英诗中夜莺与汉诗中杜鹃之意象观照
杜鹃意象分析(通过对唐诗数据统计)
杜鹃意象分析(通过对唐诗数据统计)啼鸟还知如许恨——古诗词中杜鹃意象分析结构一古诗词中杜鹃意象使用情况(以《全唐诗》为例)二古诗词中杜鹃单独意象的情感蕴涵1.杜鹃声中的爱情之思2表达送别离愁之意3.冤禽形象, 表达冤屈之愤。
4烘托伤春惜春之情三古诗词中杜鹃与其他意象组合所表现的情思1.杜鹃和月的组合——明月生愁2.杜鹃和杜鹃花的组合——花鸟怨咽3.杜鹃和猿的组合——哀声断肠4.杜鹃和蝴蝶的组合——蝴蝶牵梦一古诗词中杜鹃意象使用情况(以《全唐诗》为例)根据北京大学中文系对《全唐诗》检索系统分析,在唐诗中,主要出现的鸟类意象有燕、莺、鹰、鹧鸪、乌鸦、喜鹊、凤凰、杜鹃等,燕和莺出现的次数是较多的,燕1245次,莺1082次,鹊364次,鸦329次,鹰276次,杜鹃219次,凤凰178次,鹧鸪158次,黄鹂78次。
总体来看, 杜鹃在鸟类的意象中,虽不及燕、莺出现的次数频繁,但与其它鸟类比起来是基本持平的。
杜鹃意象在唐以前一共出现了7次,并且有了一定的意蕴,说明杜鹃已经引起了人们的注意。
从杜鹃的别名来看,在唐诗中,“杜鹃”出现了88次,“子规”出现了88次,“杜宇”出现了32次,“谢豹”出现了11次,其别名及其意义在唐诗中的写作也更加明确。
杜鹃意象在唐诗中一共出现了219次。
杜鹃口腔上皮和舌部都为红色, 人们因此以为它啼得满嘴流血, 因而有杜鹃啼血之说,而且, 凑巧的是,杜鹃高歌之时, 正是杜鹃花盛开之际, 人们见杜鹃花那样鲜红, 便把这种颜色说成是杜鹃啼的血。
正像唐代诗人成彦雄写的“杜鹃花与鸟, 怨艳两何赊。
疑是口中血, 滴成枝头花”。
春夏季节, 杜鹃彻夜不停地啼鸣, 啼声清脆而短促, 唤起人们多种情思。
有学者研究发现,只要杜鹃作为意象被摄人到词中,其内容一般都充溢着泪、愁、恨、怨、叹……无论是婉约,还是豪放,它们的基本调子是缠绵凄枪、绮怨哀婉,或慷慨悲凉、抚时感事。
无论怎样,都摆脱不了由这种意象发散出的“伤感”旋律,“啼断子规无气力,欲归归未得。
古诗词中杜鹃鸟的文化意象与英译问题
古诗词中杜鹃鸟的文化意象与英译问题
杜鹃鸟在古代诗词中常常被用作各种象征的意象,例如爱情、孤寂、忠诚等。
在中国
古代诗词中,杜鹃鸟常常作为爱情的象征出现,因为它们通常是一对一对地生活在一起,
相互依偎,代表着浓情蜜意。
杜鹃鸟也常常被用来表达孤独和忠诚的意象,因为它们常常
在寂静的山林中孤独地鸣叫,表达着对爱人的思念和忠诚。
杜鹃鸟的文化意象也经常出现在古代诗词中的英译问题中。
由于中西方文化的差异,
杜鹃鸟在中国的文化传统中有着独特的意义,而在西方的文化传统中,杜鹃鸟往往代表着
不同的含义。
在进行古诗词的英译时,译者往往需要考虑如何准确地传达杜鹃鸟所代表的
文化意象,以及如何使译文更好地融入英语文化中。
译者需要在译文中寻找恰当的英语词汇来传达杜鹃鸟的文化意象。
有时候,直译并不
能很好地传达出原文中杜鹃鸟所代表的含义,因此译者需要灵活运用英语词汇,甚至可能
需要加入一些注释或者解释,以便让英语读者更好地理解原文中所蕴含的意义。
在进行古诗词的英译时,译者还需要考虑如何使诗词更好地融入英语文化中。
这就需
要译者不仅了解原诗词中杜鹃鸟的文化意象,还需要了解英语读者对于爱情、忠诚等主题
的认知和理解,从而在译文中更恰当地表达出原诗词所要表达的含义。
古诗词中的杜鹃鸟具有丰富的文化意象,在进行英译时,译者需要深入理解这一意象,并通过恰当的词汇选择和文化解释,使译文能够准确地传达原文中所蕴含的意义,同时又
能够更好地融入英语文化中。
这对译者的语言功底和跨文化交流能力都提出了很高的要求,但也为传播和交流古诗词的文化价值提供了更广阔的空间。
古诗词中杜鹃鸟的文化意象与英译问题
古诗词中杜鹃鸟的文化意象与英译问题杜鹃又名啼鸟,是中国古诗词中经常使用的一个动物形象。
它常常被赋予浪漫的文化意象,象征着爱情的美好与离别的伤感。
同时,杜鹃鸟在古代也被认为拥有一定的神秘力量,经常被用作农历五月份的标志。
本文将从文化意象和英译问题两个角度介绍杜鹃鸟在古诗词中的意义。
一、文化意象1.象征美好的爱情在古诗中,杜鹃鸟常常被用来象征美好的爱情。
比如李煜的《长恨歌》中写道:“春花秋月何时了,往事知多少?小楼昨夜又东风,故国不堪回首月明中。
”在这里,“春花秋月”代表一时美好的感情,而杜鹃鸟的“啼声”则表示惆怅的离别之情。
又如唐代诗人白居易的《赋得古原草送别》中写道:“离离原上草,一岁一枯荣。
野火烧不尽,春风吹又生。
远芳侵古道,晴翠接荒城。
又送王孙去,萋萋满别情。
”这里杜鹃鸟也象征着两情相悦的爱情,随着离别的眼泪飞走了。
2.象征神秘的力量在中国古代,杜鹃鸟还被人们认为拥有神秘的力量。
《汉书》中就有关于杜鹃鸟的神话传说。
相传杜鹃鸟可以带走病魔,而在五月时,它的啼叫也可以辟邪驱邪。
在《晋书》中也有记载,称杜鹃鸟可以唤醒死去的人,故有“杀鸟毁巢”的典故。
3.象征美好未来在中国古代农历五月份,杜鹃鸟的鸣叫声从山中传出,人们便将其视作五月的标志。
杜鹃鸟的鸣叫意味着春天已经过去,夏天的气息已经渐浓,也象征着美好未来的到来。
因此在古代,有“鹃啼初记五月天,惊蛰清明已过年”的诗句。
二、英译问题1.翻译的难度中文中的“杜鹃鸟”并不是英文中固定的一个词汇,而是有多种不同的译法,例如Cuckoo、Nightingale、Jay、Magpie Robin等。
同时,在不同的诗词中也可能有不同的内涵和用法,翻译难度较大。
2.翻译的灵活性在翻译古诗词中,译者需要根据诗词的意境和内涵选择适当的词汇和表达方式。
对于“杜鹃鸟”,如果想要表现其浪漫和美好的意象,可以选择用“Nightingale”等词汇。
而如果想要表现其神秘和神圣的意象,可以选择用“Jay”等更为难以捉摸的词汇。
古诗词中杜鹃鸟的文化意象与英译问题
古诗词中杜鹃鸟的文化意象与英译问题杜鹃是一种美丽的鸟类,其在中国古代文学中被视为有着深刻的文化意象。
它通常被用来象征春天的到来和爱情的芬芳。
以下是一些古代杜鹃鸟的诗句和文化意象。
1、《长恨歌》中出现了“杜鹃啼血”的情景,这一意象象征着悲痛和疼痛。
在这首诗中,杜鹃的哀鸣被用来描绘王昭君的悲痛之情。
这些诗句被广泛引用,以形容深刻且无法挽回的悲痛。
2、在《江南春》这首诗中,杜鹃鸟被用来描述春天的到来。
这首诗描绘了江南地区的美丽景色,其中杜鹃的啼叫声被描绘为春天来临的标志。
这首诗以美丽的语言和诗歌完美地表达了春天的到来,让人们想象着江南的美丽景色。
3、在《卧春》这首诗中,杜鹃鸟被用来象征即将到来的春天。
这首诗诗意深远,表达了作者对春天的期待之情。
杜鹃的哀婉的啼声象征着即将到来的春天,让人们保持着对未来的希望和期待。
4、在《钗头凤》这首诗中,杜鹃鸟被用来象征爱情的美好。
这首诗描绘了两个恋人之间的情感,其中杜鹃鸟的哀婉声被描绘为二人情感的象征。
这首诗富有情感和浪漫,带有深刻的文化意义。
但是如何正确翻译杜鹃鸟成为了一个问题。
因为不同于中文,英语中没有杜鹃的概念,如何将文化意象的翻译体现在英语中就成为了一个难题。
如果简单地翻译成Cuckoo Bird是不妥的,Cuckoo Bird在英语中被用来形容傻瓜或者某些品种的真杜鹃,传达出来的感觉是不恰当的。
为了准确体现杜鹃鸟的文化意象,一些翻译者选择把杜鹃翻译成Chinese Nightingale,让英语读者感受到杜鹃鸟的忧伤和细腻。
但是这样的翻译并不能完全做到文化体验的转移。
正确的翻译需要在保留原意的基础上,选用更为恰当的中介词将文化体验转移到外语环境中。
古诗词中杜鹃鸟的文化意象与英译问题
古诗词中杜鹃鸟的文化意象与英译问题
杜鹃鸟是中国古代诗词中常出现的动物,它在文化意象上有着深刻的象征意义。
在一
部分诗歌中,杜鹃鸟是爱情的化身,象征热情洋溢的心情和痴情。
在另一部分诗歌中,杜
鹃鸟被描述为季节的象征,它的出现标志着春天的到来。
此外,在一些诗词中,杜鹃鸟也
被用来比喻人性的弱点和缺陷。
这都表明了古代诗人对杜鹃鸟文化意象的深刻理解和把
握。
从历史角度来看,中国古代也有着自己的杜鹃鸟文化传统。
自古以来,人们就将杜鹃
鸟看作是美丽的春季鸟类。
在唐代文学中,杜鹃鸟被大量地使用,并产生了一些著名的诗句。
例如杜甫的《春夜喜雨》中有“杜鹃声里斜阳暮”的句子,此句通过描写杜鹃的歌声
和斜阳的映照,表达了春夜的宁静和美好。
又如白居易的《赋得杜鹃》中有“翠梧双鸟啼
枝上,琼瑶长啸清江曲”的诗句,表达了对杜鹃的欣赏和推崇。
在东亚文化中,杜鹃鸟文化也有非常丰富的内涵。
中国、日本、朝鲜等国家的民间传
说中都有杜鹃鸟的身影。
在日本,杜鹃被称为“千鸟”,象征着春天的到来和秋天的离
去。
在英语中,杜鹃鸟被称为“cuckoo”,也是一种鸟类,被广泛地运用在音乐和文学中。
在英国,人们会穿上杜鹃鸟的形象参加“杜鹃节”,以欢庆春天的到来。
此外,杜鹃鸟在
英语中还有“两面派”的意思,这与中国古代有些诗歌中“鸟语花香,痴人说梦”的意象
有些相似。
这些都显示了不同国家和地区在文化传承方面的不同特点和魅力。
古诗词中杜鹃鸟的文化意象与英译问题
古诗词中杜鹃鸟的文化意象与英译问题杜鹃鸟是中国古代文学中常常出现的一个意象,它在文化传统中有着特殊的含义和象征意义。
杜鹃鸟通常被用来喻指爱情、忠诚、友谊、孤独和离别等情感,同时也与传统的节气和乡村风景相联系。
下面将详细介绍杜鹃鸟在古代文学中的文化意象,并探讨它的英译问题。
杜鹃鸟在古代文学中常常被用来表达爱情和忠诚的意象。
在古诗词中,杜鹃鸟常常被描述为一种情感深沉、忠诚无比的鸟类。
骚体中的《离骚》中有“汨余阍而未敢东,海畔岳阳枫叶丛。
湘忆渺渺接泷冈,羞称太师仆射雄”一诗中的“杜鹃之语,先闻在上”,这里的杜鹃鸟被用来寓意诗人深情而忠诚的爱情。
杜鹃鸟也常常被用来象征友谊和亲情。
在中国传统文化中,友谊和亲情都是非常重要的价值观念。
杜鹃鸟被赋予了友谊和亲情的象征意义,因为它有一种特殊的独栖习性,即每年只在一个固定的地方筑巢,展示了它对于家园和亲人的忠诚和依恋。
在《王昌龄杜鹃》一诗中,杜鹃被描绘为“独霸栖”,强调了它为了爱人而孤独的情感。
杜鹃鸟还与节气和乡村风景联系在一起。
在中国古代文学中,节气常常被用来描述自然界的变化和时间的流转,而杜鹃鸟的鸣叫声在春天的清晨最为响亮,因此与春天和立夏这两个节气紧密相关。
在唐代杜牧的《春夜洛城闻杜鹃》一诗中,杜牧以杜鹃鸟的鸣叫声作为开头,描述了洛阳这个古城在春夜中的寂静和醒目。
而在文学翻译中,尤其是将古诗词中的杜鹃鸟意象翻译成外语时,出现了一些问题。
杜鹃鸟在世界各地并不都有相应的存在,因此译者需要选择一个具有类似特性的鸟类来进行翻译。
然后,译者需要考虑翻译后的意象是否与原诗中的意象相近,以及是否能够传达原诗中的情感和象征意义。
这需要译者具备一定的文化素养和诗词翻译的技巧。
杜鹃鸟在古代文学中具有丰富的文化意象,常常被用来表达爱情、忠诚、友谊等情感,同时也与传统节气和乡村风景相衔接。
但在将其翻译成外语时,译者需要面临诸多挑战,包括选择合适的鸟类进行翻译,以及如何传达原诗中的情感和象征意义等问题。
古诗词中杜鹃鸟的文化意象与英译问题
古诗词中杜鹃鸟的文化意象与英译问题杜鹃鸟是中国古诗词中常见的文化意象,其形象可以追溯到古代的文字记录。
杜鹃鸟的形象多种多样,可以是婉约的、娇音的,也可以是狂放的、嘹亮的。
无论怎样,杜鹃鸟都是一种高亢、自由的鸟类,给人一种悲壮的感觉。
在古人心中,杜鹃鸟是独自一只在山谷中鸣叫的鸟儿,寄托了人们对自由和独立的向往。
在古诗词中,杜鹃鸟常常被用来表达爱情的情感。
唐代诗人杜牧的《秋夜将晓出篱门迎凉有感二首·其二》中就有这样的描写:“杜鹃山上处处啼。
泪雨纷纷湿轻衣。
这个风景好忧愁。
人在京华独夜归。
”这里的杜鹃鸟代表了爱情的痛苦和无奈,随着它的啼声,诗人的心情也被唤醒。
而在宋代辛弃疾的《水龙吟·登建康赏心亭》中,他将杜鹃鸟与离别之情结合,表达了对亲人远去的思念和离别之痛,如“来时细雨满芭蕉,去时细雨湿秋草。
杜鹃声里斜阳外,人在他乡,思故乡”(“杜鹃声里斜阳外,人在他乡,思故乡”中的“杜鹃声里”即指杜鹃鸟的啼声)。
杜鹃鸟在古人眼中是居住在山谷中的鸟儿,所以它的鸣叫声也与山谷产生了紧密的联系。
南宋陆游在《村居即事》中写道:“杜鹃声里断人肠,卷帘待晓听残霞。
”诗人把清晨时分杜鹃鸟的啼声比喻为撕裂人心的声音,使读者感受到了大自然中的美好。
除了作为爱情和离别的象征外,杜鹃鸟在古诗词中还有一些其他的意象。
唐代杜甫在《奉济驿重送严大夫赴京》中写道:“唯见牛羊犊,不见杜鹃声。
”诗中描绘了田野间牛羊的欢快景象,但却听不到杜鹃鸟的啼声,通过这种对比,诗人表达了对家乡的思念和对人间欢乐的渴望。
由于杜鹃鸟的形象广泛存在于古代诗词中,并且在不同的时代和地域中有不同的诠释,因此对于译者来说,如何准确地传达出其文化意象是一个挑战。
在进行英译时,译者需要通过对原文的深入理解和对诗词背景的熟悉,选取合适的词汇和表达方式来传递杜鹃鸟的形象和情感。
而且,由于英语和汉语在文化背景和诗词表达方式上的差异,译者还需要做出一定的创造,使译文具有与原文相似的艺术效果。
古诗词中杜鹃鸟的文化意象与英译问题
古诗词中杜鹃鸟的文化意象与英译问题杜鹃是中国古代诗词中常常出现的一种鸟类,它在文化意象上具有丰富的象征意义。
杜鹃的文化意象不仅与其外形特征和生活习性有关,也与其在人们心目中的形象和形象的象征意义密切相关。
杜鹃的外形特征使其成为古代文化中的象征。
杜鹃鸟通常为棕褐色或者红色的羽毛,嘴巴较长而尖,胸部圆润。
古人认为杜鹃外形娇小可爱,声音嘹亮动听,因此常用来形容女子的美丽和可爱。
在唐代杜牧的《秋夕》中就有“杜鹃声里断无词,衡阳雁去无留意”的描写。
杜鹃的生活习性也赋予其文化意象。
杜鹃是候鸟,一年只在春天短暂停留,然后便会飞回南方。
