Morphology and orientation relationship of VC precipitates in HSLA steel
词汇学相关的一些名词解释 (1)
Compounding is a process of word formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word. The word formed in this way is called compound Blending is a process of word formation by which a word is created by combining parts of other words. Words formed in this way are called blends. From morphological viewpoints, there are four types of blending:Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms. Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms, depending on the pronunciation of the words.Initialisms are words formed by the initial letters of words and pronounced as lettersEEC: European Economic CommunityAcronyms are words formed by the initial letters of words and pronounced as words:OPEC: Organisation of Petroleum Export CountriesAccording to Leonard Bloomfield’s point of view, a word is a minimum free form, that is to say, the smallest form that may appear in isolation.There are two types of linguistic forms: one is the bound form, the other is the free form.A bound form is one which cannot occur on its own as a separate word, e.g. the various affixes: de-, -tion, -ize, etc.A free form is one which can occur as a separate word. For example, the word lovely contains the free form love and the suffix –ly.The suffix –ly in the word lovely, of course, i s not a free for m, because it cannot stand by itself. So we call it a bound form.A word is a minimum free formThe morpheme can be considered as the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.1)Morphemes are commonly classified into two forms according to their character: one is free form, and the other is bound form.2)Free morphemes自由词素are morphemes which can occur as separate words. That is to say, a free morpheme can stand alone as a word.3)Bound morphemes粘着词素are morphemes which cannot stand alone as words. They are mainly affixes. That is to say, a bound morpheme is one that must appear with at least one other morpheme, bound or free in a word.4)2) Morphemes may be classified into two categories according to their lexical and grammatical relationships:5)lexical morphemes and grammatical morphemesLexical morphemes are morphemes used for the construction of new words as in compound words Grammatical morphemes are morphemes used to express grammatical relationships between a word and its context, such as plurality or past tenseThere are three types of words according to morphology:Simple words,Compound words,Complex wordsConversionConversion is a main type of word-formation assigning the base to a different wordclass with no change of form. For example, the verb release is converted to the noun release.There are two kinds of conversion: full conversion and partial conversion.Full conversion is conversion as already discussed above.Partial conversion is conversion, where a word of one word class appears in a function which is characteristic of another word classThe types of conversion contain three major word classes: nouns, verbs and adjectives. Conversion from noun to verb and from verb to noun are the most productive categories.Conversion can be classified into four categories according to word classes. Affixation falls into two categories: prefixation and suffixation a nd the differences between them are just the differences between prefixes and suffixes.The major prefixes can be classified into 10 categories by their meaning.Negative Prefixes否定前缀Reversative or privative prefixes逆反前缀Pejorative prefixes贬义前缀Prefixes of degree or size表范围和程度的前缀Prefixes of orientation and attitude表方向和态度的前缀Locative prefixes方位前缀Prefixes of time and order表时间和顺序的前缀Number prefixes数字前缀Conversion prefixes转化前缀Miscellaneous prefixes其他类型的前缀Etymology is the study of the origin and history of words and their meanings. Etymology provides background information and knowledge about the history, origin and development of the English language and increases the learner’s enjoyment and real understanding of English words from their changes of forms including their spellings and pronunciations to that of meaningsstem: the part of a word that stays the same when different endings are added to it, for example 'driv-' in 'driving‘Infix: a formative element inserted in a wordaffix: prefix and suffixprefix: a group of letters that you add to the beginning of a word to make another word. In the word 'unimportant', 'un-' is a prefix.Prefixes with opposite or negative meanings: dis; -il; -im; -in; -ir; -un-multi-many; semi-half; anti-against; pro-in favour of; ex-former; post-after; over-too much; under-not enoughLanguage is a system of symbols based on physiology, psychology and physics. It is a specific social action and a carrier of information used for human communication in a societyLinguistics is the study of human speech including the units, nature, structure, and modification [change] of language.Linguistics consists of three braches: phonetics, grammar and lexicology Lexicology deals with words, their origin, development, history, structure, meaningand application.Lexicology is the branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language.A synchronic approach is an approach to the study of a language at one point of time:For example:Shift: each of two or more periods in which different groups of workers do the same jobs in relay. A group of people who work in this way.A diachronic approach is an approach to the study of the change in a language that took place over a period of time.Black market 黑市White market 白市Gray market 灰市word is a minimal free form of language which has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.Four points:(1)A minimal free form of a language;(2)A sound unity;(3)A unity of meaning;(4)A form that can function alone in a sentence.\There is no logical or intrinsic connection between a sound and what it refers to. T he relation between sound and meanin g is almost always arbitrary or conventional. The same language can use the same sound to mean different things and the different languages use different sounds to refer to the same thing.All the words in a language are termed as vocabulary. However, vocabulary can also be used to refer to all the words in a book, or in a particular historical period of time, or in a dialet, or in a particular discipline, or even to all the words that a person possesses.1)Denizens: the early borrowed words which have been assimilated and conformed to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.(2)Aliens: the borrowed words which have retained the foreign way of pronunciation or spelling and have not been assimilated into the English language.3)Translation-loans: the words and expressions which are formed from the existing English materials, but modelled on the patterns of another language.(4)Semantic loans: Words which have not been borrowed with reference to the form, but to the meanings.Words with a commendatory meaning may become ones with a derogatory sense. This is called degradation of meaning or deterioration.What is ‘word meaning’?Word meaning can be defined as a reciprocal relation between name and meaning. 意义是名称与意思的联系。
