it is less familiar to non-specialists, butalso it is the subject of deal of controversy among specialists.A。

高考英语重点词汇归纳 sentence短语归纳复习剖析

sentence短语归纳1、send out 发出；放出Some unknown flowers in the garden send out nice smell.花园里有些不知名的花发出香味。

The sun sends out light and heat. 太阳发光发热。

send 构成的其他词组：send away撵走；开除；解雇send for 派人去叫（请）send up 发射2、sentence 短语归纳sentence 用作名词或动词，有“宣判，判决”之意。

如:pass sentence on sb. 判某人的刑；announce sentence on sb. 宣布对某人的判决；serve one’s sentence 服刑；be sentenced to hard labour 被判服苦役；sentence sb. to death 判某人死刑；be sentenced to six months in prisom 被判处六个月监禁；be under the sentence of death/be sentenced to death 被判处死刑；have sb. sentenced to death 判某人死刑；receive a sentence of two years 被判两年徒刑。

完成句子①一个凶手被判三年徒刑，另一个被判处死刑。

One murderer was______ ______ three years in prison and the other was sentenced_______ _________ .②那小偷被判5年监禁。

The thief_______a sentence _______ 5 years in prison.Key:①sentenced, to, to, death ②received, of3、separate(1)adj. 独自的、独立的、分别为不同的、各自的、分离的、分开的。

