Illustrated guide to a Ph.D.(图解博士学位,PPT)
博士研究生英语精读教材翻译7-10课(中科院)
第7课饮毒和摄取营养物质Drinking Hemlock and Other Nutritional Matters在一个阴冷的早晨，我早早地起来之后心想（诚然一项情愿地）应该适时打开电视与外界交流一下。
令我大吃一惊的是，电视上有位几年前著名的影星正在讲述糖的害处。
这位前好莱坞偶像强烈地谴责这种乙醣二聚体，特别是它的纯化的晶体形态。
她斥之为“非天然食品”，这种称呼极大地损坏了进行光合作用的甘蔗和甜菜的形象。
给人的感觉就像一位庄严的法官永久地宣判一种“反常行为”一样。
我马上就被这位伟大的女士的讨伐行动吸引住了，并且心里一直在嘀咕“讨厌蔗糖”，同时调好一种非天然的咖啡豆提取物并且往里面扔了一片高度合成的糖精。
过了一会儿，当睡意消去时，对原因的怀疑取代了情绪的自信，我开始纳闷，多年来我的同事们一直在生化营养物方面迷惑不解，我的电影女主角在这方面那么有把握，她的自信从何得来？或许所有这些脏乱的实验工作，如碾磨和提炼组织以及其他类似无聊的实验室里的工作，都不是获取“真理”的最便捷的途径。
也许我们这群穿着白大褂的人忽略了一条通往真理的神秘通道，在这里一些人靠令人无法理解的洞察力来发现有关营养学的“真正的”知识，这些知识改变了其信奉者的生活。
所有这一切都使唤起了生物医学家们一次次频繁痛苦的经历，这种经历就像反复出现的噩梦一样时刻萦绕在心头。
某一回是在鸡尾酒会或者别的社交聚会上，有人出现在人群中，然后就对“好营养”问题开始慷慨陈词。
所阐述的“事实”与众所周知的代谢途径、细胞组织生理学、酶学和常识经常不一致。
如果有听众斗胆提出疑问，“你是怎么知道的？”迎接他或她的眼神就像当年哥伦布问“你怎么知道，世界是平的”时所受的那样。
营养学似乎很像政治，对此人人都是专家。
于是，百姓大众就以为，一个人不管他熟知一门复杂学科的多少事实和理论，他多年受到的教育，与不费吹灰之力就可获取的知识相比，仍显得苍白而无用。
所描述的情况绝非仅限于食物的选择，当然我觉得还没有准备好要去介入蔗糖辩论。
Lg Points_unit 8 新编英语教程第三版 重点知识
Text II. Writing SkillsThe text is a short narrative piece of writing which vividly and amusingly relates how a young inexperienced stand-in teacher attempts to control a class that has frightened away a succession of substitutes for their own teachers. The writer is particularly successful in his effective use of comic exaggeration. The narrative is convincing due to the writer’s keen observation of the behaviour of a young and inexperienced teacher when his authority is threatened.1.The various ways in which comic exaggeration is achieved.A.The use of vivid similes.A simile is a direct comparison of one thing to another by using the word like or as.e.g. To make this clear, he showed me his thumb, a huge thing, like a pocket cudgel.B.The use of appropriate metaphors.A metaphor is a phrase which describes one thing in terms of another thing with which it can becompared without using the word like or as.e.g. I was inwardly all white flag.C.The use of striking contrast.One thing is put in sharp contrast with another so that a strong effect is produced.e.g. Enormous boys were everywhere,…Was I really so puny?D.The use of parallelisms to intensify the meaning.I was toying inwardly with ideas of thunderbolts, earthquakes, and mass executions.E.The use of vocabulary which emphasizes not the normal order in a classroom but that offighting and war.2.An excellent description of a situation which is totally out of control.3.A keen observation of the behaviour of a young , weak, inexperienced teacher.II. Language Points1.keep sb/sth under one’s thumb: control sb/stheg:--- What should a teacher do?--- He should keep his students under his thumb.--- What should a father do?--- He should keep his children under his thumb.2. cudgel: n. short thick stick or club 短棒take up the cudgel for: fight for, support strongly 为… 而奋斗；极力支持eg: People in that country are taking up the cudgels for freedom.--- What are you taking up the cudgels for now?--- We are taking up the cudgels for a good future.3. pale: adj. bloodless, upsetfeel pale at sth.eg: He felt / turned pale at the news/failure.4.startle①startle (v.)ck of surprise to; cause to move or jumpeg: What he said startled me.②startling (adj.)eg: What he said was startling.③startled (adj.)eg: He was startled to hear what he said.5.substitute7. duck (v.)①to push under water 潜入水里eg: He ducked his head in the stream to get cool.②try to escape by hiding quickly 闪躲eg: He saw a police and ducked behind a car.③try to avoid a difficulty or an unpleasant situationeg: When he came across difficulties, he ducked.8. placate①placate (v.) soothe, pacify; make calm, quiet and satisfiedto placate sbeg: The boy is crying, his mother is trying to placate him.②placatory (adj.)eg: He is placatory. ( trying to placate )9. inward①inward (adj.) situated within; turned towards the inside在内部的，内部的，内向的eg: inward happiness/ inward vision / inward fears / an inward existencethe inward parts of the body/ an inward slant of the eyeHe has achieved inward peace.The explorers discovered an inward passage.②inward/inwards: adv 向内地，向内（心）eg: The door opened inward into the room.Fold the paper inward.To turn one’s thoughts inward.Nostalgia turned his reflections inward.③inwardly (adv.) from the inside of the hearteg: Inwardly, he was seething with rage.He was inwardly assured by her sincerity.10. get nowhere: accomplish nothing; make no progress; have no resulteg: I am sure you’ll get nowhere if you change schools consta ntly.This kind of criticism will get you nowhere.( will not do you any good / youwon’t get any result if you use this kind of criticism. )11. what is the worst of it----the most unfortunate thing is that …eg: I did not buy anything that day. What was the worst of it was that I lost my purse.I could not get on the bus. What was the worst of it was that I was hurt seriously.12 . nail down①nail down say clearly 说清楚a) ( often ) (sth) be nailed down.eg: The matter could be nailed down.This theory can’t be nailed down.b) to nail sth downeg: He at last nailed the sale down.②nail sb down to stha) make sb. express his ideas 使说出明确的意见eg: I can’t nail him down to anything.Par. Nobody can make him express his opinion towards this matter.We tried to make him express his opinion about this agreement.b) make sb. keep his promise. 使遵守诺言，使肯定eg: I intend to nail him down to his promise.13. inverted sentence:eg: I managed to make out that mixed up with these giants was a certain amount of furniture= … that a certain amount of furniture was mixed up with these giants.Note:When a participle or an adverb or an adjective or a prepositional phrase or a negative word is put at the beginning, we can reverse the order of the sentence.eg: Facing me are 24 young boys and girls.In front of me stands a tall boy.In the middle of the room sat an old man.14. negligent15. indignation①indignation (n.) anger caused by injustice, misconduct etc.eg: They felt strong indignation against their teachers.An indignation meeting will be held. ( a meeting to express public indignation ).②indignant (adj.) angryeg: be indignant at sth. / be indignant with sb.16. plead/pleaded/pleadedplead/plead/plead17. toy with①think not very seriously about 不太认真地思考eg: He toyed with the idea of buying a yacht.He is toying with the matter mentioned by the students.He could still go to Australia. That was something he’d often toyed with but never done anything positive about.②handle carelessly or absent-mindedly 玩(某物)，玩弄eg: H e wasn’t hungry and sat toying with his food.He is toying with a pencil.Some boys have developed a habit of toying with a pen in class.③(fig.) 玩弄eg: He’s just toying with her affections/ feelings.18. wry (adj.) pulled or twisted out of shapeeg: make a wry face 做鬼脸a wry smile: a forced smile 苦笑19. blush①blush (v.) become red in the face from shame or confusionblush for/witheg: She blushed for / with shame. 因羞愧而脸红I blush for you. ( because of what you have done or said. )blush ateg: She blushed at the thought of what she did. 想到... 就脸红②blush (n.) reddening of the faceeg: She turned away to hide her blushes.20. strike: v. attract the attention of ; have a strong effect upon the mind.sth. strike sb.: sth comes to sb’s mind / occurs to sb 造成...的印象，吸引..注意eg: How did the idea strike you?The plan strikes me as ridiculous.An idea struck me that I should do it at once.Par. An idea suddenly came to his mind.It occurred to him that she was not telling the truth.It occurred to me that I should finish the work earlier.Sudden fear came to my mind.21. mount①vt.a)to go up ( a hill, a ladder etc. )eg: I have to mount the ladder to reach the top shelf.He mounted the stairs slowly.Par. They are going up the hill.It’s difficult for the old man to go up the stairs.b) get on a horse etc.eg: The man mounted the camel and rode away.Par. He got on his horse,She got on her bicycle with difficulty.②vi.a)become greater in amounteg: The cost of living mounts steadily.Par. The expenses are becoming more and more.b) (of blood) rise into the cheekseg: A blush mounted to the girl’s face. (脸红了) Translation (unit 10)1.一个好的老师应该想尽办法管好自己所教的班。
研究生公共英语教材阅读B第3、4、10、11、14课文原文及翻译
Unite 3 Doctor’s Dilemma: Treat or Let Die?Abigail Trafford1. Medical advances in wonder drugs, daring surgical procedures, radiation therapies, and intensive-care units have brought new life to thousands of people. Yet to many of them, modern medicine has become a double-edged sword.2. Doctor’s power to treat with an array of space-age techniques has outstripped the body’s capacity to heal. More medical problems can be treated, but for many patients, there is little hope of recovery. Even the fundamental distinction between life and death has been blurred.3. Many Americans are caught in medical limbo, as was the South Korean boxer Duk Koo Kim, who was kept alive by artificial means after he had been knocked unconscious in a fight and his brain ceased to function. With the permission of his family, doctors in Las Vegas disconnected the life-support machines and death quickly followed.4. In the wake of technology’s advances in medicine, a heated debate is taking place in hospitals and nursing homes across the country --- over whether survival or quality of life is the paramount goal of medicine.5. “It gets down to what medicine is all about, ” says Daniel Callahan, director of the Institute of Society, Ethics, and the Life Sciences in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York. “Is it really to save a life? Or is the larger goal the welfare of the patient?”6. Doctors, patients, relatives, and often the courts are being forced to make hard choices in medicine. Most often it is at the two extremes of life that these difficultyethical questions arise --- at the beginning for the very sick newborn and at the end for the dying patient.7. The dilemma posed by modern medical technology has created the growing new discipline or bioethics. Many of the country’s 127 medical s chools now offer courses in medical ethics, a field virtually ignored only a decade ago. Many hospitals have chaplains, philosophers, psychiatrists, and social workers on the staff to help patients make crucial decisions, and one in twenty institutions has a special ethics committee to resolve difficult cases.Death and Dying8. Of all the patients in intensive-care units who are at risk of dying, some 20 percent present difficult ethical choices --- whether to keep trying to save the life or to pull back and let the patient die. In many units, decisions regarding life-sustaining care are made about three times a week.9. Even the definition of death has been changed. Now that the heart-lung machine can take over the functions of breathing and pumping blood, death no longer always comes with the patient’s “last gasp” or when the heart stops beating. Thirty-one states and the District of Columbia have passed brain-death statutes that identify death as when the whole brain ceases to function.10. More than a do zen states recognize “living wills” in which the patients leave instructions to doctors not to prolong life by feeding them intravenously or by other methods if their illness becomes hopeless. A survey of California doctors showed that 20 to 30 percent were following instructions of such wills. Meanwhile, the hospicemovement, which its emphasis on providing comfort --- not cure --- to the dying patient, has gained momentum in many areas.11. Despite progress in society’s understanding of death and dying, t heory issues remain. Example: A woman, 87, afflicted by the nervous-system disorder of Parkinson’s disease, has a massive stroke and is found unconscious by her family. Their choices are to put her in a nursing home until she dies or to send her to a medical center for diagnosis and possible treatment. The family opts for a teaching hospital in New York city. Tests show the woman’s stroke resulted from a blood clot that is curable with surgery. After the operation, she says to her family: “Why did you bring me back to this agony?” Her health continues to worsen, and two years later she dies.12. On the other hand, doctors say prognosis is often uncertain and that patients, just because they are old and disabled, should not be denied life-saving therapy. Ethicists also fear that under the guise of medical decision not to treat certain patients, death may become too easy, pushing the country toward the acceptance of euthanasia.13. For some people, the agony of watching high-technology dying is too great. Earlier this year, Woodrow Wilson Collums, a retired dairyman from Poteet, Texas, was put on probation for the mercy killing of his older brother Jim, who lay hopeless in his bed at a nursing home, a victim of severe senility resul ting from Alzheimer’s disease. After the killing, the victim’s widow said: “I think God, Jim’s out of his misery. I hate to think it had to be done the way it was done, but I understand it. ”Crisis in Newborn Care14. At the other end of the life span, technology has so revolutionized newborn carethat it is no longer clear when human life is viable outside the womb. Newborn care has got huge progress, so it is absolutely clear that human being can survive independently outside the womb. Twenty-five years ago, infants weighting less than three and one-half pounds rarely survived. The current survival rate is 70 percent, and doctors are “salvaging” some babies that weigh only one and one-half pounds. Tremendous progress has been made in treating birth deformities such as spina bifida. Just ten years ago, only 5 percent of infants with transposition of the great arteries --- the congenital heart defect most commonly found in newborns --- survived. Today, 50 percent live.15. Yet, for many infants who owe their lives to new medical advances, survival has come at a price. A significant number emerge with permanent physical and mental handicaps.16. “The question of treatment and nontreatment of seriously ill newborns is not a single one,”says Thomas Murray of the Hastings Center. “But I feel strongly that retardation or the fact that someone is going to be less than perfect is not good grounds for allowing an infant to die.”17. For many parents, however, the experience of having a sick newborn becomes a lingering nightmare. Two years ago, an Atlanta mother gave birth to a baby suffering from Down’s Syndrome, a form of mental retardation; the child also had blocked intestines. The doctors rejected the parents’ plea not to operate, and today the child, severely retarded, still suffers intestinal problems.18. “Every time Melanie has a bowel movement, she cries,” explains her mother.