TiB2_掺杂WS2_复合薄膜的宽温域摩擦学性能研究
第52卷第6期表面技术2023年6月SURFACE TECHNOLOGY·235·TiB2掺杂WS2复合薄膜的宽温域摩擦学性能研究刘进龙1,2，李红轩2，吉利2，刘晓红2，张定军1（1.兰州理工大学 材料科学与工程学院，兰州 730030；2.中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所 固体润滑国家重点实验室，兰州 730000）摘要：目的探究TiB2溅射电流（即TiB2含量）对WS2/TiB2复合薄膜在宽温域（25~500 ℃）下摩擦学性能的影响。
方法采用非平衡磁控溅射技术制备WS2/TiB2复合薄膜。
通过场发射扫描电子显微镜（FESEM）、高分辨率透射电子显微镜（HRTEM）观察薄膜的形貌及结构；通过X射线衍射仪（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）表征薄膜结构；通过纳米压痕仪（Anton Paar，NHT2）评价薄膜的机械性能；利用高温球盘摩擦磨损试验机（THT01，03591）测试薄膜的摩擦学性能；采用光学显微镜（Olympus，STM6）、三维轮廓仪（Micro XAM–800）观察磨痕及磨斑形貌，通过HRTEM分析磨痕和磨斑的结构。
结果 TiB2掺杂使WS2薄膜由高度结晶态向非晶态转变，增大了薄膜的致密度并提高了其机械性能。
随着TiB2溅射电流的增大，复合薄膜的摩擦因数和磨损率呈先下降后上升的趋势。
随着试验温度的升高，复合薄膜的摩擦因数先降低后升高，但磨损率一直逐渐升高。
TiB2溅射电流为1.5 A时，制备的复合薄膜在宽温域（25~500 ℃）具有较低的摩擦因数和磨损率。
300 ℃条件下，TiB2溅射电流为1.5 A时制备的复合薄膜在摩擦剪切力作用下重新定向形成了TiB2(101)晶体取向和平行于滑动方向的WS2(002)晶体取向，并在高环境温度和摩擦热作用下氧化形成了润滑相TiO2(001)晶体结构。
结论 TiB2溅射电流为1.5 A时制备的复合薄膜具有优异的宽温域摩擦学性能。
TEM
纳米Au团簇 Au10面体 Au20面体 Au10面体 Au fcc结构
石墨烯起着催化作用
35
高分辨像的应用实例
非晶SiO2
非晶SiO2
Si3N4 陶瓷中的晶界和三叉晶界
36
纳米材料表征
FePt-CdS-Au 异质纳米结构的 形成过程
FePt
FePt-CdS
FePt-CdS-Au
37
调制结构的研究
磁畴结构的表征
洛伦兹电子显微方法；
电子全息。
2015/11/6
4
Structure of TEM
Electron optics system (1) illumination system (2) imaging system (3) image viewing and recording
TEM
5 、透射电子显微镜的基本功能
透射电子显微镜的基本结构 透射电子显镜成像 电子衍射（ED） 高分辨（HRTEM） 扫描透射电子显微镜（STEM）/高角环形暗 场像（HAADF） 电子能量损失谱（EELS）
2015/11/6 1
透射电子显微镜在材料研究中发挥的作用
1. 位错的观察证实了位错理论的正确性。（衍衬像）
9
Type of TEM contrast
Amplitude contrast
mass-thickness contrast diffraction contrast (most often used)
Phase contrast
high resolution image
Z contrast
2015/11/6
西方主要翻译理论学派总结
most basic structures of Chomsky’s model,for Nida,kernels are the basic structural elements out of which language builds its elaborate(详尽复杂的) surface structures[用来构成语言复杂表层结构的基本结构成分].Kernels are the level at which the message is transferred into the receptor(受体)language before being transformed into the surface structure in three stages:Literal transfer字面转移--minimal最低度~--literary书面~2）Analysis:generative-transformational grammar（转换生成语法by Chomsky）’s four types of functional classEvent(verb)事件：行动、过程等发生的事Object(noun)实体：具体的人和物Abstract(quantities and qualities,adjective)抽象概念Relational(gender,qualities,prepositions and conjunctions)关系2,Basic factors in translation1)The nature of message:content V.S.form2)The purpose(s)of the author/translatorTypes of purposes identified by Nida:①for information②suggest a behavior③imperative(祈使，命令)purpose3)The audiences(4types):children;new literates;average literate adult;specialists3,Relatedness(相关)of language&culture4,Two basic orientations(方向)in translating1)Formal Equivalence(F-E):focuses on the message itself,in both form and content.•Principles governing F-E:①grammatical units语法单元②consistency in word usage词语用法前后一致，连贯性③meanings in terms of the source context源语语境意义2)D-E(dynamic equivalence):①based on the principle of equivalent effect(•Principles governing it)②aiming at complete naturalness of expression;③unnecessary to understand the source culture.•Economic~can be transferable with cultural~.实际上三种形式均可互相转化。
词汇学相关的一些名词解释
Compounding is a process of word formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word. The word formed in this way is called compound Blending is a process of word formation by which a word is created by combining parts of other words. Words formed in this way are called blends. From morphological viewpoints, there are four types of blending:Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms. Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms, depending on the pronunciation of the words.Initialisms are words formed by the initial letters of words and pronounced as lettersEEC: European Economic CommunityAcronyms are words formed by the initial letters of words and pronounced as words:OPEC: Organisation of Petroleum Export CountriesAccording to Leonard Bloomfield's point of view, a word is a minimum free form, that is to say, the smallest form that may appear in isolation.There are two types of linguistic forms: one is the bound form, the other is the free form.A bound form is one which cannot occur on its own as a separate word, . the various affixes: de-, -tion, -ize, etc.》A free form is one which can occur as a separate word. For example, the word lovely contains the free form love and the suffix -ly.The suffix -ly in the word lovely, of course, is not a free form, because it cannot stand by itself. So we call it a bound form.A word is a minimum free formThe morpheme can be considered as the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.1) Morphemes are commonly classified into two forms according to their character: one is free form, and the other is bound form.2) Free morphemes 自由词素 are morphemes which can occur as separate words. That is to say, a free morpheme can stand alone as a word.3) Bound morphemes粘着词素are morphemes which cannot stand alone as words. They are mainly affixes. That is to say, a bound morpheme is one that must appear with at least one other morpheme, bound or free in a word.4) 2) Morphemes may be classified into two categories according to their lexical and grammatical relationships:5) lexical morphemes and grammatical morphemesLexical morphemes are morphemes used for the construction of new words as in compound wordsGrammatical morphemes are morphemes used to express grammatical relationships between a word and its context, such as plurality or past tenseThere are three types of words according to morphology: Simple words,Compoundwords,Complex words?ConversionConversion is a main type of word-formation assigning the base to a different word class with no change of form. For example, the verb release is converted to the noun release.There are two kinds of conversion: full conversion and partial conversion.Full conversion is conversion as already discussed above.Partial conversion is conversion, where a word of one word class appears in a function which is characteristic of another word classThe types of conversion contain three major word classes: nouns, verbs and adjectives. Conversion from noun to verb and from verb to noun are the most productive categories. Conversion can be classified into four categories according to word classes. Affixation falls into two categories: prefixation and suffixation and the differences between them are just the differences between prefixes and suffixes. The major prefixes can be classified into 10 categories by their meaning. Negative Prefixes否定前缀Reversative or privative prefixes逆反前缀"Pejorative prefixes贬义前缀Prefixes of degree or size表范围和程度的前缀Prefixes of orientation and attitude表方向和态度的前缀Locative prefixes方位前缀Prefixes of time and order表时间和顺序的前缀Number prefixes数字前缀Conversion prefixes转化前缀Miscellaneous prefixes其他类型的前缀Etymology is the study of the origin and history of words and their meanings. Etymology provides background information and knowledge about the history, origin and development of the English language and increases the learner's enjoyment and real understanding of English words from their changes of forms including their spellings