英语专业四级语法、词汇知识讲座

英语专业四级语法、词汇知识讲座
1.《教学大纲》对英语专业语法的总体描述是：能识别词类；区分名词的可数性和不可数性，可数名词的单、复数形式；基本掌握各种代词的形式与用法、基数词和序数词、常用介词和连词、形容词和副词的句法功能、比较级和最高级的构成及基本句型、冠词的一般用法；了解动词的主要种类、时态、语态及不定式和分词的基本用法、句子种类、基本句型和基本构词法。掌握主谓一致关系、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句等句型、直接引语和间接引语的用法、动词不定式和分词的用法、各种时态、主动语态、被动语态和构词法。其中对四级的要求是：除掌握上述内容外，还应该熟练掌握主语从句、同位语从句、倒装句和各种条件句。
2.《教学大纲》对英语专业词汇的总体描述是：认知词汇不少于2，000个；掌握1，200个左右的常用词和一定数量的习惯用语及固定搭配，并能在口语中运用；认识740个左右的单词和一定数量的习惯用语及固定搭配，能根据上下文的提示理解其含义。通过基础英语课、阅读课和其他途径认知词汇达4，000～5，000个（其中含中学已学的2，000个），正确而熟练地使用其中的2，000～2，500个及其最基本的搭配。其中对四级的要求是：通过基础英语课、阅读课和其他途径认知词汇5，500 6，500个（含第二级要求的4，000～5，000个），正确而熟练地运用其中的3，000～4，000个及其最基本的搭配。
近年来专业四级考试中Grammar and Vocabulary部分中，50%为词汇、词组和短语的用法，约50%为语法结构。该题在总分中虽占分不多,但作为测试考生英语水平之基础,它对于TEM4中所有题项影响之大是众所周知的，因为任何一门外语的学习均始于词汇和语法，且对于词汇数量及其深度的掌握程度在一定意义上反应一个人的英语水平。因此，掌握词汇和语法对于在TEM4中取得好成绩显得尤为重要。
综观这近几年考题，可发现：
1．语法考题的涉及面宽，近年考题曾经考到：几乎所有词类；三种动词的非谓语形式；各种从句及关系词的用法；动词时态、虚拟语气、情态动词的用法；独立主格，主谓一致，倒装，强调、并列结构等基本语法知识。
2．语法考试的重点突出，语法考试的重点为内容庞杂较难掌握的项目，这些项目还反复出现，如：虚拟语气，状语从句，定语从句，独立主格，情态动词。
3．具体考查重点为以上项目中的特殊用法，不常用的情况
1）虚拟语气的考点为：would rather＋that从句＋一般过去时：It is vital／ necessary／ important／ urgent／ imperative／ desirable／ advisable／ na

tural／ essential＋that＋动词原形；It is time／about time／high time＋that＋一般过去时：proposal／suggestion＋that＋动词原形；lest＋that＋should＋动词原形；if only＋that＋would＋动词原形。
2）状语从句的考点为：非if引导的条件状语从句，此类句子多用at times，provided，so long as，in case，once等来替代if；由even if／so，now that，for all等引导的让步状语从句；just／hardly...when引导的时间状语从句；more than，as...as，not so much as，the same as，as much as等引导的比较状语从句。
3）独立主格结构多以逻辑主语＋分词的形式出现。
4）情态动词多与完成时形式连用。
5）定语从句重点考查介词＋关系代词（which）和as作为关系代词。
专业四级考试的词汇部分要求考生能灵活正确运用教学大纲语法结构表一至四级的全部内容，熟练掌握教学大纲词汇表中一至四级规定的5000—6000个认知词汇及其最基本的搭配。其考查重点为：
1．动词、名词与介词的搭配如：popular／patient＋with；yield／solution／adapt／transfer／access＋to；accuse／require＋of；charge＋for；under＋discussion等等。
2．习惯用法如：confess to／set about／be used to＋doing；be supposed to／have／make sb．＋do等。
3．由同一动词构成的短语如：come，go，set，break等构成的短语。
4．单个的动词，抽象名词，形容词和副词多以近义词、同义词的形式出现。
5．介词短语在句中作状语如：in terms of；with the exception of；in vain等，另外还应注意rather than，other than，such as，none／nothing＋but等词在考题中的出现。
语法和词汇的复习思路：
1．全面掌握基本语法点，重点记住各个项目中的“偏，特，难”点。
2．掌握常用习惯用法和词组。
3．注意在阅读中培养语感，因为在语篇层次上培养的语感往往可以直接帮助答题。
4．研究以往考试试题，适当做些练习记住典型题例。











2009年英语专业四级语法与词汇评析
2009年4月18日的英语专业四级考试已经落下帷幕，这次考试的完形填空部分难度有所提高。在20道题目中，纯词义题有15道，考查学生对常用词的意思的全面掌握，例如第47题的contract，这个词在本文中是一个及物动词，意思是“得（病）”，如I contracted a cold. 我得了感冒。再如第49题的linger，这个词在本文中是一个不及物动词，意思是“奄奄一息地活着，苟延残喘”。请看柯林斯词典的对这个意思的解释When someone who is dying lingers, they stay alive for longer than people expect, even though they are very week.
习惯搭配题有3道：at this point (这时)， start with (以 --- 开始)， care for (照顾)。习惯搭配题对考生的