古代文人将杜鹃的迁徙和离别的情感联系在一起,常用来表达离别的伤感和思乡之情。
宋代苏轼的《念奴娇·赤壁怀古》中有“大江东去,浪淘尽,千古风流人物。
故垒西边,人道是、三国周郎赤壁”一段,描写了离别之后的思念之情。
杜鹃在古代文化中还具有寓意和象征意义。
它的鸣声独特而响亮,常被用来形容悲凄、凄切的声音。
宋代陆游的《秋夜将晓出篱门迎凉有感二首》中写到:“牵牛梦断沙堤雨,啼杜鹃落;"禁断书疏窗户半,寂寞香闺”,通过杜鹃的啼叫声表达了孤寂和离绪之感。
而在唐代的诗词中,杜鹃也常被用来象征和比拟爱情。
《鹊桥仙·纤云弄巧》中有“两情若是久长时,又岂在朝朝尔”的一句,将杜鹃羽毛的颜色用来比喻爱情的情感。
将古代诗词中的杜鹃鸟的意象翻译成英文存在一定的难度。
杜鹃鸟在西方英文中并没有相应的词汇,因此需要根据其特征进行适当的表达。
可以使用“cuckoo”一词来翻译杜鹃鸟的名字,因为在英语中,cuckoo是一种具有相似外形和声音的鸟类。
由于杜鹃鸟在中文文化中具有较为丰富的象征意义,因此在翻译时需要根据具体语境进行适当的译文选择。
可以使用具有相应象征意义的英文词汇来表达其文化含义。
古诗词中杜鹃鸟的文化意象与英译问题
古诗词中杜鹃鸟的文化意象与英译问题杜鹃鸟,是中国古代诗词中常见的鸟类,其在诗词中的意象也是丰富多彩的。
杜鹃鸟的鸣声常被诗人描绘为哀怨,多用来比喻离别、思念、爱情等情感。
在中国文化中,杜鹃鸟被赋予了许多象征意义,与自然、情感、生命等方面都有着深刻的关联,研究古诗词中杜鹃鸟的文化意象及其英译问题,具有重要的意义。
我们来谈谈古诗词中杜鹃鸟的文化意象。
在中国古代文学作品中,杜鹃鸟常被用来比喻离别之情。
比如杜鹃频入唤春声,古人常以此形容离别引起的思念之情。
将杜鹃鸟与离别联系在一起,表达了人们对思念之情的悲凉和不舍之情。
杜鹃鸟还被用来象征爱情。
在古诗词中,常可见到“杜鹃啼血”之类的描写,用以描述爱情的忠贞和悲壮。
杜鹃鸟的鸣声也成为了诗人表达对乡愁、故乡情怀的一种方式,比如在《惠崇春江晚景》中就有“杜鹃声里斜阳暮,故乡云雨路茫茫”的描写。
杜鹃鸟在中国传统文化中还与季节更替、生命的轮回有着紧密的联系。
古人认为,每当春天来临,杜鹃鸟便会在山间鸣叫,杜鹃鸟的鸣声也被视为春天的象征。
在《木兰花慢·山庄夜宿》中便有“杜鹃声里斜阳暮,故乡云雨路茫茫”的描写,表现了诗人对于春天美好生机以及对故乡乡愁的独特表达。
杜鹃鸟常被用来比喻生命的轮回和不朽的情感,表现出了中国古代人对于生命和自然的敬畏和热爱。
在研究古诗词中的文化意象的我们也要关注古诗词的英译问题。
古诗词中的杜鹃鸟文化意象大多与中国的地域文化和民俗有着紧密的联系,因此在进行英译时,需要考虑如何将这些文化意象准确地传达给西方读者。
在英译时,可采取保留原意的方式,即将杜鹃鸟的文化意象尽可能地保留在译文中,让西方读者也能够理解和感受到中国古诗词中所蕴含的内涵和情感。
也可以适当进行意译,即在保留原诗词的基础上,结合西方文化的特点,将杜鹃鸟的文化意象进行调整和突出,以便更好地适应西方读者的阅读习惯和审美情趣。
在英译过程中,可以将杜鹃鸟的象征意义表达为西方文化中所具有的相似意象,比如夜莺、孤鸟等,这样可以更好地帮助西方读者理解古诗词中所蕴含的情感和内涵。
古诗词中杜鹃鸟的文化意象与英译问题
古诗词中杜鹃鸟的文化意象与英译问题作者:陈为春来源:《文艺生活·中旬刊》2019年第05期摘要:中国古诗词中有许多涉及到了杜鹃鸟,在英译时应区分其是实指还是隐喻,从而采取不同的翻译策略。
本文结合文化学与翻译学的有关理论,探讨杜鹃鸟文化意象翻译的相关问题,包括译者与作者的关系、译者与读者的关系以及译者的文化定位。
关键词:杜鹃鸟;诗歌;文化意象;文化定位中图分类号:1207.22 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1005-5312(2019)14-0001-01一、中西文化中的杜鹃鸟及其文化意象杜鹃鸟在古诗词中又被称作布谷、子规、杜宇、望帝等,据百度百科,杜鹃是杜鹃科鸟类的通称,常见的有大杜鹃、三声杜鹃和四声杜鹃,布谷鸟就是其中的大杜鹃。
各类杜鹃对应的英文均为“cuckoo”,但诗中将其全部进行这样的翻译是否合适呢?这要从其背后体现的文化说起。
杜鹃鸟在中西方不同的文化背景下引发的联想显然是不一样的。
在中国文化里,杜鹃主要与一个神话故事联系在一起:周朝末,蜀王杜宇称“望帝”,后让位于他人;他生前注重教百姓农耕,死后仍化为鸟提醒人们播种,还有“啼血”之说,因此杜鹃代表了耕种文化或悲伤之情、思乡之情。
在西方文化中,人们根据杜鹃的习性赋予了它们与在中国文化中不一样的意义:报春的使者、占人巢穴者或傻子;华兹华斯有首名诗《To the Cuckoo》。
值得注意的是,杜鹃的形象和意象在我国诗词中占有重要地位,查询“诗词名句网'可以发现,“杜鹃”出现741次(含少量花名,不含个别只现单字“鹃”的诗句),“杜宇”出现418次,“子规”出现414次,“布谷“出现149次,”啼鹃“出现126次、”望帝“出现50次左右(己删除不相关,如“远望帝都,”蜀鸟“出现22次,其它还有楚鸟、催归、思归、滴血、杜魄、杜主、蜀帝、鹈鴂、谢豹等,如高翥的《春怀》中诗句“日暮酒醒闻谢豹”。
比较而言,“杜鹃”作为类别通称,使用最多;作为杜鹃鸟的别称,“杜宇”与“子规”的内涵意义较为明显,出现也较频繁;而詩中使用“布谷“时则多与农耕和季节交替相关。
古诗词中杜鹃鸟的文化意象与英译问题
古诗词中杜鹃鸟的文化意象与英译问题古代诗词中,杜鹃鸟是一个被广泛使用的意象,它代表着不同的文化意义。
在中国的古代诗词中,杜鹃鸟通常被用来代表春天的到来,象征着美好的事物和新的开始。
它的鸣叫声可以引起人们对春天的期待和希望,同时也表达了作者对大自然的赞美和敬畏之情。
在诗词中,杜鹃鸟的形象常常与花朵和春光联系在一起。
唐代诗人杜牧的《秋夜将晓出篱门迎凉有感》中写道:“鸟宿池边树,僧敲月下门。
花开日复日,鸟鸣春欲曙。
”这里的“鸟宿池边树”指的就是杜鹃鸟,它宿在花园中的树上,而夜晚的花开和清晨的杜鹃鸟鸣声则预示着天气变暖,春天即将来临。
这样的描写让读者感受到了春天的美好和整个大自然的活力。
杜鹃鸟也常常在诗词中用来比喻思乡的情怀。
唐代诗人王之涣的《登鹳雀楼》中就有“白日依山尽,黄河入海流。
欲穷千里目,更上一层楼。
”这首诗中的“鹤”就是杜鹃鸟,它高飞在空中,俯瞰着万里山河,象征着诗人思乡的心情。
通过与杜鹃鸟的比喻,诗人将自己的思念之情与杜鹃鸟高飞的形象相结合,使其更富有表现力和感染力。
在将杜鹃鸟的文化意象译成英语时,需要注意不同文化之间的差异和诗词中所蕴含的意义。
对于杜鹃鸟的译名,英语中通常使用"Cuckoo"来表示。
但是需要注意的是,英语中的"Cuckoo"通常给人一种轻松和欢快的感觉,而中文中杜鹃鸟的意象更多表达了对春天和大自然的赞美和敬畏之情。
在译作中,除了选择合适的译名外,还需要通过其他方式来传达诗词中的意义和情感。
在翻译诗词时,应尽量保持原诗的意境和韵味。
以杜鹃鸟的文化意象为例,可以选择一些与春天和自然相关的词汇来传达原诗中的意义。
在翻译王之涣的《登鹳雀楼》时,可以将"鹤"译作"crane",用以表达杜鹃鸟高飞的形象。
还可以通过诗句的排列和节奏来传达原诗中的韵味和情感。
古诗词中杜鹃鸟的文化意象与英译问题
古诗词中杜鹃鸟的文化意象与英译问题【摘要】杜鹃鸟在古诗词中承载着丰富的文化意象,常被用作寄托情感和表达思想的象征。
在中外文学作品中,它的形象多变,传达着不同的内涵和情感。
在英译过程中,杜鹃鸟的音义和表义往往难以完美契合,成为翻译者面临的难题。
不同文化对于杜鹃鸟的解读也有所差异,带来了不同的比喻和象征意义。
不同译者在翻译古诗词中关于杜鹃鸟的段落时,需运用巧妙的技巧,传达原诗的意境和情感。
杜鹃鸟在古诗词中扮演着重要的角色,其文化意象和英译问题都值得深入研究和探讨。
【关键词】古诗词,杜鹃鸟,文化意象,英译问题,象征意义,中外文学作品,音义,翻译技巧,比喻,解读1. 引言1.1 介绍古诗词中杜鹃鸟的文化意象与英译问题在古诗词中,杜鹃鸟常常被用作一种象征意象,代表着爱情、忠贞和孤独等多重含义。
它的鸣声被视为春天的标志,也被认为是爱情的象征之一,因为杜鹃鸟在《诗经》中被描绘为在春天里为了寻找配偶而不顾一切地唱歌的鸟。
在诗人眼中,杜鹃鸟的坚持和执着也代表着一种珍贵的品质,因此常常被赋予忠贞和坚定的意义。
在古代文学作品中,杜鹃鸟的形象也经常出现,比如在《楚辞》中描绘了杜鹃鸟在深山中高歌短句,形象生动。
而在《红楼梦》中,则以杜鹃鸟为寓意,暗示着主人公林黛玉的离愁别绪。
在进行古诗词翻译时,杜鹃鸟的音义和英译问题也是一个值得讨论的话题。
不同的译者可能会选择不同的表达方式来呈现杜鹃鸟所承载的文化意象,从而造成译文出现差异。
需要对不同译者对杜鹃鸟的翻译技巧进行分析和比较,以便更好地理解和传播古诗词中杜鹃鸟的文化意象。
2. 正文2.1 杜鹃鸟在古诗词中的象征意义杜鹃鸟在古诗词中常常被赋予多重象征意义,其中最为常见的是代表着不忠、背信和破坏美好事物的形象。
杜鹃鸟因为将自己的蛋放置在别的鸟巢中孵化,从而被视为不孝顺、不忠贞的象征。
在古代文人笔下,杜鹃鸟常常被用来比喻诗人对故土的思念与思想境地的变化。
杜鹃鸟的啼声常常意味着春天的到来,但同时也带有寂寞与不安的意味,从而在诗歌中常被用来表现诗人的感情世界。
古诗词中杜鹃鸟的文化意象与英译问题
古诗词中杜鹃鸟的文化意象与英译问题1. 引言1.1 古诗词中杜鹃鸟的文化意象与英译问题随着文学作品的翻译和传播,杜鹃鸟的文化意象也需要在翻译中得到恰当的体现。
由于文化差异和语言障碍,杜鹃鸟在古诗词中的表达往往难以完美地转化成英语。
翻译者需要在保持原诗情感的尽可能地传达杜鹃鸟所代表的文化意象。
探讨古诗词中杜鹃鸟的文化意象和英译问题,不仅有助于深入理解古诗词的内涵,也能够提高翻译者对于文化差异的认识和应对能力。
在接下来的内容中,我们将分析杜鹃鸟在中国古代诗词和西方文学中的文化意象,探讨杜鹃鸟诗词的英译问题,以及翻译这些诗词时可能遇到的难点和技巧。
通过对这些问题的探讨和分析,希望能够为读者带来新的启发和思考。
2. 正文2.1 杜鹃鸟在中国古代诗词中的文化意象在中国古代诗词中,杜鹃鸟是一个常见的文化象征,具有多重含义和象征意义。
杜鹃鸟在诗歌中通常被用来比喻思念、孤独和无奈。
在《杜鹃》这首诗中,杜鹃鸟的哀鸣被描绘成一种凄凉的孤独,表达了诗人心中的无奈和思念之情。
在《杜鹃》这首诗中,杜鹃鸟的嘶鸣被描绘成一种沉重的思念,表达了诗人内心的寂寞和思念之情。
在《杜鹃》这首诗中,杜鹃鸟的啼声被描绘成一种悲伤的孤独,表达了诗人内心深处的无奈和思念。
杜鹃鸟在中国古代诗词中具有丰富的文化意象,常常被用来表达诗人的心灵感受和情感体验。
2.2 杜鹃鸟在西方文学中的文化意象在西方文学中,杜鹃鸟也常常被用作象征和隐喻的意象。
在希腊神话中,杜鹃鸟被认为是宙斯和吕刻的转世,象征着变形和复仇的神秘力量。
在古希腊文学中,杜鹃鸟常常与爱情、背叛和报复等主题联系在一起,代表着复仇的力量和悲剧的结局。
在英国文学中,杜鹃鸟也是一个常见的文化意象。
在莎士比亚的作品中,杜鹃鸟常常被用来暗示背叛和欺骗。
在莎士比亚的悲剧中,杜鹃鸟的叫声常常被当作不祥的预兆,暗示着悲剧的发生。
在英国浪漫主义诗人的作品中,杜鹃鸟则代表着自然的美丽和神秘,常常被用来描绘自然的和谐与宁静。
外国爱情诗赏析《夜莺》〔英国〕弥尔顿
外国爱情诗赏析《夜莺》〔英国〕弥尔顿〔英国〕弥尔顿啊,黄昏,一切林子都静静的,就夜莺在那儿繁花的枝头歌唱,你可要拿新希望来充满爱人的心房当美丽的时辰把吉祥的五月引来了?你流荡的歌音能闭上白日的眼儿呢,在浅薄的布谷鸟还没有作声叫响,就预示了爱的胜利那爱的力量,啊,若约芙都给了你柔和的乐歌,那就在邻近林莽里赶紧唱,别等着粗野的坏鸟儿给我说无望的命运,因为你一年年总是——可不为什么,唱得太晚了点儿,没叫我舒心。
管你是缪斯或爱的伙伴,我侍奉着她们两位,她们可都是我的神!(唐湜译)夜莺是一种体态玲珑的小鸟,因鸣叫清脆婉转,并且多鸣唱于月夜,由此得名。
夜莺经常出现在西方诗人笔下,多数与爱情相关。
弥尔顿笔下也不只一次地提到它。
在《失乐园》中诗人称夜莺是严肃的鸟儿,在《沉思的人》中诗人称赞夜莺:“美妙的鸟儿避开愚蠢的嘈乱,最和谐,最悲哀!”这首《夜莺》表达了诗人对爱的渴望。
诗的第一段写的是在吉祥的五月、黄昏时听见夜莺在开满繁花的枝头歌唱,于是撩起诗人爱的希望。
弥尔顿在1629年5月1日写过著名的短诗《五月晨歌》,里面唱道:“欢迎富丽的五月啊,你激扬/欢乐、青春和热情的希望;/林木、树丛是你的装束,/山陵、溪谷夸说你的幸福。
/我们也用清晨的歌曲向你礼赞,/欢迎你,并且祝愿你永恒无边!”诗人以明澈的诗句表达了对五月的热爱和礼赞。
据说弥尔顿最喜爱夜莺的彻夜不眠,编唱着无尽的歌。
黄昏是倦鸟思归,游子思念亲人的惹人遐想的时辰。
所以,五月、黄昏和夜莺这三种意象集合在一处,不由得让诗人发出热切的问语:“你可要拿新希望来充满爱人的心房?”欧洲古代有种迷信的说法:如果在听到布谷鸟鸣叫之前就先听到夜莺鸣唱,恋爱就会顺利。
所以有本诗第二段的前三行。
接下来第四行到第六行是诗人催促夜莺:既然若约芙(即希腊神话中的主神宙斯)给了你柔和的乐歌,那你就赶紧快唱,别让粗野的坏鸟儿(即布谷鸟)来破坏我的希望。
流露出诗人急于得到幸福的焦急心情。
七、八两行是对诗人急迫心情的解释,因为夜莺每年总是唱得太晚,没叫诗人舒心过。
古诗词中杜鹃鸟的文化意象与英译问题
古诗词中杜鹃鸟的文化意象与英译问题在古诗词中,杜鹃鸟往往被用来形容一种强烈的感情或某种动人的景色。
比如,在《离骚》中杜鹃被用来比喻情感纠葛和悲伤:“乌号咸阳,凤翥绝阵;杜鹃之啼,梧叶所嘶”。