and pronunciations to that of meaningsstem: the part of a word that stays the same when different endings are added to it, for example 'driv-' in 'driving'】Infix: a formative element inserted in a wordaffix: prefix and suffixprefix: a group of letters that you add to the beginning of a word to make another word. In the word 'unimportant', 'un-' is a prefix.Prefixes with opposite or negative meanings: dis; -il; -im; -in; -ir; -un-multi-many; semi-half; anti-against; pro-in favour of; ex-former; post-after; over-too much; under-not enoughLanguage is a system of symbols based on physiology, psychology and physics. It is a specific social action and a carrier of information used for human communicationin a societyLinguistics is the study of human speech including the units, nature, structure, and modification [change] of language.Linguistics consists of three braches: phonetics, grammar and lexicology Lexicology deals with words, their origin, development, history, structure, meaning and application.Lexicology is the branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language.A synchronic approach is an approach to the study of a language at one point of time: ）For example:Shift: each of two or more periods in which different groups of workers do the same jobs in relay. A group of people who work in this way.A diachronic approach is an approach to the study of the change in a language that took place over a period of time.Black market 黑市White market 白市Gray market 灰市word is a minimal free form of language which has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.Four points:(1)A minimal free form of a language;(2)A sound unity;(3)A unity of meaning;:(4)A form that can function alone in a sentence.\There is no logical or intrinsic connection between a sound and what it refers to. The relation between sound and meaning is almost always arbitrary or conventional. The same language can use the same sound to mean different things and the different languages use different sounds to refer to the same thing.All the words in a language are termed as vocabulary. However, vocabulary can also be used to refer to all the words in a book, or in a particular historical period of time, or in a dialet, or in a particular discipline, or even to all the words that a person possesses.1)Denizens: the early borrowed words which have been assimilated and conformed to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.(2)Aliens: the borrowed words which have retained the foreign way of pronunciation or spelling and have not been assimilated into the English language.3)Translation-loans: the words and expressions which are formed from the existing English materials, but modelled on the patterns of another language.(4)Semantic loans: Words which have not been borrowed with reference to the form, but to the meanings.Words with a commendatory meaning may become ones with a derogatory sense. This is called degradation of meaning or deterioration.What is 'word meaning'Word meaning can be defined as a reciprocal relation between name and meaning. 意义是名称与意思的联系。
DR内听道像及多层螺旋CT三维重建对人工耳蜗的监测
DR内听道像及多层螺旋CT三维重建对人工耳蜗的监测发表时间：2017-09-15T11:56:49.317Z 来源：《临床医学教育》2017年8月作者：黄柱飞商雪林黄玉莫春开卢翠王耀华[导读] 目前人工耳蜗植入术价格昂贵，患者及家属的期望值高，术后患者听力恢复效果存在一定的差异，单一的声学监测未能完全反映手术的效果。
解放军第303医院放射科广西南宁 530021【摘要】目的探讨DR内听道像及多层螺旋CT三维重建对人工耳蜗植入术后的效果评估，指导临床是否再手术及康复训练。
方法回顾性分析我院46例已行人工耳蜗植入术后的影像检查及相关的声学检测。
所有患者均行DR内听道像及耳镜检查，其中8例行CT三维重建。
结果 43例DR内听道像显示工作电极全部植入且沿耳蜗螺旋自然弯曲，无滑脱、扭曲，术中、术后的声学检测正常；2例DR內听道像显示工作电极未植入完全，术中检测声阻抗正常，术后恰当刺激神经反应遥测可引出；1例患者内耳先天发育为Mickel型，其多层螺旋CT三维重建显示蜗内电极位置过深，部分自鼓阶滑脱，部分在底圈与中间圈移行处扭曲，且电极不工作，声学检测不能引出，需行再植入术，另3例CT显示蜗内电极连续，最后一对电极位于圆窗开口处，形态、走行无异常。
结论 DR内听道像廉价、直观监测蜗内电极位置、形态，应作为人工耳蜗植入术后的常规检查；CT可以提供确切的异位信息及内耳、中耳畸形的情况，两者对人工耳蜗植入术后的效果评估和康复训练有重要的价值。
【关键词】人工耳蜗内听道像多层螺旋CT三维重建监测Abstract Objective: To evaluate the instructional effect of DR internal auditory canal(DR-IAC) and Multi-slice spiral CT(MSCT) three-dimensioned reconstruction in the cochlear implantation post-operatively, and to guide the clinical surgery and weather to conduct rehabilitation training. Methods: Forty-six cochlear implant recipients, in the People's Liberation Army Hospital NO.303, were involved in this study. All of them conducted imaging and acoustics examination and DR otoscopy. Among them, MSCT and three-dimensioned reconstruction was performed in 8 cases. Results: 43 cases of DR-IAC showed working electrodes were fully implanted and along the cochlea with spiral natural bent, no slippage or distortion. 2 cases of DR-IAC showed working electrodes were not fully implanted; acoustic impedance worked regularly inter-operatively; the appropriate impulsion of neural response telemetry could lead to oscillogram post-operatively. 1 case of re-implantation by MSCT belonged to type Mickel in congenital development, and showed the deep location and some slippage in the scala tympani, and some distortion in the bottom and migration part of the cochlear duct. Also the electrode did not work and failed to complete the acoustic detection in this case. 3 cases by CT showed continuous cochlear electrode with the last section located in round window, no abnormal morphology and orientation. Conclusion: DR-IAC is cheap and effective in monitoring location and morphology of electrode, and it should be the general examination of post-operatively. CT can provide exact information of ectopic. Both are of significance in performance evaluation and rehabilitation training.Key words cochlear implantation; Internal auditory canal; MSCT and three-dimensional reconstruction；Monitoring 目前人工耳蜗植入术价格昂贵，患者及家属的期望值高，术后患者听力恢复效果存在一定的差异，单一的声学监测未能完全反映手术的效果。
英语语言学知识
英语语言学知识English:1. What is the study of English language called?The study of English language is called English linguistics or English language studies.2. What are the main branches of English language studies?The main branches of English language studies include phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and sociolinguistics.3. What is phonetics?Phonetics is the study of the physical sounds of human speech, including the production and perception of speech sounds.4. What is phonology?Phonology is the study of the sound patterns of a language, including the way sounds are organized and used in the language.5. What is morphology?Morphology is the study of the structure and formationof words in a language, including the ways in which words are formed and the relationships between different forms ofa word.6. What is syntax?Syntax is the study of the structure and formation of sentences in a language, including the rules and principles that govern how words are combined to form grammatical sentences.7. What is semantics?Semantics is the study of the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences in a language, including how meaning is constructed and interpreted in communication.8. What is pragmatics?Pragmatics is the study of the use of language in context, including how language is used to convey meaning and achieve communicative goals in different social and cultural settings.9. What is sociolinguistics?Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society, including how language varies and changes in different social and cultural contexts.10. What are the major theories of language acquisition?The major theories of language acquisition include behaviorist theories, nativist theories, interactionist theories, and cognitive theories.中文：1. 英语语言学的研究叫什么？英语语言学的研究叫做英语语言学或英语语言研究。