SENTENCEMEANING

SENTENCE MEANINGI. VERBV erbs encode events: a cover term for state or conditions of existence, processes or unfoldings, and actions or excuted processes. (W. Frawley, 1992: 141)An event is a relatively temporal relation in conceptual space. (W. Frawley, 1992: 144)A process is a series of states that in sequential or successive grouping constitute a phenomenon as a whole. Time is not relevant to this construal, only to its realization as an event and hence as a verb (ibid). Change and process refer only to the relational aspects of an event. A process involves the dependency and connection of component states, and change (a process) involves the dependency of components states in differential connection. (W. Frawley, 1992: 145)1II. PREDICATE FEATURESD. L.F. Nilsen and A.P.Nilsen (1975) suggestthere are five semantic features: grammatical features, inherent features, predicate features, adverbial features and perception features.Predicate Features are a kind of “relevant” features. When a verb is analyzed, it should not be independent from other elements of the sentence. Because it is in the coexistence with others. For example:John read a novel in five days.When the verb “read” in the sentence is analyzed, the action inc ludes [John acted]; [John wanted (to do it)]; [John finished (reading it)]; [how long it took John to read it]. So a comprehensive method should be used in a verb analysis. In semantics, when we analyze a verb, usually the following semantic features should be included: [cause], [instigation], [performance], [intention], [effect], [source], [goal], [active], [control], [affected], [inchoative], [receive],etc.To the above sentence, we analyze it as the following:John was in instigation (John instigated) …John read … = John was in intention (John intended) …John was in performance (John performed) …23The semantic features of verbs usually appear in pairs in the same context.[cause] [effect][act] [receive] [control] [controlled][source] [goal]John broke the cup. ([cause])The cup was broken . ([effect])Mary handed me a dictionary. ([act])I took (received ) the dictionary from Mary. ([receive])III. CASE GRAMMARCase grammar was first raised by Charles J. Fillmore in his book The Case for Case (1968). Case grammar mainly discusses the relations between language structures a nd language meanings. In theory , “grammar --- language meaning” is closely connected with “ generative --- transformational”. He suggested that in all languages there exist semantic case in deep structure. The main theories can be explained as the following:3.1 The Classification of CaseFillmore classifies the words in a sentence into different cases, cf. different semantic features. His theory, factually, relies on the context of sentences (syntactically). According to the different positions and functions of the words used in sentences, he uses different special terms to analyze the semantic features of the words. He puts forward that Agent is an animate “actor” or “doer”, Instrument is an inanimate “tool” or “cause”; Experiencer an animate “receiver” of action; Object a “target” of the thing manipulated.Fillmore thinks that Agents , Objects , Experiencer belong to case grammar, they are different from the terms in traditional grammar --- subjects, direct object, indirect object belong to traditional grammar. For example:1) John broke the window with a pebble.2) A pebble broke the window.3) The window broke.In the first sentence, “John” is the “Agent ”, and it is the subject; “a pebble” in the second sentence is “Instrument ”, but it is the subject traditionally; “the window” in thethird sentence is Experiencer, but it is subject according to traditional grammar. So the words in the subject position in traditional grammar may be Agent, Instrument, Experiencer in case grammar.3.2 The Realization of the Semantic CasesFillmore drew a conclusion by analyzing language phenomena: each case is connected with a preposition. The cases are realized by prepositions in the deep structures of the language in showing their functions and meanings.a)Agent --- connected with by:Bagdad was captured by American army.b)Experiencer --- connected with to:The government offered a scholarship to the poor students.c)Instrument --- connected with with:Tom damaged the overcoat with a knife.d)Object --- connected with with:The workers loaded the boat with boxes.From semantic angle, a noun phrase in deep structure is always connected with a preposition. But when it is transformed to the surface, the preposition is omitted.(By) the American army captured Baghdad.The government offered (to) the poor students scholarship.