这里的杜鹃之啼无疑是为了表达作者内心深处强烈的情感所做的表现。
杜鹃鸟还常被用来描绘春天的到来。
在诗人眼中,杜鹃鸟的叫声,往往意味着春天到来的信号。
比如,在唐代杜甫的《春夜喜雨》中就有这样的描述:“好雨知时节,当春乃发生。
随风潜入夜,润物细无声。
野径云俱黑,江船火独明。
晓看红湿处,花重锦官城。
杜鹃声里斜阳暮,草木深绿映波渡。
”这里的杜鹃声,象征着春天的到来,给人一种充满生机和希望的感觉。
除此之外,杜鹃鸟还有着丰富的文化意象。
在古代人们心目中,杜鹃一直被人们所关注,因为它有着独特的叫声和形象,常常被和神话传说联系在一起。
例如,在《百家姓》中就有“杜口吕咙”这样的一句谚语,意思是指杜鹃鸟之所以叫声特别,是因为它有着特殊的喉咙结构。
在神话传说中,杜鹃鸟被赋予了神奇的力量,比如,民间传说中就有“杜鹃圣鸟”这样的称号,认为它可以带来好运和好兆头。
同时,杜鹃鸟还是大自然中的一份子,对于中国古代人们来说,它也有着深刻的生命意义。
在古代人们的审美观念中,大自然与人类的关系是密不可分的,因此,人们赋予了杜鹃鸟以特殊的意义和价值。
然而,在将杜鹃鸟的文化意象英译时,往往会出现一些问题。
首先,由于杜鹃鸟是中国特有的鸟类,在翻译成英文中,有时候很难找到一个完美的对应词汇,因此,翻译中需要通过语境和语言运用等方面来进行适当的调整和转换。
其次,杜鹃鸟不仅仅是一种生物,还具有着深刻的文化意义,在翻译中需要将它与文化相关的内涵也进行恰当的传达和表现。
最后,由于中英两种语言的表现方式不同,杜鹃鸟的含义和内涵在翻译过程中也有可能发生微妙的变化,因此,需要翻译者在尽可能忠实表达原意的同时,考虑到读者的接受程度和习惯差异,进行适当的加工和调整。
综上所述,杜鹃鸟作为中国古诗词中常用的意象之一,具有着深刻的文化内涵和象征意义。
英诗中夜莺与汉诗中杜鹃之意象观照
2002年11月第18卷 第6期四川外语学院学报Journal of S ichuan International S tudies UniversityN ov.,2002V ol118 N o16英诗中夜莺与汉诗中杜鹃之意象观照王改娣(河南大学外国语学院,河南开封 475001)提 要:英语诗歌中,夜莺常被作为悲伤的意象;而在中国古典诗歌中,表述忧愁与凄凉的鸟类意象却是杜鹃。
虽然象征义一致,但中西文化背景的差异使英诗中的夜莺与汉语古诗中的杜鹃各具独特的文化内涵。
另外,在具体的运用中,这两种意象也并非完全相同。
关键词:夜莺;杜鹃;诗歌意象;比较中图分类号:I0-03 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1003-3831(2002)06-0009-04E nglish nightingales and the Chinese cuckoo:A comparative vie w of poetic imagesWANG Gai2diAbstract:In English poetry,nightingales are often regarded as an image of s orrow,while the same is true of cuckoos in Chi2 nese poetry.H owever,nightingales in English poetry and cuckoos in Chinese poetry are marked with different features because of the different cultural backgrounds.In addition,the tw o images are als o used differently in poems despite their similarity. K ey w ords:nightingales;cuckoos;poetic images;com paris on 引 言“在《人间词话》中,王国维讲道:‘言气质,言神韵,不如言境界。
夜莺和杜鹃在英汉诗歌中的形象意义
作者: 夏力力;古绪满
出版物刊名: 外国文学研究
页码: 27-33页
主题词: 英汉诗歌;夜莺;杜鹃;形象意义;诗歌翻译;美好的事物;郭沫若;英国文学史;子规;《快乐的人》
摘要: <正> 花和鸟是诗歌中不可或缺的组成部分,在任何一个民族的诗歌里,不仅有百花齐放,而且有百鸟争鸣。
她们在诗歌中的形象,对于抒发诗人的感情、烘托诗歌的气氛、深化诗歌的意境、拨动读者的心弦都起着重要的作用。
本文要谈的是夜莺和杜鹃这两种鸟分别现英汉诗歌中的形象意义,并作一些粗略的比较。
一 这两种鸟都有动人的传说。
我国《词源》中,《杜宇》条目下注曰: 杜宇:古蜀帝名,化为杜鹃。
后人因称杜鹃为杜宇。
太平御览一六六汉杨雄蜀王本纪:“杜宇……乃自立为蜀王,号曰望帝。
”又十三州志:“当七国称王,独杜宇称帝于蜀。
……望帝使鳖冷凿巫山治水有功,望帝自以德薄乃委国禅鳖冷,号曰开明,遂自亡去,化为子规。
”子规,即杜鹃,一称杜主。
关于蜀王杜宇之魂化为杜鹃的传说,我国读者一般都比较熟悉。
英国浪漫主义诗歌中夜莺意象
摘要每首诗歌都有它独特的形式和元素,这些元素包括:韵律、语调、意象和主题。
就本质上说,“意象”一词是属于诗歌的,意象就是诗歌的灵魂,因此,意象在读者理解诗歌的过程中扮演着重要角色。
英国浪漫主义诗歌中的意象表现极其丰富,其中最常见的是“夜莺”意象。
本文首先介绍意象的概念、分类及它在诗歌中的重要作用,其次根据几位英国浪漫主义诗人的代表诗作对诗歌中所含有的夜莺意象进行大致归类,再次结合几位代表诗人各自的生活背景及成长经历比较分析英诗中的夜莺意象的异同点,最后总结夜莺意象在英国浪漫主义时期下的成因及意义。
关键词:英国浪漫主义诗歌;夜莺;意象ABSTRACTPoetry has its unique form and elements. These elements include rhyme, tone, image and theme. And in essence, image is the soul of poetry, so it plays an important role in understanding the poetry. The images in English Romantic poetry perform a very rich forms, the most common image is the ―Nightingale‖ image.This paper first introduces the definition and classification and the importance of image in poetry. Second comes up with three types of nightingale images after analyzes some major Romantic poets‘poems. Third combines the background and their life experience of poets with their nightingale images, comes to summarize the similarities and differences of nightingale images in poems. Last, points out the causes and significance of nightingale image under that historical background.Key words:English Romantic poetry; Nightingale; imageContents1.Introduction (51)2. The image in poetry (52)2.1 The definition and classification of Image (52)2.2 The function of poetic Image (53)3. Three types of Nightingale image (55)3.1 Nightingale of myth-based (56)3.2 Description on nightingale‘s life habits (57)3.3 Expression of inner feelings (58)4. The Nightingale and Romantic poets (60)4.1 William Wordsworth‘s To a Skylark--the sad and disparaging nightingale (60)4.2 John Keats‘ Ode to a Nightingale--the happy and sad nightingale (61)5.The historical reasons of Nightingale image (65)6.Conclusion (66)Acknowledgements (67)References (68)1.IntroductionPoetic image is the factor and soul of poetry [1]1. English romantic poets tend to be the creator of the poetic images. They use their symbolic imagery to express, while the image is a typical product of the Romantic imagination and creativity. Actually, the process of creating a poem is a kind of process in which the poet will select suitable concrete objects to be the poetic images, and construct the poetic image to express his subjective feelings. Lots of critics have made fruitful research on the images of the English romantic poetry: the moon, the lark, and the nightingale. Rich images have been represented in English Romantic poetry, in which the most seen are birds, especially skylark and nightingale, which are vividly and profoundly depicted [2]55. However, there are still some problems or insufficiencies in the research. The scholars used to display all the poems of English poets, rather than only confined to the English Romanticism period. Some others only represented two books which written about nightingale of two poets and compared them to each other. Also, most scholars tended to explain how many kinds of images that English romantic poets had used in their poems, and nearly just focused on researching the nightingale image. This thesis comes up with three types of nightingale images after analyzing several famous Romantic poems, and summarizes the similarities and differences of nightingale images in different poet‘s poem. At last, points out the causes and significance of nightingale image under that historical background.2. The image in poetryIn the world of poetry theory, people widely accepted the significance and constructive ability of image. The concrete image that can be felt produces the meaning and whole aesthetic effect of poetry. This special ability of image comes from the image‘s unique nature and function. The funct ion of image completes the expression of the whole meaning of poetry. The image has the function of description, expression, symbolic signification [3]116. In the system of image, every image not only influences other images but also be influenced.2.1 The definition and classification of Image2.1.1 The definition of ImageThe image first appeared in classical Chinese bible Yi Jing more than two thousand years ago. ―Books cannot represent thoroughly what we want to say and words cannot express completely what we want to say,‖ and ―The saint created image to imply what he wants to say and to express to the world.