语感要求很高，如果学生平时注意多朗读，多积累，这几道题应该不会太难。
语篇题有2道。语篇题最难，因为它考察的是学生对上下文之间的逻辑关系的理解，考生只有真正读懂文章才能做得对题目。比如第32题，上下文之间是顺接关系，故选and；再如第42题，上下文之间存在着因果关系，故选so。
做完形填空题，最重要的固然是实力，但若辅以适当的解题技巧，则解题的准确率会大大提高。在英语专业四级考试的考前辅导中，新东方针对完形填空的特点，提出了搞定完型填空的三个步骤和四条原则，相信这些技巧可以使同学们在考场上如虎添翼。
细数本次考试的语法与词汇单项选择题，我们欣慰地会发现：语法部分的难度较往年有所下降，没有超出新东方考前串讲的范围；词汇部分难度与往年基本持平。
先说前面15道语法题，在今年的考卷中，往年的一些高难度句型和语法均未出现，只考了一些常规的句型和固定搭配。
51题考查介词about用法，即动词在介词后面的作宾语要变成动名词，本题的难点在于：在这个动名词前面有其逻辑主语the three of us。
52题考察虚拟语气的最简单的一种用法：对现在的情况进行相反的假设，条件从句用一般过去时，主句用would + 动词原形。
53题考察情态动词must的一个用法：must + 现在完成时，表示对过去的事实有把握的推测。
54题考察疑问词+ever引导的让步状语从句。这是一个往年考过的语法项目，我们在考前辅导中也强调过。
55题考察的是英语中倍数的表达法。
56题考察定语从句的一个常见用法：在不定代词all后面，只能用that引导定语从句，但不能用which。
57题考察it作形式宾语的用法。
58题考察So it is.（的确）。
59题考察倒装的一个常见用法：表示否定的副词或短语位于句首，则句子的主谓部分倒装。
60题考察英语中一个常见的固定搭配no sooner --- than ---。
61题考察情态动词should的用法，即should + 现在完成时，含有责备的意味：某事该做而没有做。
62题考察句型It seems that---的用法。
63题考察程度副词的用法。
64题考察带有插入语的特殊疑问句的用法。这个语法项目2003年第44题曾考过。
65题考察现在分词短语作定语的用法，也比较简单。
再说说后面的15道词汇题。与往年相比，这次考查的短语的数量有所下降，在15道词汇题中，只考了4道短语题，其余则是专四大纲内的重点名词、动词、形容词和副词。所考查的部分单词和短语有一定难度，如suspense (悬念)， entertain (心中怀有)， pas

s off (冒充)，out of blue(意外地)等。
顺便指出的是，词汇部分的第79题答案不唯一，选no other than或者none other than都可是对的，请看张道真的《现代英语用法词典》第1512页的解释：no / none other than不是别人，而是。这两个短语都有强调的意味，意思是“正是 --- ”，只不过none other than用得更广泛一些罢了。 （编辑：赵露）




















专业英语四级考前恶补——语法词汇
Test One
集体名词作主语主谓一致
1)通常作复数的集体名词
集体名词，如：police, people,cattle,militia,poultry等，
通常作复数，用复数动词。如：
Domestic cattle provide us with milk, beef and hides.
2)通常作不可数名词的集体名词
有些集体名词，如foliage,machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise,通常作不可数名词，随后的动词用单数。例如：All the machinery in the factory is made in China.
3)既可作单数也可作复数的集体名词
集体名词，如audience, committee, class, crew, family, public, government等，既可作单数，也可作复数用。
The city council is meeting to set its agenda.
4)a committee,etc. of +复数名词
如果主语是由“a committee of /a panel of /a board of +复数名词”构成，随后的动词通常用单数。例如：
A committee of five men and three women is to consider the matter.
近义词辨析
tired, exhausted, fatigued, weary, worn out
这组词均含有“疲惫的”的意思。
tired可指因体力或脑力消耗太多而需要休息，还可指因长期做某事而失去兴趣。
Henry was so tired that he went to bed immediately after he got home.亨利很疲惫，一到家就上床睡觉去了。
exhausted表达的疲惫程度最强，指因劳累过度而精疲力竭。
The exhausted engineer fell asleep on the bus.精疲力竭的工程师在公共汽车上睡着了。
fatigued所表达的疲劳程度比tired和weary强，表示由于过度劳累而引起疲乏，不能再继续下去。
He felt fatigued and didn’t want to say a single word.他疲惫不堪，不想说一句话。
weary语气比tired强，指由于长时间努力工作或由于做单一的事而引起疲倦。
After a long and weary wait, the plane finally came to take them back.经过漫长而又令人疲乏的等待后，飞机终于来接他们回去了。
Worn out这个词不太正式，多用于口语。
The troops were wornout after winning the battle.战后,部队疲惫不堪。



全真模拟试题
1. Although______Spanish, he attended the course.
A. he was knowing B. he is knowing
C. having a knowledge of D. knows
2. You ______that letter

to James. However, you didn’t.
A. ought to write B. ought to have written
C. should write D. should be writing
3. Joseph was very lucky ______ with his life; he almost did not get out of the room.
A. to escape B. to have escapedC. to escaping D. to be escaping
4. Bread and butter ______liked by Westerners.
A. is B. are C. were D. be
5. The back garden of our house contains a lawn, ______very pleasant to sit on in summer.
A. which is B. which it is C. it is D. where it is
6. He set up in business ______ his own and was very successful.
A. in B. of C. on D. by
7. John’s score on the test is the highest in the class; he ______last night.
A. must study B. should have studied
C. must have studied D. is sure to study
8. Frank almost never received any education, ______?
A. would he B. did heC. didn’t he D. wouldn’t he
9. Even if his letter ______ tomorrow, it ______too late to do anything.
A. will arrive...is B. should arrive...were
C. arrives...will be D. arrives...would be
10. We can hear ______from the back of the room.
A. just as good B. just as easy C. just as well D. easily as well
11. To obtain a satisfactory result, one must apply two ______of paint on a clean surface.
A. coats B. levels C. times D. courses
12. The small mountain village was ______ by the snow for more than one month.
A. cut back B. cut outC. cut off D. cut away
13. Miss Green was ______ $100 for driving after drinking.
A. fined B. charged C. punished D. posed
14. Modern ______ perhaps causes more problems than it solves.
A. technique B. technologyC. tactics D. tendency
15. Mary tiptoed over and took the clock away because she hated to hear it ______ when she was trying to go to sleep.
A. sounding B. ringing C. ticking D. humming
16. Under this ______ pressure some of the rocks even became liquid.
A. intensive B. weighty C. intense D. bulky
17. Of course, most immigrants did not get rich overnight, but the ______ of them were eventually able to improve upon their former standard of living.
A. maximum B. minority C. majority D. minimum
18. Nancy was surprised that they have ______. They seemed to be a happy couple.
A. split up B. broken down C. fallen through D. knocked out
19. The beach is in an ideal ______ to draw tourists.
A. condition B. situation C. state D. publicity
20. Our ______ sensitivity decreases with age. By age 60, most people have lost 40 percent of their ability to smell and 50 percent of

their taste buds.
A. sensible B. senseless C. sensitive D. sensory
21. The eldest child is thoroughly ______ because they always give him whatever he wants.
A. wasted B. spoiled C. destroyed D. uneducated
22. If a substance is dissolved in water or heated, it may ______ a gas.
A. give into B. give overC. give off D. give away
23. His manner was so pleasant that Bolla felt at ______ with him at once.
A. peace B. large C. ease D. best
24. —Can you take the day off tomorrow?
—Well, I’ll have to get ______ from my boss.
A. permission B. permitC. allowance D. possession
25. The ______ in Janet’s character has hindered her from advancement in her career.
A. weakness B. meritC. defect D. shortcoming
您的得分率为： / 25