(Tom) (with) a knife damaged the overcoat.Workers loaded the boat (with) rice.In his opinion, in deep structure, all noun phrases are preposition phrases; and in deep structure, noun phrases with prepositions can shift to sentences, and sometimes, all prepositions can be omitted:Bagdad was captured by the American army.By the American army Bagdad was captured.Bagdad was captured (by the American army).3.3 Deep Case FramesAccording to him, a sentence is mainly composed of two parts --- a noun phrase and a verb phrase. In the following, how to deal with verbs is explained in his theory. He uses “deep case frames” to analyze verbs. He thinks that a verb is always used together with semantic case(s) (noun phrases). For example: John jumped from one side of the ditch to the other side.“jumped” is used together with the Agent (John), a Source (from one side of the ditch), and a Goal (to the other side <of the ditch>). In “deep case frames”, it can be rewritten as the following:[+ ___ A S G] A --- Agent S --- Source G --- Goal + --- semantic cases coexisting in this sentence “___” symbolizes verb phrase. From this sentence, we can4see “from one side of the ditch” and “to the other side” can be omitted. So the “deep case frame” of the sentence can be shown as the following: [+ ___ A (S) (G)].It is very important in using “deep case frames” to analyze verbs and classify the different verbs. For example:John enjoyed the movie.John hit the window with a hammer.In the first sentence, the “deep case frame” is [+ ___ E O]. “Enjoy” is not active, but passive, so “John” is not an Agent, t hough it is the subject of the sentence traditionally. The “deep case frame” of this verb can be applied to such verbs showing the psychological action as like, appreciate, experience, feel, sense, and so on.Similarly, [+ ___ A O (I)] as in the second sentence can be applied to such verbs showing contact as brush, dig, paint, destroy, etc.In order to decide the position of semantic case and the relation between the different semantic cases, Fillmore (1968) puts forward three criteria:a. In semantics, those words belonging to the same semantic case can be used together.John and Tim broke the window.*John and a hammer broke the window.b. Each semantic case has only one function in a sentence.John broke the window with a hammer. (“John”, “the window”, “a hammer” work as three different cases: Agent, Object and Inst rument.)*The stone broke the window with a hammer. (“the stone” and “a hammer” belong to the same case. So it is a wrong sentence.)c. Each case is connected with a certain preposition.The bottle was broken by Tony. (“Tony” is the Agent. But if in an active sentence, “by” must be omitted --- (By) Tony broke the bottle.) Of course, his theory does not supply all means in analyzing the semantic features of language.IV. CHAFE GRAMMARChafe grammar was first put forward by Wallace Chafe in 1970 when he wrote Meaning and the Structure of Language. Like case grammar, Chafe grammar also discusses the relation between structure and meaning. But it is different from Case grammar: Chafe grammar connects semantic case with semantic categories; Case grammar links semantic case with syntactic structure of verbs.C hafe suggests that a sentence is composed of “semantic units”, and semantic units can be divided into three categories:A.All-inc lusive units which includes all the verb and noun;B.Selectional units including:verbs --- a. state; b. action; c. process; d. ambientnouns --- a. count / non-count; b. potent; c. animate / inanimate; d. human; e. feminine; d. uniqueC.Lexical units refers to words belonging to different units (lexicalized). That is to say, they are the concrete words in communication.Chafe views the semantic units (semantic features) as those in a system in which the semantic units are like the top, middle, bottom of a pyramid. The three units can be clearly illustrated by the following diagram (Wu Qian-guang, 1988):56(The wood) is dry . (The boy) ran. (The wood) dried. (It ’s) hot.We take “sing ” as another example to show the relation between the three units:Chafe uses the following sentences to explain his theory.1) The wood is dry.2) Michael ran.3) The wood dried.4) Michael dried the wood.5) It’s hot.In sentence 1), “is dry” belongs to State in semantic category, its deep case frame is [+ ___ p(patient)<Object in case grammar>]. “Ran” in sentence 2) is an Action in semantic category, its deep case frame is [+ ___ A]. “Dried” in sentence 3) is a Process in semantic category, its deep case frame is [+ ___ P]. “Dried the wood” sentence 4) has two meanings: a. Action --- “Michael acted”; b. Process --- “The wood dried”. Chafe calls Action + Process Event in semantic category, its deep case frame is [+ ___ A P]. In sentence 5), the verb is the combination of “be” and Ambient (time, place) in semantic category, its deep case frame is [+ ___ F(force in nature)].Chafe deals with semantic cases differently from what Fillmore does. For example, the following sentence has three cases: Agent, Benefactive, Object.John made Bill tie clasp.In case grammar, Agent(John), Benefactive(受益者)(Bill), Object(tie clasp) are on the same level. But in Chafe grammar, they are on different levels, Agent (John) is on the highest level; Benefactive(Bill) is on the second level; Patient(Object) (tie clasp) is on the lowest level. Look at the diagram:AgentBenefactiveV