‖ [4]1. And the word ―image‖ derives from old French image or Latin word imaginem. It appears in Middle English and then rises up as a popular jargon of advertising and public relations.However, until now, there isn‘t an exact definition of image. There only some basic definitions in dictionaries.(1)A physical likeness or representation of a person, an animal, or an object photographed, painted, sculptured, or otherwise made visible.(2)An optical counterpart or appearance of an object, as is produced by reflection from a mirror, refraction by a lens, or the passage of luminous rays through a small aperture and their reception on a surface.(3)A mental representation; idea; conception.(4)Psychology. A mental representation of something previously perceived, in the absence of the original stimulus.(5)A description of something in speech or writing.(6)Rhetoric. A figure of speech, esp. a metaphor or a simile.And according to these definitions, philosophers and poets draw the conclusions that image has deep relation to our sight first, then has deep relation to our mind and psyche, and the last to writing and rhetoric.Ezra Pound definite image as ―An image is that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant time.‖ [5]85So we can find that images consist of two parts: one is the emotion of the writers, and the other one is an object or a scene. Readers can understand the poet‘s emotion throug h the image that poet has produced.2.1.2 The classification of ImageThe poetic images have been divided into farewell image, homesickness image, sadness image, emotion image, love image, war image and leisure image in the past. Or on the other hand, they maybe classified into single image, compound image, and overlapping image. But these ways of classification are not effective enough to help readers to understand poems through the poetic images.A poetic image can be seen as a cognitive structure, and so it can be inferred that it relates to the mind first, and that human beings perceive the world with the aid of their senses, which are sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing, and action [4]17. And the six senses respond to imaginative are visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, gustatory, and kinesthetic.So image in poetry can be divided into six categories. They are visual image, gustatory image, tactile image, auditory image, kinesthetic image, and olfactory image. Some poets use one sole image in their poems. For example, John Keats‘ To Autumn, the line ―Then in a wailful choir the small gnats mourn‖ [6]89 is an auditory image. However, most poets turn like to use more than two images in the same poem.2.2 The function of poetic ImageAs image is the soul of poetry, the combined function of image completes the expression of the whole meaning of poetry. The poetic image is of object-describing function, emotion-describing function and aesthetic function [1]. They can be explained as following:(1) Example. An image can be used to show what an idea might look like. It may be used to illustrate a concept that is being described of which the poet wants to tell others. This is object describing function.(2) Expression. An image can be used to add new information or express the poet‘s feeling and attitude. Poet may display his ideas or feelings or even make an ironic or emotional comment on something. This refers to emotion describing function.(3) Effects. An image can be used just to describe a beautiful or special scene in pets‘mind, no matter what the image is, it works out an aesthetic function.3. Three types of Nightingale imageIn the world, among all the animals perhaps the nightingale is the most familiar to English poets. In the western literary history, the poems about Nightingale are abundant, especially in English Romanticism poetry. Whether it is The Poetry Treasury or Norton Anthology of English Literature[7]61, there is a collection of a large number of the nightingale images in the poetry.The nightingale is a kind of European warbler of which songs are trilling, sweetly, and magnificent. The nightingale often gives people a sense of painful, because of its plaintive songs. And this is the image characterization of ―nightingale‖. The formation of this characterization is the Greek and Roman mythology.Nightingale image as the source of the ancient Greek and Roman mythology provides rich imagination for the British and American writers. In ancient poetry, the nightingale is used to be personified as a woman singer, and the identification of the nightingale with the female gender has been stable throughout literary history. From Homer and Aeschylus through Sappho and Virgil, all the way to Milton and Keats [8]34, the nightingale has been personified as a beautiful, sad, and full of attraction female presence. After hearing the pathetically chirping sound of the nightingale, writers reconstructed the ancient legends and legendary characters, and expressed their ideal life, and seek the true love.W illiam Blake‘s Songs of Innocence,John Keats‘s Ode to a Nightingale, and William Wordsworth‘s To a Skylark and so forth, English romantic poets have created different nightingale images in their poems. In these poems, nightingales