试题答案与解析
1. C) 【句意】虽然只懂一点西班牙语，但他还是参加了这个课程的学习。
【难点】know是静态动词，不能用于进行时；选knows从句中又缺少主语。knowledge作“知识”讲时是不可数名词，但作“了解”讲时，前面可加“a”，常用于词组have a knowledge of中，所以选C)。
2. B) 【句意】你本应该给詹姆斯写信，然而，你没写。
【难点】ought to have written是虚拟语气，与本句句意相符。
3. B) 【句意】约瑟夫幸运地逃了性命；他险些没从房间里逃出来。
【难点】to have escaped 是不定式的完成式，表示过去的某一动作业已完成。
4. A) 【句意】黄油面包受西方人青睐。
【难点】bread and butter 是西方人吃的一种食品，虽然有三个字，表达的却是一个东西，并且是不可数名词，作单数。
5. A) 【句意】我家的后花园有一片草坪，夏天坐在上面会令你心旷神怡。
【难点】which引出非限制性定语从句，在句中作主语，且和sit on 构成动
宾关系。类似的句子有：This room is comfortable to live in 这句中live in 和this room构成动宾关系。
6. C) 【句意】他独自一人开始经商，并且做得很成功。
【难点】on one’s own 是个常用的介词词组，意为“独自”；of one’s own表示“某人自己的(东西)”，如：I have a flat of my own.我自己有套房子。
7. C) 【句意】约翰的考试分数全班最高；他昨天晚上一定学习了。
【难点】表示对过去某一动作行为的猜测须要用must have done这一句型结构。
8. B) 【句意】弗兰克几乎从未受过任何教育，是不是?
【难点】这是一句含有否定副词never的一般过去时的句子，由于主句为否定形式，所以反意问句用肯定形式。

9. C) 【句意】即使他的信明天到也无济于事了。
【难点】在条件句中表示现在将来的时间，需要用一般现在时，主句中使用将来时。
10. C) 【句意】我们在房间的后面也能听得很清楚。
【难点】as well意为“(程度)同样地好”，是副词短语修饰动词hear；just表示程度，意为“刚好”。
11. A) 【句意】为获得一个满意的结果，你必须在一个干净的表面上涂两层油漆。
【难点】coat意为“覆盖物，层”;level意为“(建筑物)楼层”;times意为“次，回”;courses意为“(一层)砖面；一排”。
12. C) 【句意】这个小山村被大雪封住达一个多月。
【难点】cut back意为“削减；缩减”;cut out意为“停止；切下”;cut off意为“切断；使隔断”;cut away意为“切除；砍掉”。
13. A) 【句意】格林小姐因酒后驾车被罚100美元。
【难点】fine意为“处…以罚金”;charge意为“要(价)，收(费)，要(人)支付(钱)”;punish意为“罚，惩罚”;pose意为“造成，引起(困难)”。
14. B) 【句意】现代技术所引发的问题也许比它所能解决的要多。
【难点】technique意为“技法；具体的技术”;technology意为“工业技术”;tactics意为“战术，兵法，策略”；tendency意为“倾向”。
15. C) 【句意】玛丽蹑手蹑脚走过来把钟拿走了，因为她讨厌在自己想睡觉的时候听它滴哒地响。
【难点】sound意为“作声，发声，响”;ring意为“鸣，发出清脆响亮的声音”;tick意为“发出滴哒声”;hum意为“发连续低沉的声音(如蜜蜂、马达的嗡嗡声)”。
16. C) 【句意】在这种强大的压力下，一些岩石甚至变成了液体。
【难点】intensive意为“加强的；集中的”;weighty意为“沉重的；笨重的”;intense意为“强烈的，剧烈的”;bulky意为“庞大的；粗壮的”。
17. C) 【句意】当然，大多数移民不是一夜之间就发财的，但是他们大多最终改善了自己的生活水平。
【难点】maximum意为“最大限量；最高点”;minority意为“少数，半数以下”;majority意为“大多数”;minimum意为“最低限度，最低点”。
18. A) 【句意】南希对他们的离婚表示十分惊讶，因为他们似乎是一对快乐的夫妇。
【难点】split up意为“分裂，离婚”;break down意为“(精神方面)垮掉；(健康)变得衰弱；崩溃”;fall through意为“失败；成为泡影”;knock out意为“使筋疲力尽”。
19. B) 【句意】这片海滩所处位置理想，吸引了很多游客。
【难点】condition意为“状况；形势”;situation意为“位置，地点，环境”;state意为“状态，情形