Patient(Object)N N NMake tie clasp Bill JohnFrom the above, we can know that three points should be paid attention to in Chafe grammar: a. semantic cases are not on the same level. b. a sentence is divided into two parts --- nouns (subject) and verb (predicate). c. the semantic case as the subject in the surface is on the highest level, the others are on the lower levels.In order to know the relations between meanings and structures, the “select ional units” (semantic categories) (semantic features) should be under the first study. Chafe discusses the semantic features of verbs and nouns. He divides semantic features into three categories: selectional features; derivational features; inflectional features.4.1The Semantic Features of V erbs1. Selectional features of verbs are State, Action, Process, Ambient.2. Derivational features of verbs refer to the relation between words’ meanings in semantics.1) The door is open. (State) 2) The road is wide. (State) 3) The door opened. (Process) 4) The road widened. (Process)1) and 2) are in State, but they are different in semantic features: 1) refers to “the state of being open” (an absolute or fixed concept); 2) refers to “the state of being wide” (a relative concept). 3) and 4) are in process --- “patient/Object is from close to open” and “patient/Object is from narrow to wide”.From above, we can conclude:7a)verbs(opened, widened) are derived from the predicatives (open, wide) in 1, 2;b)verbs(opened, widened) are derived from the adjectives(open, wide) in 1, 2, from State to Process;c)From “wide” to “widen”, -en is a suffix.d)Words in the same root showing Process are usually derived from the words showing State.3. Inflectional features of verbs refer to the features “from grammar to meaning” through different changes.a)Generic --- abstract or general concept.Bob sings. Bob opens the door. The door opens.b)Perfective --- finished.Bob has sung. Bob has opened the door. The door has been opened.c)Progressive --- being conductedBob is singing. Bob is opening the door. The door is opening.d)Past --- done in the pastBob sang. The door opened. Bob had sung. The door had opened. The door had been opened. Bob was singing. Bob was opening the door.e)Obligational --- must do, guessBob must sing. Bob must open the door. The door must be open.4.2 The Semantic Features of Nouns4.2.1 Selectional features of nounsa)Count/Non-count --- can or can not be counted;b)Potent --- able to doThe heat melted the butter. The wind opened the door. The ship destroyed the pier. (though they are not animate, they can do)c)Animate --- having life, animate --- countable; inanimate --- uncountableThe elephant is tired. *The dish is tired.I frightened the dog. *I frightened the dish.d)Human --- Animate can be divided into [Human] and [Nonhuman], boy --- Animate, Human; dog --- Animate, Nonhumane)Feminine --- sexf)Unique ---4.2.2 Derivational features of nounsa)Derived from the root of a nounbeer ---beers wood --- woods paper --- papersb)Derived from a noun to show an action8water flower elbow the way inches to the villagec)Becoming a part of a predicate --- predicativebe a student be soldiers4.2.3 Inflectional features of nounsa)Generic --- generally refer to the things in the same category (not abstract).An elephant likes bananas. Water flows downhill.b)Definite --- a concrete and specific thingAn elephant destroyed the tree. Water dripped onto the floor.c)Aggregate --- mass nounsAn elephant likes bananas. Police are on duty.d)Plural --- the whole includede)Unique --- only onef)Random --- any one, not definiteg)Predicate noun --- a part of predicate --- predicativeh)Qualifiers --- numbers, measure wordsNo matter what we do in language, we had better put structures and meanings together, because, in communication, both are necessary to us.V. DEEP STRUCTURE AND SEMANTIC REPRESENT ATION OF SENTENCE MEANINGNPAux TenseSVVP NPNPSVPVI. KERNEL SENTENCE AND SENTENCE-NUCLEIAccording to Harris (Lyons, 1977: 467- 81), a kernel (core) sentence is a sentence that is not derived from any other sentence by means of transformational rule. For9Chomsky, it is a sentence that is generated in the grammar without the operation of any optional, as distinct from obligatory, transformations. In Lyons’ view, the kernel sentences of a language are intended to constitute a subset of what would be traditionally described as simple sentences. That is, the infinite sentences are derived from these sentences, from which, all entities, events and the properties of regions, temporal relations and atemporal relations are necessary in the need of the participants in the communication.Sentence nuclei are the core of kernel sentences, they can be taken as the propositions of statements. Proposition’s function it to describe states of some actual or possible worlds. It is timeless or tensely.VII. KINESTHETIC IMAGE SCHEMA AND SPATIALIZATION OF FORM HYPOTHESIS（动觉意象图式与形式空间化假设）7. 1 KINESTHETIC IMAGE SCHEMA7.1.1 Lakoff 的三种意象Lakoff（1987：445）区分出三种意象，并认为意象图式比感觉意象和心智意象更为抽象。