“She’s not able to take care of herself, and we won’t live forever. I wanted to save her from sorrow, pain, and suffering. I don’t understand the emphasis on life at all costs, and I’m very angry at the doctors and the hospital. Who will take care of Melanie after we’re gone? Where will you doctors be then?”Changing Standards19. The choices posed by modern technology have profoundly changed the practice of medicine. Until now, most doctors have been activists, trained to use all the tools in their medical arsenals to treat disease. The current trend is toward nontreatment as doctors grapple with questions not just of who should get care but when to take therapy away.20. Always in the background is the threat of legal action. In August, two California doctors were charged with murdering a comatose patient by allegedly disconnecting the respirator and cutting off food and water. In 1981, a Massachusetts nurse was charged with murdering a cancer patient with massive doses of morphine but was subsequently acquitted.21. Between lawsuits, government regulations, and patients’ rights, many doctors feel they are under siege. Modern technology actually has limited their ability to make choices. More recently, these actions are resolved by committees.Public Policy22. In recent years, the debate on medical ethics has moved to the level of national policy. “It’s just beginning to hit us that we don’t have unlimited resources,” says Washington Hospital Center’s Dr. Lynch. “You can’t talk about ethics without talkingethics without talking about money.”23. Since 1972. Americans have enjoyed unlimited access to a taxpayer-supported, kidney dialysis program that offers life-prolonging therapy to all patients with kidney failure. To a number of police analysts, the program has grown out of control --- to a $1.4billion operation supporting 61,000 patients. The majority are over 50, and about a quarter have other illness, such as cancer or heart disease, conditions that could exclude them from dialysis in other countries.24. Some hospitals are pulling back from certain lifesaving treatment. Massachusetts General Hospital, for example, has decided not perform heart transplants on the ground that the high costs of providing such surgery help too few patients. Burn units --- through extremely effective --- also provide very expensive therapy for very few patients.25. As medical scientists push back the frontiers of therapy, the moral dilemma will continue to grow for doctors and patients alike, making the choice of to treat the basic question in modern medicine.1. 在特效药、风险性手术进程、放疗法以及特护病房方面的医学进展已为数千人带来新生。
新视野大学英语第三版第四册第一单元Section-B课件ppt
1. What is Cognitive Bias?
Tips
2. What is Fundamental Attribution Error?
Tips
3. What is Confirmation Bias?
Tips
1. What is Cognitive Bias?
Tips A cognitive bias is a pattern of deviation in
B Section W hy d o s m a r t p e o p l e d o
dumb things?
Reading Skills
Presentation of the Skill
Reading Skill Practice
Skimming
Skimming is a method of rapidly moving the eyes over a text with the purpose of getting the main idea or a general overview of its content. For example, many people skim read a newspaper article just to get a quick overview, or a text to see whether it’s worth reading in detail. The key word for skimming is “general”.
7. What is the purpose traditional view about smart people according to Paragraph 1?
Tips00
十张图告诉你什么是博士
By the time you finish high school, you know a bit more:
当你中学毕业的时候，你掌握的知识稍微多了点：
With a bachelor's degree, you gain a specialty:
当你获得学士学位的时候，你获得了一项特长：
A master's degree deepens that specialty: 而硕士学位使得你的特长更加扎实：
Of course, the world looks different to you now:
当然，此时你看到的世界与之前的感觉已经有了大不同：
However , don't forget the bigger picture: 哦，别忘记了看大图：
Keep pushingch papers takes you to the edge of human knowledge:
通过阅读研究相关的论文你可以了解人类知识的边缘所在：
Once you're at the boundary, you focus: 当你处在人类知识的边缘时，你就需要专注一点进行研究了：
Imagine a circle that contains all of human knowledge:
先想象可以包含人类所有知识的一个圆：
By the time you finish elementary school, you know a little:
当你小学毕业的时候，你了解的知识没有多少：
You push at the boundary for a few years: 你需要在这个边缘地点进行数年的努力钻研：
CTPA Guide to Advertising Claims[1]
![CTPA Guide to Advertising Claims[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/8546874f767f5acfa1c7cd57.png)
CTPA GUIDE TO ADVERTISING CLAIMSSeminar Edition 6/10/08Our thanks to the Advertising Standards Authority and Clearcast for theirinput to this guideCTPAJosaron House5-7 John Princes StreetLondonW1G 0JNTel: 020 7491 8891Website: E-mail: info@© Copyright CTPA 2008Document available to download from: /pubinfCONTENTSFramework of Common Understanding Section A1 – A7 The Building Blocks of Claims Support Section B1 – B11 Practical Guide to Good Study Design Section C1 – C13FRAMEWORK OF COMMON UNDERSTANDINGSeminar Edition 6/10/08CTPA / ASA JOINT INITIATIVE ON ADVERTISING CLAIMSFRAMEWORK OF COMMON UNDERSTANDING25th February, 2008OBJECTIVEThe objective of the initiative embarked upon by CTPA and ASA is the creation of a common understanding, most likely assisted by clear written guidance, by which cosmetic product claims will be evaluated in a fair and consistent manner that is cognisant of developments in cosmetic science and recognises the needs of the consumer to be well informed of product characteristics and to be protected from being misled.INTRODUCTION and BACKGROUNDThe cosmetics industry in the UK is represented by the Cosmetic, Toiletry and Perfumery Association (CTPA). The industry has annual sales of approximately £6bn, employs over 20,000 people directly with more than ten times that number dependent on the industry for employment and has consistent year-on-year growth of over 4%. The products of the cosmetics industry are used daily by virtually every single person in the UK, contributing significantly to the well-being of the individual through enhanced self-esteem and thereby contributing positively to society as a whole.The cosmetics industry is also a major investor; there is heavy investment in product research and development and in market research to understand the wants and needs of its ultimate customers, the consumers. The consumer demands innovative cosmetic products that are safe, effective and of high quality and the industry is committed to meeting those demands. Indeed, the cosmetics industry is among the most innovative of all industries, as demonstrated by the number of new products launched each year. Results of research in the discipline of cosmetic science are published in peer-reviewed scientific journals demonstrating advancement of understanding and the acquisition of new knowledge.In addition, the cosmetics industry is a major advertiser across all media, broadcast and non-broadcast. The investment in advertising must inform the consumer of innovation and aid consumer choice through differentiating one product from the competition. Unless manufacturers have the opportunity to inform the customer of the product’s attributes, the incentive for innovation is lost and the reason for investment in research and development goes too. But, advertising must be subject to rules designed to protect both the average consumer from being misled and the reputable manufacturer from the unreasonable activities of the unscrupulous. The CTPA and its members therefore are fully supportive of appropriate controls through a self-regulatory system in which all players - the consumer, the advertiser and the enforcing body alike - have confidence.As advertisers, the CTPA and its members have had their confidence in the system undermined over the past year or so for a number of reasons, some long-standing and some more recent. This has been recognised by the Advertising Standards Authority which has embarked on a joint initiative with the cosmetics industry to identify and address issues that are not solely internal within the ASA.This paper has been written by the CTPA following its discussions with the ASA; the paper represents a proposal by the cosmetics industry to aid the process by which all players are aware of, and can play, their respective roles. It consists of a number of sections:• Objectives.Backgroundand• IntroductionFramework.• Regulatory•Terms and Definitions.Commentary.• General•Claim Substantiation Guideline (as an Annex)In principle, the approach is to first consider the products in question, then to consider the issue of claims and finally to look into the matter of claims support and substantiation. In effect, is the product a cosmetic, what is being claimed and are the claims substantiated? It is hoped that this approach might ensure areas of broad agreement are achieved before focussing on the necessary detail.REGULATORY FRAMEWORKBelow is a list for reference purposes of legislation that abuts cosmetic products and which therefore gives rise to questions regarding borderline situations. Also listed are guidance documents with official status which refer to such borderline situations. This demonstrates the extensive regulatory framework within which cosmetic products must be aligned.European Directives and RegulationsThe Cosmetic Products Directive (76/768/EEC)Medicinal Products Directive (2001/83/EC)Medical Devices Directive (93/42/EEC)The Biocidal Products Directive (98/8/EC)European Commission Guidance DocumentsManual on the scope of application of the Cosmetic Products Directive 76/768 (Art.1(1) Cosmetic Products Directive) with particular regard to the demarcation line with the Medicinal Products Directive 2001/83/EC and the Medical Devices Directive 93/42/EC. (05/ENTR/COS/79)Borderline between Directive 98/8/EC concerning the placing on the market of biocidal products and Directive 76/768/EEC concerning cosmetic products. (04/ENTR/COS/04)UK RegulationsThe Cosmetic Products (Safety) Regulations 2004. (2004 SI 2152)UK Guidance DocumentsGuidance on the implementation of the Cosmetic Products (Safety) Regulations 2004. (URN 05/1061)The Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency: A guide to what is a medicinal product. MHRA Guidance Note No.8, April 2003Many of these documents are accessible via the CTPA website (/legislation).TERMS AND DEFINITIONSA number of terms are used at various times. It is necessary that there is common understanding of their meaning at the outset. Such understanding may easily avoid later difficulties of interpretation. The following list is not exhaustive and can be extended as necessary at a later date.Cosmetic ProductWhat is and what is not a cosmetic product is defined in the European Cosmetics Directive (76/768/EEC):Article 1 of 76/768/EECA ‘cosmetic product’ shall mean any substance or preparation intended to be placed in contact with the various external parts of the human body (epidermis, hair system, nails, lips and external genital organs) or with the teeth and the mucous membranes of the oral cavity with a view exclusively or mainly to cleaning them, perfuming them, changing their appearance, and/or correcting body odours and/or protecting them or keeping them in good condition.This definition is adopted in the UK Cosmetic Products (Safety) Regulations:Regulation 3(1) of SI 2004 No. 2152‘Cosmetic product’ means any substance or preparation intended to be placed in contact with any part of the external surfaces of the human