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CCNA教程归纳

CCNA系列课程（1）网络基础我们在进入正题之前，先来认识一下CCNA是个什么东西？在坐的每一位朋友都知道CCNA是CISCO的一个认证体系，并且是处于整个体系的下层，我们来看一个图：图片看不清楚？请点击这里查看原图（大图）。

大家可以看到CCNA处于整个认证最底层是Associate（助理）：Cisco Certified Network Associate思科认证网络助理工程师，表示经过认证的人员具有为小型办公室/家庭办公室（SOHO）市场联网的基本技术和相关知识。

CCNP处理中金字塔的中间层是professional（专业）:Cisc o Certified Internetwork Professional 思科认证网络专业工程师，表示通过认证的人员具有丰富的网络知识。

其实在这一层还有一个CCSP（Cisco Certified Security Professional）思科认证网络安全工程师，是思科安全方向的专业认证。

还包括CCIP，CCVP，我们在此就不做介绍了。

那么处理整个金字塔的最高层就是CCIE(Cisco CertifiedIntern etworking Expert) 思科认证的该认证是Cisco认证体系中最高的一项认证，被视为是全球Internetworking领域中的顶级CCIE认证证书。

这一层应该是大家努力的方向，对于一个已婚的男人来说这一层我是没有希望了！！按照CCNA的标准，主要授课内容包括四大块：网络基础：这一部分思科官方认为是前提，是学习CCNA之前就必须要掌握的，主要包括：OSI TCP/IP IP地址相关知识 CIDR VLSM，这一部分内容咱们不会全部介绍，一些简单内容我就认为大家都会了。

路由协议：必须掌握的RIP，OSPF，EIGRP，其实还有一个是IGRP，但这个思科现在已经不考了，而且最新的IOS有的已经不支持IGRP了。

我们会简单介绍一下，它的升级就是EIGRP。

CCNA培训资料

CCNA培训资料什么是CCNACCNA简称Cisco Certified Network Associate，是思科公司颁发的全球通用的IT认证，是网络工程师的开端。

CCNA考试指导与培训主要包括网络基本知识、LAN及WAN的设计与实现、网络管理及网络安全等方面。

CCNA培训课程CCNA课程目标•提高网络基本知识•熟悉并应用基本网络工具•学习用户认证与网络访问控制•掌握网络维护技能•熟练掌握网线的连接和拆卸•熟悉并应用网络安全技术CCNA课程内容CCNA课程内容包括了多个单位，分别是：1.网络基础知识：网络模型、协议和网络层次模型等。

2.路由器和交换机的基本知识：了解路由器和交换机的一些基本知识，如路由器的工作原理、路由器的常用命令、局域网的分类、交换机的端口分类等。

3.TCP/IP协议族：掌握IP、ICMP、ARP、TCP、UDP等协议内容，包括这些协议的作用、数据包格式和数据包注释等。

4.路由协议：了解路由协议，包括距离向量路由协议、链路状态协议、跨网协议等。

5.交换技术：掌握交换技术，包括交换技术的应用、交换技术的原理及VLAN技术的应用等。

6.网络安全：包括TCP/IP协议安全、路由安全、交换安全、网络资源访问控制和数据流载荷的加密等。

7.网络管理：了解网络信息管理、远程管理监控、网络资源管理和网络设备配置等知识。

CCNA课程考试CCNA考试分为两个方面，一是理论成绩，二是实际配置路由器及交换机，通过互相连接路由器及交换机的回环、串口接口，交叉连接交换机，通过指令完成以下实验：1.配置路由器和交换机2.实现对网络的访问和控制3.实现远程维护和远程管理4.配置网络信息管理5.实现网络安全管理通过以上内容的学习和实验，考试者能够掌握网络的基础知识，从而能够处理一些网络故障，并完成一些网络管理相关任务。

CCNA培训资料CCNA教材•《CCNA路由与交换》：本书包含了思科CCNA培训全套教程，是CCNA培训助教教材中必备的资源。

CCNA全课件资料

CCNA全课件资料CCNA一、课程名称CCNA，全称Cisco Certified Network Associate，思科认证网络工程师。

CCNA认证表示具备基本的和初步的网络知识。

拥有CCNA认证的人士可以为小型网络（不超过100个节点）安装、配置和操作LAN、WAN和拨号接入服务，其中包括但不仅限于下列协议：IP、IGRP、串行、帧中继、IP RIP、VLAN、RIP、以太网和访问列表。

二.适合人群希望就职于思科金牌/银牌合作伙伴；希望在网络互联领域发展的人员；对网络互连技术感兴趣的人员；希望在IT行业就职的大学生等。

三.参考岗位网络测试工程师/网络开发工程师/网络技术支持工程师/网络工程师/网络运维工程师/高级系统架构师（网络通讯）网络相关产品销售工程师培训讲师（网络路由交换）四.参考薪水：1500-3000元五.学时安排课程学时课程学时网络基础OSI模型 3学时 TCP/IPIP地址规划 6学时CISCO IOS基本配置 6学时交换原理交换机基本配置 1.5学时VLAN/TRUNK/VTP 3学时生成树 1.5学时路由基本原理 3学时 RIP路由协议 3学时EIGRP路由协议 3学时 OSPF路由协议 3学时访问控制列表 3学时 NAT 3学时配置PPP串行线路 3学时帧中继原理和配置 3学时无线局域网基础网络安全威胁 3学时共计 48六.考试信息必须参加的考试推荐培训640-802 CCNA Introduction to Cisco Networking Technologies (INTRO)Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices (ICND)七.详细课程介绍网络基础和OSI模型介绍OSI参考模型；了解数据从源发送到目的的流程；了解常见的网络设备比如Hub、Switch、Router在网络中的作用及角色。

TCP/IP协议和IP地址规划将TCP/IP协议和OSI参考模型进行对照；详细介绍传输层的TCP 和UDP协议；详细介绍网际层的IP协议；介绍ICMP协议及ARP协议的应用；介绍IP地址分类，子网划分，变长子网掩码；介绍DHCP 的原理及配置；介绍IPV6协议，IPV6地址组成。

ccna考试知识点总结

ccna考试知识点总结本文将总结CCNA考试涉及的知识点，包括网络基础知识、路由和交换技术、网络设备配置与管理等方面。

一、网络基础知识1. OSI七层模型OSI七层模型是一种将网络通信划分为七个不同功能层次的模型，包括物理层、数据链路层、网络层、传输层、会话层、表示层和应用层。

每一层都有不同的功能和协议，通过这些层次间的协同工作，实现了网络通信的灵活性和可靠性。

2. TCP/IP协议族TCP/IP协议族是以因特网为基础的一组通信协议，包括TCP、IP、UDP、ICMP等多个协议。

这些协议在网络通信中起着非常重要的作用，通过它们可以实现数据的可靠传输、网络地址的分配、网络连接的建立和维护等功能。

3. IP地址与子网划分IP地址是网络设备在互联网中的唯一标识，而子网划分则是将IP地址空间划分为多个子网，以实现网络资源的有效利用和管理。

4. VLANVLAN（Virtual Local Area Network）是一种虚拟局域网技术，可以实现逻辑上的隔离和管理，提高了网络的可扩展性和安全性。

5. DHCPDHCP（Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol）是一种动态主机配置协议，可以为网络设备动态分配IP地址、子网掩码、网关、DNS服务器等网络参数。

6. NATNAT（Network Address Translation）是一种网络地址转换技术，通过将内部私有IP地址映射到外部公网IP地址，实现了内部网络与外部网络的通信。

7. 网络拓扑结构网络拓扑结构是指网络设备之间的连接方式和布局，包括总线型、星型、环型、网状型等多种形式，每种拓扑结构都有其特点和适用场景。

二、路由和交换技术1. 路由协议路由协议是网络设备之间进行路由信息交换和计算的协议，包括静态路由、RIP、OSPF、EIGRP、BGP等多种协议，每种协议都有其特点和适用场景。

