Theory of language and language learning
《语言学习与语言教学的原则》 笔记及习题(第二语言习得理论)【圣才出品】
第11章第二语言习得理论11.1 复习笔记本章要点1. Krashen’s Input Hypothesis克拉申输入假说2. McLaughlin’s Attention-Processing Model麦劳林注意-处理模型3. Bialystok’s Analysis/Automaticity Model亚利斯托克分析/自动模型本章考点1. 有关第二语言习得的理论2. 克拉申输入假说内容及缺陷3. 掌握几大第二语言习得模型本章内容索引Ⅰ. Theories1. Some theories of second language acquisition2. Adult second language acquisitionⅡ. Krashen’s Input Hypothesis1. Definition2. DisagreementsⅢ. McLaughlin’s Attention-Processing ModelⅣ. Bialystok’s Analysis/Automaticity ModelⅤ. Variability ModelsⅥ. From Theory to PracticeⅦ. Intuition: The Search for RelevanceⅧ. Out On A Limb: The Ecology of Language AcquisitionⅠ. Theories(理论)1. Some theories of second language acquisition(第二语言习得理论)(1) A theory of Second language acquisition includes an understanding, in general, of what language is, what learning is, and for classroom contexts, what teaching is.第二语言习得理论大体上包括理解什么是语言,什么是学习,什么是课堂教学。
冯梅第二语言学习理论
• “学得”指有系统的正式的学习,是 “有意识的学习”(conscious learning )。
•
we acquire as we are exposed to samples of the second language which we understand. This happens in much the same way that children pick up their first language----with no conscious attention to language form. We learned , on the other hand, via a conscious process of study and attention to form and rule learning. ---- Krashen
The Acquisition----Learning Hypothesis The Natural Order Hypothesis The Monitor Hypothesis The Input Hypothesis
• The Affective Filter Hypothesis
习得与学习假设
学者对学得和习得的不同观点
•
Littlewood 认为,语言学习中下意 识和有意识是无法真正明确地加以区 分的。因此,习得和学得区别建立在 这个基础上是不可靠的。他说,学习 可以作为一个概括用语,其中包括无 意识和有意识的学习活动。
•
Ellis 认为习得和学得之 间不存在本质的区别。习 得中包含有意识的学习, 两者在部分情况下可以互 相换用。
• Chomsky originally referred to this special ability as a language acquisition device (LAD). This device was often described as an imaginary „black box‟ which exists somewhere in the brain. This „black box‟, thought to contain all and only the principles which are universal to all human languages, prevents the child from going off on lots of wrong trails in trying to discover the rules of the language.
英语学习策略论
2. Different views on language.
In the past century, language teaching and learning practices have been influenced by three different views of language, namely, the structural view, the functional view and the interactional view. Different views on language generate different teaching methodologies.
Therefore, learners learn a language in order to do things with it. To perform functions, learners need to know how to combine the grammatical rules and the vocabulary to express notions that perform the functions.
Structural View:
It sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystem: from phonological, morphological, lexical, etc. to sentence. Each language has a finite number of such structural items. To learn a language means to learn these structural items so as to be able to understand and produce language.
有意义言语学习理论与外语语法教学
有意义言语学习理论与外语语法教学引言语言是人类沟通交流的重要工具,无论是在家庭生活还是职场社交中,语言都扮演着重要角色。
在现代社会中,学习一门外语已经成为必备的能力之一。
而在外语学习过程中,语法教学是一个重要的组成部分。
以往的语法教学方式往往过于枯燥,使学生难以产生兴趣。
有意义言语学习理论应用于外语语法教学中,能够帮助学生更好地理解和掌握语法知识,提高学习效果。
一、有意义言语学习理论概述有意义言语学习理论(meaningful language learning theory)是指学习者通过对语言进行深入思考、理解和运用,从而形成对语言系统的认知,并在实际交际中能够准确地运用语言的理论。
该理论强调语言学习过程中的意义性和交际性,认为语言学习不仅仅是对语法规则和词汇的机械记忆,更应该是对语言的意义和功能进行深入理解和逐步掌握的过程。
有意义言语学习理论的特点主要包括以下几个方面:(1)强调语言学习的交际性。
有意义言语学习理论认为语言是用来交际的工具,语言学习应该以交际为目的,注重语言运用的真实场景。
(2)注重语言学习的意义性。
有意义言语学习理论认为语言学习应该以意义为导向,学习者应该通过对语言的深入理解和思考,形成对语言系统的内化认知。
(3)关注学习者的情感因素。
有意义言语学习理论认为学习者的情感因素对语言学习的影响非常重要,教学应该注重激发学习者的学习兴趣和情感投入,激发学习积极性。
1.3 有意义言语学习理论的教学策略有意义言语学习理论提出了一系列适合语言教学的策略,其中包括:(1)任务型教学法。
任务型教学法强调学习者通过完成各种任务来实现语言能力的提高,例如通过阅读理解、口语表达等任务来加深对语法知识的理解和掌握。
(2)情感导向教学法。
情感导向教学法注重激发学习者的情感投入和兴趣,教师应该注重培养学生对语言学习的积极情感,使学习过程更富有情感体验和意义。
(3)交际式教学法。
交际式教学法注重学习者在真实语境中的语言交际能力,并通过真实的语言交际活动来促进语言学习。