contain different meanings and express the different feelings of poets.In terms of content, the poems can be divided into the following situations: First, some poets wrote nightingale based on its old myth; second, a part of poems focused on the description of nightingale‘s life habits; third, the nightingale image contained the poets own feelings, maybe happy or unhappy.3.1 Nightingale of myth-basedOne of Nightingale‘s beautiful and sad myths and legends comes from Ovid‘s book The Metamorphoses,Book 4 [7]61.In the ancient Greek, there was a King Pandion, he had two beautiful daughters named Procne and Philomela. Once the country was attacked by another country, at that time, the King of Thrace Tereus led his troops and came to help them. In order to thank Tereus, Athens determined to give his older daughter Procne to him. A few months later, Procne gave birth to a son, called Itylus. As Procne missed her sister very much, she asked Tereus to take her sister to Thrace. In his way home, Tereus found Philomela was quite delicate and beautiful, and therefore commit a rape on her. Then he cut off her tongue, and put her imprisoned in a poor small room in a forest. When he went back to Thrace, he lied to his wife that Philomela was dead. However Philomela spent in the prisoner for one year, she had never lost the determination of revenge. She wove her suffering into a blanket, trying to tell it to her sister. After Procne came to the forest, she realized everything and rescued her sister. Two sisters, then plan the revenge, and killed the little prince Itylus and made its meat dishes to the king. After the king knowing the truth, he wanted to kill the two sisters. At that moment, the forest gods appeared, and made them turn into three birds: Philomela turned into a nightingale, Procne turned into a swallow, and Tereus became a kind of bird called the hoopoe. From then on, every night in the ancient forests there will have the miserable ―Teru-Teru-‖ sounds, the ancient Greek poet thought it was Philomela that calling Tereus‘s name, telling her sad story. The song of the nightingale has been regarded as an expression of Philomela‘s sad plight.The sad legend deeply rooted in the cultural of the West. Now, the nightingale is associated with Philomela, and the burden of her song is her loss of voice, and her cruel betrayal by a man. A nd the word ―Philomela‖ itself now has a new meaning, means ―sad love song s‖. It often appears in Romantic poetry is more than a literary motif, and it is a migratory old world bird of the thrush family, renowned for its remarkable singing. It is the sad legend ofnightingale and the plaintive sound that inspired the poets and made it the most often seen image in their works.Geoffrey Hartman, in Evening Star and Evening Land, one of the best essays ever written on the nightingale, described the ―philomel moment‖ in English poetry as ―the post-prophetic moment, when the theme of loss merges with that of voice –when, in fact, a ‗lost voice‘ becomes the subject or moving force of poetic song‖ [9]35. What‘s missing in Hartman‘s argument is the positive range of emotion the nightingale calls forth. Throughout literary history, the nightingale always means loss and recompense. Sappho, in one of his poetic fragment, evokes the nightingale‘s joyful aspect, calling it ―the massager of spring, the sweet voiced nightingale.‖[10]Especially in Romantic poetry, the nightingale implies not only heartache and the grief, but also renewed vitality; not only autumnal melancholy, but also springtime rejoicing.In the 19th century, English poet Algernon Charles Swinburne described nightingale in his poems Itylus as the incarnation of Philomela. In the all ten stanzas, the first seven stanzas are all opened with ―O swallow, sister‖ or ―Sister, my sister‖, and at the beginning of the eighth stanza it turns into ―O sweet stray sister, O shifting swallow‖, these words showed Philomela‘s dissatisfaction towards her swallow sister. This poem is just writing upon nightingale‘s myths and legends.3.2 Description on n ightingale’s life habi tsNightingales appear so often in English and European poems that their associations of sweetness and romance have sunk to the level of banality. Because of this, attempts are rarely made to see any further relevance in the use of the bird.According to Encyclopedia Curley, nightingale is an old kind of bird, with reddish-brown coloring on the upper body, and grayish-brown below. It lives in Europe, and migrates to Africa for the winter. It is known for its pleasant voice. It is usually hidden in dense bush in order to catch insects for its food. However, nightingale is timid by nature, so it often appears in the night and people can only heard its singing in the daytime. These habits of nightingale have been turned into immortal verse in the British Roman tic poet Clare‘s poem TheNightingale’s Nest.And watched her while she sung; and her renownHath made me marvel that so famed a birdShould have no better dress than russet brown.Her wings would tremble in her ecstasy,And feathers stand on end, as ‘twe re with joy,And mouth wide open to release her heartOf its out-sobbing songs. (LL19-25). . .But if I touch a bush, or scarcely stirred,All in a moment stopt. I watched in vain;The timid bird had left the hazel bush,And at a distance hid to sing again. (LL28-31)[11]In this poem, the life habits and behavior of nightingale is quite obvious. In the first three lines, poet describes nightingale‘s feather and the brown color. Then Clare writes about the nightingale‘s w ings, mouth and its songs. In the last four lines, Clare tells us the timid nature of nightingale.His poems undergo a major reevaluation in the late 20th century and he is now often considered to be the most important poet among all the 