sentence英语单词的解析

sentence英语单词的解析有关sentence英语单词的解析英语单词的产生是汉英两种语言双向交流的产物，一些带有中国特色的名称和概念进入了英语词汇，同时还有一些英语词汇进入了汉语，在文化环境中衍生出新的含义，形成了英语词汇的语义文化特征。

下面店铺为大家带来sentence英语单词的解析，希望大家喜欢！1、语句的英文：sentence2、参考例句：Phrases are miscellaneous and long语句冗长This is a quote from the Bible.这是引自《圣经》的`语句。

He screwed the words in complete puzzlement.他注视着那些语句，茫然不解。

He stared at the words in complete puzzlement.他注视着那些语句,茫然不解.Consisting of the exact words of the writer or speaker包括作者或讲话者准确的语句的Statement must appear within onCilpEvent handler语句必须出现在onCilpEvent事件管理程序中Statement must appear within on handler语句必须出现在on事件管理程序中A book containing the words and hymns to be used at vespers.晚祷书晚祷时用的含有语句和赞美诗的书Pertaining to entry of data or the coding of statements in a predefined format 指采用预先规定的格式输入数据或对语句进行编码。

What we call ”moral” is simply blind obedience to words of command. ——Jimony Ellis我们所谓的“道德”，只是对于命令语句的盲目服从而已。

sentence用法和短语

sentence用法和短语句子（sentence）是由一组词语构成的完整表达意思的语言单位。

它通常由主语、谓语和其他补充成分组成，用于传达一个完整的思想或概念。

句子可以被分类为陈述句（用于陈述事实或观点）、疑问句（用于询问信息）、祈使句（用于发出命令或请求）或感叹句（用于表达强烈情绪或感叹）等。

以下是一些常用的句子短语：1. On the other hand（另一方面）：用于引出对比的观点或情况。

例句：He wanted to go to the party. On the other hand, she preferred to stay home and relax.2. In conclusion（总结）：用于总结或概括前面提及的内容。

例句：In conclusion, it is important to prioritize your health and well-being.3. As a result（结果）：用于表示一个事件或行为的结果。

例句：He forgot to set his alarm, and as a result, he overslept and was late for work.4. In addition（此外）：用于添加额外的信息或观点。

例句：She speaks fluent French. In addition, she is also learning Italian.5. Furthermore（此外）：用于引入更进一步的观点或证据。

例句：The team won the game. Furthermore, they set a newrecord for the highest score.这些句子用法和短语可以帮助我们更准确、流畅地表达自己的意思，使语言更具连贯性和表达能力。

sentence的用法总结大全

sentence的用法总结大全（学习版）编制人：__________________审核人：__________________审批人：__________________编制学校：__________________编制时间：____年____月____日序言下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。

文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文，如英语单词、英语语法、英语听力、英语知识点、语文知识点、文言文、数学公式、数学知识点、作文大全、其他资料等等，想了解不同范文格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor.I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, this shop provides various types of classic sample essays, such as English words, English grammar, English listening, English knowledge points, Chinese knowledge points, classical Chinese, mathematical formulas, mathematics knowledge points, composition books, other materials, etc. Learn about the different formats and writing styles of sample essays, so stay tuned!sentence的用法总结大全sentence的意思n. 句子,宣判vt. 宣判，判决变形：过去式: sentenced；现在分词：sentencing；过去分词：sentenced；sentence用法sentence可以用作动词sentence的基本意思是“宣判,判决”,一般指法庭在审判之后决定和宣布对某人进行惩罚,用作及物动词,接名词或代词作宾语,还可接以动词不定式充当宾语补足语的复合宾语。

meaning的意思用法总结

meaning的意思用法总结meaning有意思，意义,含义,意图的意思。

这一词汇是初中英语比较重点的词汇，今天给大家带来了meaning的用法,希望能够帮助到大家，一起来学习吧。

meaning的意思n. 意思，意义,含义,意图adj. 有意思的,意味深长的vt. 意味(mean的现在分词),意思是meaning用法meaning可以用作名词meaning的基本意思是“意思,意义,含义”,指一个词、表情或一个手势所指出或代表的含义,可以指专门的、具体的字面意义,也可指隐含的意义。

mean还可以指“目的,重要性”。

meaning可用来表示具体事物,也可表示抽象事物,用作具体的事物时可用于复数形式。

meaning用作名词的用法例句These words are empty of meaning.这些话毫无意义。

This battle is of historic meaning.这一战具有历史意义。

I cant apprehend your meaning.我不明白你的意思。

meaning用法例句1、Politicians have debased the meaning of the word "freedom"政客们贬低了“自由”一词的意义。

2、Art has real meaning when it helps people to understand themselves.当艺术有助于人们了解自身的时候才有真正的意义。

3、People use scientific terms with no clear idea of their meaning.人们使用科学术语，但并非很清楚其含义。

meaning词组| 习惯用语meaning of life 生活的意义;生命真义original meaning 本义;原意no meaning 没词义，没意义semantic meaning [语]语义social meaning 社会意义literal meaning 字面意义，字面意思;字义lexical meaning n. 词汇意义grammatical meaning 语法意义connotative meaning 内涵意义;涵义double meaning 双重意义，双关linguistic meaning 言内意义;语学意义;语言学意义referential meaning 参考意义;指涉意义utterance meaning 话语意义make ones meaning clear 说明自己的意思meaning英语例句库1.His words are pregnant with meaning.他的言辞富有意义。