2. VLANVLAN是一种局域网的划分技术，能够将一个物理的局域网划分成多个逻辑的局域网，提高了网络的可扩展性和安全性。

CCNA主要知识点（一）

CCNA主要知识点（一）1、网络前言组建一个网络之前要考虑很多因素：费用、安全、网速、拓扑、可伸缩性、可靠性、可用性建立一个网络需要组件：计算机（运行有操作系统的：PC、文件服务器）、联网设备（交换机、路由器、防火墙）和介质（光纤、网线）2、网络拓扑结构用线缆、设备构建一个网络的时候，可以有各种类型的拓扑，所谓拓扑就是指设备之间的连接方式：点对点（point to point topology)：需要将很多设备链接在一起时不常见总线型（bus topology）:所有的设备通过一条线路进行通信星型(Star Topology)：用于链接许多设备的环境，不过中心设备的压力会很大，存在单点故障。

解决办法：扩展性的星形拓扑。

扩展的星型(Extended-Star Topology)：多个星形拓扑的组合，优点是减弱了中心设备的责任。

单环型(Ring T opology)：为了解决单点故障双环型(Dual-Ring Topology)：应用于冗余备份全互联(Full-Mesh T opology)：容错能力强大，费用昂贵部分互联(Partial-Mesh Topology)：只是核心设备进行互联，在容错和费用间均衡3，OSI参考模型OSI参考模型具有层次化优点：简化了相关的网络操作；提供不同厂商之间的标准接口；使各个厂商能够设计出相互操作的网络设备；把复杂的网络问题分解为小的简单问题，易于学习和操作。

第七层：应用层：提供人与应用程序交互的界面（登陆QQ时的窗口。

）第六层：表示层：定义信息是如何通过用户正在使用的界面传输并呈现给用户。

还可以提供加密以保护来自于应用层的数据信息。

第五层：会话层：负责启动链接的建立和终止，区分多个链接，负责对应用层、表示层和会话层出现的任何错误进行报告。

操作系统就在此层次。

第四层：传输层：建立、维持、终止两个设备之间的会话连接，提供可靠(TCP、三次握手：差错侦测、差错校正)或不可靠(UDP：只有差错侦测，实现实时数据)的连接；第三层：网络层：定义第三层地址；寻找到达目的地的最佳路径；跨区域进行协商；第二层：数据链路层：定义了在单个链路上如何传输数据，提供了物理地址/硬件地址，提供无连接和面向连接的服务；协商两端设备的0、1比特的一致第一层：物理层：定义设备接口的类型、连接设备之间的线缆的类型；对传输的信息进行电信号与模拟信号之间的转换，在两个网络设备之间提供透明的比特流传输。

ccna知识点总结范文

ccna知识点总结范文第1章网际互联冲突域和广播域:冲突域指的是会产生冲突的最小范围，在计算机和计算机通过设备互联时，会建立一条通道，如果这条通道只允许瞬间一个数据报文通过，那么在同时如果有两个或更多的数据报文想从这里通过时就会出现冲突了。

同一冲突域端口上的数据报文都要排队等待通过。

广播域：如果一个数据报文的目标地址是这个网段的广播地址或者目标计算机的MAC地址是FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF，那么这个数据报文就会被这个网段的所有计算机接收并响应，这就叫做广播。

广播所能覆盖的范围就叫做广播域。

集线器（hub）上的端口，共属于同一个冲突域，同时也共属于同一个广播域。

2层交换机上的每个端口是一个独立的冲突域，但交换机上的所有端口构成同一个广播域。

交换机又称多端口的网桥。

（网桥的特性同交换机）路由器属于OSI模型中第3层的设备，在网络中使用路由器有两个好处：①默认时路由器不会转发广播和组播。

②路由器可以根据第3层（网络层）信息（比如IP地址）对网络进行过滤。

网络中，路由器功能：①数据包转发②数据包过滤③网络之间的通信④路径选择路由器的特点：隔离广播域，同时也隔离冲突域OSI模型有7个不同的层，分为两个组。

上面3层定义了终端系统中的应用程序将如何彼此通信，以及如何与用户通信。

下面4层定义了怎样进行端到端的数据传输。

应用层是实际的应用程序之间的接口。

表示层为应用层提供数据，并负责数据转换和代码的格式化。

会话层：会话层负责建立、管理和终止表示层实体之间的会话链接。

传输层负责为实现上层应用程序的多路复用、建立会话连接和断开虚电路提供极致。

可靠联网的实现机制：确认、排序、流量控制。

网络层（也叫第3层）负责设备的寻址，跟踪网络中设备的位置，并决定传送数据的最佳路径，这意味着网络层必须位于不同地区的互联设备之间传送数据流。

路由器（第3层设备）就工作在网络层，并在互联的网络中提供路由选择服务。

主动路由协议：向相邻路由器通告连接到网络所有路由器的更新信息。

CCNA学习笔记(考试重点版)

第二章ISO七层模型七层功能介绍：应用层：提供用户接口表示层：数据表示过程（编码方式、加密方式）会话层：区分不同会话的数据流传输层：可靠或不可靠的数据传输、数据重传前的错误纠正网络层：提供路由器用来就定路径的逻辑寻址数据链路层：将比特流组合成帧、用MAC地址访问介质、发现错误（fcs）但不能纠正物理层：设备间接受或发送比特流（说明电压、线速和线缆、水晶头阵脚定义方式）物理层定义介质类型、连接器类型、信令类型，包含802.3、EIA/TIA.232、v3.5标准10base2——细缆以太网（base表示基带传输，10表示10M）10base5——粗缆以太网10baset——双绞线物理层设备：集线器、中继器（放大信号）、解码/编码器、传输介质连接器冲突（collision）冲突域（collision domain）广播域（broadcast domain）：广播帧传输的网络范围，一般是有路由器来界定边界（router 不转发广播）数据链路层数据链路层：(网桥和交换机)MAC子层：负责MAC寻址和定义解释访问控制方法MAC子层访问控制模式：1．争用式：冲突不可避免：CMSA/CD;FCFS2．轮流式：访问时间可预见，不发生冲突：令牌环LLC子层：为上层协议提供SAP服务访问点，并为数据加上控制信息，就是为与上层通信的时候提供了一个接口。

LLC子层协议：802.2：该协议只在LLC子层，为以太网和令牌环网提供通信功能SAP（server access point服务访问点）LLC子层为了网络层的各种协议提供服务（相应的接口），上层可能运行不同的协议，为区分不同的协议数据，需要采用服务访问点交换机每个端口都是一个冲突域，所有端口都是一个广播域；集线器每个端口都是一个冲突域网络层网络层：提供逻辑寻址功能广播信息控制多点发送信息控制路径优化流量管制逻辑寻址提供W AN连接传输层区分不同的上层应用建立应用间的端到端的链接定义流量控制为数据传输提供可靠或者是不可靠的链接服务（tcp、udp）协议数据单元PDU协议数据单元：（PDU，protocol data unit）简单地说就是表示数据在每层的名字上层：message 数据Transport layer：segment数据段Network layer：packet数据包Data-link layer：frame帧Physical layer：bit比特封装/解封装Llc：逻辑链路控制Fcs：帧校验序列。