H.D.Brown《语言学习与语言教学的原则》(第3版)笔记和课后习题答案
H.D.Brown《语言学习与语言教学的原则》(第3版)笔记和课后习题详解完整版-精研学习䋞提供免费试用20%资料全国547所院校视频及题库考研全套>视频资料>课后答案>往年真题>职称考试第1章语言,语言学习和语言教学1.1复习笔记本章要点:1.The definition of language语言的定义2.The Grammar Translation Method语法翻译法本章考点:1.语言的定义;2.学习和教学的定义;3.课堂教学:语法翻译法。
本章内容索引:Ⅰ.LanguageⅡ.Learning and teaching1.Learning2.TeachingⅢ.The Grammar Translation MethodⅠ.Language(语言的定义)A consolidation of the definitions of language yields the following composite definitions.nguage is systematic and generative.nguage is a set of arbitrary symbols.3.Those symbols are primarily vocal,but may also be visual.4.The symbols have conventionalized meanings to which they refer.nguage is used for communication.nguage operates in a speech community or culture.nguage is essentially human,although possibly not limited to humans.nguage is acquired by all people in much the same way-language and language learning both have universal characteristics.语言的定义可以从以下8个方面来理解:1.语言是系统的、生成的;2.语言是一套任意的符号;3.这些符号主要是声音的,但也可能是视觉的;4.符号有特定的含义;5.语言用于交际;6.语言在语言社区或文化中起作用;7.语言从根本上来说是人类语言,尽管语言可能不只限于人类世界;8.人们学习语言的方式大体相似,语言和语言学习具有普遍特征。
教学论 chapter 1 Language, Learning and Teaching
3. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 4. Language is any means, vocal or other, of expressing or communicating feeling or thought… a system of conventionalized signs, especially words, or gestures having fixed meanings.
A second language, because it is used within the country, is usually learnt with much more environmental support than a foreign language whose speech community may be thousands of miles away.
nguage is a systematic means of communicating ideas or feelings by the use of conventioanlized signs, sounds, gestures, or marks having understood meanings. 6. Language is the subject of linguistic study and language teaching as well.
Three different theories of language
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
1)The structural approach -Language is a system of structurally related
【英语教学法课件】Unit1Languageandlanguagelearning
4. Howatt, A.P.R. A History of English Language Teaching第十.五页(,共《78页。 英语语言教学(jiāo
Audiolingualism
第二十五页,共78页。
听说法 (shuōf ǎ)
Audio-Lingual Method
❖ ‘Listen and repeat’ drilling activities are the most important classroom activities.
❖ Mistakes are immediately corrected and correct utterances are immediately praised.
❖ Functional view– communicative categories, communicative ability (to be able to communicate)
❖ Interactional view– to communicate appropriately (communicative strategies, cultural awareness, etc.)
❖ Language is a rule-based system and with a knowledge of the finite rules (language competence), infinite sentences can be produced
Cooperative-Language-Learning
in a language by conversing in socially or pedagogically structures situations
Design
• Objectives a) foster cooperation rather than competition b)develop critical thingking skills c)develop communicative competence
corrections. • 8 Students revise their compositions. • 9 Students reread each other's compositions and sign their
names to indicate that each compositions is error--free
key elements of successful group-based learning.
• Positive interdependence • Face-to-face interaction
Positive interdependence
Positive interdependence is successfully structured when group members perceive that they are linked with each other in a
Face-to-face interaction
Students need to do real work together in which they promote each other's success by sharing resources and helping, supporting, encouraging, and applauding each other's efforts to achieve. There are important cognitive activities and interpersonal dynamics that can only occur when students promote each other's learning. This includes orally explaining how to solve problems, teaching
Language and Language Learning
(4) People have different capabilities in language learning.