高分子材料工程专业英语第二版（曹同玉）课后单词电子教案
⾼分⼦材料⼯程专业英语第⼆版（曹同⽟）课后单词电⼦教案⾼分⼦材料⼯程专业英语第⼆版(曹同⽟)课后单词专业英语accordion ⼿风琴activation 活化（作⽤）addition polymer 加成聚合物，加聚物aggravate 加重，恶化agitation 搅拌agrochemical 农药，化肥Alfin catalyst 醇（碱⾦属）烯催化剂align 排列成⾏aliphatic 脂肪（族）的alkali metal 碱⾦属allyl 烯丙基aluminum alkyl 烷基铝amidation 酰胺化（作⽤）amino 氨基，氨基的amorphous ⽆定型的，⾮晶体的anionic 阴（负）离⼦的antioxidant 抗氧剂antistatic agent 抗静电剂aromatic 芳⾹（族）的arrangement （空间）排布，排列atactic ⽆规⽴构的attraction 引⼒，吸引backbone 主链，⾻⼲behavior 性能，⾏为biological ⽣物（学）的biomedical ⽣物医学的bond dissociation energy 键断裂能boundary 界限，范围brittle 脆的，易碎的butadiene 丁⼆烯butyllithium 丁基锂calendering 压延成型calendering 压延carboxyl 羧基category 种类，类型cation 正[阳]离⼦cationic 阳（正）离⼦的centrifuge 离⼼chain reaction 连锁反应chain termination 链终⽌char 炭characterize 表征成为…的特征chilled water 冷冻⽔chlorine 氯（⽓）coating 涂覆cocatalyst 助催化剂coil 线团coiling 线团状的colligative 依数性colloid 胶体commence 开始，着⼿common salt ⾷盐complex 络合物compliance 柔量condensation polymer 缩合聚合物，缩聚物conductive material 导电材料conformation 构象consistency 稠度，粘稠度contaminant 污物contour 外形，轮廓controlled release 控制释放controversy 争论，争议conversion 转化率conversion 转化copolymer 共聚物copolymerization 共聚（合）corrosion inhibitor 缓释剂countercurrent 逆流crosslinking 交联crystal 基体，结晶crystalline 晶体，晶态，结晶的，晶态的crystalline 结晶的crystallinity 结晶性，结晶度crystallite 微晶decomposition 分解deformation 变形degree of polymerization 聚合度dehydrogenate 使脱氢density 密度depolymerization 解聚deposit 堆积物，沉积depropagation 降解dewater 脱⽔diacid ⼆（元）酸diamine ⼆（元）胺dibasic ⼆元的dieforming ⼝模成型diffraction 衍射diffuse 扩散dimension 尺⼨dimensional stability 尺⼨稳定性dimer ⼆聚物（体）diol ⼆（元）醇diolefin ⼆烯烃disintegrate 分解，分散，分离dislocation 错位，位错dispersant 分散剂dissociate 离解dissolution 溶解dissolve 使…溶解distort 使…变形，扭曲double bond 双键dough （⽣）⾯团，揉好的⾯drug 药品，药物elastic modulus 弹性模量elastomer 弹性体eliminate 消除，打开，除去elongation 伸长率，延伸率entanglement 缠结，纠缠entropy 熵equilibrium 平衡esterification 酯化（作⽤）evacuate 撤出fiber 纤维flame retardant 阻燃剂flexible 柔软的flocculating agent 絮凝剂folded-chain lamella theory 折叠链⽚晶理论formulation 配⽅fractionation 分级fragment 碎屑，碎⽚fringed-micelle theory 缨状微束理论functional group 官能团functional polymer 功能聚合物functionalized polymer 功能聚合物gel 凝胶glass transition temperature 玻璃化温度glassy 玻璃（态）的glassy 玻璃态的glassy state 玻璃态globule ⼩球，液滴，颗粒growing chain ⽣长链，活性链gyration 旋转，回旋hardness 硬度heat transfer 热传递heterogeneous 不均匀的，⾮均匀的hydocy acid 羧基酸hydrogen 氢（⽓）hydrogen bonding 氢键hydrostatic 流体静⼒学hydroxyl 烃基hypothetical 假定的，理想的，有前提的ideal 理想的，概念的imagine 想象，推测improve 增进，改善impurity 杂质indispensable 不了或缺的infrared spectroscopy 红外光谱法ingredient 成分initiation （链）引发initiator 引发剂inorganic polymer ⽆机聚合物interaction 相互作⽤interchain 链间的interlink 把…相互连接起来连接intermittent 间歇式的intermolecular (作⽤于)分⼦间的intrinsic 固有的ion 离⼦ion exchange resin 离⼦交换树脂ionic 离⼦的ionic polymerization 离⼦型聚合irradiation 照射，辐射irregularity 不规则性，不均匀的isobutylene 异丁烯isocyanate 异氰酸酯isopropylate 异丙醇⾦属，异丙氧化⾦属isotactic 等规⽴构的isotropic 各项同性的kinetic chain length 动⼒学链长kinetics 动⼒学latent 潜在的light scattering 光散射line 衬⾥，贴⾯liquid crystal 液晶macromelecule ⼤分⼦，⾼分⼦均⽅末端距mechanical property ⼒学性能，机械性能mechanism 机理medium 介质中等的，中间的minimise 最⼩化minimum 最⼩值，最⼩的mo(u)lding 模型mobility 流动性mobilize 运动，流动model 模型modify 改性molecular weight 分⼦量molecular weight distribution 分⼦量分布molten 熔化的monofunctional 单官能度的monomer 单体morphology 形态（学）moulding 模塑成型neutral 中性的nonelastic ⾮弹性的nuclear magnetic resonance 核磁共振nuclear track detector 核径迹探测器number average molecular weight数均分⼦量occluded 夹杂（带）的olefinic 烯烃的optimum 最佳的，最佳值[点，状态] orient 定向，取向orientation 定向oxonium 氧鎓⽺packing 堆砌pattern 花纹，图样式样peculiarity 特性pendant group 侧基performance 性能，特征permeability 渗透性pharmaceutical 药品，药物，药物的，医药的phenyl sodium 苯基钠phenyllithium 苯基锂phosgene 光⽓，碳酰氯photosensitizer 光敏剂plastics 塑料platelet ⽚晶polyamide 聚酰胺polybutene 聚丁烯polycondensation 缩（合）聚（合）polydisperse 多分散的polydispersity 多分散性polyesterification 聚酯化（作⽤）polyethylene 聚⼄烯polyfunctional 多官能度的polymer 聚合物【体】，⾼聚物polymeric 聚合（物）的polypropylene 聚苯烯polystyrene 聚苯⼄烯polyvinyl alcohol 聚⼄烯醇polyvinylchloride 聚氯⼄烯porosity 多孔性，孔隙率positive 正的，阳（性）的powdery 粉状的processing 加⼯，成型radical ⾃由基radical polymerization ⾃由基聚合radius 半径random coil ⽆规线团random decomposition ⽆规降解reactent 反应物，试剂reactive 反应性的，活性的reactivity 反应性，活性reactivity ratio 竞聚率real 真是的release 解除，松开repeating unit 重复单元retract 收缩rubber 橡胶rubbery 橡胶态的rupture 断裂saturation 饱和scalp 筛⼦，筛分seal 密封secondary shaping operation ⼆次成型sedimentation 沉降（法）segment 链段segment 链段semicrystalline 半晶settle 沉淀，澄清shaping 成型side reaction 副作⽤simultaneously 同时，同步single bond 单键slastic parameter 弹性指数slurry 淤浆solar energy 太阳能solubility 溶解度sprinkle 喷洒squeeze 挤压srereoregularity ⽴构规整性【度】stability 稳定性stabilizer 稳定剂statistical 统计的step-growth polymerization 逐步聚合stereoregular 有规⽴构的，⽴构规整性的stoichiometric 当量的，化学计算量的strength 强度stretch 拉直，拉长stripping tower 脱单塔subdivide 细分区分substitution 取代，代替surfactant 表⾯活性剂swell 溶胀swollen 溶胀的synthesis 合成synthesize 合成synthetic 合成的tacky （表⾯）发粘的 ,粘连性tanker 油轮，槽车tensile strength 抗张强度terminate （链）终⽌tertiary 三元的，叔（特）的tetrahydrofuran 四氢呋喃texture 结构，组织thermoforming 热成型thermondynamically 热⼒学地thermoplastic 热塑性的thermoset 热固性的three-dimensionally ordered 三维有序的titanium tetrachloride 四氯化钛transfer （链）转移，（热）传递triethyloxonium-borofluoride 三⼄基硼氟酸⽺trimer 三聚物（体）triphenylenthyl potassium 三苯甲基钾ultracentrifugation 超速离⼼（分离）ultrasonic 超声波uncross-linked ⾮交联的uniaxial 单轴的unsaturated 不饱和的unzippering 开链urethane 氨基甲酸酯variation 变化，改变vinyl ⼄烯基（的）vinyl chloride 氯⼄烯vinyl ether ⼄烯基醚viscoelastic 黏弹性的viscoelastic state 黏弹态viscofluid state 黏流态viscosity 黏度viscosity average molecular weight黏均分⼦量viscous 粘稠的vulcanization 硫化weight average molecular weight重均分⼦量X-ray x射线 x光yield 产率Young's modulus 杨⽒模量。
甘阳
科研成果
an overview article). J. Shen, D. Zhang, Y. Wang, Y. Gan, AFM and SEM Study on Crystallographic and Topographical Evolution of Wet-Etched Patterned Sapphire Substrates (PSS): I. Cone-Shaped PSS Etched in Sulfuric Acid and Phosphoric Acid Mixture (3:1) at 230°C, ECS nol., 6 (2017) R24. 所有文章（All Publications）
谢谢观看
科研成果
） Y. Yuan, D. Zhang, F. Zhang, , Y. Gan, Crystallographic Orientation Dependence of Nanopattern Morphology and Size in Electropolished Polycrystalline and Monocrystalline Aluminum: An EBSD and SEM Study, ., 167 (2020) . （多晶和单晶铝， 一定条件下电解抛光后，表面会产生纳米图案（如平行条纹或短条或无序结构），这不奇怪。但 是，结合系统的EBSD、SEM表征和深入系统的数据分析，发现了意想不到的结果——纳米图案的 类型和周期具有明显的晶粒取向和晶面取向依赖性。在机理方面也提出了一个改进的框架。后续 还有更多结果。。。
目录
01 研究方向
02 主要贡献
研究方向
研究方向
主要研究方向：新能源材料与器件、电池、石墨烯纳米材料等的表面和界面物理化学。无机氧化 物和陶瓷材料的表面微观结构与表面化学性质的关系，纳米材料制备、表征和应用。
贝氏体钢——精选推荐
贝氏体钢：第一部分摘要：在板条状铁素体和渗碳体细团聚体的形成的区域，，具有一定的高温反应，其中涉及铁素体和珠光体以及一些特色的马氏体反应性能。
在埃德加贝恩与达文波特首次在他们的先锋系统中研究奥氏体的等温分解后，贝氏体就成为了这个中间组织的通用术语。
贝氏体也经常出现在热处理后冷却速度太快来不及形成珠光体但是又没有快到形成马氏体的这个阶段。
贝氏体转变的相变温度更低。
两种主要形式可确定为：上贝氏体和下贝氏体。
贝氏体反应对于共析钢，我们可以通过TTT图可知，实际上珠光体的反应本质是在一个发生在550 C和720 C之间的高温反应过程，而马氏体的形成是一个温度较低的反应过程，这久说明了，在一个相当广泛的温度范围内，通常在250-550°C之间，既不会产生珠光体又不会产生马氏体。
就是在该地区板条状铁素体和渗碳体细团聚体形成，这是具有一定的高温反应，它们涉及铁素体和珠光体以及一些特色的马氏体反应性能。