CCNA完整知识点.

chapter 1L1：物理层PDU：bits 比特流作用：传输比特流（01000100101010...）介质：同轴电缆： coaxial cable 传输距离 500米双绞线（TP）：twisted-pair cable 传输距离 100米非屏蔽双绞线（UTP）：室内屏蔽双绞线（STP）：室外（环境干扰强）直通线：AA BB 链接异性端口：pc-hub pc-sw sw-router交叉线：AB 链接同性端口:pc-pc router-router pc-router sw-sw反线：1-8 8-1 用于本地连接的console 控制线网线的两种制作方式：568A:白绿绿白橙篮白蓝橙白棕棕568B:白橙橙白绿篮白蓝绿白棕棕 1236 网线使用DCE：数据终端设备，需要配置clock rate DTE：数据终结设备对应传输介质的支持传输距离：1）1000base-cx 使用的是铜缆。

最大传输距离25米2）100Base-Tx/Fx100Base-Tx以5类非屏蔽双绞线为传输介质（最大传输距离是100米）100Base-Fx以光纤为传输介质（2000米）。

3）1000base-SX（MMF多模）：最长传输距离是550米4）1000base-LX：可以使用单模光纤也可以使用多模光纤使用多模光纤的最大传输距离为550m，使用单模光纤的最大传输距离为3千米5）1000base-zx（单模）：最长传输距离是70KM以太网 Ethernent传输模式：单工:只能发或者收半双工：即可以收也可以发，但是同一时间只能收或者发列如对讲机全双工：同一时间既可以收也可以发列如手机Auto：中继器（Repeater）：对信号放大，双绞线的传输距离只有100M，使用中继器可以延长传输距离。

hub ：多口中继，一个数据帧从一个入口进，会发送到HUB的所有其他端口而不进行过滤。

L2：数据链路层PDU：frame 帧作用：成帧，差错控制设备：网桥（bridge）：基于MAC地址转发，根据mac-port表，数据包只发到和MAC地址相对应的port端口交换机（switch）：多口网桥，独享带宽L2层编制：MAC地址MAC地址构成：48bit，12位十六进制数可以通过ipconfig/all 查询电脑的mac地址L2表：MAC-port表（mac地址表）冲突域：不可避免的数据冲突范围，由中继、hub链接构成并扩大，见到L2层端口截止，每一个交换机端口形成一个冲突域HUB：所有端口都在一个冲突域，是增加了冲突域的范围交换机：没一个端口都是一个冲突域，是增加了冲突域的数量，减少了冲突域的范围HUB：是共享带宽 10M 所有端口共享10M交换机：独享带宽 10M 每个端口同时有10ML3：网络层 PDU：packet 包作用：逻辑编制：ip地址、路由（路径的选择）IP地址与mac地址的区别？Mac地址通信：同一个网络，mac通信跨网络通信：ip地址IP地址：版本v4；32bit；点分是进制法 192.168.0.1IP=网络位+主机位掩码：mask：连续的1+连续的0，来确定IP地址的网络位+主机位，1位对应网络位，0位对应主机位。

CCNA学习笔记

CCNA 学习笔记第一章：网络1、网络特性：费用、安全、速度、拓扑、可伸缩性、可靠性、可用性。

同时，网络特性也是设计和维护网络时的因素。

2、连网场所术语：3、广域网服务的连接或电路的基本类型：电路交换、信源交换、分组交换、专用连接。

5、网络及其设备常见的威胁：物理安装（涉及4类威胁：硬件、电子、环境和维护）、侦查攻击、访问攻击和拒绝服务攻击（DoS 攻击）。

第二章：OSI 参考模型1、ISO （国际标准化组织）开发了一个参考模型：开放系统互连参考模型（OSI ）。

OSI 参考模型不是物理模型。

2、OSI 参考模型：⑴应用层：应用层封装了一组协议和服务，应用程序使用它就可以访问网络资源。

即提供了应用程序利用网络所需的协议和服务。

⑵表示层:负责定义信息是如何通过用户正式使用的界面传输并呈现给用户，定义了文本、图形、视频或音频信息的各种格式如何传输到应用层并由应用层使用的。

也就是说：表示层确定数据传输并呈现给用户的方式。

表示层协议和标准的实例包括：ASCII 、BMP 、GIF 、JPEG 、WAV ①SOHO ：用户在家或小型办公室办公 ②Branch office （分布）：LAN ③Mobile users （移动用户）：能从任何位置连网的用户 ④Corporate or central office （公司或总部）：公司中大部分用户所在以及资源存放的位子和MPEG。