19th-century poet s. Also, Jonathan Bate states that Clare was ―the greatest laboring-class poet that England has ever produced, no one has ever written more powerfully of nature‖ [12].3.3 Expression of inner feelingsMost poets compared nightingale to their real life and misfortune in order to use nightingale images in their poems, such as R. Barnefield‘s The Nightingale, W. Cowper‘s To the Nightingale, and Keats‘s Ode to a Nightingale; or some poets expressed their own opinions and views about the world and art through the mouth of the Nightingale, like Samuel Taylor Coleridge‘s The Nightingale.Samuel Taylor Coleridge goes on to articulate a new and distinctivelyRomantic approach to the representation of nature in poetry. According to Coleridge, nature and the real world are almost the same. It is not enough for the poet to be a detached observer of picturesque scenery [8]. In his poem The Nightingale, Coleridge tries to address the correlation between human consciousness and the natural world or between the material and spiritual world. When Milton addressed the nightingale like the most musical and melancholy bird, Coleridge said:A melancholy bird? Oh! Idle thought!In Nature there is nothing melancholy. (L14-15) [13]Coleridge rescued from nightingale mythic associations of mindless melancholy, and presented a flock of real birds that inhabit a real English grove in early springtime.But never elsewhere in one place I knewSo many nightingales; and far and near,In wood and thicket, over the wide grove,They answer and provoke each other‘s song,With skirmish and capricious passagings,And murmurs musical and swift jug jug,And one low piping sound more sweet than allStirring the air with such a harmony,That should you close your eyes, you might almostForget it was not day! (L55-64) [13]He stresses the division between his own mind and the beauty of the natural world. To Coleridge, the nightingale is a singer or fellow-poet whose voice embodied the powerful, transformative emotions of joy and love. The mind, to Coleridge, cannot take its feeling from nature and cannot falsely imbue nature with its own feeling; rather, the mind must be so suffused with its own joy that it opens up to the real, independent, ―immortal‖ joy of nature.4. The Nightingale and Romantic poetsEnglish romantic poets were the creators of the poetic images. They use their symbolic imagery to express, while the image is a typical product of the Romantic imagination and creativity. Nightingale was the most seen image in poems, the reason was the Romantic poets‘ interests in it. In English Romantic poetry, the image of nightingale is multifaceted, a symbol of happiness as well as sorrow, can be disparaging or respecting, while the image of skylark is always one and the same, a symbol of freedom and exhilaration.4.1 William Wordsworth’s To a Skylark--the sad and disparaging nightingaleWilliam Wordsworth was one of the romantic Lake Poets. He grew up in a rustic society, and spent a great deal of his time playing outdoors, in what he would later remember as a pure communion with nature.For Wordsworth, poetry is a natural expression of one‘s inner feelings, the emotional heart filled only to achievement good poetry; the other hand, ideology is also an important factor in poetry, W ordsworth instinctively reject ―frivolous but shallow thinking and language‖[14]6. Wordsworth‘s best poetry gives expression to objective truth about nature and about the ordinary men and women who live in close touch with nature. In his nature poetry, poet chased the innocent joy of childhood, thinking about social life, to express themselves on the pursuit of ideals. His poems of nature with nature itself, to the realm of things I blend. His natural carol To a Skylark reflects the characteristics of these poetic creations.In his poems, Wordsworth often compared skylark to nightingale, which was served as a foil.Ethereal minstrel! Pilgrim of the sky!Dost thou despise the earth where cares abound? (LL1-2). . .Leave to the nightingale her shady wood;A privacy of glorious light is thine. (LL13-14) [15]279From this poem, William Wordsworth reveals the joy and the heroic feeling of the poet when he gets up early in the morning. In the second section at the beginning of To a skylark, the Nightingale became a simple comparison with lark to highlight a more brilliant image of the lark and the feeling judgments of the poet. Here, nightingale image acts as a foil obviously. Wordsworth compares nightingale to lark only in order to laud the free and happy skylark. In this poem, Wordsworth plays down nightingale and puts a higher value of skylark.4.2 John Keats’Ode to a Nightingale--the happy and sad nightingaleJohn Keats, major English poet, despite his early death from tuberculosis at the age of 25. Although his literary career was short, John Keats is regarded as the summit of the English Romantic poets.One day when Keats was enjoying the tranquil, he heard the nightingale‘s song, and then he wrote the Ode to the Nightingale. In the poem, the poet seems to write the nightingale, but in fact he used the nightingale to express his colorful imagination and his inner feelings.At the beginning first stanza, the poet used the pain and happiness as conflict, through the happy nightingale, poet compared with his pain in heart, readers can feel the sad feeling of the poet and his wish that he would be as free and joyous as the nightingale.My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness painsMy sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk,Or emptied some dull opiate to the drainsOne minute past, and Lethe-wards had sunk:Tis not through envy of thy happy lot,But being too happy in thine happiness, (LL1-6) [15]At that time the poet‘s heart was insensitive by the disease and he was in a society