在埃德加贝恩与达文波特首次在他们的先锋系统中研究奥氏体的等温分解后，贝氏体就成为了这个中间组织的通用术语。
贝氏体也经常出现在热处理后冷却速度太快来不及形成珠光体但是又没有快到形成马氏体的这个阶段。
贝氏体转变的相变温度更低。
两种主要形式可确定为：上贝氏体和下贝氏体。
上贝氏体形态和结晶学上贝氏体的的形态（温度范围550-400°C）有些类似于魏氏组织铁素体，它是从碳化物内中析出的游离铁素体。
两个表面的光学显微镜明显地表明，上贝氏体铁素体部分是由一些薄而平行的板条群构成并具有明确的晶体特征.正如魏氏组织铁素体一样，贝氏体铁素体具有原奥氏体的Kurdjumov-Sachs 取向关系（即奥氏体与马氏体间的密排面平行,密排方向也平行），但是这种关系不能明确说明转变温度将会降低。
一个被广泛接受的观点是, 上贝氏体的晶体结构与低碳板条马氏体的晶体结构非常相似。
然而经过对于晶体结构的更为详细的研究，发现这两者之间存在着明显的差别，上贝氏体铁素体的形成不能由马氏体晶体学理论方面的知识来解释。
聚酰亚胺复合材料的防辐射性能设计
聚酰亚胺复合材料的防辐射性能设计聚酰亚胺复合材料的防辐射性能设计王铎(陕西理工学院材料学院,汉中723001)文摘以聚酰亚胺,氧化锆及金属铅粉为主要原材料,制备了聚酰亚胺基复合材料,并进行了x一射线衍射,紫外射线分析.结果表明,聚酰亚胺/氧化锆+金属铅复合材料比纯聚酰亚胺具有更好的x一射线防护性能.耐热性能仍然很好.关键词金属铅粉末,耐热,X一射线衍射DesignofPolyimideofCompositeMaterialsforRadiationProtectionWangDuo(MaterialsCollege,ShaanxiUniversityofTechnology,Hanzhong723001) AbstractPolyimidecompositewasmadebyusingpolyimide,zirconia,asrawmaterialsandth esecompositewerestudiedbyX—raydiffractionanalysis&UV.Theresultsshowthatpolyimide/zirconia+leadhasbetter X-raypro-tectionperformancethanthepurepolyimide,anditsheatresistanceisalsoverygood. KeywordsLeadmetalpowder,Heat,X—raydiffraction0引言聚酰亚胺(PI)具有优良的热稳定性,耐化学腐蚀性,抗湿性,耐辐射性,机械性和介电性,在航天航空,电器,微电子工业,低温超导,气体分离,感光刻蚀中有广泛的应用¨.由于其结构和功能的特殊性,常被制成特殊材料而应用于以上领域各种苛刻的工作环境中,如:在HT一7U超导托卡马克核聚变实验装置国家"九五"重大科学工程项目和目前国际热核试验反应堆(ITER)等项目的超导磁体绝缘系统中都使用了大量的PI样品作为绝缘料.现代工业的发展对聚酰亚胺性能提出了更高的要求:既要有良好的热导率,线胀系数,介电常数,又要具有较高的力学性能及热稳定性.因此需对其改性.研究表明,PI在高温状态下,除能保持自身的优异性能外,其大分子自身的多孔结构有助于稳定纳米甚至是微米尺寸分散的颗粒,使其不易聚集成为可能,对合成复合材料十分有利.因此,将无机组分引入PI基体树脂中达到有机一无机性能的复合,成为目前以PI为有机体复合材料研究的一个热点[5-.ZrO化学性质稳定,具有良好的热化学稳定性,高温导电性和较高的高温强度及韧性,更具有良好的机械,热学,电学,光学性质,在受到温度梯度作用时能发生晶型转变,对提高材料韧性有较大的贡献,常被广泛地应用到冶金,电子,机械,航天航空,日化等领域j.铅尽管可引起人体中毒,但却可以很好地阻挡X一射线.本文将铅与ZrO同时与聚合物形成复合材料,以期研制出一种耐热型的防x射线的材料.1实验1.1主要原材料4,4'一二氨基二苯醚(ODA),化学纯,国药集团化学试剂有限公司生产;均苯四甲酸二酐(PMDA),化学纯,国药集团化学试剂有限公司生产;N,N一二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc),分析纯,成都科龙化工试剂厂生产;铅粉末(Pb)99.5%,200目,灰色粉末,北京怡天惠金属材料有限公司;ZrO,单斜晶系,分析纯,天津市耀华化学试剂有限责任公司生产.1.2原料的处理用铬酸洗液将研钵和棒杵浸泡,然后用大量清水冲洗,最后用蒸馏水清洗若干次,置于烘箱中烘干;将PMDA置于研钵中,用棒杵均匀研细后,放人称量瓶中置于220℃的烘箱中烘干4h,密封备用;将ODA放人经处理的研钵中研细后放人称量瓶中,置于80℃下烘干3h密封备用;向溶剂N,N'一二甲基乙收稿日期:201l一03—07作者简介:王铎,1971年出生,副教授,主要从事高分子材料方面的教学与研究工作.E—mail:********************宇航材料工艺http://www.yhclgy.tom2011年第5期酰胺中先加人金属镁粉,在20~(2的温度下反应2h后,静置,分层,将清液层移入磨口蒸馏瓶中进行蒸馏,馏分保存在洁净,干燥的容器中供下面实验用;将铅粉末与ZrO放人85~C的烘箱中加热6h后,放人干燥器中备用.1.3主要仪器设备红外光谱分析仪,VERTEX70型,德国布鲁克公司;紫外分光光度计,Cary50紫外分光光度计,美国瓦里安中国有限公司;X射线衍射仪,DX一2500,丹东方圆仪器有限公司:电子分析天平,GR200,日本;强力机械搅拌机,6511型,转速200～4000r/rain,上海标本模型厂;电热鼓风干燥箱,北京科伟永兴仪器有限公司101型.1.4材料的合成将一定量的ODA加入100mLDMAc中,制成溶液,并在强力搅拌下10min内分数次逐渐加入PM-DA,按摩尔比二酐:二胺=1.02:1,溶液黏度逐渐增大,继续搅拌12h,合成聚酰胺酸(简称PAA)胶体溶液.称取等量PAA若干份,分别按不加入物质,加入ZrO2,加入Pb,加入"ZrO2+Pb"后,强力搅拌2h,得到PI,PI+ZrO2,PI+Pb,PI+ZrO2+Pb等复合树脂,采用涂覆,流涎法在玻璃板上涂覆一定厚度的液膜,并置于室温下2h,再在电热鼓风机恒温箱中由20~C开始,以20℃/30min升温速率,在设定的每个温度下保持30min,直至200~C为止,使这些复合树脂固化成型,制得PI及复合材料样品,1为PI+Pb粉末;2为PI+2%ZrO2;3为PI+2%ZrO2+2%Pb粉末;4为PI.待冷却后,取出密封,待用.1.5测试与表征采用x射线衍射仪分析基体及复合材料的辐射吸收情况,测试条件:0[轴转动范围为一45.～90.最小转动步距0.001./步;轴转动范围:360.,最小转动步距0.005./步;轴转动范围为±8mm水平45.方向摆动;轴转动范围为10mm最小移动步距5p,m/ 步.利用Cary50紫外分光光度计对基体及复合材料进行测试分析,测试条件为,UV—VIS谱带宽度:<1.5 nm,杂散光:220nm(10LNalASTM法)<0.05%.波长范围:190—1100nm,波长准确度:±0.5nm (541.9nm),波长重复性:±0.1nm.2结果与讨论2.1X一衍射分析将PI及复合材料四种样品置于x射线衍射仪上进行测试实验,结果见图1所示.一38一图1PI及其复合材料样品的XRDFig.1XRDofPIanditscomposite由图1可见,4样品的X一射线衍射强度最强,3样品最弱,表明,无论从任何角度照射纯PI,X射线都能较好地从样品内部的晶格中衍射绕过而射出,但是在PI中掺入氧化锆和金属铅粉末后的样品(3样品)对x一射线有极差的衍射效果,即X一射线不能绕过样品晶格而出射,这是由于ZrO与影响了PI晶体的晶格排列及金属铅具有吸收X射线的特点双重原因所致.2及3样品表明,单靠ZrO或者铅在PI中均不能较好的阻止x一射线衍射而出射.2.2紫外测试分析样品在紫外光谱分析仪上的测试结果如图2所示.图2样品的UV测试Fig.2UVteatofthesamples图2表明,4样品对紫外吸收很差,不具有抗紫外辐射,掺人了ZrO与Pb的复合材料3样品的紫外吸收峰最大,对紫外线能很强地吸收,很显然1样品与2样品没有ZrO与Pb共同存在时对紫外线的吸收能力强.2.3耐热性能测试取相同大小的l～4样品各一块,置于热重分析仪上进行测试(图3).PI+2%ZRO2+2%Pb复合材料分解推迟于PI基体,即使Pb受热会氧化,还会增重,Pb/PI复合材料分解温度似乎会更高,热失重会更慢些,但因Pb仅为2%(很少)引起的分解温度滞后极小,不能成为分解滞后的主要因素,可见,该样品材料具有较好耐热性能,而PI+2%ZrO2及PI+2%Pb样品同未掺杂的基体宇航材料工艺http://www.yhclgy.corn2011年第5期样品相比较,杂化复合材料的耐热性能好,热分解温度有所提高,这是由于无机粒子与PI相互作用,使分子主链运动受阻,柔性减少,从而提高了耐热性能,但二者耐热性能均低于PI+2%ZrO+2%Pb材料,这是由于ZrO:与Pb双重作用原因引起的.340202003004005006o07008009oolOOO￡,℃图3样品的TG测试Fig.3TGtestofthesamples3结论(1)利用化学合成法与选定的原料配比成功制出了PI及PI+ZrO+Pb等复合材料.(2)ZrO:与Pb能够成功的改进PI晶格结构,使得这种复合材料1能够限制x一射线而衍射出来,能够起到保护对象受x一射线的辐射作用.(3)"PI+ZrO+Pb"复合材料对紫外线具有较强的.址(上接第17页)3结论对复合材料飞机结构在设计和合格审定中涉及的材料许用值和设计许用值的确定原则和方法进行了全面,系统的讨论,给出了复合材料结构材料许用值和设计许用值的确定方法,阐述了材料许用值的表征和应用,试验以及试验数据的统计分析方法,并对静强度,疲劳强度,损伤容限和修理设计许用值的确定方法进行了分析.参考文献[1]沈真.复合材料飞机结构设计许用值及其确定原则[J].航空,1998,19(4):385[2]沈真,柴亚南,杨胜春,等.复合材料飞机结构强度规范要点概述[J].航空,2006,27(5):784[3]沈真,陈普会,唐啸东,等.复合材料结构设计值和冲击损伤容限许用值[J].航空,1993,14(12):B575[4]沈真,陈普会,杨胜春,等.复合材料结构设计许用值和韧性树脂评定技术[J].结构强度,2001(4):1[5]沈真,杨胜春,陈普会,等.复合材料抗冲击性能和结构压缩设计许用值[J].航空,2007,28(3):561[6]WangJT,PoeCC,AmburDR,eta1.Residual strengthpredictionofdamagedcompositefuselagepanelwithR—curvemethod[J].CompositesScienceandTechnology,2006,66(14):2557宇航材料工艺2011年第5期吸收能力,从而因防止紫外线辐射而起到保护作用.参考文献[1]张亚丽,沈孝洪.聚酰亚胺/硝酸铅辐射防护材料的制备和性能研究[J].工程塑料应用,2010,38(2):7-11[2]吴小军,刘西强,占克军,等.聚酰亚胺共混和复合改性的研究进展[J].工程塑料应用,2009,37(2):19—21[3]张保坦,李茹,陈修宁,等.有机硅一聚酰亚胺类耐高温材料合成方法及应用述评[J].工程塑料应用,2010,38(2):11—14[4]王铎.聚酰亚胺/纳米碳化硅复合样品的制备及性能研究[J].绝缘材料,2007,40(2):7-9[5]刘秋萍,等.聚酰亚胺/硅石一钛酸钡纳米复合材料的制备与表征[J].陕西师范大学(自然科学版),2007,35(2):65—68[6]QiuwL,LuoYJ,ChenFT,eta1.Morphologyandsize—controlofinorganicparticlesinpolyimidehybridsbyusingSiO2一TiO2mixedo~de[J].ChineseJournalofPolymerScience,2003,44 (19):5821-5826[7]ChengBei,DingBeidao,ChengChuan,eta1.Microstruc—tureandcrystalorientationrelationshipofZrO2laminatedceramics [J].ActaMateriaeCompositaeSinica,2005,22(1):59—63[8]全仁夫,杨迪生,吴晓春,等.二氧化锆梯度复合羟基磷灰石生物材料的制备及其生物相容性[J].复合材料学报,2006,23(3):114—122(编辑任涛)『71AtaderoRA,KarbhariVM.Sourcesofuncertaintyand 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高分子科学专业英语重点词汇
一、高分子基本概念polymer n.聚合物，高聚物polymeric adj.聚合（物）的copolymer 共聚物homopolymer 均聚物linear ~ 线性聚合物branched ~ 支链聚合物cross-linked ~ 交联聚合物addition ~ 加聚物condensation ~ 缩聚物functional/functionalized ~ 功能聚合物inorganic ~ 无机聚合物polymerization n.聚合copolymerization n.共聚depolymerization n.解聚degree of ~ 聚合度step-growth ~ 逐步聚合ionic ~ 离子型聚合radical ~ 自由基型聚合bulk ~本体聚合solution ~ 溶液聚合living ~ 活性聚合 nitroxide-mediated ~ 硝基氧介导聚合atom transfer radical ~ 原子转移自由基聚合reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer ~ 可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合polycondensation n.缩（合）聚（合）macromolecule 大分子，高分子intermolecular adj.分子间的interchain adj.链间的monomer n.单体comonomer n.共聚单体dimer n.二聚体 trimer n.三聚体elastomer n.弹性体elastomeric adj.弹性的molecular weight 分子量molecular weight distribution 分子量分布number average molecular weight 数均分子量weight average molecular weight 重均分子量viscosity average molecular weight 粘均分子量functional group 官能团repeating unit 重复单元monofunctional adj.单官能度的polydisperse adj.多分散的polydispersity n.多分散性heterogeneous adj.不均匀的，非均相的statistical adj.统计的二、化学物质名词olefin 烯烃olefinic 烯烃的diolefin 二烯烃polyethylene 聚乙烯polypropylene 聚丙烯polystyrene 聚苯乙烯impact polystyrene 抗冲聚苯乙烯butene 丁烯polybutene 聚丁烯isobutylene/isobutene 异丁烯butadiene 丁二烯2-methyl-1,3-butadiene 2-甲基-1,3-丁二烯dimethylbutadiene 二甲基丁二烯isoprene 异戊二烯cis-1,4-polyisoprene 顺式-1,4-聚异戊二烯chloroprene 氯丁二烯neoprene n.氯丁（二烯）橡胶vinyl 乙烯基polyvinyl alcohol 聚乙烯醇polyvinylchloride 聚氯乙烯vinyl ether 乙烯基醚urethane 氨基甲酸酯isocyanate 异氰酸酯isopropylate 异丙醇金属amino 氨基（的）amine 胺diamine 二（元）胺diacid n.二（元）酸diol n.