body (that is to say, the epidermis, hair system, nails, lips and external genital organs) or with the teeth and the mucous membranes of the oral cavity with a view to exclusively or mainly to cleaning them, perfuming them, changing their appearance, protecting them, keeping in the in good condition or correcting body odours except where such cleansing, perfuming, protecting, changing, keeping or correcting is wholly for the purpose of treating or preventing disease.These two definitions are essentially identical except that the definition in the UK regulations includes a clear statement (as emphasised above) to the effect that a product falling within the definition of a cosmetic product remains a cosmetic product unless the cosmetic functions it performs are wholly for the purpose of treating or preventing disease. Such wording also makes clear that products wholly for treating or preventing disease may not be marketed as cosmetic products even if they would otherwise fall within the definition of a cosmetic. This important borderline issue is covered by the MHRA.In addition, the Medicinal Products Directive (2001/83/EC) refers to other cases where products that might fall within the definition of cosmetic products are, nevertheless, to be considered as medicinal products. These are products that produce, or are intended to produce, a restoration, correction or significant modification of physiological function by pharmacological immunological or metabolic action. The notion of intent might be important and lack of efficacy would not be an acceptable argument if intent was demonstrable.Note that the definitions are silent on the matter of time of effect; cosmetics are not required to have an immediate effect on application; neither are cosmetics required to have a durable effect; nor are cosmetics required to have a fully reversible action. Time is not one of the elements that determine whether or not a product is a cosmetic product. However, there may be a time element involved in the claims made for a cosmetic product and it is to be expected that such a claim would be supported in the appropriate manner.Cumulative Effect (Cumulative – formed by successive addition – source: Concise Oxford Dictionary)Not all cosmetic products produce their optimal benefit following a single application; some require re-application to achieve optimal effect and are therefore said to have cumulative effects. Furthermore, the benefits will not continue to increase beyond a desired optimum; even with continued re-application, a plateau of benefit will be reached. (Of course, not all cosmetics that arere-applied have cumulative benefits. For example, a lipstick may be re-applied in order to maintain the desired colour).That cumulative effects are possible has long been accepted by many scientists working on skin, hair and oral tissues after the principle was demonstrated for skin moisturisation (see: A. Kligman, Regression method for assessing the efficacy of moisturisers, Cosmetic and Toiletries 93 (27), 27-35 (1978)) and the CTPA has held a workshop to present that information to the ASA. CTPA is pleased to note that the ASA already accepts the principle of cumulative moisturisation of (and persistent effect on) dry skin, although noting that cumulative benefit requires demonstration for any specific product.Permanent Effects (Permanent – lasting, is intended to last or function, indefinitely – source: Concise Oxford Dictionary)Cosmetic products may have effects that are durable in that the benefits will endure long after product application has ceased (for example, hair colorants, tooth-whiteners). Such enduring effects may be termed permanent since they last indefinitely, or may be termed lasting or long-lasting depending on the product and the effect produced. In either case, where a duration of effect is part of a claim, it is expected that the duration of effect should be supported appropriately.In the absence of explicit or implicit claims telling them otherwise, consumers would not expect a permanent effect from all cosmetic products but would, for example, expect a permanent colour change from a hair colorant product described as such.Physiological ActionAll cosmetic products will, to some extent, affect the physiology of the tissues to which they have been applied. In the case of products such as antiperspirants, this is how they exert their cosmetic efficacy: in the case of products such as foundations, a minor physiological effect is an inescapable consequence of their presence on the skin.The European Commission has issued a guidance document (05/ENTR/COS/79) on the demarcation between cosmetic products and medicinal products. In the document, clarification regarding physiological activity is provided by pointing out that the sentence as a whole must be read whereby a medicinal product is defined as: “any substance… used or administered… with a view to restoring, correcting or modifying physiological functions by exerting a pharmacological immunological or metabolic action…”. Furthermore, paragraph 33 of said guidance makes clear that any such pharmacological, immunological or metabolic modification has to be more than insignificant.Specifying the types of physiological action in this way in the definition of a medicinal product confirms jurisprudence in this area, particularly as the terms are also defined in the guidance.Pharmacological ActionThis is defined in the guidance as: interaction between the molecules of a substance in question and a cellular constituent, usually referred to as a receptor, which either results ina direct response, or which blocks the response to another agent.Immunological ActionThis is defined in the guidance as: action in or on the body by stimulation and/or mobilisation of cells and/or products involved in a specific immune reaction.Metabolic ActionThis is defined in the guidance as: action which involves an alteration, including stopping, starting or changing the speed of the normal chemical processes participating in, and available for, normal body function. The fact that a product is metabolised by the human body does not necessarily mean that the substance contained in the products has a metabolic action upon the body.This can be a complex matter and there is a need for all pertinent factors to be taken into account on a case-by-case basis when apparent borderline situations arise. For this reason, it is appropriate to involve the MHRA Borderlines Section for their expertise and not to attempt to provide absolute guidance here. Nevertheless, this is an area where some guidance is appropriate.A medicinal product is defined as “any substance… used or administered… with a view to restoring, correcting or modifying physiological functions by exerting a pharmacological, immunological or metabolic action.” Thus, if the restoration, correction or modification of the physiological function is not through one of these three actions (pharmacological, immunological or metabolic), the product is not a medicinal product regardless of the magnitude or significance of the effect produced. Cosmetic products may have physiological effects but that does not necessarily make them medicinal products; and the magnitude of any effect alone does not make the product a medicinal product.An antiperspirant is an example of a cosmetic product that has a significant physiological action: it stops perspiration in a way that is both measurable and is perceptible to the user, yet it remains a cosmetic product.However, there is a recognition that any application of a substance to the body may have an effect on the physiology of the body and may indeed have an effect on the metabolism of the body too. For the Medicinal Products Directive to apply, the effect must be more than insignificant. This is explained, albeit rather confusingly, in paragraph 33 of the European Commission guidance: Considering that every product that effects (sic) the actual functioning of the body has also an affect on its metabolism, it is clear that an insignificant modification of physiological functions does not suffice for the Medicinal Products Directive to apply: Rather, the modification has to be more than insignificant.From this, it may be concluded that insignificant effects on metabolism that are inevitably part of physiological effects do not of themselves make a product a medicinal product. If a product is not a medicine and the product also complies with the definition of a cosmetic product then it is a cosmetic product (the Medicinal Products Directive takes precedence over the Cosmetics Directive, but the two are mutually exclusive and a product may be one or the other but cannot be both at the same time).Average ConsumerJurisprudence refers to the average consumer, who is someone “reasonably well-informed and reasonably observant and circumspect”. In other words, no one is expected to protect fools from the consequence of their folly. The relevance of this point arises when trying to ascertain what the average consumer might understand by a specific claim. The advertiser can expect the consumer to be reasonably well-informed, reasonably observant and circumspect and the advertiser can assume the consumer understands both the claim package as a whole, assuming the meaning is clear, and the context in which it is presented, including the medium through which the presentation is made.In the context of televised advertisements, it must be remembered that many consumers are aware that advertisements are independently pre-vetted and therefore such consumers may presume claims are fundamentally true. This brings an added responsibility to the advertiser.Relevance of Instructions for Product UseThere should be a logical relevance between any instructions for use of the product and any benefits claimed; this relevance link should also be carried through to the information provided in support of the claim, which should be consistent with the intended product usage.Breakthrough Claims (breakthrough – a significant development or discovery – source: Collins Concise English Dictionary)The sense in which this term has been applied to claims (i.e. those that go beyond what the ASA understands is considered accepted and established by the appropriate independent scientific community) could lead to difficulties through the implication that once a claim has been accepted in principle by the ASA, subsequent presentations need not be supported to the same degree since the claim is no longer to be seen as breakthrough by the ASA. This impression is not one with which the cosmetics industry necessarily agrees. In essence, there are a number of claims that are well-established but for which the industry believes each product to which the claim is applied should be individually tested (eg. SPF claims should be based on test measurements not predictions based on formula). Therefore, an alternative way to differentiate between types of claims has been sought, although the ASA does not see a difference in this respect between the alternative way and its own classification of some claims as “breakthrough” or “high level”. It is intended that the guidance provided will be applicable to claims for all categories of cosmetic products.GENERAL COMMENTARYRegarding claims, the cosmetics industry cannot discuss specific words or claims, particularly when taken in isolation, since that might prejudice the use of the same claim or words used in a different context. The cosmetics industry invests heavily in improving its understanding of the modes of action of its products and the benefits the consumer may experience. In doing so, new words and concepts arise describing the actions of existing as well as new products.Therefore, the cosmetics industry prefers to discuss and establish some key guiding principles regarding types of claims for cosmetic products and the appropriate levels of support claims might need. The industry also wishes to clarify procedures involved in the assessment of claims support information to ensure transparency and consistency throughout the process and to restore confidence in it.The comments in this paper as a whole are applicable to cosmetic products as defined in law. There may be occasions when the status of a product as either a cosmetic or a medicinal product is not immediately clear. Resolution of such situations is properly and legally the province of the MHRA in consultation with the manufacturer or marketer of the product. Indeed, the MHRA has established a procedure involving its own Borderlines Section for just such circumstances. In addition, the ASA has a duty to consider complaints that, for example, advertisements contain unauthorised medicinal claims. Nothing written here regarding the legal status of a product should be taken to imply that the ASA will not continue to exercise its duty regarding claims in this area. In doing so, the ASA will consult appropriately.The key questions to be determined, it would seem, are usually: “what has been claimed” and “is that claim supportable” on the basis of all available information.Given the heavy investment by the cosmetics industry into market research in order to understand the needs of the consumer and the effectiveness of advertising programmes, it is expected that advertisers will be given an opportunity to present data showing what the consumer understands by a particular advertisement and those data would be given due credence by a regulator, whilst recognising that the ASA Council has the duty to establish whether that market research was appropriately and fairly conducted, evaluated and presented.ADDITIONAL GUIDANCEFurther help on claims substantiation is available in the form of additional guidance documents written by CTPA after discussion with ASA. They will cover the following areas:•Building Blocks of Claims Support – a guide to help classify the type of claim being envisaged and therefore the likely body of evidence necessary for its substantiation.