II. Views on language
Activity : Writing Take a pen and a piece of paper and try to write a definition of “language”.
Selected
Accuracy formal/ controlled
natural
fluency informal/ natural
2 ) How do we learn foreign language ?
(1) People learn language for different reasons. (2) People learn language in different ways.
Process-oriented theories are
concerned with how the mind processes new information, such as habit formation, induction, making inference, hypothesis testing and generalization.
Can you all speak the same number of languages? Did you all start at the same age? Do you all feel the same about speaking a foreign language? Do you all have the same difficulties? Do you have different backgrounds, strengths and weaknesses, feelings… ?
theory and practice in language study
theory and practice in language study
"Theory and Practice in Language Studies"是一个涉及语言学习理论和实践的广泛领域。
这个领域包括研究语言学习理论、语言教学方法、语言学习评估以及语言学习实践等方面。
在这个领域中,研究人员和教育者会探索不同的语言学习理论,如行为主义、认知主义、社会文化理论等,并将这些理论应用于实际的语言教学中。
同时,他们也会关注语言学习者的需求、动机、背景等因素,以制定更有效的语言教学方法和评估方式。
对于语言学习者来说,"Theory and Practice in Language Studies"也是一个重要的领域。
通过了解不同的语言学习理论和教学方法,学习者可以更好地理解语言学习的过程,选择适合自己的学习方法,并制定更有效的学习计划。
同时,学习者也可以通过参与语言实践活动,如口语交流、写作、翻译等,提高自己的语言技能和应用能力。
总之,"Theory and Practice in Language Studies"是一个涉及语言学习理论和实践的广泛领域,对于研究人员、教育者和语言学习者来说都具有重要的意义。
E-language and I-language
The difference between NP and VP is that a verb projects an obligatory Specifier, While for NP, Specifier is only optinal, as in below: NP NP
N′ Det N′
Chomsky said that it was an important step of changing attention from E-language to I-language in generative grammar study. So that in the history of linguistics, there is also an transition from the study of E-language to the study of I-language. 乔姆斯基认为,语言学发展的历史也展现出从研究外在语 言向内在语言的过渡,“把注意力从纷繁的外在语言概念 转到内在语言的重要观念上来是早期生成语法的重要一 步。”(Chomsky,1991a,P.10)
N Tom the
N
cat
a. a student of physics b. a student with long hair
NP
Det N′ Det
NP
N′
N
PP(complement)
N
PP(adjuct)
a
student
of physics
a
student
with long hair
NP
B. It is tacit and subconscious.
内在化语言具有另一个重要特征,就是具有下意识性,即往往只可意 会不能言传。
语言习得理论简述
语言习得理论简述外语教学界十分关注C homsky(乔姆斯基)学说和Krashen(克拉申)的二语习得理论引起人们极大的兴趣。
纵观外语教学发展进程,各种理论流派纷呈,各有所长。
边缘科学社会语言学与心理语言学,研究第一语言的习得规律并用以指导第二语言(或外语)的教学,对当代外语教学起了积极影响。
语言习得理论认为,人主要在相应的语言环境中进行接触或输入,自然的学会语言。
20世纪50年代乔姆斯基(N.Chomsky)提出,儿童生下来就有一种适应于语言学习的"语言习得机制"(language acquisition device)。
他的这一理论为许多语言学家接受,并据此提出一些二语习得理论模式,如Bialystok Fillmore和Swain二语习得模式。
在二语习得理论中,影响最大的是Krashen的二语习得理论假设,80年代以来颇为流行。
Krashen语言习得理论5种假设是:1."习得--学习"假设(The Acquisition/Learning Hypothesis):它认为,成年人发展外语能力(daveloping competence in a second language)依靠两种途径。