⑶会话层：负责网络连接的建立、维持和终止。

实例包括RPC 和NFS。

⑷传输层：负责连接的建立、维持和终止的实际技术细节，提供可靠和不可靠的数据传输。

传输层具有的5个主要的功能：①建立、维持和终止两台设备之间的会话连接。

②可在改连接上提供可靠的或不可靠的数据传输。

③会将数据分为更小的、跟易于管理的多个部分。

④它会多路复用连接，允许同一网络设备上的多个应用程序同时发送和接收数据。

⑤课通过就绪/未就绪信号或窗口操作实现流控制，确保一台设备不会因过多的数据让连接上的其他设备溢出。

(完整版)CCNA命令大全

CCNA命令大全登录网络设备，USB-COM-COM-RJ45，超级终端/SecureCRTWould you like to enter the initial configuration dialog? [yes/no]: //回答no，如果回答了yes，会出现大量对话，Ctrl+C中断对话% Please answer 'yes' or 'no'.Router> //用户模式，只能简单的show及ping/tracerRouter>enable //从用户模式进入特权模式Router# //特权模式，能够进行所有的show及ping/tracerRouter#configure terminal//从特权模式进入全局配置模式Router(config)# //全局配置模式，可以进行相关配置Router(config)#hostname R1//给设备命名R1#show version //查看设备软硬件版本信息，开机时间，内存和Flash大小，模块等R1#show ip interface brief //查看接口信息R1#show running-config //查看运行在内存中的当前配置R1#show startup-config //查看开机配置，保存在NVRAMR1#copy running-config startup-config //将当前运行配置保存到开机配置中R1#show tech-support //查看设备所有软硬件的详细信息R1(config)#enable password xxx//配置enable密码，该密码show run可见R1(config)#enable secret xxx //配置enable密码，该密码show run不可见，两个同时配置时，secret密码生效R1(config)#line vty 0 4 //进入telnet配置模式R1(config-line)#login //telnet登陆需要密码验证R1(config-line)#password xxx //配置telnet密码R1(config-line)#exitR1(config)#line vty 0 4R1(config-line)#no login //telnet登陆不需要验证R1(config-line)#exitR1(config)#line vty 0 4R1(config-line)#login local//telnet登陆需要在本地数据库查找用户名密码进行验证R1(config-line)#exitR1(config)#username spoto password xxx //创建本地用户名密码R1(config)#banner ^R1!^ //配置设备登陆提示符，头尾符号需要一致，中间为提示符内容R1(config)#line vty 0 4R1(config-line)#privilege level 15//配置telnet用户特权等级为15，即登陆后直接进入enable模式R1(config-line)#exitR1(config)#interface fastEthernet x/x //进入接口配置模式R1(config-if)#ip address x.x.x.x x.x.x.x //配置IP及掩码R1(config-if)#no shutdown //打开接口，路由器接口默认处于管理性关闭状态R1(config-if)#exit //退出接口配置模式，返回全局配置模式R1(config)#no ip routing //关闭路由功能，将路由器模拟成PCR1(config)#ip default-gateway x.x.x.x //配置网关地址R1#show ip route //查看关闭路由功能后的网关配置R1#show cdp neighbors //查看思科互连设备信息R1(config)#interface loopback 0 //创建环回接口0，用于模拟网段和测试R1(config-if)#ip address x.x.x.x x.x.x.x//配置环回接口IP及掩码，环回接口不需要no shutdownR1(config-if)#exitR1(config)#ip route x.x.x.x x.x.x.x x.x.x.x //配置使用下一跳地址的静态路由R1(config)#ip route x.x.x.x x.x.x.x fastEthernet x/x //配置使用本地出接口的静态路由R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 x.x.x.x //配置使用下一跳地址的默认路由R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 fastEthernet x/x //配置使用本地出接口的默认路由R1#show ip route //查看路由表R1#ping x.x.x.x //使用出接口作为源IP的普通pingR1#ping x.x.x.x source x.x.x.x //使用指定源地址的扩展pingR1#debug ip icmp //打开ping的调试过程显示R1#undebug ip icmp //关闭ping的调试过程显示R1#traceroute x.x.x.x //路径跟踪，查看到达目的地所经过的IPR1(config)#router rip //运行RIP协议，进入RIP协议配置模式R1(config-router)#version 2 //配置RIP为版本2R1(config-router)#no auto-summary//关闭自动汇总功能R1(config-router)#network x.x.x.x //将相关网段发布到RIP进程中，所有相关子网都会被发布，命令配置不支持带掩码R1(config-router)#exit //退出RIP协议配置模式R1(config)#router eigrp x //运行EIGRP，配置EIGRP AS号码，相邻设备的AS号码要求一致R1(config-router)#no auto-summary//关闭自动汇总功能R1(config-router)#network x.x.x.x //将相关网段发布到EIGRP进程中，所有相关子网都会被发布R1(config-router)#network x.x.x.x x.x.x.x //将相关网段精确发布到EIGRP进程中，命令配置支持带反掩码R1(config-router)#exit //退出EIGRP协议配置模式R1#show ip eigrp neighbors//查看EIGRP邻居表R1#show ip eigrp topology //查看EIGRP拓扑表R1(config)#router ospf x //运行OSPF，配置OSPF本地进程号，该号码仅有本地意义R1(config-router)#network x.x.x.x x.x.x.x area x //相关网段精确发布到OSPF区域中，命令配置要求带反掩码，相邻设备区域号要相同R1(config-router)#auto-cost reference-bandwidth x //修改参考带宽，单位是兆R1(config-router)#exit //退出OSPF协议配置模式R1#show ip ospf neighbor //查看OSPF邻居表R1#show ip ospf database //查看OSPF拓扑表R1#show ip ospf interface //查看OSPF接口状态信息，包括RID、网络类型、hello时间等在C3640上加载NM-16ESW模块来模拟交换机。

CCNA-CCNP讲义整理

传输介质：● 非屏蔽布线：西蒙公司、朗讯公司 ● 屏蔽布线：IBM● 光纤：不受电磁干扰、并且距离长多模光纤：内芯6.25微米，外芯120微米。

单模光纤：内心9微米● 无线：频率2.4GHz(802.11b/g 100米内),5GHz （802.11a 55内）短波，衍射小、怕障碍物。

流行的传输介质：光纤接头：ST:跳线柜上用，很牢固。

SC:设备上用。

双绞线的线序：568A 中的线序号 DCE(交换机) DTE(电脑) DTE(电脑)1R+ T+ T+ 2 R － T － T － 3 T+ R+ R+ 6 T －T －R －线序标准：568A: 白橙橙白绿蓝白蓝绿白棕棕 568B: 白绿绿白橙蓝白蓝橙白棕棕信号的发送方式：平衡发送：差分发送：抗干扰强，差值24V 为1，差值0V 为0（一对绞线）RAM:running-config ，正在运行的IOS 系统 NVRAM:startup-configROM:IOS 最原始的、核心的部分 FLASH:IOS 最新的、最完整的版本MAC （media access control ）应用方式有2种：争用CSMA/CD(Carrier sense multiple access/collision detect 载波监听多路访问/冲突检测) 使用CSMA/CD 介质访问模式的例子有Ethernet 、IEEE 802.3网络共享：Token-ringMAC 是适合在子网内的操作。

局域网帧的几种标准：2.IEEE802.3帧：与以太II 帧的区别是，协议类型变为了长度。

所以它不支持上层（网络层）多路复用，只能一种网络层类型，IP 包或IPX 包。

3. IEEE802.3－SAP 帧：在IEEE802.3帧的DATA 字段中插入IEEE802.2的SAP 头4. IEEE802.3-SNAP 帧：在SAP 头中再加入以太II 帧的协议类型指示信号发送的方式：1. 单播：发给特定一个主机的动作2. 广播：发给特定所有主机的动作以太网广播帧的目的MAC: FF: FF: FF: FF: FF: FF3. 组播：发给特定部分主机的动作概念：冲突域：共享介质的总线型主机群。

ccna考点分析及归纳总结

基本技能和知识。
考试目的
01
评估考生对Cisco网络技术的掌握程度，包括网络基础知识、设备操作、配置和管理等方面的技能。
02
确保考生具备在实际网络环境中进行基本的网络配置、故障排
除和管理的能力。
பைடு நூலகம்
为考生进一步学习和掌握更高级别的网络技术打下基础。
03
考试内容概览
网络基础知识
包括IP地址、TCP/IP协议栈、网络设备等基本概念和原理。
设备操作
包括交换机、路由器、防火墙等网络设备的物理连接、启动和关闭等操作。
配置和管理
包括IP地址配置、VLAN设置、静态路由和动态路由协议配置等基本配置和管理操作。
02
考点分析
网络基础知识
总结词：重要基础
详细描述：网络基础知识是CCNA认证考试的核心，包括网络拓扑结构、IP地址、子网划分、路由协议等。
安全与防护
总结词：安全意识
详细描述：考生需要了解网络安全的基本概念，如防火墙配置、加密技术、访问控制列表等，并能够在实际操作中应用这些技术来保护网络的安全。
03
归纳总结
重点知识回顾
IP路由原理
理解IP地址、子网掩码、路由协议等概念，掌握静态路由和动态路由的配置。
网络安全
掌握防火墙、入侵检测系统等网络安全设备的配置和管理。
设备配置与操作
总结词：实践应用
详细描述：考生需要掌握如何在交换机、路由器等网络设备上进行配置和操作，包括接口配置、VLAN划分、静态路由和动态路由配置等。
网络协议与通信
总结词：深入理解
详细描述：考生需要深入理解TCP/IP协议族、各种应用层协议（如HTTP、FTP、SMTP等）以及数据链路层和物理层协议的工作原理。