of that kind when he heard the brisk song, he was shocked and was waken up. These we re shown in the words as ―aches and a drowsy numbness pains‖ and ―light-winged Dryad, full throated ease‖. S o the poet wanted some drink and tried to drown his sorrows in drink.O, for a draught of vintage! That hath beenCool‘d a long age in the deep-delved earth,Tasting of Flora and the country green,Dance, and Provencal song, and sunburnt mirth!. . .That I might drink, and leave the world unseen,And with thee fade away into the forest dim. (LL11-20) [15]The poet wanted a draught of vintage that would bring him to a new world, a world without sorrow and pain and full of sunshine and freedom. In Keats‘opinion, the real world flooded with painful things: sadness, sorrows, and oppression. So the poet wanted to be a nightingale and leave away from the mortal life.Fade far away, dissolve, and quite forgetWhat thou among the leaves hast never known,. . .Where but to think is to be full of sorrowAnd leaden-eyed despairs,Where Beauty cannot keep her lustrous eyes,Or new Love pine at them beyond to-morrow. (LL21-30)In this stanza, the poet seemed he was in the ideal world after hearing the nightingale‘s voice. In the beautiful night, driving in a comfortable cart, enjoyed the perfect life of himself. The poet was absorbed in his dream world which was beyond reality. At that time, the poet was very happy and even hoped to die inthis fancy world in order to get rid of the pain in the real world.However, the poet realized that although he was going to die, the voice of the nightingale was everlasting.Forlorn! the very word is like a bellTo toil me back from thee to my sole self!. . .Past the near meadows, over the still stream,Up the hill-side; and now ‘tis buried deepIn the next valley-glades:Was it a vision, or a waking dream?Fled is that music:—Do I wake or sleep? (LL71-80)And at the end of the Ode, the first two lines showed the poet had to leave the imaginary world, and he realized that it is negative to try to get away from the real world via the imaginary world. Then from the sixth line, nightingale was flying away, the poet came back to the reality. When poet came back to the real world, he found his pain came deeper ever than before.The nightingale in this poem contains two different aspects. In the first stanza, it is happy, while in the following it becomes sad.The poet uses comparison and contrast in this poem. He compares his own life to nightingale, so the beautiful song of nightingale becomes the sad expression. This because of the poet‘s life experience: Throughout his life, John Keats was constantly surrounded by death. His father died when he was only 8 years old. And Keats‘s mother died of tuberculosis, the illness that had also stolen his brother, just sis years after. His career went quite unsmooth. Also, because of poverty, his girlfriend didn‘t want to marry him. Even himself, knew that he had tuberculosis when he was only 24. All these, made young Keats felt painful with his life and this world. He couldn‘t escape from his fate, there was no immortal in the world, and no one would have a life full of happiness, what one have was only beauty and laugh that lasted for a moment long.This poem describes a kind of desire of the poet when he heard the beautiful song of nightingale, and the beautiful melodies inspired the poet‘s inner desire for freedom and hope for get rid of the earthly pain and sadness.Keats‘s nightingale embodies a host of contradictions: it is immortal, yet it is also associated with ―easeful Death‖[16]. Apparently, the image of the nightingale was used as a joy, but in fact this fun image contained of the pain and the sorrow of the poet himself. Nightingale image is a kind of sadness.5.The historical reasons of Nightingale imageTo sum up the above statements, the reason why English Romantic poets like to use nightingale and why nightingale image is the most often seem image in the English Romantic Poetry can be concluded into three aspects.Firstly, nightingale has its own culture connotations. Nightingale comes from an old sad story, and this story makes nightingale a special image in expressing the inner feelings of the writers who have similar life experience of the nightingale in the story. In the old myth, the word ―Philomela‖ also contains a new meaning: ―sad love songs‖.Secondly, the nature of nightingale makes one side. As the nightingale has a timid nature and likes to stay at quiet places and sing alone by itself, despite its beautiful sound, poets turn to write nightingale in their poems to show it free from the earthly world and ignorance of the outer world.The last and the most important, the historical background of English Romanticism has made a deep influence on the poets. During the Romantic period, literature, art music and philosophy beginning as a reaction and protest against the bondage of rules and customs of neoclassicism. It was characterized by reliance on the imagination and subjectivity of approach, freedom of thought and expression, and an idealization of nature. It returned to nature and plain humanity for material and brought about a renewed interest in medieval literature. Under this history, the poems become pithy, easy-to-read, optimistic, and free style. However, the sound of nightingale is too exceedingly sentimental and extremely sad, so most poets reject and discriminate against nightingale in their poems, except John Keats.All in all, nightingale image is familiar to English Romantic poets and it is one of the most common themes in that period.To understand the nightingale image in English Romantic poetry should combine the nightingale image with poets‘ own life environment and historical background.6.ConclusionThe recurrent, stubbornly archetypal image of the nightingale enables readers of Romantic poetry to discern how the idea of nature, and indeed the very meaning of the word ―nature‖. The British Romantic writers formulated an innovative understanding the natural world.The above discussion of the nightingale image in the English Romanticism poetry is by no means comprehensive but we can summarize that the nightingale image in English poetry plays an important role and the nightingale image in English Romantic poetry is diverse. It may be expressed sadness or happiness, it may be praised and it can also be depreciated. However, the ultimate meaning of their symbolic case, it is unified, that is the traditional symbol of mourning. However, whichever poem nightingale image in, it is actually expressed the poet‘s own mind.。