”;publicity意为“公众的注意，名声”。
20. D) 【句意】我们的感官能力随着年龄的增长而下降。比如说，到60岁的时候，多数人失去了他们40%的嗅觉能力和50%的味觉能力。
【难点】sensible意为“明智的，合情理的”;senseless意为“失去知觉的，不省人事的”;sensitive意为“敏感的”;sensory意为“感觉的，传递感觉的”。
21. B) 【句意】他们的大孩子被彻底宠坏了，因为他要什么，他们就给什么。
【难点】waste意为“使衰弱；使消瘦”;spoil意为“宠坏，溺爱”;destroy意为“破坏；毁灭”;uneducated意为“未受(良好)教育的”。
22. C) 【句意】如果一种物质溶解在水里或被加热，它可能释放出一种气体。
【难点】give into为非固定搭配；give over意为“托付，交托”；giveoff意为“散发”；give away意为“送掉，分发(奖品)等”。
23. C) 【句意】他那平易近人的风度使得博拉立刻放松了情绪。
【难点】at peace意为“和平地”;at large意为“自由地；大体地”;at ease意为“不拘束”;at best意为“至多”。
24. A) 【句意】——你明天能休一天吗?
——呵，我要征得老板的允许。
【难点】permission意为“允许”；permit意为“许可证”；allowance意为“津贴”；possession意为“拥有”。
25. C) 【句意】詹妮特的性格缺陷阻碍了她事业进步。
【难点】weakness意为“弱点；嗜好”;merit意为“优点，长处”;defect意为“缺点，缺陷”;shortcoming意为“缺点，短处”。
Test Two
关于used to的意义和用法
used to (只有过去时形式，没有现在时形式)表示过去习惯动作或状态，这种情况现已不复存在。例如：
He used to smoke a lot, but he has long given up smoking.
在否定陈述句或否定疑问句中，用didn’t use to或usedn’t to均可：
He didn’t use to smoke cigarettes.
He usedn’t to smoke cigarettes.
Didn’t Maria use to be interested in the theatre?
Usedn’t Maria to be interested in the theatre?
在肯定疑问句中也可有两种形式：
Used you to go to the same school as Edward?
Did you use to go to the same school as Edward?
近义词辨析
use, apply, avail, employ, utilize
这组词均含有“使用”或“利用”之意。
use强调利用人或物作为工具。
He used up all his resources in experimenting with the new paint.他为实验新的涂料，花光了一切钱财。
Apply 指把某物或某种方法、原理等加以应用。
We should not only know the theory but also know how to apply it to practice.我们不仅要知道理

论，还要知道怎样把理论应用于实践。
avail指使用就近的或他人给予的东西，或使别人为自己提供服务。
I don’t think complaints will avail you much.我觉得抱怨对你没多大用处。
We avail ourselves of every opportunity to speak English.我们利用一切机会讲英语。
employ指使用未被利用的东西；用于人时表示雇用。
He doesn’t know how to employ his energy and time.他不知道该怎么利用他的精力和时间。
utilize指充分发挥某物的作用，使无用的东西变有用，或使人或物有新用途。
She hopes to utilize her artistic talents in the job.她希望在工作中发挥她的艺术才能。



全真模拟试题
1. My pain ______ apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: “Are you feeling all right?”
A. must be B. must have been C. had been D. had to be
2. It is only when you nearly lose someone ______ fully conscious of how much you value him.
　A. do you become B. then you becomeC. that you become D. have you become
3. Just as the soil is a part of the earth, ______ the atmosphere.
　A. as it is B. so is C. the same as D. and so is
4. While driving along the treacherous road, ______.
　A. my right rear tyre blew out  B. my right rear tyre had a blowout 
　C. I had a blownout on my right rear tyre D. I had my right rear tyre blowou
5. Jean Wagner’s most enduring contribution to the study of AfroAmerican poetry is his insistence that it ______ in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.
　A. is to be analysed B. has been analysed 
　C. be analysed D. should have been analysed
6.______ there is little we can do to modify the weather, we can at least know what kind of weather to expect.
　A. Since B. When C. While D. Unless
7. This organization brought Western artists together in the hope of making more of an impact on the art community ______ any of them could individually and to promote Western art by women.
　A. rather than B. rather C. than D. other than
8. But the Swiss discovered long years ago that constant warfare brought them ______ suffering and poverty.
　A. anything but B. nothing but C. none other than D. no more than
9. After ______seemed an endless wait, it was her turn to step into the doctor’s office.A. it B. that C. what D. which
10. The board deemed it’s urgent that these files ______right away.
A. had to be printed B. should have been printed 
C. must be printed D. should be printed
11. His answer was so confused that I could hardly make any ______of it at all.
A. explanation B. meaning C. sense D. interpretation
12. You should

have your eyes tested every year in case the _____of your spectacles need changing.
A. lenses B. glasses C. sights D. crystals
13. The school committee hoped that their choice of play would be ______with the students and their parents.
A. recognized B. popular C. favorable D. fascinated
14. By cutting down trees we ______ the natural home of birds and animals.
A. harm B. hurt C. injure D. damage
15. Mr. Robinson knew that the most trivial chore could prove to be a ______ if approached with enthusiasm.
A. prize B. reward C. refund D. bonus
16. The trade unions in this industry are ______ any reduction in wages.
A. objecting against B. opposed to C. reacted to D. resisting against
17. She was teaching me ______ you would teach a younger child to speak the language.
A. the way B.in the way C. a way D. to the way
18. The Brownings have not ______ yet and I doubt whether they will come.
A turned in B. turned out C.turned up D. turned to
19. We went on a(n) ______ to the mountain yesterday.
A.excursion B. trip C. tour D. travel
20. When Sarah and I ______ on an article for the school newspaper, we found it difficult to work together.
A. compiled B. gathered C. collaborated D. collected
21. Beth could ______ her coat because it had large red buttons.
A. recognize B. prove C. define D. claim
22. Postal ______ are determined by the class and weight of the parcel mailed.
A. taxes B. payment C. fees D. premium
23. My father is so deaf that he has to use a hearing ______.
A. help B. aid C. support D. tool
24. On New Year’s Eve, there will be a firework ______at People’s Square.
A. display B. performance C. show D. exhibition
25. The ______ of beer and alcohol in New Zealand is very high.
A. consumption B. use C. drink D. absorption
您的得分率为： / 25


试题答案与解析
1. B) 【句意】我刚一走进房间时一定表现得很痛苦，因为我遇到的第一个人同情地问我：“你没事吧?”
　【难点】must与完成时不定式连用往往表示对过去发生的事情的主观推测，常译成“一定是…”。2. C) 【句意】只有当你快要失去什么人时，你才充分意识到他对你是多么重要。
　【难点】该句是一个典型的强调句式，即It is...that...。
3. B) 【句意】正像土壤是地球的一部分，大气层也是。
　【难点】Just as...，so...为一固定结构，意为“正如…，…也…”。
4. C) 【句意】当我在险峻的山路上驾车急驰时，车的右后胎爆了。
　【难点】此句为一个带有时间状语从句的主从复合句。在英语中