CCNA超级详细学习笔记

1.1.2 当今最常用的几例通信工具即时消息(IM)以先前的 Internet 中继聊天 (IRC) 服务为基础，同时合并了多个其他功能（如文件传输、语音和视频通信）。

1.3.2 网络要素下图显示了一个典型网络的各个要素，包括设备、介质和服务，它们通过规则结合在一起，共同作用来发送消息。

交换机—用于互连局域网的最常见设备防火墙—为网络提供安全保障路由器—当消息在网络中传输时，帮助定向消息无线路由器—家庭网络中常用的一种路由器网云—用于概述一组网络设备，其详细信息对于后续讨论可能并不重要串行链路—一种 WAN 互连形式，用闪电形状的线条表示协议是网络设备用于彼此通信的规则。

现在，联网的行业标准是 TCP/IP（传输控制协议/Internet 协议）协议族。

TCP/IP 协议指定了格式、编址和路由机制，从而确保消息可传递到正确的收件人。

1.4.1 网络体系结构描述网络体系结构的特征：容错能力、可扩展性、服务质量以及安全性。

1.4.5 提供网络安全保障维护通信完整性使用数字签名、哈希算法和校验和机制可以在整个网络中保证源完整性和数据完整性，从而防止未经授权地修改信息的情况。

2.1.1 通信要素通信的第一步是将消息或信息从一个人或设备发送给另一个人或设备。

人们使用许多不同的通信方式来交流观点。

所有这些方式都有三个共同的要素。

第一个要素是消息来源，即发送方。

消息来源是需要向其他人或设备发送消息的人或电子设备。

第二个通信要素是消息的目的地址，即接收方。

目的地址接收并解释消息。

第三个要素称为通道，包括提供消息传送途径的介质。

2.1.2 传达消息将数据划分为更小、更易于管理的片段，然后再通过网络发送。

将数据流划分为较小的片段称为分段。

消息分段主要有两个优点。

首先，通过从源设备向目的设备发送一个个小片段，就可以在网络上交替发送许多不同会话。

用于在网络上将交替发送的多个不同会话片段组合起来的过程称为多路复用。

第二，分段可以增强网络通信的可靠性。

CCNA第二学期Final超强整合版下

1、最新CCNA第二学期Final(超强整合版)下What are two functions of a router? (Choose two.)It forwards data packets toward their destination.It forwards the packet to the destination if the TTL value is 0.It changes the destination IP address of data packets before forwarding them to an exit interface.It determines the best path based on the destination MAC address.It acts as an intersection between multiple IP networks.答案：AE2、Refer to the exhibit. A network engineer has run the show version command on R3. Upon rebooting, R3 does not load the start-up configuration settings.What could be the cause of this problem?There is insufficient NVRAM.There is insufficient flash memory.The configuration register is not configured with the default setting.The system image not located in NVRAM.答案：C3、Which router component contains a scaled-down version of the IOS that can be used to reload a complete version of the IOS in the event that the IOS becomes damaged or corrupted?ROMFlashSDRAMNVRAM答案：A4、Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator adds this command to router R1: ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 S0/0/0. What is the result of adding this command?This route is automatically propagated throughout the network.The traffic for network 172.16.1.0 is forwarded to network 192.168.2.0.A static route is established.The traffic for all Class C networks is forwarded to 172.16.1.2.答案：C5、Refer to the exhibit. How many routes are ultimate routes?3457答案：C6、Refer to the exhibit. Which path will traffic from the 172.16.1.0/24 network take to get to the 10.0.0.0/24 network?ADCABCIt will load balance the traffic between ADC and ABCIt will send the traffic via ABC, and will use ADC as a backup path only when ABC fails.答案：C7、Refer to the exhibit. Packets destined to which two networks will require the router to perform a recursive lookup? (Choose two.)10.0.0.0/864.100.0.0/16128.107.0.0/16172.16.40.0/24192.168.1.0/24192.168.2.0/24答案：AF8、Refer to the exhibit. The router receives a packet that is destined for 192.168.5.79. How will the routerhandle this packet?It will forward the packet via the FastEthernet0/0 interface.It will forward the packet via the Serial0/0/0 interface.It will forward the packet via the Serial0/0/1 interface.It will drop the packet.答案：C9、Refer to the exhibit. What is the meaning of the highlighted value 120?It is the metric that is calculated by the routing protocol.It is the value that is used by the DUAL algorithm to determine the bandwidth for the link.It is the administrative distance of the routing protocol.It is the hold-down time, measured in seconds, before the next update.答案：C10、When presented with multiple valid routes to a destination, what criteria does a router use to determine which routes to add to the routing table?The router selects the routes with the best metric. All routes that have the same best metric areThe router first selects routes with the lowest administrative distance. The resulting routes are thenThe router selects the routes with the lowest administrative distance. All routes with the same lowestThe router installs all routes in the routing table but uses the route with the best metric most when答案：B11、A router has learned two equal cost paths to a remote network via the EIGRP and RIP protocols. Bothprotocols are using their default configurations. Which path to the remote network will be installed in therouting table?the path learned via EIGRPthe path learned via RIPthe path with the highest metric valueboth paths with load balancing答案：A12、Which two statements are true for link-state routing protocols? (Choose two.)Routers that run a link-state protocol can establish a complete topology of the network.Routers in a multipoint network that run a link-state protocol can exchange routing tables.Routers use only hop count for routing decisions.The shortest path first algorithm is used.Split horizon is used to avoid routing loops.答案：AD13、Refer to the exhibit. Which three statements are true of the routing table for Router1? (Choose three.)The route to network 172.16.0.0 has an AD of 156160.Network 192.168.0.16 can best be reached using FastEthernet0/0.The AD of EIGRP routes has been manually changed to a value other than the default value.Router1 is running both the EIGRP and OSPF routing process.Network 172.17.0.0 can only be reached using a default route.No default route has been configured.答案：CDFRefer to the exhibit. A device is required to complete the connection between router R1 and the WAN. Which two devices can be used for this? (Choose two.)a CSU/DSU devicea modeman Ethernet switcha huba bridge答案：AB15Refer to the exhibit. When a static IP address is being configured on the host, what address should be used for the default gateway?10.1.1.110.1.1.2172.16.1.1192.168.1.1答案：D16、Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator accesses router R1 from the console port to configure a newly connected interface. What passwords will the network administrator need to enter to make the connection and the necessary configuration changes?the Cisco123 password onlythe Cisco789 password onlythe Cisco001 password onlythe Cisco001 password and the Cisco789 passwordsthe Cisco001 password and the Cisco123 passwords答案：D17、When connecting two devices, which situation would normally require the use of a crossover cable?connecting a host to a switchconnecting a switch to a routerconnecting a switch to a switchconnecting a host to a router console port答案：C18、Refer to exhibit. A company network engineer enters the following commands in the routers:R1(config)# ip route 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.2R2(config)# ip route 10.1.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.1When the engineer enters the show ip route command on R1, the routing table does not display the static route to the 10.1.1.0 network. All R1 and R2 interfaces are correctly addressed per the graphic. What is a logical next step that the engineer could take in order to make the static route display in the routing table in R1?Enter default routes in R1 and R2.Enable the R1 and R2 serial interfaces.Configure the static route to use an exit interface instead of a next-hop address.Enter the copy run start command to force the router to recognize the configuration.答案：B19、Refer to the exhibit. The show cdp neighbors command was run on one of the devices as shown. Based on this information, which two facts can be determined? (Choose two.)The command was run on the router.ABCD is a non- CISCO device.Layer 3 connectivity between two devices exists.ABCD supports routing capability.ABCD is connected to the Fa0/0 interface of the neighboring device.答案：AE20、Refer to the exhibit. The network administrator has run the following command on R1.R1(config)# ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.2What is the result of running this command?Traffic for network 192.168.2.0 is forwarded to 172.16.1.2.This route is automatically propagated throughout the entire network.Traffic for all networks is forwarded to 172.16.1.2.The command invokes a dynamic routing protocol for 192.168.2.0.答案：A21、The network administrator configures the router with the ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2 command. How will this route appear in the routing table?C 172.16.1.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0S 172.16.1.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0C 172.16.1.0 [1/0] via 172.16.2.2S 172.16.1.0 [1/0] via 172.16.2.2答案：D22、Refer to the exhibit. The command ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 S0/0/0 is run on router R2. What are the two results of this command? (Choose two.)A static route will be updated in the routing table.The traffic from the Internet will be directed to R2.The traffic from the source network 172.16.0.0/22 will be blocked.The route will be specified as the default route for all networks not defined in the routing table.All the broadcasts will be forwarded via the S0/0/0 interface of R2.答案：AD23、Refer to the exhibit. Hosts on the 192.168.1.0 network cannot communicate with hosts on the 172.16.1.1 network. The network administrator has run the show ip route command on R1.What could be the cause of this problem?The FastEthernet interface on R1 is disabled.Autosummarization is enabled on R1.The serial interface S0/0/0 of R1 is administratively down.No static route or routing protocol is configured.