二（元）醇dibasic 二元的polyamide 聚酰胺amidation （酰胺化作用）acrylic 丙烯酸的methyl 甲基(poly)methylmethacrylate （聚）甲基丙烯酸甲酯= perspex n.有机玻璃polycarbonate 聚碳酸酯acetal 聚甲醛，缩醛aromatic adj.芳香（族）的aliphatic adj.脂肪（族）的polyether n.聚醚polyester n.聚酯esterification n.酯化（作用）polyesterificationn.聚酯化（作用）allyl n.烯丙基chlorine n.氯（气）hydrogen n.氢（气）phosgene n.光气，碳酰氯organometallic compound 有机金属化合物transition-metal compound 过渡金属化合物aluminum alkyl 烷基铝alkyl lithium 烷基锂titanium trichloride/tetrachloride 三氯/四氯化钛tetrahydrofuran 四氢呋喃hydroxyl n.羟基carboxyl n.羧基hydroxyl acid 羟基酸oxonium n.氧phenyllithium n.苯基锂phenyl sodium苯基钠butyllithium n.丁基锂triphenylmethyl potassium 三苯甲基钾tertiary adj.三元的，叔的common salt食盐shellac n.虫胶bitumen n.沥青parkesine n.硝化纤维素塑料celluloid n.赛璐珞，假象牙cellulose acetate 乙酸纤维素phenol-formaldehyde resin 酚醛树脂bakelite 酚醛树脂，电木粉candle wax 烛用蜡hydrocarbon oil 烃油三、高分子化学反应synthetic adj.合成的synthesize v.合成synthesis n.合成powdery adj.粉状的interlink v./n.互相连接interaction n. 相互作用distort v.使……变形，扭曲eliminate v.消除，打开transfer v.（链）转移，（热）传递heat transfer 热传递terminate v.（链）终止chain termination 链终止single bond 单键double bond 双键hydrogen bonding 氢键initiation n.（链）引发initiator n.引发剂radical n.自由基kinetic chain length 动力学链长mechanism n.机理activation n.活化（作用）reactive adj.活性的reactivity n.活性，反应性reactant n.反应物stability n.稳定性stabilizer/stabiliser n.稳定剂reactivity ratio 竞聚率irradiation n.照射，辐射catalyst n.催化剂cocatalyst n.助催化剂support v.（催化剂）负载化complex n.络合物promoter n.促进剂substitution n.取代，代替yield n.产率concentration n.浓度side reaction 副反应simultaneous reaction 平行反应ion n.离子ion exchange resin 离子交换树脂anionic adj.阴（负）离子的cationic adj.阳（正）离子的cation n.阳（正）离子positive adj.正的，阳性的growing chain 生长链neutral adj.中性的dissociate v.离解bond dissociation energy 键断裂能conversion n.转化（率）stoichiometric adj.当量的equilibrium n.平衡parameter n.参数mediate v.传递，媒介undergo v.进行，经历dormant/active species 休眠/活性种四、高分子的结构behavior n.性能，行为performance n.性能，特征peculiarity n.特性specificity n. 特异性，专一性viscosity n.黏度viscous adj.黏稠的tacky adj.发粘的consistency n. 稠度，黏稠性architecture n.结构texture n.结构，组织arrangement n.（空间）排布，排列backbone n.主链pendant group 侧基spacer group 隔离基团porosity n.多孔性，孔隙率contour n.外形，轮廓radius n.半径gyration n.旋转，回旋mean-square end-to-end distance 均方末端距torsion n.转矩attraction n.引力，吸引Van der Waals force 范德瓦耳斯力glass transition temperature 玻璃化温度boundary n.界限，范围rubbery adj.橡胶态的glassy adj.玻璃（态）的glassy state 玻璃态viscoelastic state 黏弹态viscofluid state 黏流态mobility n.流动性mobilize v.运动，流动melt index 熔体流动速率/熔融指数entropy n.熵五、高分子溶液性质dissolution n.溶解dissolve v.使……溶解solvent n.溶剂solubility n.溶解度permeability n.渗透性swell v.溶胀swelling n.溶胀swollen adj.溶胀的settle v.沉淀，澄清decomposition n.分解diffuse v.扩散gel n.凝胶disintegrate v.分解，分散，分离agitation n.搅拌globule n.小球，液滴saturation n.饱和(un)saturated adj.（不）饱和的六、高分子力学性能mechanical property 力学性能strength n.强度tensile strength 抗张强度elastic modulus 弹性模量elastic parameter 弹性指数nonelastic adj.非弹性的storage modulus 储存模量Young’s modulus 杨氏模量deformation n.形变deformability n.变形性，形变能力elongation n.伸长率，延伸率hardness n.硬度compliance n.柔量optimum adj.最佳的n.最佳值colligative adj.依数的density n.密度dimensional stability 尺寸稳定性isotropic adj.各向同性的hydrostatic adj.流体静力学的uniaxial adj.单轴的brittle adj.脆的，易碎的flexible adj.柔软的resilience n.弹性，回弹力transparency n.透明性，透光度embrittlement n.脆裂，脆性cracking n.龟裂，裂纹七、（非）晶态聚合物conformation n.构象segment n.链段random coil 无规线团crystal n.晶体，结晶crystallinity n.结晶性，结晶度crystalline n.晶体，晶态/adj.结晶的semicrystalline n.半晶crystallite n.微晶platelet n.片晶molten adj.熔化（融）的amorphous adj.无定形的，非晶态的morphology n.形态（学）three dimensionally ordered 三维有序的align v.排列成行packing n.堆砌orient v.定向，取向orientation n.定向dislocation n.错位，位错entanglement n.缠结，纠缠stretch v.拉直，拉长retract v.收缩release v.解除，松开controlled release 控制释放fringed-micelle theory 缨状微束理论folded-chain lamella theory 折叠链片晶理论imbed v.嵌入，包埋occluded adj.夹杂的matrix n.基体，母体medium n.介质/adj.中等的，中间的stereoregular adj.有规立构的stereoregularity n.立构规整性atactic adj.无规立构的isotactic adj.等规立构的stereospecific adj.立体定向的，有规立构的fragment n.碎屑，碎片purity n.纯度impurity n.杂质contaminant n.污物defect n.缺陷imperfect adj.不完整的irregularity n.不规则性，不均匀性八、表征测试characterize v.表征infrared spectroscopy 红外光谱nuclear magnetic resonance 核磁共振diffraction n.衍射pattern n.花纹，图样light scattering 光散射ultrasonic n.超声波ultracentrifugation n.超速离心（分离）sedimentation n.沉降fractionation n.分级九、高分子制品plastics n.塑料rubber n.橡胶methyl rubber甲基橡胶polysulphide rubber聚硫橡胶styrene-butadiene rubber 丁苯橡胶butyl rubber 丁基橡胶fiber n.纤维vulcanise/vulcanize v.硫化，硬化vulcanization n.硫化thermoplastic adj.热塑性thermoset adj.热固性modify v.改性conductive adj.导电的char n.炭sponge n.海绵oil-resistance n.耐油性general-purpose adj.通用的lubricant n.润滑剂pigment n.颜料versatile adj.用途广的versatility n.多功能性，通用性十、聚合物反应工程batch reactor 间歇反应器recycle reactor 循环反应器differential tubular reactor （微分）管式反应器autoclave n.高压釜three-neck flask 三颈瓶cell n.比色皿，细胞vat n.大桶scale up （反应器）放大uninterrupted adj.连续的raw product 粗产品precipitate n.沉淀integration n.集成，综合integral adj.必备的，构成整体所需要的conserve v./n.保存，节省incorporate v.合并exploit v.开拓exothermicity n.放热性robust adj.坚固耐用的，强壮的devolatilizer n.脱挥器disengage v.脱离surge tank 聚料仓，缓冲槽instrument v.用仪器装备scheme n./v. 安排，计划off-grade n.等外品ingredient n.组成部分，要素nitration n.硝化hydrolysis n.水解chlorination n.氯化hydrogenation n.加氢pyrolysis n.高温裂解/热解depropagation n.降解unzippering n.开链dehydrogenate v.使脱氢random decomposition 无规降解十一、高分子材料成型加工processing n.成型，加工shaping n.成型mo(u)lding n.模塑成型calendering n.压延成型extrusion n.注射成型coating n.涂覆thermoforming n.热成型dieforming n.口模成型intermittent adj.间歇式的secondary shaping operation 二次成型（操作）parison n.型坯squeeze v.挤压rupture n.断裂十二、非专业相关性词汇variation n.变化improve v.增进，改善thermodynamically adv.热力学地simultaneously adv.同时，同步model n.模型controversy n.争论，争议subdivide v.细分，区分category n.种类，类型categorize v.加以区别，分类hypothetical adj.假定的，有前提的indispensable adj.不可缺少的critical adj.决定性的substantial adj.实质的confront v.面临intractable adj.难处理的tempt v.诱惑，感兴趣supplant n.代替schematic adj.示意性的empirical adj.经验的differential adj.微分的inference n.推论straightforward adj.简单的，直截了当的sophisticated adj.复杂的，尖端的sustain v.维持，持续不变offset n./v.偏移alleviate v.减轻mismatch v.不匹配meaningful adj.意味深长的intrinsic adj.固有的visualize v.想象，观察ingenuity n.创造力，机敏break-through n.突破，重要技术成就synonymous adj.同义的analogy n.比喻，类似blockade n.封锁originate v.起源，首创special-purpose n.特殊用途的，专用的hitherto adv.迄今，向来facilitate v.使容易，便于。
AZ91D合金的时效分析.pdf
Ξ 收稿日期:2006-05-29作者简介:黄光杰(1964-),男,重庆江津人,博士,副教授,主要从事材料加工方面的研究。