，由while, when等引导的时间状语从句，如果其主语与主句中的主语相同，从句中的主语可以省略，而只剩下分词短语。驾车的应该是人，所以只能从C)和D)选，而D)的意义不符，所以选C)。
5. C) 【句意】杰恩?瓦格那对亚非诗歌最永恒的贡献是他坚持认为，这类诗歌除用凡俗的参考框架，还应用宗教的参考框架进行研究。
　【难点】insistence是个从insist派生来的名词，二者后面分别接同位语从句和宾语从句，句中皆应使用虚拟形式，即should+动词原形或动词原形。
6. C) 【句意】尽管我们在改变天气方面无能为力，但我们至少知道天气未来的变化。
　【难点】while除表示时间外，还可表示转折、让步，意为“尽管，虽然”。该句中其它选项不具备此意。
7. C) 【句意】该组织把西部艺术家聚集在一起，希望他们比任何个人都能更多地影响艺术界，并由妇女来促进西部艺术。
　【难点】选项C)的than与句中的more形成正确搭配，意为“比…都…”，故为答案。
8. B) 【句意】但是多年以前瑞士人就发现连年不断的战争给他们带来的只有苦难和贫穷。
　【难点】nothing but意为“仅仅，只不过”；anything but意为“除…以外的任何事”；none other than意为“不是别人，正是…”；no more than意为“不过，仅仅”。
9. C) 【句意】在经过一段似乎是漫无边际的等候之后，终于轮到她走进医生的办公室。
　【难点】在由after引导的介词短语中，what seemed(to be)起定语作用，修饰an endless wait。又如：I saw what seemed to be a fox.我看见一个似乎是狐狸的东西。
10. D) 【句意】董事会认为这些卷宗应立刻打印。
　【难点】urgent在句中做形式宾语it的补足语，其后的宾语从句应使用虚拟式，即should+动词原形。
11. C) 【句意】他的答案很不清楚，我根本弄不懂。
　【难点】sense意为“意义；含义”,短语make sense of意为“弄懂…的意思”；explanation意为“解释，说明，阐述”，侧重说明事件的真相、原因；meaning意为“意义，意思；含义”，但不能在make sense of 短语中代替sense；interpretation意为“解释，说明，阐明”，比较正式。
12. A) 【句意】你应该每年检查一次自己的眼睛，因为你的眼镜镜片也许需要更换。
　【难点】lenses意为“镜片”；glasses意为“眼镜”；sights意为“视野；风景”；crystals意为“水晶，晶体”。
13. B) 【句意】校董会希望他们选择的那出剧会受到孩子和家长的欢迎。
　【难点】popular意为“讨人喜欢的；得人心的；受欢迎的”。recognized意为“被赏识的；受表彰的”。favorable意为“赢得赞许的；讨人喜欢的”，但后面不能接with。fascin

ated意为“被迷住的，被弄得神魂颠倒的”。
14. D) 【句意】我们砍伐树木的行为损坏了鸟兽的自然家园。
　【难点】damage意为“加害于…，损伤…”；harm意为“对…有害”；hurt意为“疼痛，受伤，(精神上)伤害”；injure意为“使受伤”，身体受外力伤害。
15. B) 【句意】罗宾逊先生知道，如果带着热情去做，最琐碎的家务也能证明是一种报偿。
　【难点】reward意为“报答；奖赏”；prize意为“奖金，奖品”；refund意为“退款”；bonus意为“奖金，红利”。
16. B) 【句意】该行业工会反对降低工资。
　【难点】be opposed to意为“反对，对抗”；object against不常用；react to意为“作出反应，反应”；resist不与against连用。
17. A) 【句意】她教我那门语言的方式简直就象在教一个小孩说话。
　【难点】the way后接从句，意为“以…方式”。in the way意为“妨碍(某人)”。a way 和to the way不是固定搭配。
18. C) 【句意】勃朗宁一家人还没露面，我怀疑他们会不会来。
　【难点】turn up意为“出现，露面”；turn in意为“归还，递交…”；turn out意为“原来是，证明是”；turn to 意为“求助于；求教于”。
19. A) 【句意】昨天我们到那座山里进行了一次远足观光。
　【难点】excursion意为“远足，短途旅行”；trip意为“旅游出行；行程”；tour意为“游历；观光”；travel意为“(长途)旅行”。
20. C) 【句意】当我和萨拉为校报合作一篇文章时，我们发现很难在一起工作。
　【难点】collaborate意为“合作，合著”；compile意为“汇集；编辑”；gather意为“聚会，集会”；collect意为“收集；集合”。
21. A) 【句意】贝丝能认出自己的大衣，因为她的大衣上有红色的大钮扣。
　【难点】recognize意为“认出，识别”；prove意为“证明，证实”；define意为“下定义”；claim意为“认领；索取”。
22. C) 【句意】邮资是根据所邮包裹的等级和重量来定的。
　【难点】fee意为“费(如会费，入场费，手续费等)”；tax意为“税，税款”；payment意为“支付，付款”；premium意为“津贴；酬金”。
23. B) 【句意】我父亲耳聋得厉害，不得不使用助听器。
　【难点】aid意为“辅助器具”；help意为“帮助”；support意为“支持”；tool意为“工具”。
24. A) 【句意】新年除夕，人民广场将举行焰火表演。
　【难点】display意为“展示性表演”；performance意为“文艺演出；表演”；show意为“展览；展览会”；exhibition也是“展览会”，属销售性质。
25. A) 【句意】在新西兰，啤酒和白酒的消费量很大。
　【难点】consumption意为“消费量”;use意为“使

用，用途”;drink意为“饮料”；absorption意为“吸收”。
Test Three
关于dare的意义和用法
作为情态动词表示“胆敢”，dare通常只用于否定陈述句和疑问句。例如：
I dare not go there.
How dare he say such rude things about me?
dare作为情态助动词没有过去式形式，其否定式为daren’t，既可指现在时间，也可指过去时间。例如：
Tom wanted to come, but he daren’t.
dare还可用主动词，随后的不定式可带to,也可不带to。例如：
He does not dare (to) answer.
Does she dare (to) go there alone?
近义词辨析
besides, but, except, except for
这组词均含有“除…外”的意思。
besides “除…外，还有…”，指更进一步的拥有，包括所“除”事物在内。
Have you got any clothes besides these?除了这些衣服你还有别的吗?
but不包括所引事物在内，多与nothing, not anything, nobody, nowhere, all, anybody等连用。
He has nobody but himself to blame for that.那件事他没法指责别人，只能怪他自己。
except不包括所引事物。常与no, none, nothing等否定词或all,everyone, everything等连用，但不可用于句首。
They all went to the Summer Palace except one.除一人之外他们都去了颐和园。
except for常指除去所引情况让人稍感遗憾之外，整体情况尚属理想，被除去的事物与正在谈及的事物之间不具有共同属性或性质。
The roads were clear except for a few cars.除几辆小汽车外，路面很空旷。