答案：D24、A company i s using static routes that are configured with an administrative distance of “1” on all routers in the network. The network administrator decides to introduce a dynamic routing protocol to reduce the manual configurations for the static routes. Which option identifies the correct procedure for the dynamic routing to take place in the network?The static routes and the dynamic routes will have the traffic alternate between them.The static routes will be automatically removed once the dynamic routing is configured.The static routes will be automatically updated with the next hop IP address once the dynamicThe static routes must be manually removed from all routers in order for the dynamic routes to be答案：D25、Refer to the exhibit. An administrator is adding a new subnet of 50 hosts to R3. Which subnet address should be used for the new subnet that provides enough addresses while wasting a minimum of addresses?192.168.1.0/24192.168.1.48 /28192.168.1.32/27192.168.1.64/26答案：D26、Refer to the exhibit. What summarization should R2 use to advertise its LAN networks to R1?172.16.0.0/24172.16.4.0/22172.16.4.0/23172.16.4.0/24答案：B27、Refer to the exhibit. Host A is unable to access the Internet. What is the reason for this?The IP address of host A is incorrect.The default gateway of host A is incorrect.The Fa0/1 interfaces of the two routers are configured for different subnets.The subnet mask for the Fa0/0 interface of R1 is incorrect.答案：C28、Refer to the exhibit. Which host has a combination of IP address and subnet mask on the same network as Fa0/0 of Router1?host Ahost Bhost Chost D答案：B29、A network administrator must use the subnet 172.16.128.0/18 to create 6 additional subnets each containing up to 2000 hosts for local LANs. Which subnet mask should the administrator use to create the new subnets?255.255.224.0255.255.240.0255.255.248.0255.255.252.0答案：C30、How will a router that is configured with a classless routing protocol determine the subnet mask that should be assigned to routes that are learned from neighboring classless routers?The subnet mask that is included in the routing updates will be used.The subnet mask of the interface that receives the update will be used.The subnet mask that is specified in the network command will be used.The class of the network in the update will determine the subnet mask that is used.答案：A31、Refer to the exhibit. When troubleshooting a network, it is important to interpret the output of various router commands. On the basis of the exhibit, which three statements are true? (Choose three.)The missing information for Blank 1 is the command show ip route.The missing information for Blank 1 is the command debug ip route.The missing information for Blank 2 is the number 100.The missing information for Blank 2 is the number 120.The missing information for Blank 3 is the letter R.The missing information for Blank 3 is the letter C答案：ADF32、Which statement correctly describes a feature of RIP?RIP is a link-state routing protocol.RIP uses only one metric—hop count— for path selection.Advertised routes with hop counts greater than 10 are unreachable.Messages are broadcast every 10 seconds.答案：B33、Refer to the exhibit. The network is using the RIPv2 routing protocol. If network 10.0.0.0 goes down, what mechanism will prevent Router1 from advertising false routing information back to Router2?triggered updatespoison reverseholddown timerssplit horizon答案：D34、Refer to the exhibit. While trying to diagnose a routing problem in the network, the network administrator runs the debug ip rip command. What can be determined from the output of this command?The router is broadcasting RIP updates.The router will be unable to ping 192.168.1.2.The router is directly connected to network 172.16.1.0 /24.The router has two interfaces that participate in the RIP process.答案：D35、Refer to the exhibit. R1 and R2 are adjacent routers both running RIP. All interfaces on both routers are correctly configured and operational. Both routers are configured to include all connected interfaces in routing updates. R2 is not showing any routes from R1 in the routing table. What is the likely cause?The adjacent interfaces are passive.The distance of 120 exceeds 15 hops.R2 will not accept version 1 updates from R1.答案：C36、Refer to the exhibit. When the show cdp neighbors command is issued from router C, which devices will be displayed in the output?B, DA, B, DD, SWH-2SWH-1, A, BSWH-1, SWH-2A, B, D, SWH-1, SWH-2答案：A37、Refer to the exhibit. The routers in the exhibit are running the EIGRP routing protocol. What statement is true regarding how packets will travel from the 172.16.1.0/16 network to the 192.168.200.0/24 network?The router chooses the first path that it learned and installs only that route in the routing table.The router chooses the path with the lowest administrative distance and installs only that route in the routing table.The router chooses the highest routing ID based on the advertised network IP addresses and installs only that route in the routing table.The router installs all the equal cost paths in the routing table but sends packets out only one, holding the others in reserve in case the primary route goes down.The router installs all the equal cost paths in the routing table and performs equal cost loadbalancing to send packets out multiple exit interfaces.答案：E38、Which three statements describe the operation of routing with EIGRP? (Choose three.)As new neighbors are discovered, entries are placed in a neighbor table.If the feasible successor has a higher advertised cost than the current successor route, then it becomes the primary route.If hello packets are not received within the hold time, DUAL must recalculate the topology.The reported distance is the distance to a destination as advertised by a neighbor.EIGRP maintains full knowledge of the network topology in the topology table and exchanges full routing information with neighboring routers in every update.EIGRP builds one routing table that contains routes for all configured routed protocols.答案：ACD39、Which statement correctly describes a feasible successor in EIGRP?It is a primary route that is stored in the routing table.It is a backup route that is stored in the routing table.It is a primary route that is stored in the topology table.It is a backup route that is stored in the topology table.答案：D40、Refer to the exhibit. Routers R1 and R2 are directly connected via their serial interfaces and are both running the EIGRP routing protocol. R1 and R2 can ping the directly connected serial interface of their neighbor, but they cannot form an EIGRP neighbor adjacency.What action should be taken to solve this problem?Enable the serial interfaces of both routers.Configure EIGRP to send periodic updates.Configure the same hello interval between the routers.Configure both routers with the same EIGRP process ID.答案：D41、Refer to the exhibit. What information can be determined from the displayed output?EIGRP packets are waiting to be sent to the neighbors.The adjacencies between the routers are yet to be established.The IP address 192.168.10.10 is configured at serial interface S0/0/1 of router R2.Router R2 is receiving hello packets from a neighbor with the IP address 192.168.10.10 via the R2S0/0/1 interface.答案：D42、Refer to the exhibit. Which two statements are true based on the exhibited output? (Choose two.)All routes are stable.Each route has one feasible successor.The serial interface between the two routers is down.The administrative distance of EIGRP has been set to 50.The show ip eigrp topology command has been run on R1.答案：AE43、Refer to the exhibit. R2 is configured correctly. The network administrator has configured R1 as shown. Which two facts are true about the forwarding of route information by R1? (Choose two.)R1 will forward the route information for subnet 192.168.100.0/30.R1 will not forward route information for subnet 192.168.100.4/30.R1 will forward the route information with an administrative distance set to 50.R1 will forward the summarized route information for network 192.168.100.0/24.R1 will forward route information for subnet 10.10.10.0/30 out the serial interface.答案：AB44、Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator is trying to determine why router JAX has no OSPF routes in its routing table. All routers are configured for OSPF area 0. From the JAX router, the administrator is able to ping its connected interfaces and the Fa0/1 interface of the ORL router but no other router interfaces. What is a logical step that the network administrator should take to troubleshoot the problem?Reboot the routers.Change the OSPF process ID on all of the routers to 0.Check to see if the cable is loose between ORL and JAX.Check to see if CDP packets are passing between the routers.Use show and debug commands to determine if hellos are propagating.