【材料科学】AZ91D 合金的时效分析Ξ黄光杰,赵煜炜(重庆大学材料科学与工程学院,重庆 400045)摘要:通过光学显微观察、扫描电镜等实验手段对AZ 91D 镁合金在时效处理过程中组织和性能的变化规律进行了研究,结果表明:时效析出相可大大增加合金的硬度值,但当析出达到一定程度后,合金硬度稳定在较高的水平上;时效可使沉淀相大量析出,强化效果明显,可显著提高材料的性能.关 键 词:镁合金;β-Mg 17Al 12相;时效中图分类号:TG 166.4 文献标识码:A文章编号:1671-0924(2006)11-0038-03Aging Analysis of AZ 91D Magnesium AlloyHUANG G uang-jie ,ZHAO Y u-wei(C ollege of Materials Science and Engineering ,Chongqing University ,Chongqing 400045,China )Abstract :The variable rules of contexture and performance of AZ91D magnesium alloy in the course of aging treatment have been investigated with the aids of OM and SE M.It has been concluded that the aging precipi 2tated phase can greatly increase the hardness value of the alloy ,but the degree of hardness of the alloy keeps at the higher level when the number of precipitated phase reaches a given degree ;and the aging can make precipitated phase separate out considerably with noticeable strengthening effect ,which greatly increases the material performance.K ey w ords :magnesium alloy ;β-Mg17Al12phase ;aging0 引言 镁合金作为最轻的工程金属材料,具有比重轻、比强度及比刚度高、切削加工性优良、导热性好、电磁屏蔽能力强、防震性好以及优异的阻尼性能和易于回收等一系列独特的优点,能满足航空航天、现代武器装备和汽车工业对减重、节能的要求,被誉为“21世纪的绿色工程材料”[1-2].其中AZ 91D 是目前应用最为广泛的镁合金,具有良好的力学性能、抗腐蚀能力和铸造性能,并能在高温下短时工作.在所有的Mg -Al 系合金中,只有AZ 91合金可热处理强化[3].AZ 91D 合金在固溶和时效处理过程中随着β-Mg 17Al 12溶解、再析出及析出过程形态的转变,都导致合金性能的变化.本文中通过对AZ 91D 铸造合金的时效处理,研究了AZ 91合金在时效处理过程组织的变化及组织对性能的影响规律.1 实验方法 实验所用材料为AZ 91D 铸造镁合金,经400℃固熔热处理10h 后,采用170℃进行不同时间的时效处理,取样观察合金的时效过程.样品经过研磨抛光后采用苦味酸溶液腐蚀,采用Olympus 光学显微镜进行金相观察,再通过扫描电子显微镜(SE M )对合金的微观组织进行进一步观察.第20卷 第11期Vol.20 No.11重 庆 工 学 院 学 报Journal of Chongqing Institute of T echnology2006年11月Nov.20062 实验结果与分析2.1 AZ 91D 合金的形貌观察.图1给出了此合金的典型铸态金相组织,由图可知合金的铸态组织形貌是由初晶的α-Mg 枝晶结构以及沿着枝晶分布的共晶α-Mg +粗大β-Mg 17Al 12相组成.在电镜下还可发现在α-Mg 枝晶壁外缘存在有β-Mg 17Al 12相与α-Mg 形成的非连续的层状析出物及微细的AlMn 相,如图2所示.这些相在对合金进行固溶热处理时是无法消除的.此外,晶界处还存在少量不溶解的共晶β-Mg 17Al 12相[4].图1 AZ 91D 合金的铸态金相组织图2 AZ 91D 合金铸态显微组织2.2 合金的固溶时效组织.合金时效前进行固溶处理,经固溶处理后合金的组织如图3所示,晶内的β-Mg 17Al 12相基本溶入到α-Mg 基体中,形成了过饱和固溶体.时效处理时,溶入到α-Mg 基体中的β-Mg 17Al 12相会再次析出,图4给出了AZ91D 合金在保持170℃的温度时不同时效时间所形成的组织.从图4a )中可以看出时效过程中β-Mg 17Al 12相是直接沿晶界非连续析出的,由于时效时间比较短,析出相很少,多集中在晶界处.随着时效时间的延长,β-Mg 17Al 12析出相的数目持续增加,而当时效时间增为5h 时,已有一定量的沉淀相析出,析出物也由晶界向晶内蔓延,如图4(b )所示.继续增加时效时间,析出相不断增多.当时效时间增为8h 时,已经有大量的沉淀相析出,而且晶粒粗大,如图4(c )所示.图3 AZ 91D 合金的固溶态金相组织a )2h ,b )5h ,c )8h图4 AZ 91D 合金的不同时间时效金相组织2.3 合金时效过程分析.固溶后得到的过饱和组织在受热条件下,沿着晶界析出第二相.这种沿晶界的析出相为非连续片层状组织,其形貌如图5所示.镁合金的时效过程不存在过渡相阶段,是β-Mg 17Al 12相直接沿晶界析出.由于β-Mg 17Al 12相位向与基体不符,不存在共格关系,所以在时效的初始阶段,为了利于形核析出,该相以细小片状的形式平行于基体形成非连续析出.随着时间的延长,从晶界93黄光杰,等:AZ91D 合金的时效分析开始的非连续沉淀析出进行到一定程度后,晶内产生连续析出.这是由于伴随着晶内β-Mg 17Al 12相的析出过程,β-Mg 17Al 12相周围基体的含铝量不断下降,晶格常数连续增大,使得晶格常数的变化是连续的,形成连续析出[5-8].连续析出和非连续析出是β-Mg 17Al 12相按析出方式划分的两种情况,它们的基本位向关系相同,均为[111]β∥[2110]α,(011)β∥(0001)α[8].从20世纪30年代开始对Mg -Al 合金时效过程的研究表明,在不同的时效条件下,两种析出机制是相互竞争的.如果非连续析出较多则连续析出进行得不够充分,反之亦然[9].当充分时效后,合金的整个基面上基本都分布着析出的β-Mg 17Al 12相,合金中还存在Al-Mn 相.图5 AZ 91D 合金非连续沉淀SE M形貌图6 合金不同温度时效的硬度值 时效析出相大大增大了合金的硬度值.图6给出了不同时间时效后得到的合金硬度值.在一定温度下时效,伴随着沉淀相的析出,合金的硬度值比固溶处理后有了明显的升高,特别是由固溶处理到时效10h 后.但当析出达到一定程度后,合金硬度变化并不明显,这说明在较短的时效时间内使得沉淀相达到一定的数量后,它的硬度就稳定保持在一个较高的水平上,说明该组织在时效温度下比较稳定.3 结论 1)时效析出相可显著增加合金的硬度值.2)沉淀相达到一定数量后,组织在时效温度下较稳定.3)时效可使沉淀相大量析出,强化效果明显.参考文献:[1] 余琨,黎文献,李松瑞.变形镁合金材料的研究进展[J ].轻合金加工技术,2001,29(7):6-11.[2] 黄光杰,赵国丹1AZ 31铝合金热变形规律的研究[J ].重庆工学院学报,2006,20(2):60-64.[3] 吕宜振.Mg -Al -Zn 合金组织、性能、变形和断裂行为研究[D].上海:上海交通大学,2001.[4] P olmear I J.Light Alloys[M].3rd edition.[S.l.]:Ddi 2vision of H odder Headline P LC ,1995.[5] 刘正,张奎,曾小勤.镁基轻质合金理论基础及应用[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2002.[6] Lee Y C ,Dahle A K,S tJohn D H.The role of s olute ingrain refinement of magnesium[J ].Metallurgical and Mate 2rials T ransactions A ,2000,31(11):2895-2906.[7] 唐仁正.物理冶金基础[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1997.[8] Crawley A F ,Milliken K S.Precipitate M orphology andOrientation Relationships in an Aged Mg -9%Al -1%Zn -0.3%Mn Alloy[J ].Acta Metall.,1974,22:557-562.[9] Zhang M X ,K elly P M.Crystallography of Mg17Al12pre 2cipitates in AZ 91D alloy [J ].Scripta Materialia ,2003,48(7):647-652.(责任编辑 刘 舸)(上接第37页)constitutive m odel[J ].Int J S olids S truct ,2001,38:6925-6940.[7] T anaka K.Thermalmechanical sketch of shape mem ory ef 2fect-one-dimensional tensile behavior [J ].Res Mechanica ,1986,18(3):251-263.[8] Armstrong R J ,Frederick C O.A mathematical representa 2tion of the multiaxial Bauschinger effect [J ].G eneral E lec 2tricity G enerating Board ,1966(3):731.[9] Nakanshi N ,M ori T ,Miura S ,et al.Pseudoelasticity inAu-Cd therm oelastic martenite [J ].Phil Mag ,1973,28:277-292.(责任编辑 陈 松)04重庆工学院学报。
简述釉柱的形态,走行方向及其意义
简述釉柱的形态,走行方向及其意义英文回答：Enamel Rod Morphology and Orientation.Enamel rods are the primary structural components of enamel, the outermost layer of the tooth. They are composed of densely packed, hydroxyapatite crystals arranged in a highly organized manner. Each rod is approximately 4-8 micrometers in diameter and extends the full thickness of the enamel.The orientation of enamel rods is crucial for the mechanical properties of the tooth. Rods run perpendicular to the enamel surface in the outer enamel layer and gradually change their direction to become parallel to the surface in the inner enamel layer. This arrangement provides the enamel with both strength and resilience.Significance of Enamel Rod Morphology and Orientation.The unique morphology and orientation of enamel rods have several important implications:Strength and Hardness: The perpendicular orientation of enamel rods in the outer layer provides high resistance to compressive forces. The parallel orientation in the inner layer enhances the flexibility and toughness of the enamel.Light Scattering: The arrangement of enamel rods causes light to scatter upon entering the tooth. This scattering effect gives enamel its characteristic white appearance and contributes to the tooth's translucency.Permeability: Enamel rods are not completely impermeable, allowing certain substances to diffuse through them. This property is important for the maintenance of enamel health and the delivery of fluorides and other therapeutic agents.中文回答：釉柱的形态和走行方向。
专业英语词汇
8.Fracture :Microscopic Aspects fracture n 断裂microscopic a 微观的macroscopic a 宏观的crack n 裂纹nucleation n 形核propagation n 扩展ductile a 韧性的brittle a 脆性的brittleness n 脆性semi-brittle a 半脆性的failure n 失效coalescence n 连接void n 空洞cross-sectional 横截面的shear v 剪切transgranular a 穿晶的preferentially adv 优先地intergranular a 沿晶的magnification n 放大indentation n 凹陷8.1morphology n 组织，形态dimple v 生微涡rupture n 断裂necking n 颈缩elastic a 弹性的ceramics n 陶瓷polymer n 聚合物tip n 尖端cleavage fracture 解理断裂grain boundary 晶界crystallographic plane 晶体学面grain n 晶粒craze n 微裂纹tensile a 拉伸的stress concentration 应力集中precursor n 预兆shearing banding 剪切带flow stress 流变应力composite n 复合材料fibrous a 纤维的matrix n 基体reinforcement n增强bonding n 结合compression n 压缩kinking n 扭断mechanism n 机制plastic a 塑性的microbuckling n 微观弯曲8.2mobile dislocation 可动位错interatomic a 原子间的bond n 键cohesive stress 内聚应力perfect crystal 完整晶体Young’s modulus 杨氏模量defect n 缺陷whisker n 晶须immobile a 不可动的slip plane 滑移面restriction n 限制criterion n 判据fiber n 纤维roll v 轧制heterogeneity n 不均匀性striation n 擦痕interior n 内部air bubble 气泡parameter n 参数inflexibility n 不变性dimple n 韧窝triaxial a 三轴的equiaxial a 等轴的elliptical a 椭圆的elastic-plastic 弹塑性qualitative a 定性的stainless steel 不锈钢interfacial bonding 界面结合triaxiality n 三轴，cleavage v 解理，分裂crystallographic a. 结晶学的crystalline n 晶体orientation n. 