唐诗中的丝缕意象
唐诗中的丝缕意象
周凤莉;尹英杰
【期刊名称】《长江师范学院学报》
【年(卷),期】2022(38)3
【摘要】唐诗中的丝缕意象纤柔、灵动、飘逸,为“有意味的形式”,对应着诗人特定的情感,是唐诗研究中重要的审美对象。
对唐诗中的丝缕意象进行研究,重点关注“女红”题材中的丝缕意象、“渔钓”题材中的钓丝意象及如丝如缕的“纤草”意象,力求从形式美要素之“线”的角度深入研究唐诗。
通过分析唐诗中流动、起伏的线条揭示其所对应的美感和意蕴,探究唐人的审美心理、价值取向,以及唐代的审美习俗、社会风貌及发展轨迹等,为唐诗研究提供多元视角。
【总页数】6页(P57-62)
【作者】周凤莉;尹英杰
【作者单位】哈尔滨学院文法学院;哈尔滨学院地理与旅游学院
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】I207
【相关文献】
1.英诗中夜莺与汉诗中杜鹃之意象观照
2.先唐苔意象之文化意蕴及其在唐诗中的流变
3.杜诗中的漂泊情结——论杜甫诗中的“舟船”意象
4.唐诗中的那一轮明月——浅论唐诗中的月光意象
5.试析唐代逐臣别诗中的回归情结——以逐臣别诗中“柳”意象的匮乏为观照点
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2002年11月第18卷 第6期四川外语学院学报Journal of Sichuan International Studies UniversityNov.,2002Vol 18 No 6英诗中夜莺与汉诗中杜鹃之意象观照王改娣(河南大学外国语学院,河南开封 475001)提 要:英语诗歌中,夜莺常被作为悲伤的意象;而在中国古典诗歌中,表述忧愁与凄凉的鸟类意象却是杜鹃。
虽然象征义一致,但中西文化背景的差异使英诗中的夜莺与汉语古诗中的杜鹃各具独特的文化内涵。
另外,在具体的运用中,这两种意象也并非完全相同。
关键词:夜莺;杜鹃;诗歌意象;比较中图分类号:I0-03 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1003-3831(2002)06-0009-04English nightingales and the Chinese cuckoo:A comparative view of poetic imagesWANG Gai diAbstract:In English poetry,nigh tingales are often regarded as an image of sorrow,while the same is true of cuckoos in Chi nese poetry.However,nightingales in English poetry and cuckoos i n Chinese poetry are marked with different features because of the different cultural backgrounds.In addition,the t wo images are also used differently in poems despite their si milarity. Key words:nighti ngales;cuckoos;poetic i mages;comparison引 言在人间词话!中,王国维讲道:∀言气质,言神韵,不如言境界。
#境界是中国古典诗歌美学中的一个重要范畴,讲境界的确比讲气质,讲神韵更能揭示中国诗歌艺术的精髓,也更易于把握。
∃[1](P58)不论在英诗中,还是在汉诗中,每首诗都有自己独特的境界,而 每个诗的境界都必有∀情趣#(feeling)和∀意象#(image)两个要素∃[2](P64)。
只有情趣,而没有具体的意象,情趣就流于抽象;反之,没有情趣,意象就只是空洞的客观物象。
因此, 诗的境界是情趣和意象的契合∃[2](P55)。
在诗歌中,种种意象层出不穷。
同时,附着在意象上的情趣当然也是千变万化的。
总的说来, 意象分为五大类:自然界的,社会生活的,人类自身的,人的创造物的和人的虚构物的。
∃[1](P63)在自然界的鸟类中,夜莺常被作为悲伤的意象出现在英语诗歌中,而且还有很多以它为标题的诗篇。
比如约翰%济慈(John Keats)著名的夜莺颂!(Ode to a Nightinga le),罗伯特%布里吉斯(Robert Bridges)的夜莺!(N ightin gales)等广为传诵的名篇佳作,表达的都是一种对美的追求。
在中国诗歌中,同样作为悲凉意象的却不是夜莺,而是杜鹃。
如 其间旦暮闻何物,杜鹃啼血猿哀鸣∃(白居易:琵琶行!); 绿满山川闻杜宇;便做无情,莫也愁人苦∃(朱淑真:蝶恋花!)等诗句也都是凄凉意境的显现。
同时,杜鹃又叫子规、杜宇、子鹃、谢豹、蜀鸟等。
同为忧伤的意象,英诗中的夜莺和汉诗中的杜鹃有哪些相似和不同处?本文试结合文化背景和具体诗例进行分析。
一、英诗中夜莺和汉诗中杜鹃的相似处1 两者的象征义都来源于相似的忧伤传说首先,英国文学中,夜莺背后有着一个凄凉的神话传说:古希腊国王潘狄翁(Pandion)有两个美丽的女儿:普罗克涅(Procne)和菲罗米拉(Philomela)。
因为色雷思国(Thrace)国王蒂留斯(Tereus)曾在一场战争中帮助过潘狄翁,普罗克涅就爱上了他,并成为他的王后。
后来他们有了一个儿子名叫伊特斯(Itys)。
可是,当菲罗米拉去拜访姐姐时,却被蒂留斯奸污。
为了掩盖其丑行,蒂留斯割去了菲罗米拉的舌头,并把她关在密林深处的城堡中。
古罗马诗人奥维德(Ovid)在变形记!(Meta morphoses)中把这个故事继续了下去:满心忧愤的菲罗米拉口不能言,就把自己的不幸织在一件锦袍上,让毫不知情的仆人送到普罗克涅手中。
悲愤的姐姐乘夜色来到林中解救了妹妹。
为了向蒂留斯复仇,普罗克涅杀死了自己和蒂留斯的儿子伊特斯,使蒂留斯没有王位继承人。
普罗克涅还把他儿子的肉烹给不明真相的蒂留斯吃。
当蒂留斯明白过来后,恼羞成怒,抽出佩剑追杀两姐妹。
复仇的欲望使蒂留斯变成了一只鹰。
希腊神话中,普罗克涅变成了夜莺,整日为死去的儿子悲鸣,而菲罗米拉变成了燕子,断断续续地讲述着她的悲伤。
而拉丁作家使她们改换了姓名:菲罗米拉变成了夜莺,而普罗克涅则成了燕子。
这个版本就这样一直流传在欧洲文学中。
[3]这个凄婉的传说赋予了夜莺以悲伤的色彩。
在英语中, Philomela∃一词除了是古希腊公主的芳名之外,还有 情歌∃(sweet tone)[4]的意思。
在英语诗歌中,以这个神话题材写就的诗歌很多,如19世纪诗人马修%阿诺德(Matthew Arnold)的夜莺! (Philomela)就是他最好的抒情诗之一,多年来一直脍炙人口,备受读者喜爱:听!哦,夜莺在唱!带着黄色项圈的小鸟!听!月光下雪松里的歌声多么婉转动听!悠扬激情!听!又那样哀伤凄冷!&&你是否再一次两颊通红,眼泪干枯看到了那副倾诉真相的锦袍,你那哑妹的屈辱?&&[5](P425)阿诺德在此诗中依照希腊神话的模式∋∋∋姐姐变成了夜莺,唱着忧伤的歌。
但神话中的姐姐是普罗克涅,妹妹才是菲罗米拉,而阿诺德诗中的菲罗米拉却是姐姐的名字。
这倒很有意思,因为在英国文学中,夜莺的别称就是菲罗米拉。
在这首诗中,阿诺德把英国传统和希腊神话糅为一体。
夜莺婉转的歌声,虽然动听,但却凄凉,这显示了它的哀痛是永远也无法消释的。
除了这首诗之外,在其它有夜莺出现的诗歌中,气氛也往往是悲凉的。
无独有偶,中国诗歌中杜鹃的背后也有哀伤的传说,而且版本众多,此处所选的是较流行的两个说法。
第一个传说是这样的:据晋常璩华阳国志%蜀志!记载: 后有王杜宇,&&一号杜主。
七国称王,杜宇称帝,号曰望帝,&&会有水灾,其相开明,决玉垒山以除水害,帝遂委以政事,法尧舜禅授之义,遂禅位于开明。
帝升西山隐焉。
时适二月,子鹃鸟鸣,故蜀人悲子鹃鸟鸣也。
∃第二个传说中的大部分和第一个相似,也是其相决山除水害,只是结尾大大不同。
辞源!(1980年版)第818页 杜宇∃的词条中讲到:太平御览!汉扬雄蜀王本纪!: 杜宇&&乃自立为蜀王,号曰望帝。
∃又十三州志: 当七国称王,独杜宇称帝于蜀,&&望帝使鳖冷凿巫山治水有功,望帝自以德薄,乃委国禅鳖冷,号曰开明,遂自亡去,化为子规。
∃第一个传说来于地方志,看似很合情理,但缺少浪漫气息,不合诗人的口味,而具有大胆幻想成分在内的第二个传说则更受文人们喜爱。
可是不管有几个说法,有一点是相同的,即杜鹃确实是个悲凉的意象,并且和古蜀望帝杜宇之间有着密切的关系。
晋左思蜀都赋!就有: 碧出苌弘之血,鸟生杜宇之魂∃的诗句。
这些传说中,杜鹃成了中国传统文化中悲凉的象征。
总之,英诗中的夜莺和汉诗中的杜鹃之所以成为凄凉的象征都有着深厚的文化底蕴,而不是简单的敷就。
2.两者都被赋予了忧伤的情调据百科全书记载: 夜莺,生活在茂密的灌木丛中,是所有鸣禽中唱得最动听的鸟儿,歌声千变万化。
无论白天、夜晚,都能听到它们的歌声,尤其是在明亮的月夜。
∃[6](P349)茂密的灌木丛使人们对夜莺经常只闻其声,难见其形。
这也使夜莺具有一种神秘感,一如被囚禁在深林中的菲罗米拉。
在济慈的夜莺颂!中就有这样的诗句:因你(夜莺)呀,轻翼的树神,在满长绿榉,音韵悦耳、无数阴影的地方,引吭高歌,赞颂美夏。
[7](P1303)而且夜莺 Tereu,Tereu∃的叫声在诗人们听起来也极具哀伤,就像可怜的菲罗米拉向人们诉说蒂留斯(Tereus)的暴行。
如理查德%巴恩菲尔德(Richard Barn field)的夜莺!(The Nightingale)一诗中:啾、啾、啾,这时她(夜莺)在哭诉;嘟噜、嘟噜(Tereu,tereu),一会儿又愁肠欲断:听着她满腹冤屈我止不住泪流满面;她的痛苦是这样历历在目,让我也想起自己的苦难。
[8]表面上,巴恩菲尔德似乎在描写着夜莺的哀愁,其实,他在借夜莺来表达自己的孤独和悲伤。
除了忧伤的歌喉之外,在 夜晚∃鸣唱的特殊时间也加重了夜莺悲凉的象征义。
在古往今来的诗歌中, 夜∃常与孤独、沉寂和落寞相伴。
如在托马斯%摩尔(Thomas Moore)的一首诗中就有关于夜的诗句:午夜时分,寒星悲泣,我飞往我们曾热恋的幽谷,在那时,生命之火仍在你双眸闪亮,我常想,假如灵魂能逃离神疆你会来到我身旁,重温过去的美好时光倾诉我们永存的爱情,即使魂在天堂。
[5](P199)此诗中的夜就是伤情时分。
在中国诗歌中,夜也常是忧伤的: 情人怨遥夜,竟夕起相思∃(张九龄:望月怀远!); 美人清江畔,是夜越吟苦∃(王昌龄:同从弟销南斋玩月忆山阴崔少府!)。
如此看来,夜是凄凉的,夜莺在夜晚的歌唱也就理所当然是凄凉的了。
不只是英诗中的夜莺如此,汉诗中的杜鹃也有相似的情形。
杜鹃的叫声,本无什么特别的含义,但在多愁善感、浮想联翩的诗人听来,却格外动情。
根据杜鹃的叫声,诗人想到了 不如归去,不如归去∃,因此除了子规、杜宇等名称外,杜鹃还叫 催归∃。
它的叫声于是也特别能唤起旅人思乡之情,使游子平添许多愁绪。
如朱敦儒的临江仙!:直自凤凰城破后,擘钗破镜分飞。
天涯海角音信稀。
梦回辽海北,魂断玉关西。
月解团圆星解聚,如何不见人归?今春还听杜鹃啼。
年年看塞雁,一十四番回。
在这首词中,朱敦儒描述了国破家亡后,14年不能回故乡与家人团聚之悲哀,思乡之情溢于言表。
听到杜鹃的啼声,这种感觉更是按捺不住。
又如唐代无名氏的杂诗!:近寒食雨草萋萋,著麦苗风柳映堤。
等是有家归未得,杜鹃休向耳边啼。
此诗描写暮春时节郊野芳草萋萋、春雨菲菲、杜鹃悲鸣凄凉景色,表现他乡游子有家难归的悲苦愁郁。
杜鹃的忧伤传说,加上它总是在春夜鸣叫的习性,使它常与诗人的伤春之情相连。
如 杜宇一声春去,树头无数青山∃(元好问:清平乐!); 花落子规啼,绿窗残梦迷∃(温庭筠:菩萨蛮!); 春去,谁最苦?但箭雁沈边,梁燕无主,杜鹃声里长门暮∃(刘辰翁:兰陵王丙子送春!)。