答案：E45、Refer to the exhibit. R1 is configured properly for a single area OSPF, and R2 has been recently installed in the network. Which set of commands is required to configure a single area OSPF for the networks that are connected to R2?R2(config)# router ospf 1R2(config-router)# network 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 0R2(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.3 area 0R2(config)# router ospf 1R2(config-router)# network 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 0R2(config)# router ospf 2R2(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.3 area 0R2(config)# router ospf 1R2(config-router)# network 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 0R2(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.3 area 1R2(config)# router ospf 1R2(config-router)# network 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 0R2(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.3 area 1答案：A46、Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator has configured OSPF using the following command:network 192.168.1.32 0.0.0.31 area 0Which router interface will participate in OSPF?FastEthernet0/0FastEthernet0/1Serial0/0/0Serial0/0/1答案：C47、What is the function of the OSPF LSU packet?used to confirm receipt of certain types of OSPF packetsused to establish and maintain adjacency with other OSPF routersused to request more information about any entry in the BDRused to announce new OSPF information and to reply to certain types of requests答案：D48、Two routers need to be configured within a single OSPF area. Which two components need to be configured on both routers to achieve this? (Choose two.)the same process IDthe same area IDnetwork addresses and wildcard masksthe same router IDthe same loop back address答案：BC49、Refer to the exhibit. OSPF is used for the routing protocol and all interfaces are configured with the correct IP addresses and subnet masks. During testing, it is found that router R1 is unable to form an adjacency with R2. What is the cause of this problem?Both routers have been configured with incorrect router IDs.Both routers have been configured in different OSPF areas.Both routers have been configured with an incorrect network type.Both routers have been configured with different hello and dead intervals.答案：D50、Refer to the exhibit. The IP addresses on all interfaces on router R1 were configured before the OSPF protocol had been enabled on the router. No OSPF router ID was manually configured. Which IP address will be selected by the router as an OSPF router ID?10.10.10.1172.16.1.1172.16.2.1192.168.1.1192.168.100.1答案：AExam Viewer - ERouting Final Exam - CCNA Exploration: Routing Protocols and Concepts (Version 4.0)Below you will find the assessment items as presented on the exam as well as the scoring rules associated with the item.Use of the exam information in the Exam Viewer is subject to the terms of the Academy Connection Website Usage Agreement between you and Cisco. The purpose of the Exam Viewer is to support instruction while not compromising exam security for other Cisco Networking Academies or students.This material should not be distributed outside a proctored and controlled setting. If misuse is found,action will be taken to limit access to assessment content. Please remember to logout and close your browser window after using the Exam Viewer.1Using default settings, what is the next step in the router boot sequence after the IOS loads from flash?Perform the POST routine.Search for a backup IOS in ROM.Load the bootstrap program from ROM.Load the running-config file from RAM.Locate and load the startup-config file from NVRAM.Scoring Rule For: correctness ofresponseThis item references content from the following areas:CCNA Exploration: Routing Protocols and Concepts• 1.1.4 Router Boot-up Process2 A router boots and enters setup mode. What is the reason for this?The IOS image is corrupt.Cisco IOS is missing from flash memory.The configuration file is missing from NVRAM.The POST process has detected hardware failure.Scoring Rule For: correctness ofresponseThis item references content from the following areas:CCNA Exploration: Routing Protocols and Concepts• 1.1.4 Router Boot-up Process3Which two router component and operation pair are correctly described? (Choose two.)DRAM - loads the bootstrapRAM - stores the operating systemFlash - executes diagnostics at bootupNVRAM - stores the configuration fileROM - stores the backup configuration filePOST - runs diagnostics on hardware modulesScoring RuleFor: correctness of responseOption 4 andOption 6 arecorrect.1 point for eachcorrect option.0 points if moreoptions areselected thanrequired.Max Value = 2This item references content from the following areas:CCNA Exploration: Routing Protocols and Concepts• 1.1.2 Router CPU and Memory4Refer to exhibit. Given the topology shown in the exhibit, what three commands are needed to configure EIGRP on the Paris router? (Choose three.)Paris(config)# router eigrp 100Paris(config)# router eigrpParis(config-router)# network 192.168.6.0Paris(config-router)# network 192.168.7.0Paris(config-router)# network 192.168.8.0Paris(config-router)# network 192.168.9.0Scoring Rule For: correctness ofresponseOption 1, Option 4, and Option 5are correct.1 point for each correct option.0 points if more options areselected than required.Max Value = 3This item references content from the following areas:CCNA Exploration: Routing Protocols and Concepts•9.2.4 The network Command5Refer to the exhibit. A technician has configured the interfaces on the Router, but upon inspection discovers that interface Fa is not functioning. Which action will most likely correct the problem with FastEthernet0/1?A clock rate should be added to the interface configuration.The subnet mask should be added to the interface configuration.An interface description needs to be added to the interface configuration.The no shutdown command needs to be added to the interface configuration.Scoring Rule For: correctness ofresponse2 points for Option 40 points for any other optionThis item references content from the following areas:CCNA Exploration: Routing Protocols and Concepts• 1.2.2 Basic Router Configuration6Which routing protocol maintains a topology table separate from the routing table?IGRPRIPv1RIPv2EIGRPScoring Rule For: correctness ofresponseThis item references content from the following areas:CCNA Exploration: Routing Protocols and Concepts•9.1.1 EIGRP: An Enhanced Distance Vector Routing Protocol7Which statement is true about the metrics used by routing protocols?A metric is a value used by a partiA common metric is used by all routing protocols.The metric with the highest value is installed in the routing table.The router may use only one parameter at a time to calculate the metric.Scoring Rule For: correctness ofresponse2 points for Option 10 points for any other optionMax Value = 2This item references content from the following areas:CCNA Exploration: Routing Protocols and Concepts• 3.3.1 Purpose of a Metric8Refer to the exhibit. All interfaces are addressed and functioning correctly. The network administrator runs the tracert comma Which two facts could be responsible for the output of this command? (Choose two.)The gateway for Host A is missing or improperly configured.The gateway for Host B is missing or improperly configured.The entry for 192.168.1.0/24 is missing from the routing table of R1.The entry for 192.168.1.0/24 is missing from the routing table of R2.The entry for 192.168.2.0/24 is missing from the routing table of R1.The entry for 192.168.2.0/24 is missing from the routing table of R2.Scoring Rule For: correctness ofresponseOption 4 and Option 5 are correct.1 point for each correct option.0 points if more options are selectedthan required.Max Value = 2This item references content from the following areas:CCNA Exploration: Routing Protocols and Concepts• 2.7.2 Troubleshooting a Missing Route9Refer to the exhibit. What information can be determined from the displayed output?EIGRP packets are waiting to be sThe adjacencies between the routers are yet to be established.The IP address 192.168.10.10 is configured at serial interface S0/0/1 of router R2.Router R2 is receiving hello packets from a neighbor with the IP address 192.168.10.10 via the R2 S0/0/1 interface.Scoring Rule For: correctness ofresponse2 points for Option 40 points for any other optionMax Value = 2This item references content from the following areas:CCNA Exploration: Routing Protocols and Concepts•9.5.1 The Null0 Summary Route10Which phase of the router boot process involves running diagnostics on the hardware components from ROM?performing the POSTloading the bootstrap programlocating and loading the Cisco IOS softwarelocating and loading the startup configuration fileScoring Rule For: correctness ofresponse2 points for Option 10 points for any other optioMax Value = 2This item references content from the following areas:CCNA Exploration: Routing Protocols and Concepts• 1.1.4 Router Boot-up Process11Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator adds this command to router R1: ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 S0/0/0. W result of adding this command?This route is automatically propagated throughout the network.The traffic for network 172.16.1.0 is forwarded to network 192.168.2.0.A static route is established.The traffic for all Class C networks is forwarded to 172.16.1.2.Scoring Rule For: correctness of。