•Practical Guide to Good Study Design – a guide to the framing of an hypothesis and the designing of an experiment to test it as that relates to advertising claims for a cosmetic product.It also covers data collection, statistical evaluation and results presentation.•Procedures – a guide to the procedures adopted by ASA and Clearcast to provide greater clarity to advertisers in their dealings with the regulators. ASA provides this on its website: /asa/codes/.THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF CLAIMS SUPPORTSeminar Edition 6/10/08PRACTICAL GUIDE TO GOOD STUDY DESIGNSeminar Edition 6/10/08PRACTICAL GUIDE TO GOOD STUDY DESIGNINTRODUCTIONThis guide is the third of the series developed by the CTPA with the involvement of the Advertising Standards Authority and of Clearcast. Together with the other two guides, the Framework of Common Understanding and the Building Blocks of Claim Support, it constitutes comprehensive guidance on advertising claims and supporting evidence for cosmetics and toiletries in the UK.Although many different sources of information may be collated to form a set of evidence to support a claim or claims, these guidelines are intended primarily to aid in the design and conduct of specific claim support studies and in their subsequent evaluation by an assessor. Not all claims will require supporting with these types of studies; for example, some claims may be adequately supported by generally accepted data or by market research data. The second guideline, Building Blocks of Claim Support, provides guidance on levels of evidence likely to be required to support each class of claim and should be consulted prior to undertaking any particular study to ensure the work will be appropriate to support the claim being proposed.Evidence in support of an advertised claim should be presented, when necessary, in a format in which the advertiser explains clearly the claim being made, how that claim is likely to be interpreted or understood by the target audience and how the information supplied supports the claim, both on specific details and in general impression. Clearcast has published its “Claims Support Model” () which is intended to help advertisers format their approaches to Clearcast for the pre-clearance of broadcast advertisements and this may be useful as a more general model on the organisation of claims support material.Advertisers are reminded that advertising content includes not only words but visual images and pictures. These images can be modified by post-production techniques to enhance the visual quality of the advertisement but advertisers should ensure any such enhancement does not make the advertisement misleading or make it likely to mislead.This guideline covers the following:1. General principles applicable to all studies2. Types of experimental study3. Selection of study or studies4. Development of study protocol5. Specific requirements for different types of study/evidence6. Conduct of study7. Reporting of study8. Presentation of conclusions9. Other sources of information or data10. Guidance on statistical principles1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES APPLICABLE TO ALL STUDIESStudies should be relevant to the claims being made and based upon reliable and scientifically valid methodologies, should be well-designed and executed and accurately reported. Processing of the data, interpreting the results and drawing conclusions must be fair and should not overstep the limits of the study’s relevance; evidence should not be selected or presented so as to give a falsely positive or misleading view.Studies involving human volunteers must respect sound ethical principles and be based on informed consent by the participants, consistent with the type of study under consideration. It is important that the person conducting the study has the appropriate training and experience in the field of the proposed study.Experimental design is a complex subject which necessarily requires knowledge and awareness of statistical principles in both the design of the study and in the analysis of the data obtained. To ensure studies reach scientifically valid conclusions, an adequate understanding of statistics is necessary on the part of the person responsible for the study. Where this is not available, an appropriately knowledgeable person, such as a statistician, should be consulted.2. TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL STUDIESDepending on the intended use of the cosmetic product and the nature of the claims involved, several different experimental approaches may be used alone or in combination: -sensorial studies, where the effect is assessed by sight, touch, smell, either by the study participants or by expert assessors;-instrumental studies, where instruments measure specific parameters relevant to the product effect in question; such studies may involve in vivo a, ex vivo b, or in vitro c systems.Each of these types of experimental study will be considered further.a. In vivo: (L. in/from life) studies carried out in living organisms e.g. human volunteer studies.b.In vitro: (L. in glass) studies carried out in artificial media, e.g. glassware such as test tubes or culture dishes, and involving substrates that may be biological, e.g. hair maintained artificially, cell cultures, reconstructed skin etc., or artificial, e.g. glass or quartz, plastic plates and various containers.c.Ex vivo: (L. off the living) studies on biological substrates taken from the living organism without modification to the intrinsic properties, e.g. hair tresses, skin microflora samples, tape strippings of skin etc.3. SELECTION OF STUDY OR STUDIES3.1 Sensorial studiesThese studies are based on an appreciation of product performance made through the senses of study participants or experts and give information on perceived or observed parameters. The product may be used by a consumer and evaluated by them, used by a consumer and evaluated by an expert or simply evaluated by an expert.3.1.1 In-use tests by consumersAn in-use test evaluates the consumer’s perception of product efficacy and cosmetic properties based on parameters they can observe or feel. The sensory assessment of cosmetic products may involve the consumer self-assessing based on an appropriate set of questions or according to a scoring system.Consumer evaluation studies should, wherever possible, involve realistic in-use testing in a relevant consumer base so as to reflect the actual conditions of use. For example, they should involve the use of a realistic amount of the product relevant to the directions on the product to be marketed. With adequate data analysis techniques, this enables the evaluation of the product benefits by the end consumer to provide:- a general assessment of the product efficacy resulting from the physical and sensory effects noted by the consumer and,-depending on the method used, an objective or comparative test when performed in blind conditions on a sufficient number of volunteers and using appropriate statistical analysis; or even in non-blind/branded conditions provided the protocol followed is applicable to the claim or concept being tested.Consumer evaluation tests can provide valuable data on the product benefits to the end user and for supporting the findings of instrumental/biochemical studies. For certain product performance and ingredient claims however, consumer evaluation tests may not be acceptable as sole support, especially when the claim is based upon a significant advance in the science and/or technology (see Building Blocks of Claim Support for more specific guidance on how to support these types of claims).3.1.2 Evaluation of effect by expertsWhere the effect of a product on a volunteer is to be assessed, trained assessors who are experienced in the consistent application of a defined scoring system may be used. Such assessors may be drawn from a wide background including physicians, dentists, hairdressers, beauticians or other trained experts. Assessors should not be changed during the study unless this is unavoidable. The parameters are evaluated by clinical observation and/or scoring and may be compared with initial results (e.g. before and after hair colouring) or with a reference product. The scoring system itself should be robust and reproducible.The techniques for sensory evaluation, using a trained test panel or a panel of target consumers, strictly defined testing conditions as well as statistical analysis, are capable of providing reproducibility and sensitivity similar to objective instrumental studies.The use of trained expert graders and a system of grading criteria enables a more consistent evaluation but results should also be discernible to consumers if that is what is implied by the claim.3.1.3 Product aestheticsThe assessment of a product by a trained panel of assessors who will have experience in the consistent use of defined scoring systems is also possible to assess the aesthetic qualities of the product rather than product efficacy or performance.3.2 Instrumental/biochemical studies – using human volunteersStudies following the application of a product on human volunteers and using instrumental or biochemical techniques measure given parameters with defined precision and can generate objective data which can be used to support quantitative performance and ingredient claims. Many published and standard techniques are available; new techniques are constantly being developed, modified and validated.These tests are conducted on the target population, where possible, defined by specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. If another population must be used, their relevance to the intended population must be explained and, if necessary, supported with adequate evidence. Depending on the aim of the study, it may be single-blinded (where the volunteer does not know the product in use or where the assessor does not know the product being assessed) or double-blinded (where neither the volunteer nor the assessor knows the identity of the product in question). Blinding removes one source of possible bias.。
21世纪英语读写译。b4-u01-a幻灯片PPT课件
Language Points
4 Who is great Defining who is great depends on how one measures success. But there are some criteria. “Someone who has made a lasting contribution to human civilization is great,” said Dean Keith Simonton, a professor of psychology at the University of California at Davis and author of the 1994 book Greatness: Who Makes History and Why. But he added a word of caution: “Sometimes great people don’t make it into history books. A lot of women achieved great things or were influential but went unrecognized.”
Language Points
5 In writing his book, Simonton combined historical knowledge about great figures with recent findings in genetics, psychiatry and the social sciences. The great figures he focused on include men and women who have won Nobel Prizes, led great nations or won wars, composed symphonies that have endured for centuries, or revolutionized science, philosophy, politics or the arts. Though he doesn’t have a formula to define how or why certain people rise above (too many factors are involved), he has come up with a few common characteristics.
(巴蜀中学)2024届重庆巴蜀中学高三下学期4月适应性月考(九)英语试卷(解析版)
第二节（共15小题；每小题1. 5分，满分22. 5分）
听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。
Publishers can enter illustrators they work with.
FEATURES OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS
Illustrators must enter their artworks exclusively online by December 31, 2023.
Illustrators, both professionals and beginners, can enter unpublished artwork, or artwork published in the previous 2 years.
Art schools can enter the projects by students who have attended their Institute.