全真模拟试题
1. The bank is reported in the local newspaper_____ in broad daylight yesterday.
A. to be robbed B. robbed C. to have been robbed D. having been robbed
2. ______before, his first performance for the amateur dramatic group was a success.A. Though having never acted  B. As he had never acted 
C. Despite he had never acted  D. In spite of his never having acted
3. By the middle of the 21st century, the vast majority of the world’s population ______ in cities rather than in the country.
A. are living B. will be living C. have lived D. will have lived
4. Mr. Milton prefers to resign ______ part in such dishonest business deals.
A. than take B. than to take C. rather than take D. rather than to take
5. No one would have time to read or listen to an account of everything ______ going on in the world.
A. it is B. as is C. there is D. what is
6. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, _____ a sudden loud noise.
A. being there B. should there be C. there was D. there have been
7. Bit by bit , a child makes the necessary changes to make hi

s language ______.
A. as other people B. as other people’s 
C. like other people D. like other people’s
8. Clothing made of plastic fibres has certain advantages over ______ made of natural fibres like cotton, wool, or silk.
A. one B. the one C. that D. what
9. The treasury issued an order stating that ______ land purchased from the government had to be paid for in gold and silver.
A.henceforth B.moreover C.whereby D.however
10. The students expected there ______ more reviewing classes before the final exams. A.is B.being C.have been D.to be
11. It was during summer breaks that we first taste the satisfaction work that ______ into hard currency.
A.translates B.transfers  C.transplants D.transmits
12. In some cases, your instructor may tell you the topics _____ or may give you a choice of topics to write about.
A.in advance B.ahead of C.above all D.right away
13. It was the driver’s ______ that caused him to step on the gas instead of the brake after his car went over the curb.
A. fraud B.alarm C.terror D.panic
14. Danny left this ______ message on my answering machine:“I must see you. Meet me at twelve o’clock.” Did he mean noon or midnight?
A.ambiguous B. responsible C.implicit D.thoughtful
15. We looked for a table to sit down, but they were all______.
A.reserved for B.engaged in ed up D.taken up
16. She will have to find somewhere else to work, for she can’t ______ this loud noise any longer.
e up with B.catch up with  C.keep up with D.put up with
17. Tom ______ his new job with confidence.
A.set out B.set off C.set up D.set about
18. The truck driver was fined for exceeding the speed ______.
A. range B. limit C. rule D. regulation
19. The crippled Jack proudly walked with a ______ to the platform to join the children. A.jump B.limp C.hop D.jog
20. He cannot ______ a car, for he does not earn much money.
A. obtain B. afford C. donate D. consume
21. The message is clear: Just as tea and banana cant’t go together,_________ should the son of a lowclass family expect to marry the daughter of a nobleman.
A. either B.not C.neither D.nor
22. Though ______ rich, she was better off than at any other period in her life.
A.by means of B.within her means C.by all means D.by no means
23. It is a(n)______ attitude to take towards life.
A. absurd B. silly C. stupid D. authentic
24. Every year, one student in our high school wins a scholarship that ______ one year of college.
A. improves B. subsidizes C. obliges D. inflicts
25. He wrote the book in ______ with his wife.
A. pr

oportion B.installment C.correspondence D.collaboration
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试题答案与解析
1. C) 【句意】据当地报纸报道，那家银行昨天在光天化日下遭到抢劫。
　【难点】动词不定式的完成式做主语的补足语，说明不定式的行为发生在谓语动作之前。
2. D) 【句意】虽然他以前从未表演过，但他为业余剧团做的首次表演还是很成功。
　【难点】in spite of意为“尽管，虽然”，后接名词或名词性短语，引导出来状语。选项A)没有主语或逻辑主语，选项B)是原因状语从句，选项C)的despite不能引导状语从句，因为它是介词。
3. B) 【句意】到二十一世纪中叶，世界上大多数人口将生活在城市而不是农村。
　【难点】因为时间状语by the middle of the 21st century指的是将来，所以选将来进行时。4. C) 【句意】米尔先生宁愿辞职也不参加这种不诚实的商业交易。
　【难点】prefer意为“宁愿”，其后接名词或动词不定式；prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.意为“宁愿…而不愿…”，rather than后接不带to的不定式。
5. C) 【句意】大家都没有时间去读或去听有关世界上正在发生的一切事件的描述。
　【难点】在以there be为谓语动词的定语从句中，如关系代词作主语，则关系代词便可省略
6. B) 【句意】如果突然出现巨大的噪音，这些动物真的有可能受到惊吓。
　【难点】该句是一个省略if的倒装的虚拟条件句，可还原为“if there should be...”。
7. D) 【句意】一点一点地，儿童就会将自己的语言作些必要的修改，而使之与他人的语言相像。【难点】as和like都可以表示“像…一样”，但as是连词，后跟从句，like是介词，后跟名词或名词性短语。
8. C) 【句意】用塑料纤维制成的衣服比用棉花、羊毛或丝绸等天然纤维制成的衣服有些优势。
　【难点】clothing是衣服、被褥的总称，不能用one或the one来指代。what相当于“先行词+that”，后边要接从句。所以只能用that指代clothing。
9. A) 【句意】财政部发布命令，从即日起，向政府购买土地须以金、银支付。
　【难点】henceforth意为“从今以后”，符合题意要求。
10. D) 【句意】学生们期望期末考试前能有更多的复习课。
　【难点】动词expect后必须接动词不定式作其宾语，因此，只有D)为正确。
11. A) 【句意】暑假期间，我们第一次尝到了把劳动变成货币的滋味。
　【难点】translate意为“变换，把…转化成”；transfer意为“移交，迁移”；transplant意为“移植(器官)”；transmit意为“传染(疾病)，传达(知识)”。
12. A) 【句意】在有些情况下，你的