一是向儿童学母语一样,潜意识地自然吸收,不知不觉地习得语言,语言规则也同样能在不知不觉中获得并形成语感。
这样学会语言是潜意识的,不知不觉的,称之为"语言习得" (language acquisition/natural learning)。
以往人们一直认为只有儿童才具备自然习得语言能力。
而Krashen在神经语言学的研究中证明:成年人仍然具有自然"习得"能力。
成年人发展外语能力的第二途径是有意识的学习语言规则过程,这种称之为"语言学习"(language learning)。
2."自然次序"假设(The Natural Order Hypothesis):语言习得理论研究表明,成年人掌握语法项目的顺序与儿童掌握这些项目的顺序大致相同,掌握英语作为第一语言和第二语言(外语)的项目顺序也大致相同。
乔姆斯基认为小孩生来就有能力学习任何人类语言
乔姆斯基认为小孩生来就有能力学习任何人类语言之一X铁城发送2016、1、简介生词。
但是,70%不信你就像我那样,试着乔姆斯基简介诺姆•乔姆斯基博士(Avram Noam Chomsky,1928年12月7日-)或译作“荷姆斯基”,XX常译作“杭士基”,美国哲学家、语言学家、认知学家、逻辑学家、政治评论家。
乔姆斯基是麻省理工学院语言学的荣誉退休教授,他的《生成语法》被认为是20世纪理论语言学研究上的重要贡献。
他对伯尔赫斯·弗雷德里克·斯金纳所著《口语行为》的评论,也有助于发动心理学的认知革命,挑战1950年代研究人类行为和语言方式中占主导地位的行为主义。
他所采用以自然为本来研究语言的方法也大大地影响了语言和心智的哲学研究。
他的另一大成就是建立了乔姆斯基层级:根据“文法生成力”不同而对形式语言做的分类。
……正是在此期间,乔姆斯基开始更加公开地参与政治。
随着他1967年在《纽约书评》上发表的一篇题为「知识分子的责任」的文章,乔姆斯基成为越南战争的主要反对者之一。
从那时起,乔姆斯基便因他的政治立场而出名,对世界各地的政局发表评论,并撰写了大量著作。
他对美国外交政策及美国权力合法性的批判影响深远,并因而成为富有争议的人物。
他有左派的忠诚追随者,但也受到右派及自由派越来越多的批评,尤其是针对他对911事件的反应。
对美国外交政策的批评给乔姆斯基带来了人身威胁。
他的名字被列在特奥多·卡克辛斯基(Th eodore Kaczynski,「炸弹杀手」)的预定上。
在卡氏被捕以前,乔姆斯基让人检查收到的以防炸弹。
他自称也经常被警察保护,特别是在麻省理工校园的时候,虽然他本人原则上不同意这种保护。
尽管对美国百般批评,乔姆斯基还是生活在美国。
他的解释是:美国仍然是世界上最伟大的国家。
后来他又阐发为:「国与国之间的综合比较没有什么意义,我也不会这么比较。
不过美国有些成就,特别是在言论自由方面几个世纪来争得的领先地位,是值得敬仰的。
汉语作为第二语言教学概论(五语言学习与习得)
关系:交叉,渐变
评价:过分强调潜意识的作用,贬低有意识的、
特别是课堂学习的作用。
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输入假说
理论(input hypothesis)
(jiǎ shuō)
◆(1)习得与学习假说
◆ (2)自然顺序假说
◆ (3)监控假说
◆ (4)输入(shūrù)假说
◆ (5)情感过滤假说
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激-反应论
4.以乔姆斯基为代表的先天(xiāntiān)论学派。内在
论
5.以皮亚杰为代表的认知学派。认知论
这三种研究的目的主要是为了揭示儿童心理的
发展和验证语言学的一些理论假设。
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6. 20世纪80年代儿童语言发展的研究逐渐成为一门心
理学和语言学交叉的独立的新学科。着重研究儿童语
(nèiróng)有趣味的广泛阅读和大量的会话才能奏效。强调听
力活动的重要性。
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(5)情感过滤 假说
(guòlǜ)
屏蔽效应假说:输入的语言信息并不总是被吸
收,即便是极容易的语言信息也是如此(rúcǐ) 。在
人类头脑中会出现对语言的堵塞现象,使学习
者常常无法理解所接受的语言输入信息。克拉
申称这种堵塞为“情感过滤”。
error)在第二语言习得者的语言偏误中仅仅占据一小部分。并
非所有的偏误都源于母语的干扰,来自于语言内部的影响
(intralingual effect)也不可忽视。然而,致力于预测母语对第二
语言学习干扰的对比(duìbǐ)分析理论无法解释在后面一种情况下
产生的偏误。
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到了70年代,由于行为主义及结构主义的衰
(kāifàng)、接受的态度
二语习得相关概念和理论
母语习得理论(Theories of Acquisition of the Maternal Language)关于儿童对母语,主要是口语中的听和说的能力之获得的理论,主要有:行为主义理论,“先天伦”和认知理论等。
行为主义理论(behaviourist theory)的基础是“强化”论或刺激--反应论,代表人物有语言学家布龙菲尔德和心理学家斯金纳等人。
这种理论认为:语言是一种人类行为,要观察语言行为就必须找出话语和产生它的环境之间的规律,找出话语和对它做出反应的话语之间的规律性,以便建立起一套完整的母语习得理论。
斯金纳在他的代表作《语言行为》一书中认为语言不是一种思维现象,而是一种行为。
儿童母语习得要经过模仿--强化--成形三个阶段。