超全!CCNA知识点概念总结

超全！CCNA知识点概念总结第一部分：O S I参考模型Open System Interconnection ，是一个开放式的七层模型，上三层称之为高层，下四层称之为低层。

它只是一个参考模型，用来将互联网络进行层次划分，方便各厂商根据各层标准制定设备。

Application Layer ：应用层， OSI 模型中的第七层，主要负责确定通信伙伴，为特性的应用程序提供功能。

典型的 TCP/IP 应用包括：文件传输协议 FTP、简单文件传输协议 TFTP 、简单邮件传输协议 SMTP 、超文本传输协议 HTTP 、自举协议 BOOTP 、动态主机配置协议DHCP。

Presencation Layer ：表示层，OSI 模型中第六层，主要负责完成各种不同的数据、视频、语音、图像的格式与传输格式之间的相互转换来提供通信服务。

该层的标准有文本—— ACS 、图像—— TIFF 、JPEG、GIF 、PICT 、声音—— MIDI 等。

Session Layer：会话层， OSI 模型中第五层，主要负责在应用程序之间建立、管理和终止设备或主机之间的会话。

该层的协议有：网络文件系统 NFS、结构化查询语言 SQL、远程过程调用 RPC、X Windows 系统、 Apptalk 会话协议 ASP、 DNA 会话控制协议SCP。

Transport Layer ：传输层，OSI 模型中第四层，数据格式为段，主要负责端到端的可靠与不可靠的数据传输，包括流量控制和错误恢复。

TCP 提供可靠地数据传输， UDP 提供不可靠地数据传输，像TFTP、 SNMP 、 NFS、 DNS、 RIP 都是用 UDP 协议提供不可靠传输。

Network Layer：网络层，OSI 模型中第三层，数据格式为分组(包 )，主要负责两个端系统之间提供连通性和路径选择，两端系统可能处于不同网络上。

网络层协议包括：Internet 协议IP、Novell 的互联网分组交换 IPX 、地址解析协议 ARP 、反向地址解析协议RARP 、Internet控制消息协议 ICMP 。

全面分析接触CCNACCIE大全(经典珍藏版)

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全面分析接触CCNA CCIE对于想考证的朋友的看一下.好处颇多感触良深对于想考证的朋友的看一下好处颇多,感触良深/ i5 y% `5 ~$ d“ A 文章有好处颇多感触良深! 点长.希望等大家看完的时候觉得确实还是不错的点长希望等大家看完的时候觉得确实还是不错的. 希望等大家看完的时候觉得确实还是不错的发生地方防盗锁的师傅的谁% V N# q0 M+ l- L; W/ M “ f/ h$ G( M# f4 q9 `时代复分编者按:9 L4 _5 h7 y/ F 防盗锁( A8 }9 n2 y) o6 A O; }" R+ wCisco 认证是络技能认证. 其总体认证体系包括路由和交换网络支持(售后工程师认证体系) ,路由和交换网络设计(售前工程师认证体系)和广域网交换网络设计和支持几大部分.同时,Cisco 公司还新增了有关网络安全方面的认证.在前面几项认证考试中,目前国内外需求量最大,也是参加人数最多的,是路由和交换网络支持认证,即Cisco 的售后工程师认证体系!目前在国内的市场也日渐扩大!8 j) }6 b, w. Z1 k0 q, L2 e9 r, B+ J认证证书分为三个等级: 认证证书分为三个等级: 等级3-技术员(Associate) 等级2-工程师(Professional) + j! y" _/ |8 `( C 等级1-网络互联专家Expert (Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert, 简称CCIE): q, E5 d3 M% I" t0 P8 S$ l) G) [( V) o$ p( b" B. [网络支持证书部分: (Cisco 售后工程师认证体系)$ t/ `( g x. q+ t% n, ?8 _3 U; q 网络支持证书部分总体架构呈金字塔形,从塔底到塔尖分为: CCNA(Cisco 认证网络支持工程师)5 V2 H: m9 j* B* f! p8 h CCNP(Cisco 认证资深网络支持工程师)6 g$ U8 y) b: @7 L) R: Z: N CCIE(Cisco 认证互联网专家)/ `$ T6 s7 [+ S2 }+ {6 R" } s一CCNACCNA 认证(思科认证网络工程师) :表示经过认证的人员具有为小型办公室/ 家庭办公室(SOHO)市场联网的基本技术和相关知识.通过CCNA 认证的专业人员可以在小型网络(100 或100 以下个节点)中安装,配置和运行LAN, WAN 和拔号访问业务.他们可以使用的协议包括(但不限于) :IP, IGRP, IPX, Serial, AppleTalk, Frame Relay, IP RIP, VLAN, RIP, Ethernet, Access Lists. ! V7 o, k2 {0 r4 D2 r% k 安装,配置及维护简单的网络,增长网络知识,检验网络技术,提高自身价值,通向专业认证道路的第一步就是CCNA(思科认证网络支持工程师) 7 f# m7 g" ]2 .w. m% z6 WCCNA 处于思科认证层次中的最底层, 她是思科认证中最基础的一项思科职业资格认证, 获得CCNA 资格的专业人员将具有100 个节点的中小型企业网络安装, 配置和维护的能力课程; CCNA 考试范围及内容着重于现今流行的网络技术及。