导师会事先告诉你题目或把题目给你由你选写。
　【难点】in advance意为“事先，预先”；ahead of意为“在…之前”；above all意为“尤其，最重要的是”；right away意为“立刻；马上”。
13. D) 【句意】车上了马路边后，司机由于惊慌，没踩刹车，却踩了油门。
　【难点】panic意为“惊慌，慌乱”；fraud意为“欺骗，骗局”；alarm意为“警报”；terror意为“恐怖”。
14. A) 【句意】丹尼在我们回答机上留下一条模棱两可的信息：“我必须见你。12点来接我。”他是说中午还是半夜?
　【难点】ambiguous意为“模棱两可的；含糊的”；responsible意为“负责的”；implicit意为“暗含的”；thoughtful意为“沉思的，思考的”。
15. D) 【句意】我们要找个桌子坐下，可是所有餐桌都已有人。
　【难点】take up意为“占去(时间、地方、注意力等)”；reserve for意为“为…留出，保留”；engage in意为“从事；参加”；use up意为“用完，用光；耗尽”。
16. D) 【句意】她将不得不去别处找工作，因为她再也不能忍受这么大的噪音。
　【难点】put up with意为“忍受，容忍”；come up with意为“(针对问题、挑战)提出，想出”；catch up with意为“赶上”；keep up with意为“跟上(人、潮流、形势等)”。
17. D) 【句意】汤姆满怀信心地投入新的工作。
　【难点】set about意为“开始；着手”；set out意为“开始”，常与as, in, on连用；set off意为“(使)做某事”；set up意为“开业，开始经商”。
18. B) 【句意】卡车司机因超速而被罚款。
　【难点】limit意为“限制；界限”；range意为“(知识、知觉、听觉等的)范围”；regulation意为“规定，规则”；rule和regulation是近义词，意为“规定，规章”。
19. B) 【句意】跛脚的杰克充满自豪，一颠一跛地走上台，加入孩子们的行列。
　【难点】limp意为“跛行”；jump意为“跳，跃”；hop意为“(人们)单足跳”；jog意为“慢跑；缓行”。
20. B) 【句意】他买不起小汽车，因为他挣钱不多。
　【难点】afford意为“买得起”；obtain意为“得到，获得”；donate意为“捐，赠”；consume意为“消耗，耗尽”。
21. C) 【句意】这是明摆着的事：就像茶叶和香蕉不相搭配一样，下层阶级家庭的儿子也不可能指望娶一个贵族的女儿。
　【难点】neither用于否定句之后，意为“…亦不…”；either用于否定句，意为“(二者之中的)任何一方都(不)…”；nor意为“…也不…(置于否定句之后)”；not在本句中说不通。
22. D) 【句意】虽谈不上有钱，但她目前的境况比以往任何时候都要好。
　【难点】by no means意

为“一点也不…”；by means of意为“用，依靠”；within one’s means不是固定短语；by all means意为“无论如何，务必”。
23. A) 【句意】这是一种荒唐的生活态度。
　【难点】absurd意为“荒唐的；滑稽可笑的”；silly意为“傻的；愚蠢的”；stupid意为“笨的，麻木的”；authentic意为“可靠的；真诚的；真的”
24. B) 【句意】每年，我们学校会有一名同学获得一笔奖学金作为一年的大学生活补贴。
　【难点】subsidize意为“给…津贴；资助”；improve意为“改进，改善”；oblige意为“施恩惠于，帮…忙”；inflict意为“予以(打击)；使遭受(损伤，苦痛等)”。
25. D) 【句意】他和妻子合作写了一本书。
　【难点】collaboration意为“合作；协作”，in collaboration with为固定搭配；proportion意为“比例”；installment意为“分期付款”；correspondence意为“符合；一致”。





Test Four
定语从句中关系代词that的用法
1)在既指人又指事物的两个或两个以上的先行词后面。例如：
They are talking about the people and countries that they had visited.
2)在限制性定语从句中有形容词最高级的先行词后面。例如：
He is the best student that I have ever met.
3)在以“It is...”,“It was...”等开头的强调句中，和相应的疑问句中。如：
What is it that he wants?
4)在only, all, little的后面
This is all that I know.
5)在no, every, some和any等词后面，也包括在它们的复合词在内。如：
There is no person that is always in the right.
Is there anything that I can do for you?
近义词辨析
beautiful, goodlooking, handsome, lovely, pretty
这组词均含有“美丽”、“漂亮”、“可爱”的意思。
Beautiful指能不仅给人带来感官上的快乐，而且通过感官产生思想和灵魂的愉悦，在同类词中层次最高。
She was even more beautiful than I had remembered.她比我记忆中的她更漂亮了。
Good looking 不如handsome, pretty意思强烈，指一般的“好看”或“悦目”。
That goodlooking young man visited the house once or twice a week.那个长相不错的年轻人一星期光顾一两次。
handsome 通常是一种客观的不带感情色彩的评价。一个人如被形容为handsome,是指此人外貌符合观察者的要求，但不激发更深层的感受。
He looked very handsome in his dark suit.他穿深色西装显得非常英俊。
lovely比感官的快乐更进一步，是强调纯粹情感上的愉悦，指觉得某人或某物“可爱”。
Mary has two lovely daughters.玛丽有两个可爱的女儿。
pretty也是“漂亮、可爱”的意思。很少形容大

而有影响力的事物，多形容事物不以其优秀、完美而以小巧、优雅、精致见长，使人容易接受并喜爱。
Her boyfriend believes that she is the prettiest girl in the town.她男朋友觉得她是镇上最漂亮的女孩。