儿童首先模仿自己周围的语言,对环境或成人的话语做出反应。
如果反应是正确的,即说出的句子符合语法规律,成人就会给予赞扬或以其他方式进行鼓励,以便强化儿童的语言,增加儿童说话的正确性。
为了得到更多的赞扬和鼓励,儿童会重复说过的话,逐步养成习惯,并把它巩固下来。
这样,儿童言语行为的形成过程是一个缓慢的过程,直到其习惯与成年人的说话方式相吻合。
行为主义理论并不能全面正确地反映出儿童母语习得的过程和心理特点。
行为主义者所理解的语言无非是声音的刺激和反应,而且把语言和思维(思想)等同起来。
布龙菲尔德的公式S(实际刺激)—r(言语反应)……s(言语刺激)R(实际反应)就表明了这一点。
行为主义语言观是在一定的历史条件下产生的,它反映了母语习得阶段的阶段性成果,反映了当时人们的认识水平。
它解释了一些母语习得的现象,特别是“语言时习惯”这一观点是不容易被否定的。
语言学习的“天性论”(innateness theory)用典型的理性主义的方法来解释儿童语言习得的问题。
代表人物是乔姆斯基和马克奈尔(D. McNeil)。
这种理论认为:儿童生下来就有一种适于学习语言的、人类独有的能力,即儿童天赋的普遍语法(universal grammar,简称UG)知识。
E-language and I-language
Although the node-labels along the projection line X,X′,and XP vary according to the categorial features of the lexical item, the overall pattern of the projection configuration in (a,b,c,d) is the same.
The characteristics of I-language
A. It is individual in that it deals with [a native speaker] and with
language communities only derivatively, as groups of people with similar I-languages. 乔姆斯基反对用外表化语言研究语言的本质,也批评了语言的首要功 能是为了交际的观点,因而他不是从集体的角度考察语言的应用,他 的出发点立足于个人主义(Individualism)。这里的个人主义是指, 内在化语言是内化于个体的大脑中的,因此大脑的活动状态只能是个 体性的,而非集体性的。
Chomsky said that it was an important step of changing attention from E-language to I-language in generative grammar study. So that in the history of linguistics, there is also an transition from the study of E-language to the study of I-language. 乔姆斯基认为,语言学发展的历史也展现出从研究外在语 言向内在语言的过渡,“把注意力从纷繁的外在语言概念 转到内在语言的重要观念上来是早期生成语法的重要一 步。”(Chomsky,1991a,P.10)
2、语言和语言学习理论
有教学问题-上教育技术论坛
• Jean Berko and the “wugs
有教学问题-上教育技术论坛
Cognitivism 认知主义理论
• Cognitive theories: they describe, explain, and predict what occurs in the mind • Cognition (认知) 学习者赖以获得知识和概念的大脑思维活 动 ,如观察、注意、记忆、想象、类比、分 析、推理、判断和概念化等 • 田式国
第二章 理论基础
有教学问题-上教育技术论坛
• Views of language • Views of language learning
有教学问题-上教育技术论坛
Views on language
• the structural view结构主义理论
有教学问题-上教育技术论坛
有教学问题-上教育技术论坛
Functional view
• Point of view: • not only sees language as a linguistic system but also a means for doing things. • Aim: • to do things • Content: • know how to combine the grammatical rules and the vocabulary to express notions that perform the function
有教学问题-上教育技术论坛
Views on language
• The structural view limits knowing a language to knowing its structural rules and vocabularies. • The communicative or functional view adds the need to know how to use the rules and vocabulary to do whatever one wants to do. • The interactional view says that to know how to do what you want to do involves also knowing whether it is appropriate to do, and where, when and how it is appropriate to do it.