18. Why does the speaker give the talk?
A. To detail the history of a college.
B. To introduce a business school.
C. To report a piece of news.
19. Where is the college located?
博士学位论文中英文摘要
博士学位论文中英文摘要作者姓名：刘波论文题目：板振动问题的新解法作者简介：刘波，男，1981年12月出生，2007年9月师从于北京航空航天大学邢誉峰教授，于2010年1月获博士学位。
中文摘要板壳动力学问题的精确求解与数值求解是弹性力学理论中关注的两个主要问题，板壳结构在航空航天等工程领域应用极为广泛。
本文研究板振动问题的新解法，核心内容包括板振动问题的精确解法、数值解法及考虑热磁弹性板振动问题的数值解法，还包括圆柱薄壳自由振动问题的精确与数值解法，其中一些研究取得突破性进展：1．求得了矩形各向同性及正交各向异性薄板、中厚板在多种边界条件下横向及面内自由振动本征值问题的新精确解。
主要成果有：1）矩形薄板自由振动的新精确解：纳维（C. L. Navier, 1785-1836）的逆法和莱维（M. Lévy, 1838-1910）的半逆法是板壳振动问题的经典求解方法，二者分别假设板壳的两个本征值或两个本征值之一为已知，分别可用于求解四边简支和对边简支矩形板壳振动问题的精确解。
近一百年来大批力学家，包括我国学者的工作，都没有突破这个范围。
本文突破了逆法和半逆法假设两个或一个本征值已知的局限，把两个本征值都看作未知量，用分离变量法求得了各向同性及正交各向异性矩形薄板在简支、固支任意组合边界下振动的精确解，其中含邻边固支的三种情况是用半逆法无法求解的。
由于本文方法不同于逆法，是直接求解，因此在论文中被称作直接分离变量法。
2）矩形板面内自由振动的新精确解：面内振动也是动力学中的一个重要研究方向，瑞利（Lord Rayleigh, 1842-1919）在1894年求得了四边简支矩形板面内自由振动的精确解。
由于面内振动的本征值问题是两个耦合微分方程，不易求解，因此直至2006年Gorman才求得了各向同性矩形板在对边简支且对边边界条件对称情况下的精确解，但存在重频、漏频和识别模态问题。
本文不要求对边边界条件对称，采用直接分离变量法求得了各向同性和正交各向异性矩形板在一组对边为两种简支边界的任意组合，另外一组对边为简支、固支、自由任意组合边界的所有情况的精确解，并且不存在重频、漏频和识别模态问题。
Review_Ph.D._Thesis
Advances in Historical Studies2013. Vol.2, No.1, 17-18Published Online March 2013 in SciRes (/journal/ahs) DOI:10.4236/ahs.2013.21005 Review Ph.D. Thesis: Psyco-Education Factors ofApplying Visualisation in Science Education.Šiauliai University, Lithuania*Raffaele Pisano1,21Sciences, Sociétés, Cultures dans leurs Evolutions, University of Lille 1, Lille, France2Research Center for Theory and History of Science, University of West Bohemia, Plzen, Czech RepublicReceived December 23rd, 2012; revised January 26th, 2013; accepted February 8th, 2013This paper presents a review of a Ph.D. Thesis by Renata Bilbokaitė, Natural Science Education ResearchCentre, Šiauliai University, Lithuania.Keywords: History of Science and Science Education; Science and Society; Economy; I.T.On the AuthorRenata Bilbokaitė, already busy with research as junior worker at the Natural Science Education Research Centre at Šiauliai University, defends her Ph.D. Thesis at the same Uni-versity in November 2012: Psycho-Educational Factors of Applying Visualisation in Science Education. Language: Li- thuanian/English. Research supervisor: Prof. Dr. Vincentas La- manauskas (Šiauliai University, Lithuania). The location of the defense is the Academic Council of Education Studies of Ši-auliai University. The committee is composed of a distinguish- ed and international members and opponents. Her doctoral studies involved 2009-2012 period. She prepared and published over 100 scientific articles in scientific journals, and presented over 80 works in international as well as national scientific and practical conferences, giving lectures for teachers, in the sphere of science education particularly focusing on applying visuali-sation in science education, management & quality in the higher education, image of pedagogues.On the General Description and Topicality The thesis is organized by an Introduction and three main chapters. 1) Visualisation in science education: psycho-educa- tional context concerning a state of art on the main objects and interactions of cognitive and socio-educational aspects; 2) Empiric psycho-educational factors of applying visualisation in science education on Epistemic-Exploratory-Diagnostic-Veri- fication methodologies and related results; 3) Psycho-educa- tional model of applying visualisation within science education, the nucleus of the thesis on this new modelling approach in science education studies. Passionate and interesting Discussion and Conclusions included Recommendations for different kind of readers and an international and updated list of References close the volume of this notable doctoral research under an excellent and proficient supervision. A CD-Rom is annexed, too. The results of the dissertation research are illustrated by 72 figures and 31 tables.The author has performed good orientation and wide educa-tional and scientific knowledge of different parts of theory of science education considered in the thesis: epistemic analyses, analytical approach, and experimental approach included anal-ysis of data.The topic of thesis is contemporary and relevant in the con-text of up-to-date research in the sphere of science education, science and society. Particularly, a useful relevance of the Ph.D. thesis is[...] is supposed by the complex assimilation of knowl-edge in Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Geography and Ma- thematics in comprehensive schools, which is affected by many factors, linked with conditions of the information representation within educational reality (p. 9).The Introduction focus on the role played by the contempo-rary society, its transformations and technological progress related to science education and ITC.The chapter one is mainly focused on Application of aids in lessons of past, present and future and aspects of learning- genders (9 paragraphs).The chapter two ascribes on Attention and memory within structures of mental models’ formation and related motivations within the educational contexts (7 paragraphs).The chapter three is dedicated to study the methodology and results applied to epistemic and exploratory procedures of visu-alization in science education. It is composed of Discussion, Conclusions and Recommendations.On the Aims, Methods and BenefitsThe aims and methods are performed in the Introduction as well as the hypothesis and methods of the research. Thanks to the using of different fonts and structure of the text is proper and helps the reader to better orientation in the text.One of the greatest problems within the reality of the science education is the inappropriate understanding of conceptions, phenomenon, topics and other elements of the content. Learners*Short review.In the running text of this paper some quotations are cited. The pages refers her Ph.D. thesis.R. PISANOunderstand conceptions individually, constructing the own epis-temic (p. 10).Based on the well-declared Researches Hypothese s the main objective is psycho-educational factors of applying visualisa-tion in science education. Particularly it “[…] is to analyse psycho-educational factors of applying visualisation during lessons of Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Geography and Mathe- matics in 9 - 10 forms, reasons for their heterogeneity, and the model of named factors.” (p. 13). The author deeply precise the role played by theoretical and empirical sub-objectives con-cerning “[…] characteristics of visualisation within ontology of the image […]” (p. 14), and “[…] verify results of researches with empirical substantiation of attitude of Subjects of science education—teachers and students—towards reasons, affecting the higher need for externalised visual representations and their effect on heterogeneous groups of learners under aspects of gender and form.” (Ivi). On that account an original schema of research methodology (p. 17) is originally proposed by the author.The Ph.D. thesis ascribes two main methods: theoretical and empirical-practical. A data collection for exploring opinion of populations, e.g., “[...] Philosophical and social ontological aspect of the discourse of visualisation is revealed by analysing the meaning of externalised visual representations on aspects of postmodernism, globalisation, synergetics and innovations by supplementing with ontological importance for knowledge and information societies” is proposed (p. 18). The empirical-prac- tical method mainly concerns “[...] benefits of applying visu-alisation in science education on psycho-educational aspect were gained during the empirically based theoretical discourse analysis” (p. 19).From a methodological and pedagogical-scientific point of view I am also mostly appreciative of the clarity and precision of the exposition constantly paid attention both contents and understanding both for specialists and scientific and manage-ment readers, both Lithuanian and Western European scholars. On the Results and Author’s Recommendations The results and modelling presented by the author are crucial and the overall technical intensity of the thesis is significant and typically for a very much qualified Ph.D. thesis: Identifications of factors, Exploratory research, Diagnostic research, Verifi-cation of result s (Chapter 2, Section 2.2). “The Ph.D. thesis research results and the constructed model application of con-crete aids of visualisation should be verified during lessons by forming questions if the similar positive factors exist in differ-ent classes, groups of students with different skills as well as on heterogonous aspects of gender, learning needs, educational environments and activities.” (p. 32). Thus the results are very original and certainly considerable such as important classes of science education, history and science education items within an international panorama. In fact some modelling and outlines are already published in highly reputable conferences and jour-nals in science education and management & quality. Particularly, the Ph.D. thesis ascribes two main results: con-clusion within theoretical context and conclusions within em-pirical-practical context.When it come the former, according to the author visualisa-tion is indivisible from the image ontogenesis “[...] within the context of the psychological discourse, application of visualisa-tion could affect the management (stimulations) of cognitive processes of the Subject-together with the artefact of external multimodal and multidimensional externalised representations” (pp. 33-34).When it come the empirical-practical context: “[...] students in 9 - 10 forms experience learning difficulties in subjects of science education due to limitedness of activity of cognitive processes (perception, attention, memory and imagination)” [... and ...] attitude of teachers experts, it is identified that in disci-plines of science education, classical visualisation methods and ways, presenting educational information, dominate, the usage of which during the last five years had a tendency to decrease and as it is planned—it is about to decrease in future” (p. 35). The author close her results with a list of recommendations for different kind of readers: authors of manuals, software, managers of publishing houses, scientists and teachers (pp. 38-39 and correlated pages).ConclusionThe structure of thesis conforms to principles and requests to the structure of a scientific Ph.D. thesis. The author studied and used appropriate number of international references sources used and cited in the thesis. It is the largely evidence of the deep theoretical knowledge and extremely good orientation in the problem discussed in science education. The word process-ing of the thesis appears also adequate. The using of different fonts and structure of the text is proper and helps the reader to better orientation in the text. Thus the Ph.D. thesis is well writ-ten and swell organized, with a suitable Introduction to inter-esting contents-chapters and through international references to cited works.In my opinion, the author produced an urgent-emergency and a significant research and contribution of support for both sci-ence education readings, scientist-pedagogists and historians of science and natural science specialists.The thesis by Renata Bilbokaitė performed all the conditions for gaining the PhD. degree in Science Education. The volume composition makes for absorbing reading.。
人教高中英语选修八全册重点单词解析unit1unit2unit3unit4unit5
Unit1 a land of diversity 1.illustrate v. 说明, 阐明, 图解, 配图The company's bank statements illustrate its success.这家公司的银行报表说明了它的成功。
This diagram will illustrate what I mean.这个图表可说明我的意思She decides to use charts and diagrams to illustrate.她决定用图表来说明。
Let me illustrate. 让我举出这样一个例子来illustrate by facts 用事实说明Illustrate five of your words. 图解你的五个单词The publisher will illustrate the book .那个出版商将给这本书配图。
illustrated adj. 有插图的illustrative adj. 解说性的,说明性的illustration n. 1.（书、杂志等中的）插图, 图表, 图案例证, 实例; 说明, 图解, 图示Here is another illustration: 这是另外一个例子。
Acting or serving as an illustration. 作为解释说明的Take an airline as an illustration. 以航空公司为例子.2.distinct adj. 截然不同的; 清晰的,明显的Those two ideas are quite distinct.这两个主意完全不同。
Gold is distinct from iron.金在性质上不同于铁。
There is a distinct improvement in your spoken English.你的英语口语有明显的进步。
His pronunciation is quite distinct.他的发音非常清楚。
博士复试英文PPT
3. PTBP1 enhances exon11a skipping of Mena premRNA in lung cancer cells
Results
1. PTBP1 is highly expressed in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) tissues and 95-D cells and upregulation of PTBP1 is associated with EMT progress
2. PTBP1 promotes migration and invasion of lung cancer cells
Master Research
PTBP1 enhances exon11a skipping in Mena premRNA to promote migration and invasion in lung
carcinoma cells
Background Objectives Technology Methods Results Conclusions
5. PTBP1-mediated migration and invasion of 95-D cells are partially dependent on MenaINV
Results
2.1. Overexpressed PTBP1 promotes levels of EMT-related proteins in lung cancer cells
Technology Methods
Results
1. PTBP1 is highly expressed in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) tissues and 95-D cells and upregulation of PTBP1 is associated with EMT progress
图解速记高中英语作文