取向，排列方向facet n 倒角screw dislocation 螺旋位错cleavage step 解理台阶convergence n 会聚face-centered cubic 面心立方体body-centered cubic 体心立方体hexagonal close-packed 密排六方体tungsten n钨molybdenum n 钼chromium n 铬beryllium n 铍magnesium n 镁quench v 淬火temper n 回火annealing n 退火crystal lattice 结晶点阵sensitized a 激活trajectory n 轨迹phosphorus n 磷10 .Recovery and Recrystallization recovery n 回复recrystallization n 再结晶transformation n 转变,相变alloy n 合金melting a 熔化的cold-worked a冷加工的terminal a 终点的curvature n 曲线Gibbs free energy 吉布斯自由能entropy n 熵10.1stored energy 储存能subgrain n 亚晶impurity n 杂质extrusion n 挤压thermal a 热的inversely proportion 反比例10.2relaxation process 驰豫过程vacancy n 空位interstitial atom 间隙原子vacancy motion 空位移动hardness n 硬度resistivity n 电阻率point-defect 点缺陷self-explanatory a 不解自明的elastic strain 弹性应变stacking faults 堆垛层错lattice defect 点阵缺陷dislocation tangle 位错缠结cellular a 多孔的misoriented a 取向错误的two-dimensional 二维的diffusion n 扩散Laue pattern 劳厄斑diffraction spot 衍射斑点etch-pit technique 点蚀坑技术10.3vacancy migration 空位迁移self-diffusion 自扩散dislocation climb 位错攀移10.4statistical a统计的fluctuation n波动bulge v凸出来radii radius pl 半径spherical a球的, 球形的protrude v（使）突出/伸出incubation n孕育期velocity n速度、速率coincident 同时发生的subboundary 亚晶界10.5nucleation rate 形核率isothermally ad 等温地impinge vi 撞击linear portion 线形分配nucleus n 核phantom n模型integrate v 求…的积分negligible a可以忽略的modification n修正sigmoid a反曲的decay v衰退metallographic a金属结构的potential n电势、电位mole n摩尔volume n体积coefficient n系数critical a临界的10.6dashed curve 点划线inverse relationship 反函数关系brass n黄铜fine-grained a细晶的optimize v优化10.7rod n 棒soft solder 软焊剂bend v 弯曲deformation texture 形变织构annealing texture :退火织构recrystallization texture 再结晶织构cube texture 立方织构mismatch v 错配merit n 优点anisotropy n 各向异性magnetic a 有磁性的sheet n 薄板secondary recrystallization 二次再结晶bracket n方括弧的一边intersection n 交叉点，交点groove n 沟槽retard v 阻止diameter n 直径concave a 凹的steady-state 稳态的fascinating a 吸引人的tungsten n 钨filament n 灯丝thoria n 二氧化钍creep v 蠕变resistance n 阻力undoped a 无搀杂的sketch n 略图interlock v 连接dope v 掺入dopant n 搀杂物sintering n 烧结物volatilize v （使）挥发ingot n 铸锭fiber texture 纤维织构submicroscopic a 亚显微的pore n 气孔Chapter 14 Some Applications of Physical Metallurgymetallurgy n 冶金学manipulate v 操作optimize a 最佳化weld joint n 焊点solder joint n 焊接点device n 仪器14.1strengthening mechanism 强化机制work hardening 加工硬化solid solution hardening 固溶硬化particle hardening 粒子硬化burgers vector 柏氏矢量virtually ad 实际上reciprocal 倒易的flow stress 流动应力foreign atom 异类原子misfit n 错配interstitical a 间隙的symmetrical a 对称的octahedral void 八面体空位unsymmetric a不对称的tetragonal a正方形的screw n螺钉dilatational a膨胀的distortion n扭转，畸变etch v侵蚀dilute hydrofluoric acid 稀释氢氟酸膜14.2nitrogen n氮reveal v 揭示amorphous a非晶的gauge n标距bulk n整体Charpy impact test 摆锤式冲击试验torch n焊灯horizontal a水平的synonymous a同义的cast iron 铸铁flake n薄片nodular a球状的graphite n石墨quote v引用homogenization n均匀性corrosion n腐蚀weldability n焊接性formability n成形性machinability n可加工性reliability n可靠性whisker 金属晶须pearlitic a珠光体的ultimate a基本的patent n专利lamellar a层状的cellular a多孔的substructure n亚结构latch n板条substitutional a代位的solid-solution hardening 固溶硬化octahedral a八面体的interstitial void 间隙空位dipolar a两极的precipitation hardening 析出硬化sub zero 零度以下的negligible a可忽略的millisecond n毫秒autotempering 自动回火structure hardening 结构硬化lath martensite 板条马氏体dislocation hardening 位错强化plate martensite 片状马氏体residual a 残余的microcracking n显微裂变substantially a实质上redistribution n再分配spontaneous cracking 自发破裂spheroidize v球化eutectoid temperature 共析温度Ostwald ripening process 奥斯特瓦尔德熟化过程Bainite n贝氏体retained austenite 残余奥氏体regain n回伸率age-hardening 时效硬化vanadium n钒molybdenum n钼detrimental a有害的retard v 延迟overaging n过时效cohesion n内聚力ausformed steel 奥氏体钢martensitic steel 马氏体钢high-hardenability 高硬化能力i inherited dislocation 遗传的位错subsequently adv后续的refinement n 细化twinned a形成孪晶的equivalent a相等的stress-true strain diagram 应力－应变曲线neck down 颈缩断开maraging steel 马氏体时效钢decomposition [化学]分解iron-nickel phase diagram 铁-镍相图binary a 二元的equilibrium n 平衡hysteresis n 迟滞现象heat-treat cycle 热处理循环ageing reaction 时效反应angstrom n埃deoxidaton n 脱氧v-notch v 型缺口silicon n硅postulate v视……为当然decarburization v脱去……的碳preheating n预热post-weld 焊接之后magnetic property 磁性性能slant v（使）倾斜superconductor n超导体Grain 晶粒nanocrystalline纳米晶体Refinement 细化magnitude 大小Wrought加工。
morphology语言学定义
morphology语言学定义【形态学morphology】是语法学的一个分支，研究单词的内部结构和构词规则。
形态学有两个分支：曲折形态学和词汇或派生形态学。
曲折形态学研究语法曲折和语法意义的形态学；派生形态学研究单词的构成和词义的表达。
morphology什么意思？1、词法：词法研究的对象是各种词的形式及其用法. 英语词类的形式变化有：名词和代词的数，格和性的形式变化；动词的人称、时态、语态、语气等形式变化；以及形容词和副词比较等级的形式变化。
2、句法(syntax)句法研究的对象是句子各个组成部分及其安排的规律，。
3、构词学：构词学(morphology)是语言学中的一门比较简单的学问，主要研究的是词的构成. 最近几年，电脑领域的某些词汇有了一些改变，某些词汇渐渐不被人们使用，新的词汇取而代之. 例如说，以前我们说「执行」一个程式，现在则说「跑」一个程式。
资料拓展：morphology.n.形态学，形态论；词法，词态学。
短语：soil morphology土壤形态学；土壤形态。
urban morphology城市形态；城市形态学。
例句：And morphology and performance of the coating has been examined. 并对镀层的表面形貌和性能进行了测定。
We also analyzed the effect of morphology on field emission properties.我们还分析了形貌对场发射性能的影响。
He also gave a very accurate description of the morphology of his cells.他给他所发现的.细胞的形态学特征进行了非常精细的描述。
They attain complex morphology, appearing as branched, tubular processes.它们达到复杂的形态，出现分枝，管状突起。
晶体 (100) (001) 表面的定义
晶体 (100) (001) 表面的定义1.晶体（100）（001）表面是晶体结构中重要的表面之一。
The (100) (001) surface is one of the important surfaces in crystal structure.2.这种表面的原子排布具有特定的方位和形貌。
The atomic arrangement on this surface has specific orientation and morphology.3.晶体的表面特征对其性质和应用有重要影响。
The surface characteristics of a crystal have a significant impact on its properties and applications.4.表面的结构决定了晶体在吸附、催化和生长等方面的行为。
The structure of the surface determines the behavior of crystals in adsorption, catalysis, and growth.5.人们通过研究晶体的表面特性来改进材料的性能和功能。
People study the surface characteristics of crystals to improve the performance and functionality of materials.6.表面的缺陷和形貌会影响晶体的稳定性和反应性。
Surface defects and morphology can affect the stability and reactivity of crystals.7.表面的能量和化学特性对晶体的形成和变化有重要影响。
The surface energy and chemical characteristics have a significant impact on the formation and transformation of crystals.8.表面的平整度和清洁度对晶体的品质和性能有直接影响。
刘润清《新编语言学教程》章节题库(形态学)【圣才出品】
第3章形态学I. Fill in the blanks.1. The _____is the minimal distinctive unit in grammar, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether lexical or grammatical.（北二外2008研）【答案】morpheme【解析】语素是最小的语言单位，不能再进一步分成更小的单位而不破坏或彻底改变词汇意义或语法意义。
2. Some morphemes like -ish, -ness, -ly, -dis, trans, un-are never words by themselves but are always parts of words. These affixes are ______ morphemes. 【答案】bound【解析】粘着语素指不能单独出现，必须跟至少一个其他语素共同出现的语素。
3. ______ is a branch of linguistics that studies the interrelationship between phonology and morphology.（南开大学2007研）【答案】Morphophonology【解析】形态音系学是语言学的一个分支，主要研究形态学与音系学的关系。
4. ______ is a relatively complex form of compounding in which a new word isformed by joining the initial part of one word and the final part of another word. For example, the English word smog is made from______and ______.（人大2006研）【答案】Blending; smoke; fog【解析】混成法是指一个词由两个单词混合而成，一般把第一个单词的开头部分和第二个单词的最后部分连接起来，或者是把两个单词的开头部分连接起来。
美国黑人民权运动对黑人英语发展的积极影响
美国黑人民权运动对黑人英语发展的积极影响研究生：赵爽爽 年级：2006级 学科专业：英语语言文学指导老师：蔡昌卓教授 研究方向：语言与文化中文摘要语言是文化的载体，它最能反映社会的发展和变化。
透过美国英语这面反映美国历史的折射镜，我们可以了解美国独特的社会发展进程和特有的历史文化现象。
语言的变化是历史发展的必然，也是社会文化的需要。
在美国，不同民族的混合和不同文化的交融是一种极其重要的社会现象。
具有各种民族背景的人在说英语的时候都难免不带上其本族对语言的影响或特点，这在受教育程度较低的人中间尤为明显。
所谓黑人英语是指居住在美国大部分地区，处于社会底层的大多数黑人所使用的一种非正式的语言。
黑人英语在语音、语法和词汇方面具有鲜明而系统的语言特征，已成为一种独特的语言变体。
美国的黑人英语在过去几十年中逐步成为一种重要的社会方言，这主要是因为美国黑人在社会生活中已经成为了一个令人注目的社会阶层。
黑人英语虽然不同于美国标准英语，但在其独特的民族特征和发展历史等方面的变异有规律可循的。
黑人民权运动是美国60年代改革运动的一个重要组成部分，美国黑人长期以来一直都在进行反对种族歧视、争取平等的斗争。
黑人问题在美国民主政治中长期得不到合理的解决。
二战后，由于美国社会与经济的快速发展，黑人的社会地位不断提高，种族意识不断觉醒，迫切希望获得平等权利，终于在20世纪50年代末到60年代爆发了声势浩大的黑人民权运动。
民权运动使黑人的经济和社会地位有了很大的改善，对美国黑人英语的兴起和发展起到了重要的推动作用。
同时黑人英语的发展对美国标准英语做出了重要的贡献。
本文在借鉴前人对美国黑人英语的起源、特征以及相关理论的研究基础上，探析美国黑人民权运动以来黑人英语的兴起和发展的主要特征以及所产生的影响，进而阐述黑人英语美国社会中日益盛行并发挥越来越大的作用。
全文主要分五个部分。
第一章首先介绍了本文的研究目的及理论基础，篇章结构和文献出处等。