04第三章语言习得理论和第二语言习得研究
第三章 语言习得理论和第二语言习得研究从事语言教学必须遵循语言学习规律。
一、语言学习(language learning )和语言习得(language acquisition ):(一)语言学习与语言习得的定义:二十世纪60年代西方学者提出区分语言的学习和习得这两种不同的学习。
70年代中期美国语言教学理论家克拉申(S.Krashen )进一步系统提出学习与习得的假说。
语言学习:在课堂环境下有专门的教师指导,严格按照教学大纲和课本,通过讲解、练习、记忆等活动,有计划、有系统、也是有意识地对语言规则进行掌握。
(成人在学校学习第二语言)语言习得:在自然的语言环境中,通过旨在沟通意义的言语交际活动,不知不觉(潜意识)地获得一种语言。
(儿童习得第一语言)在使用学习与习得这两个术语时,一般用法是:广义的学习:包括习得(获得)和上述狭义学习(学得)。
“学习”和“习得”是两种获得语言的途径,在人们获得语言的过程中相互交叉、相辅相成。
如图所示:二、习得与学习的不同(1)习得,特别是儿童第一语言的习得,是从本能的要求(生存和交际的需要)开始、与其生理和心理的自然发育、成熟同步进行的过程, 儿童是在不知不觉中习得第一语言的,成人的习得对主体来说也是一种潜意识的行为;学习则是主体为了掌握一种新的交际工具所进行的目的性非常明确的活动,除了本身的自觉要求外,还加上教师的督促、考试、竞争等外部因素的作用,是一种有意识的行为。
(2)习得一般是在使用该目的语的社会环境中进行的;学习则主要是在课堂环境下进行的,可能有使用该目的的社会环境(学习第二语言),也可能没有(学习外语)。
(3)习得时注意力主要集中在语言的功能和意义方面,集中在语言如何有效地表达思想以及语言所表达的信息上(语言的内容),而不是语言形式,语言形式的掌握、语言知识的获得往往是潜意识的;学习,特别是在传统教学法的影响下,其注意力往往集中于语言的形式方面,有意识地、系统地掌握语音、词汇、语法等,甚至在很大程度上忽视了语言的意义。
语言和语言学习的理论-201102
The Cognitive Theory
Chomsky: Language is not a form of behaviour. It is an intricate (complicated) rule-based system. (Language is rule-governed.) There are a finite number of grammatical rules in the system and with knowledge of these rules an infinite number of sentences can be produced. (Language is generative. )
The Condition-oriented theories concern the nature of the human and physical context in which language learning takes place. The Process-oriented theories concern how the mind processes new information.
Rules of language form (grammar & vocabulary) Rules of language use in a context (Is it appropriate to use this language item in this context?)
Views on language learning
3. interactional view
c. understand and produce language
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Linguistic and psychological theories of language and learning?
The structural linguist The behavioral psychologist
1 What is language by nature and as a system?
Objectives
2
What is learning and what is teaching a How do linguists and psychologists
Why (learning motivation)
08:05
The definition of language
Based on the definitions of linguists and scholars, Brown (1994:5) put forward the following composite definition (the eightfold definition) .
Discuss and talk about how you will teach English in a middle school in accordance with your understanding of Brown’s eightfold definition of language.
08:05
The definition of learning
1. Learning is acquisition or “getting”. 2. Learning is retention of information or skill. 3. Retention implies storage systems, memory, cognitive organization. 4. Learning involves active, conscious focus on and acting upon event
language learning both have universal characteristics.
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Discussion
Your understanding of the components of language will determine to a large extent how you teach a language (Brown 1994:6).
practice. 7. Learning is a change in behavior.
(Brown 1994:7)
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How do learning and teaching interact?
Your understanding of how the learners learn will determine your philosophy of education, your teaching style, your approach, methods, and classroom techniques.
Lecture 1
Theory of language and language learning 语言与语言学习的理论
Language teaching
Language
01 An intricate
complex process
03
Teaching
02 Learning
A process to facilitate learning
4. The symbols have conventionalized meanings to which they refer. 5. Language is used for communication. 6. Language operates in a speech community or culture. 7. Language is essentially human, although possibly not limited to humans. 8. Language is acquired by all people in much the same way --- language and
outside or inside the organism. 5. Learning is relatively permanent but subject to forgetting. 6.Learning involves some form of practice, perhaps reinforced
Who (learners and the teacher)
Six questions
(Brown1994)
What (the system and functioning of the language) How (learning mechanism)
When (the age of learning and the amount of time) Where (learning environment)
1. Language is systematic and generative.
2. Language is a set of arbitrary symbols.
3. Those symbols are primarily vocal, but may also be visual.
describe language, learning and teaching?
08:05
Where does a teacher begin the quest for an understanding of the principles of foreign language learning and teaching?