图解速记高中英语作文Illustrated Guide to Mastering High School English EssaysWriting effective and engaging essays is a crucial skill for high school students to develop. Whether it's a persuasive argument, an analytical response, or a personal narrative, the ability to communicate ideas clearly and compellingly through the written word is essential not only for academic success but also for future professional and personal endeavors. In this illustrated guide, we will explore the key elements of crafting high-quality English essays, providing you with practical strategies and insights to help you become a confident and skilled essay writer.The Foundation: Understanding the PromptThe first and most important step in writing a successful essay is to thoroughly understand the prompt or assignment. Carefully read through the instructions, identifying the key elements such as the topic, the purpose (e.g., persuade, analyze, describe), and any specific requirements or guidelines. Ensure that you fully comprehend what is being asked of you before you begin the writing process. Failure toaddress the prompt effectively can result in a poorly focused and ultimately unsuccessful essay.Developing a Solid Thesis StatementThe backbone of any well-structured essay is a strong thesis statement. This concise and clear declaration of your central argument or main idea sets the tone for the entire piece and guides the direction of your supporting evidence and analysis. A robust thesis statement should be specific, debatable, and reflective of the prompt. It should also be placed prominently, typically at the end of the introductory paragraph, to establish the focus of your essay.Crafting a Compelling IntroductionThe introduction is your opportunity to captivate your reader and draw them into your essay. Begin with an engaging hook, such as a thought-provoking question, a relevant anecdote, or a startling statistic, to pique the reader's interest. Then, provide some background information to contextualize your topic and gradually lead the reader to your thesis statement. A well-crafted introduction should set the stage for the rest of your essay, establishing the main themes and ideas that you will explore.Structuring Body ParagraphsThe body paragraphs of your essay are where you will develop and support your thesis statement. Each paragraph should focus on asingle, well-defined idea or argument, and should begin with a clear topic sentence that introduces the main point. Support your claims with relevant evidence, such as quotes, examples, or data, and then analyze and explain how this evidence strengthens your argument. Ensure that your body paragraphs flow logically and cohesively, using effective transitions to guide the reader through your line of reasoning.Crafting a Compelling ConclusionThe conclusion of your essay is your final opportunity to leave a lasting impression on the reader. Restate your thesis statement in a fresh way, summarizing the key points and arguments you have presented throughout the essay. Avoid simply restating your introduction; instead, try to provide a broader perspective or a call to action that encourages the reader to further reflect on the significance of your topic. A well-written conclusion should leave the reader with a sense of closure and a deeper understanding of the importance of your essay's central ideas.Incorporating Effective Language and StyleThe quality of your writing, in terms of language and style, can greatly impact the effectiveness of your essay. Strive to use clear, concise, and precise language, avoiding unnecessary jargon or overly complex sentence structures. Vary your sentence structure and vocabulary to maintain the reader's interest and to convey your ideaswith greater nuance and sophistication. Additionally, pay attention to the overall tone and voice of your essay, ensuring that it is appropriate for the given prompt and audience.Revising and EditingThe writing process does not end with the first draft. Effective essay writing requires multiple rounds of revision and editing to ensure that your work is polished, coherent, and free of errors. Review your essay for clarity, coherence, and adherence to the prompt. Check for grammatical, spelling, and punctuation errors, and make any necessary corrections. Consider asking a peer or teacher to provide feedback, as a fresh perspective can often identify areas for improvement that you may have overlooked.Incorporating Visual ElementsWhile the primary focus of an English essay is the written word, incorporating relevant visual elements can enhance the overall impact and effectiveness of your work. Consider including well-chosen images, graphs, or diagrams that support and illustrate your key points. These visual aids can help to clarify complex ideas, provide additional context, and engage the reader in a more dynamic way. However, be mindful to use visual elements judiciously and ensure that they seamlessly integrate with the flow of your essay.Practicing and Refining Your SkillsUltimately, the key to becoming a skilled essay writer is consistent practice and a willingness to learn from your mistakes. Set aside time to write regularly, experimenting with different styles, structures, and techniques. Seek feedback from teachers, peers, or online resources, and use that feedback to identify areas for improvement. With dedication and a commitment to continuous learning, you will steadily develop the confidence and expertise needed to craft engaging and effective English essays.In conclusion, mastering the art of high school English essay writing requires a multifaceted approach. By understanding the prompt, developing a strong thesis statement, crafting compelling introductions and body paragraphs, and polishing your writing through revision and editing, you can create essays that effectively communicate your ideas and captivate your readers. Remember to incorporate visual elements judiciously and to continuously practice and refine your skills. With these strategies in your toolkit, you will be well on your way to becoming a confident and successful essay writer.。
高中(外研)英语阶段质量评估5
阶段质量评估(五）Module 5Cloning 学校：____________ 班级:__________ 姓名:____________ 考号:____________第Ⅰ卷第一部分：听力（共两节，满分30分)第一节(共5小题；每小题1。
5分，满分7。
5分)1．What's the weather like now？A．Sunny。
B．Cloudy。
C．Rainy.2．What’s the probable relationship between the speakers？A．Workmates. B．Mother and son。
C．Doctor and patient。
3．What does the woman want the man to do？A．To go to school. B．To stay at home.C．To go for a picnic.4．Why does the man want to quit his job?A．Because it takes up too much time.B．Because it is too easy for him.C．Because it pays too little.5．What does the woman probably think of the water? A．A little cold。
B．Warm。
C．Hot.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22。
5分)听第6段对话，回答第6至7题。
6．What are Stephanie’s students and salary like？A．Her students are not nice but her salary is high. B．Her students are nice but her salary is low。
C．Neither her students nor her salary is good. 7．Where is Richard working?A．At the airport. B．In a travel agency.C．In a school.听第7段对话，回答第8至10题。
高考英语二轮专题复习提升精选阅读理解
D. It can strengthen the relationship between illustrators and publishers.
56．The illustrators of the Illustrators Exhibition __________．
手惰市安逸阳光实验学校高考英语二轮专题复习提升精选：阅读理解
1.The aims of the Illustrators’(插图画家的)Exhibition, staged as part of the Bologna Children’s Book Fair, organized by BolognaFiere and held from 23to 26 December 2011,are to bring illustrators and publishers together and to promote illustrators and their works among publishers.
A. Paying for the delivery costs B. Late arrival of artwork
C. Confirmation of ISBN number D. Returning the illustrators’ works
erican researchers found females are the more talkative sex because of a special “language protein(蛋白质)” in the brain.
BolognaFiere may not be held responsible for the non-arrival or late arrival of artwork．all published works must be accompanied by a declaration bearing the ISBN number, publisher’s name and address.
2021年年全国医学博士外语统一入学考试英语试题
年全国医学博士外语统-入学考试英语试题1 请考生一方面将自己姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二原则答题卡上认真填写清晰，并按"考场指令"规定，将准考证号在原则答题卡上划好。
2. 试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(PaperTwo)答案都作答在原则答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。
3. 试卷一答题时必要使用28 铅笔，将所选答案按规定在相应位置涂黑:如要改正，先用橡皮擦干净。
书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在原则答题卡上指定区域。
4. 原则答题卡不可折叠，同步答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。
5. 听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15 秒左右答题时间。
国家医学考试中心PAPERONEPart 1 ：Listening comprehension (30%)Section ADirections：In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers，At the end of each conversation，you will hear a question about what is said, The question will be read only once，After you hear the question，read the four possible answers marked A，B，C，and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEETListen to the following example.You will hear.Woman：1 fell faint.Man：No wonder You haven't had a bite all day Question：What's the matter with the woman? You will read.A. She is sick.B. She is bitten by an antC. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint. Here C is the right answerNow let's begin with question Number 1.1 A. How to deal with his sleeping problem.B. The cause of his sleeping problem.C. What follows his insomnia.D. The severity of his medical problem.2. A.To take the medicine for a longer timeB. To discontinue the medication.C. To come to see her again.D. To switch to other medications.3. A.To tale it easy and continue to workB. To take a sick leave.C. To keep away from work.D. To have a follow-up.4.A. Fullness in the stomach.B. Occasional stomachache.C. Stomach distention.D. Frequent belches.5. A. extremely severe.B. Not very severe.C. More severe than expected.D. It's hard to say.6. A. He has lost some weight.B. He has gained a lot.C. He needs to exercise moreD. He is still overweight.7. A. She is giving the man an injectionB. She is listening to the man's heartC. She is feeling the man's pulse.D. She is helping the man stop shivering8. A. In the gym. B. In the officeC. In the clinic.D. In the boat.9 . A. Diarrhea. B. Vomiting.C. Nausea.D. Acold.10. A. She has developed allergies.B. She doesr1·t know what al|ergies are-C. She doesn't have any allergiesD. She has allergies treated already.11 A. Listen to music. B. Read magazines.C. Go play tennis.D. Stay in the house12 A She isn’t feeling well B. She is under pressure.C. She doesn't like the weather D She is feeling relieved13. A. Mlchael's wife was ill.B. Michael's daughter was illC. Michael's daughter gave birth to twins.D. Michael was hospitalized for a check-up.14. A.She is absent-minded B. She is in high spirits.C. She is indifferent.D. She is compassionate.15. A. Ten years ago B. Five years ago.C. Fifteen years ago.D. Several weeks ago.Section BDirections：In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages，after each of which，you will hear five questions. After each question，read the four possibleanswers marked A，B，C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of .your choice on the ANSWER SHEETDialogue16. A.A blood test.B. A gastroscopyC. A chest X-ray exam.D. A barium X-ray test.17. A.To lose some weight.B. To take a few more testsC. To sleep on three pillows.D. To eat smaller lighter meals18. A. Potato chips. B. Chicken. C. Cereal. D. fish.19 . A. Ulcer B. Cancer C. Depression D. Hernia20. A. He will try the diet the doctor recommended.B. He will ask for a sick leave and relax at home.C. He will take the medicine the doctor prescribed.D. He will take a few more tests to rule out cancer.Passage One21 A. Anew concept of diabetesB. The definition of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.C. The new management of diabetics in the hospital.D. The new development of non-perishable insulin pills.22. A. Because it vaporizes easily.B. Because it becomes overactive easily.C. Because it is usually in injection form.D. Because it is not stable above 40 degrees Fahrenheit.23. A. The diabetics can be cured without taking synthetic insulin any longerB.The findings provide insight into how insulin works.C. Insulin can be more stable than it is now.D. Insulin can be produced naturally.24. A. It is stable at room temperature for several years.B. It is administered directly into the bloodstream.C. It delivers glucose from blood to the cells.D. It is more chemically complex.25. A. Why insulin is not stable at room temperature.B. How important it is to understand the chemical bonds of insulin.C. Why people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes don't produce enough insulin.D. What shape insulin takes when it unlocks the cells to take sugar form blood. PassageTwo26 . A. Vegetative patients are more aware.B. Vegetative patients retain some control of their eye movement.C. EEG scans may help us communicate with the vegetative patientsD. We usually communicate with the brain-dead people by brain-wave.27 A. The left-hand side of the brain.B. The right-hand side of the brain.C The central part of the brain.D. The front part of the brain28. A. 31 B. 6. C.4. D. 129. A. The patient was brain-deadB. The patient wasn't brain-dead.C. The patient had some control over his eye movements.D. The patient knew the movement he or she was making30. A. The patient is no technically vegetative.B. The patient can communicate in some way.C. We can train the patient of speak.D. The family members and doctors can provide better care.Part 11 Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection：In this section，all the sentences are incomplete. Four word- or phrases marked A，B，C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word orphrase that best completes the sentence，then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET31 Despite his doctor’s note of caution，he never __ from drinking and smokingA. retainedB. dissuadedC. alleviatedD. abstained32. People with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likely to _ their hearingA. rehabilitateB. jeopardizeC. tranquilizeD.supplement33. Impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did not seem to _ Larry in any way in his success.A. refuteB. ratifyC. facilitateD. impede34. When the supporting finds were reduced，they should have revised their planA. accordingly B alternatively C. considerably D. relatively35. It is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can_ _ future adults with appreciation of music.A acquaint B. familiarized C. endow D. amuse36. If the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices，then inflation should be subsided when energy pricesA. level out B stand out C come off D. wear off37 Heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate from qualified medical personnel.A. prescriptionB. palpationC. interventionD. interposition38. Asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma，asbestosis and internal organ cancers，and of these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.A. offsetB. intakeC. outletD. onset39. Ebola，which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine，and semen，can kill up to 90% of those infected.A. salineB. salivaC. scabiesD. scrabs40. The newly designed system is to genetic transfections，and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.A. comparableB. transmissibleC. translatableD. amenableSection BDirections：Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41 Every year more than 