全真模拟试题
1. Evidence came up ______ specific sounds are recognized by babies as young as six months old.
A. what B. that C. which D. whose
2. I understand ______ preparation that staff must put in under pressure to meet the deadline.
A. more than the enormous amount of
B. better than most the enormous number of
C. better than most the enormous amount of 
D. fewer than the number of
3. I’m sure your suggestion will ______ the problem.
A. contribute to solving B. be contributed to solve 
C. contribute to solve  D. be contributed to solving
4. In 1840, both Lucretian Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton resented ______ proper seating at the World’s Antislavery convention in London because of their sex.
A. refusing B. to be refused C. being refused D. having refused
5. America will never again have as a nation the spirit of adventure as it ______ before the West was settled.
A. could B. did C. would D. was
6. You should have put the milk into the icebox, I expect it ______ undrinkable.
A. became B. had become C. has become D. becomes
7. It’s no good ______ him. He is always indifferent towards others’ matters.
A. to turn to B. turning to C. turn to D. turned to
8. Some companies have introduced flexible working time with less emphasis on pressure ______ .
A. than more on efficiency B. and more on efficiency 
C. and more efficiency  D. than efficiency
9. She always put her medication on the top of the shelf lest the children ______ it by mistake.
A. took B. should take C. had taken D. would take
10. The earnings of women are well below that of men ______ educational differences that are diminishing between the two sexes.
A. although B. though C.despite of D. in spite of
11. Many automobile accidents were ______ careless driving.
A. attributed to B. resulted in C. contributed to D. raised from
12. The actress wanted a hat to ______ her dress.
A. go by B. go through C. go out D. go with
13. It takes a lot of______ to put on a school play such as King Lear.
A. organization B. arrangement  C. management D. preparation
14. The police carried out a(n)______ search for the mising boy.
A. complete B. entire C. thorough D. whole
15. The ______ crown jewels are kept in the Tower of London.
A. valued B. valueless C. invaluable D. usable
16. Tom has been a vegetarian ______ principle for years

.
A. in B. on C. for D. by
17. When I got out of the car and walked about among them, ______ one old man who shook his head disapprovingly, they all began to cheer.
A. see that B. except that C. provided that D. except for
18. ______ the water left in the kettle, the doctor put several things he unwrapped from a handkerchief.
A. At B. To C. Within D. Into
19. I am ______ grateful for the many kindnesses you have shown my son.
A. excessively B. much C. certainly D. exceedingly
20. The ______ of AIDS has led to an expansion in research seeking a cure.
A. innovation B. selection C. proliferation D. conviction
21. I am sorry I have no time at present to ______ more detail or give you an account of other cities of interest.
A. bring into B. take into C. come into D. go into
22. When the idea of winning in sports is carried to excess, ______ competition can turn into disorder and violence.
A. honestly B. honest C. honorable D. honorary
23. Unless all the members agree to ______ to the plan there may be further development in the course of action.
A. tumble B. stick C. come D. adjust
24. You must pay import ______ on certain goods brought into this country.
A. money B. fees C. bills D. duties
25. We expect Mr. White will ______ Class One when Miss Jane retires.
A. take over B. take up C. take off D. take to
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试题答案与解析
1. B)
【句意】 有证据表明，小至六个月的婴儿就能识别具体的声音。
【难点】 evidence后面的同位语从句被全句的谓语动词came up隔开，同位语从句须由that引导，所以B)项正确。
2. C)
【句意】 我比多数人更能理解员工们在最后期限的压力下所做的大量准备工作。
【难点】 understand better than...意为“对…非常理解”。preparation是不可数名词，须用amount修饰，故选C)。
3. A)
【句意】 我相信你的建议将有助于问题的解决。
【难点】 contribute to意为“有助于，促成”，to是介词，所以后面应接名词或动名词，故选A)。
4. C)
【句意】 1840年，露克里蒂安?莫特和伊丽莎白?凯蒂?斯坦顿因为他们的性别而没有得到伦敦世界废奴大会的席位，他们对此表示愤慨。
【难点】 resent后接名词或动名词作宾语，根据句意的要求，应使用动名词的被动语态形式，故选C)。
5. B)
【句意】 作为一个国家来说，美国将不再具有开拓西部前所具有的那种冒险精神。
【难点】 从意义来看，空格应填had,但主句中have是实义动词，为

避免重复，可用助动词do替代，即用did替代had,故B)为答案。
6. C)
【句意】 你本该把牛奶放到冰里。我想现在这牛奶不能喝了。
【难点】 从句意分析，牛奶已经变质，不能喝了，属过去发生的动作对现在造成影响，再加上by now是现在完成时的典型时间状语，故选C)
7. B)
【句意】 向他求助没用，他对别人的事总是漠不关心。
【难点】 It is no good doing sth是一个常见的句型，意为“做…没用”，no good后面应接动名词形式。
8. B)
【句意】 有些公司采用弹性工作时间制，更注重效率，而不是压力。
【难点】 pressure和efficiency处于并列的位置，所以正确答案是B)。and more on efficiency,即more(emphasis) on efficiency。
9. B)
【句意】 她总是把自己的药放到搁架上以免孩子错拿。
【难点】 lest意为“以免”，后接虚拟语气should+动词原形。
10. D)
【句意】 尽管两性之间所受教育的差别正在缩小，妇女的收入仍大大低于男人的收入。
【难点】 四个选项中只有in spite of后可接名词，despite不能和of连用，although和though是连词，后接从句。
11. A)
【句意】 许多汽车交通事故都起因于莽撞驾车。
【难点】 attribute to意为“把…归因于；contribute to意为“有助于，促成”；result in意为“导致，结果造成”；raise from不是固定搭配。
12. D)
【句意】 那个女演员想要一个与她的连衣裙相配的帽子。
【难点】 go with意为“与…相配”；go by意为“根据…作出判断”；go through意为“通过；经历”；go out意为“过时”。
13. A)
【句意】 上演《李尔王》这样一部校园剧需要大量的组织工作。
【难点】 organization意为“组织(行为)”；arrangement意为“安排”；management意为“经营，管理”；preparation意为“准备(状态)；准备工作”。
14. C)
【句意】 警方为寻找失踪的男孩进行了一次彻底搜寻。
【难点】 thorough意为“彻底的”；complete意为“完全的，全部的”；entire意为“整个的，全部的”；whole意为“全体的，全部的”。
15. C)
【句意】 那些无价的皇冠珠宝保存在伦敦塔里。
【难点】 invaluable意为“非常宝贵的，无价的”；valued意为“受重视的；宝贵的”；valueless意为“没有价值的，毫无用处的”；usable意为“可用的，能用的”。
16. B)
【句意】 多年来，汤姆一直是一个按原则行事的素食者。
【难点】 on principle意为“根据行为准则；按照原则”；in princip