1,000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists，prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.A. propellingB. prolongingC. puzzlingD. promising42. Improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients，but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS.A. disgraceB. discriminationC. harassmentD. segregation43. Survivors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude..A. depletionB. dehydrationC. exhaustionD. handicap44. Scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone，a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine.A. negativeB. confusingC. eloquentD. indistinct45. Top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessonsfrom them，but they are never distracted from long-term goals.A. anticipateB. clarifyC. examineD. verify46. His imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.A. challengingB. solemnC. hostileD. demanding47 The discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.A. erasedB. triggeredC. shadowedD. suspended48. Faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench itA. nurtureB. eliminateC. assimilateD. puncture49. Some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.A. unpredictableB. unconventionalC. unparalleledD. unexpected50. A veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating.A. estimatingB. handlingC. rectifyingD. anticipatingPart III Cloze (10%)Directions：In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank，there are four choices marked A，B，C and 0 on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases，51 a new case report published in PNAS this week.According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton，UK，a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeksafter giving birth，52 tumors were discovered in her daughter's cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby's cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cells of the mother But the cancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father，53 would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cell made it into the unborn child 's body across the placental barrier.The Guardian claimed this to be the first 54 case of cells crossing the placental barrier But this is not the case -- microchimerism ，55 cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child，is thought to be quite common，with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 75 percent of cases and to go the other way about half 56 .As the BBC pointed out，the greater 57 in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer in this case at least，lies in a second mutation of the cancer cells，which led to the 58 of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result，no attack against the invaders was launched.59 according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of "cancer danger" Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined60 of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby's immune system is extremely low51 A. suggests B. suggestingC. having suggestedD. suggested52. A. since B. althoughC. whereasD. when53. A. what B. whomC. whoD.as54. A. predicted B. notoriousC. provenD. detailed55. A. where B. whenC. ifD. whatever56. A. as many B. as muchC. as wellD. as often57 A. threat B. puzzleC.obstacleD. dilemma58. A. detection B. deletionC. amplificationD. addition59. A. Therefore B. FurthermoreC. NeverthelessD. Conclusively60. A. likelihood B. functionC. influenceD. flexibilityPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%) Directions：In this part there are six passages，each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A，B，C，and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEETPassage OneThe American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference thisweek，going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review，including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish by half.First of all，it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the main cost-effective one-size-fits-all approach to drug development and embracing the long cancer treatments，engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group.Pfizer announced that one such drug it's pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But more than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug initial tests，and 9 out of ten is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing toward more boutique treatments rather than broad umbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percent?Ask Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene，two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In a test of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma，a full 100 percent of the subjects saw their cancer reduced by half. Needless to say，a 100 percent response to a cancer drug (or in this case a drug cocktail) is more or less unheard of. Moreover，this combination never would've been two competing companies hadn't sat down and put their heads togetherAre there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by competitive interest and proprietary information?Who's to say，but it seems like withthe amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development，the outcome pretty good. And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent，we can more easily start talking about oncology's favorite four-letter word：cure.61 Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Competition and CooperationB. Two Competing Pharmaceutical CompaniesC. The Promising Future of PharmaceuticalsD. Encouraging News：a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug62. In cancer drug development，according to the passage，the pharmaceuticals nowA. are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approachB. are moving towards individualized and targeted treatmentsC. are investing the lion's shares of their moneyD. care only about their profits63. From the encouraging advance by the two companies，we can infer thatA. the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaborationB. it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishmentC. other pharmaceuticals will join them in the researchD. the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy64. From the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question _A. is nowhere to be foundB. can drive one crazyC. can be multipleD. is conditional65. The tone of the author of this passage seems to beA. neutralB. criticalC. negativeD. optimistPassage TwoLiver disease is the 12th -leading cause of death in the U.S.，chiefly because once it's determined that a patient needs a new liver it's very difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found，there's guarantee a transplant will be successful. But researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab，successfully transplanting culture-gown livers into rats.The livers aren't grown from scratch，but rather within the infrastructure of a donor liver. The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells，leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically.With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place，the researchers then seeded the scaffold (支架) with liver cells isolated from healthy livers，as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells，these livers lived in culture for 10 days.The team also transplanted some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats，where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rats' vascular systems. However the current method isn't perfect and cannot seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers can't keep functioning for more than about 24 hours (hence the eight-hour maximum for the rat transplant)But the initial successes are promising，and the team thinks they can overcomethe blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years. It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic，but if nothing goes horribly wrong-and especially if stem-cell research establishes a reliable way to create health liver cells from the every patients who need transplants-lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.66. It can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intended toA. investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in the labB. explore the unknown functions of the human liverC. reduce the incidence of liver disease in the U.S.D. address the source of liver transplants67 What does the author mean when he says that the livers aren't grown from scratch?A. The making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture.B. A huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab.C. The building of the infrastructure of a donor liverD. Growing liver cells in the donor organ68. The biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab untilA. duplicated syntheticallyB. isolated from the healthy liverC. repopulated with the healthy cellsD. the addition of some man-made blood vessels69. What seems to be the problem in the planted liver?A. The rats as wrong recipients.B. The time point of the transplantation .C. The short period of the recellularization.D. The insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels.70. The research team holds high hopes ofA. creating lab-generated livers for patients within two yearsB. the timetable for generating human livers in the labC. stem-cell research as the future of medicineD. building a fully functioning liver into ratsPassage ThreePatients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical burns typically experience severe damage to the cornea--the thin，transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eye's focusing ability. In a long-term study，Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus，the border between the cornea and the white of the eye，to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes. During the 10-years study，the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients. The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients，and partially successful in 13 percent. Moreover，the restored vision remained stable over 10 years. Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea.Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year，with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations. The procedure was even successful in several patients whose burn injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery.Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient's healthy eye，or from the eyes of another person，and transferring them to the burned eye. The new procedure，however stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patient's own eye to reproduce in a lab culture. Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring blindness，but the long-term effectiveness shownhere is significant. The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea；it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves.Chemical eye burns often occur in the workplace，but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries.The results of the study，based at Italy's University of Modena and Reggio Emilia，were published in the June 23 online issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.71 What is the main idea of this passage?A. Stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by burns.B. The vision in the eyes blinded by burns for 10 years can be restored.C. The restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for 10 years.D. The burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons.72. The Italian technique reported in this passageA. can repair damaged retinasB. is able to treat damaged optic nervesC. is especially effective for burn injuries in the eyes already treated surgicallyD. shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea73. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye burns?A. The places in which people work.B. The accidents that involve using household cleaning products.C. The mishaps that involved vehicles batteries.D. The disasters caused by battery explosion at home.74. What is one of the requirements for the current approach?A. The stem cells taken from a healthy eye.B. The patient physically healthy.C. The damaged eye with partial vision.D. The blindness due to damaged optic nerves.75. Which of the following words can best describe the author's attitude towards the new method?A. Sarcastic.B. Indifferent.C. Critical.D. PositivePassage FourHere is a charming statistic：divide the US by race，sex and county of residence，and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country：a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County，South Dakota，for example，will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday. A typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that.America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations，health inequalities based on race，sex and class exist in most societies--and are only partly explained by access to healthcare.But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail (开创)，after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among the city's black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity，so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively.We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder，thanks to pioneering studies of British civilservants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London. What's exciting about the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation .Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health，similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health，in populations ranging from urban black men to white poor women in rural Appalachia.To realize the full potential of such projects，biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a "soft science" with little that's serious to say about health. And too many sociologists reject any biological angle--fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics，or crude race-based medicineIt's time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society's most deprived members. More important，it's time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy. This endeavor has huge implications，not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites，rich and poor76. As shown in the 1st paragraph，the shaming statistic reflects -A. injustice everywhereB. racial discriminationC. a growing life spanD. health inequalities77. Which of the following can have a negative impact on health according to the Chicago-based project?A. Where to live.B. Which race to belong toC. How to adjust environmentally.D. What medical problem to suffer.78. The Chicago-based project focuses its management onA. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment78. The Chicago-based project focuses its management onA. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment79. Which of the following can most probably neglected by sociologists?A. The racial perspective.B. The environmental aspect.C. The biological dimension.D. The psychological angel.80. The author is a big fan ofA. the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting healthB. the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health inequalitiesC. the mutual understanding and respect between racesD. public education and health promotionPassage FiveAmerican researchers are working on three antibodies that many mark a new step on the path toward an HIV vaccine，according to a report published online Thursday，July 8，，in the journal Science.One of the antibodies suppresses 91 percent of HIV strains，more than any AIDS antibody ever discovered ，according to a report on the findings published in。
香港理工大学的高光谱人脸数据库(PolyU-HSFD)_图像处理_科研数据集
香港理工大学的高光谱人脸数据库（PolyU-HSFD）(The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hyperspectral Face Database (PolyU-HSFD))数据介绍：The Biometric Research Centre (UGC/CRC) at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University has developed a Hyperspectral Face database to advance research and to provide researchers working in the area of face recognition with an opportunity to compare the effectiveness of face recognition algorithms. The indoor hyperspectral face acquisition system was built which mainly consists of a CRI’s VariSpec LCTF and a Halogen Light (Illustrated in Fig. 1), and includes a hyperspectral dataset of 300 hyperspectral image cubes from 25 volunteers with age range from 21 to 33 (8 female and 17 male). For each individual, several sessions were collected with an average time space of 5 month. The minimal interval is 3 months and the maximum is 10 months. Each session consists of three hyperspectral cubes-- frontal, right and left views with neutral-expression. The spectral range is from 400nm to 720nm with a step length of 10nm, producing 33 bands in all. Fig. 2 shows an example of the hyperspectral face. Sinc关键词：香港理工大学,高光谱,人脸,UGC/CRC,识别,PolyU,Hyperspectral,Face,UGC/CRC,recognition,数据格式：IMAGE数据详细介绍：The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hyperspectral Face Database(PolyU-HSFD)The Biometric Research Centre (UGC/CRC)at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University has developed a Hyperspectral Face database to advance research and to provide researchers working in the area of face recognition with an opportunity to compare the effectiveness of face recognition algorithms. The indoor hyperspectral face acquisition system was built which mainly consists of a CRI’s VariSpec LCTF and a Halogen Light (Illustrated in Fig. 1), and includes a hyperspectral dataset of 300 hyperspectral image cubes from 25 volunteers with age range from 21 to 33 (8 female and 17 male). For each individual, several sessions were collected with an average time space of 5 month. The minimal interval is 3 months and the maximum is 10 months. Each session consists of three hyperspectral cubes-- frontal, right and left views with neutral-expression. The spectral range is from 400nm to 720nm with a step length of 10nm, producing 33 bands in all. Fig. 2 shows an example of the hyperspectral face. Since the database was constructed over a long period of time, significant appearance variations of the subjects, e.g. changes of hair style and skin condition, are presented in the data. In data collection, positions of the camera, light and subject are fixed, which allows us to concentrate on the spectral characteristics for face recognition without masking from environmental changes.Fig. 1 The established hyperspectral face imaging systemFig. 2 Illustration of a set of 33 hyperspectral face bandsData description(A) Mat-fileEach Mat file is 3-D datacube with size: 220 (height) *180 (width) *33 (no. ofbands), cropped from the original images, which contains the radiance data from the original source .tif image.Three types of images were acquired: front, right, and left. The Mat-files are stored separately as:Front-Mat file: in the file of SampleImages_F, totally 151 datacubes.Right-Mat file: in the file of SampleImages_R, totally 125 datacubes.Left-Mat file: in the file of SampleImages_L, totally 124 datacubes.(B) Source DataSource data are documented according to the acquisition date. Totally four data sets (I to IV) were acquired at different time (10/17/2007, 11/21/2007-11/23/2007, 12/12/2007, and 3/21/2008). Some subjects may have several sessions at each time. Each session (e.g. Sample 17 from the 3/21/2008 data set) contains 3 sub-files: f-front image, r-right image and l-left image.For a detailed and completed data description, you are advised to read the DATA_TEXT and DATA_TABLE. Also, we manually located the eye coordinates from the front images (151 subjects) for registration and cropping. Here is the format:F_1_1.jpg61 93 118 89F_1_1.jpg: the name of the front face image61: the X-coordinate of the right eye (from the view of the sample face, R_x) 93: the Y-coordinate of the right eye (from the view of the sample face, R_y) 118: the X-coordinate of the left eye (from the view of the sample face, L_x) 89: the Y-coordinate of the left eye (from the view of the sample face, L_y) Related Publication:1. Wei Di, Lei Zhang, David Zhang, and Quan Pan “Studies on Hyperspectral Face Recognition in Visible Spectrum with Feature Band Selection” IEEE Trans. on System, Man and Cybernetics, Part A, vol. 40, issue 6, pp. 1354 –1361, Nov. 2010The Announcement of the CopyrightAll rights of the PolyU-HSFD are reserved. The database is only available for research and noncommercial purposes. Commercial distribution or any act related to commercial use of this database is strictly prohibited. A clear acknowledgement should be made for any public work based on the PolyU-HSFD. A citation to “PolyU-HSFD, .hk/~biometrics/hyper_face.htm” and our related works must be added in the references. A soft copy of any released or public documents that use the PolyU-HSFD must be forwarded to: cslzhang@.hkHere we would like to thank Chen Chao and Yang Hongfang’s kind help for the data acquisition.Downloading Steps:Download ZIP to your local disk. Then, fill in the application forms. Send the application form to cslzhang@.hk. The successful applicants will receive the passwords for unzipping the files downloaded.HSFace databaseApplication FormContact Information:Dr. Lei Zhang, Associate ProfessorBiometric Research CentreThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung Hom, Kowloon, Hong KongE-mail: cslzhang@.hk数据预览：点此下载完整数据集。
Stretch Net Tubular Elastic Bandage Illustrated Gu
Illustrated GuideSECTION PAGE SIZE Product Listing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 ALL Finger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 1-2 Foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 3-4 Elbow, Forearm, or Knee . . . . . . . .7 3-4 Hand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 3-4 Head - Full Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 5-5½Hip or Thigh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 5½-6 Shoulder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 5½-6 Groin & Buttocks . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 7-9 Genital & Anal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 7-10 Axilla or Breast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 7-10 Chest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 7-112 | Stretch Net™ GuideStretch Net™ Guide |3STRETCH NET™ FEATURES & BENEFITS• Tubular elastic retention bandage that holds dressings in place without tape • Allows easy wound inspection and quick application for wounds with frequent dressing changes • Provides maximum aeration to wound• Available in 13 sizes in 10-yard and 25-yard lengths to accommodate all body parts and patient sizes .• Ideal for patients with fragile skin or who are allergic to tape • Use as a retention dressing • Available without natural rubberStretch Net™ is available in a variety of widths to fit all areas of the body .Note: Appropriate size of Stretch Net™ depends on patient size. Avoid tight, constrictive application.4 | Stretch Net™ GuideStretch Net™ Guide | 5• Use size 1 or 2 .• Cut a 12” piece of relaxed Stretch Net™ . 2” from one end, make a 1½” slit on one side .12”1 . Starting with end farthest from slit, slip Stretch Net™ on finger with slit facing down .2 . Twist the remaining Stretch Net™ one complete turn until the slit faces down again . Gather the remaining Stretch Net™ up to the finger tip .3 . Pull Stretch Net™ back over finger, slipping hand through slit, and anchor to wrist . Complete dressing .6 | Stretch Net ™ Guide• Use size 3 or 4 .• Start with a 12” piece of relaxed Stretch Net™ .1 . Slip Stretch Net onto the toes . Twist2 times and then slip remainingStretch Net™ over entire foot .2 . Clip threads to release pressure on heel .3 . Complete dressing .12”12”complete dressing .2 . Insert both hands into tube and stretch over knee tocomplete dressing .Stretch Net™ Guide| 78 | Stretch Net ™ Guide• Use size 3 or 4 .• Start with a 12” piece of relaxed Stretch Net™ .12”1 . Slip Stretch Net™ over hand with the palm facing upward . Leave 3” extension beyond fingers .2 . At the tip of each finger cut 2 or3 threads to release fingers .3 . Pull the extension down and tuck it under . Complete dressing .24” from the open end, make a 1” cut .12”1 . Place Stretch Net™ over the head with the hole facing forward .Position the lower portion over the chin .2 . Complete dressing .Stretch Net™ Guide| 910 | Stretch Net ™ Guide• Use size 5½ or 6 .• Cut a 24” piece of Stretch Net™ . 4” from one end, make a 1” cut into the tube .24”1 . Starting with the end closest to cut, insert left hand into long portion of the tube and right hand into the tube down to the 1” cut . Now stretch apart to create a waist band .2 . Slip affected leg into Stretch Net™ .3 . Stretch the waist band open and stretch it over the unaffected leg .4 . Slip Stretch Net™ up to waist for complete dressing .23make a 6” slit through one side of the tube .24”1 . Starting with the end closest to the slit, slide Stretch Net™ onto arm,with cut facing up .2 . Pull the cut loop over the head and let rest under the opposite axilla .Complete dressing .Stretch Net™ Guide| 1112 | Stretch Net ™ Guide• Use size 7 – 9 .• Cut a 14” piece of Stretch Net™ . About 4” from one end,make a ½” cut .14”1 . Put your hands into the tube in the end farthest from the cut . Allow your left hand to go through the cut and your right hand to go through the longer tube .2 . Now stretch to form a panty .3 . Slip patient into the panty .1Stretch Net™ Guide |13• Use size 7 – 10 depending on patient size .• Cut a 24” piece of Stretch Net™ . In the middle of this piece make a 1” V cut .1 . Beginning where the cut was made, insert both hands into one half of the tubing and stretch it sideways .2 . Insert both feet into the stretched half and pull it up over the waist . The second half should be in the back hanging like a tail .3 . Pull the tail between the legs and pull up over the genital area in a spreading motion .4 . Secure ends by tying them off in the front for a completed dressing .5 . Back view .12”24”14 | Stretch Net ™Guide1 . Starting with the end farthest from the slit, pass the Stretch Net™ over the arm up to the shoulder . Make sure to keep the cut facing up . Pass the cut loop over the head .2 . Continue stretching the cut over the opposite shoulder and arm allowing it to rest under the opposite axilla . Complete dressing .24”14”1Stretch Net™ Guide | 15• Cut a 24” piece of Stretch Net™ . 4” from one end, make a ½” cut on both sides .4”24”1 . Starting with the end farthest from cuts, gather Stretch Net and slip over head . Make sure to keep cuts to the sides .2 . Continue to stretch the Stretch Net™ over the shoulders and down the trunk .3 . Pass arms through holes . Complete dressing .23DeRoyal® and DeRoyal logo, Improving Care. Improving Business.®are registered trademarks of DeRoyal Industries, Inc.Stretch Net™ is a trademark of DeRoyal Industries, Inc.DeRoyal Industries, Inc. | 200 DeBusk Lane, Powell, TN 37849 USA 800.DEROYAL or 865.938.7828 | ©2017 DeRoyal Industries, Inc. | Reprint # 0-1502 | Rev. 01/17。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
• Others have internally sponsored research
– Companies: Microsoft, Google, IBM, Qualcomm – Government: NASA, NIST, NRL, ARL, etc.
CMSC 601 Why Research?
Tim Finin finin@
Research Departments
• UMBC is a research university
– In the US, the Carnegie Foundation defines a classification system for Universities – We are in the class RU/H: Research Universities (high research activity) – Maintaining our classification is important and requires producing PhDs, external funding, having research active faculty, etc.
imagine a circle that contains all of human knowledge
By the time you finish elementary school, you know a little
By the time you finish high school, you know a bit more
With a bachelor's degree, you gain a specialty
A mastespecialty
Reading research papers takes you to the edge of human knowledge
Of course, the world looks different to you now
So, don't forget the bigger picture
Keep pushing
• Others do R&D or new products and processes
– From big companies, start-ups
The rest
• Experience doing research helps in jobs that don’t include an R&D component • You learn how to tackle a new area • You learn how to set your own goals and define objectives • You learn how to evaluate possible solutions • You lean how to know when to try a different approach
Once you're at the boundary, you focus
You push at the boundary for a few years
Until one day, the boundary gives way
And, that dent you've made is called a Ph.D.
Many Jobs Require Research Ability
• Almost all faculty jobs require doing some research, sometimes a lot of research • Many companies and organizations do sponsored research
• CSEE is a research department within UMBC
– Research is an important activity for our faculty – A Ph.D. degree always requires original research – We also require our M.S. graduates to do research
Illustrated guide to a Ph.D.
The illustrated guide to a Ph.D.
• Professor Matt Might, CS, University of Utah has a good way of explaining what it means to do a Ph.D. – It is also applicable to doing MS research – and probably your life after graduation • The presentation is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 2.5 License