副词构成法
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副词构成法
1.有些副词为简单副词(不带词尾):
often,out,quite,soon,home,back,there,thus,seldom,ever
2.有些副词,特别是地点副词及时间副词,常常以加词尾的方式构成:
-ly(=every):yearly,monthly,daily,fortnightly
-ward(s)(=toward):backward(s),leftward(s),upward(s),homeward(s),eastward (s),onward(s),inward(s)
-wise,-ways:lengthwise,clockwise,likewise,otherwise;always,lengthways,sideways-long:headlong-ling(s):sideling(s)
-s:upstairs,outdoors,sometimes,nowadays,needs或在一些单音节词前加词头或其他简单字:
a-:along,away,abroad,apart,aside,adraft,aloud,ashore,across,above
be-:before,below,beneath,besides
介词:inside,overboard,uphill,beforehand,today
there-:therein(=in that),thereafter,thereby,thereof,therewith,ect.(陈旧用法)
here-:herein(=in this),hereafter,hereby,hereof,herewith,etc.(陈旧用法)
where-:wherein(=in what or which),whereon,whereby,whereof,wherewith,ect.(陈旧用法)
3.绝大多数副词都由形容词以下述3种方式构成:
a.大多数方式副词,都在形容词后加-ly构成。注意拼法:
形容词副词形容词副词
glad gladly mournful mournfully
happy happily heavy heavily
jolly jollily silly sillily
shy shyly dry dryly
due duly true truly
able ably probable probably
dull dully full fully
vile vilely sole solely
despotic despotically idiomatic idiomatically
public publicly(例外情况)
ill-natured ill-naturedly kind-hearted kind-heartedly
provoking provokingly charming charmingly
faltering falteringly lingering lingeringly (书面语)
mistaken mistakenly hidden hiddenly
marked markedly undisguised undisguisedly (书面语)
但是:friendly(形容词)—in a friendly way;manly(形容词)—in a manly manner;kingly (形容词)—in akingly manner.
和形容词一样,以-ingly或-edly结尾的副词,也有激起感情及感受情绪的差别,但用得比较少,如:
激起情绪感受情绪
He speaks amusingly We listen amusedly.
The flowers bloom delightfully.We watch them de-ligtedly
He behaves disgustingly.We left disgustedly.
The fight goes on excitingly.We look on excitedly.
b.有少数副词和形容词形式相同:
He came in the late afternoon.(形容词)
He arrived late.(副词)
He has waited for a long time.(形容词)
He has waited so long.(副词)
另一些与形容词同形的副词有:
early,fast,far,near,well,ill,high,low,much,lit-tle,only,enough,hard,straight,right,wrong,left,east,west
在口语中有些形容词直接用作副词:
It is mighty good.
I am dead tired.
The soup is precious hot.
He is terrible rude.
c.有些单音节形容词有两个副词形式,一个带-ly,一个不带,意思不相同:
We must buy cheap(=at a low price).We got offcheaply(=easily).
He lives high(=luxuriously).He spoke highly(=well)of me.
He came near.He nearly(=almost)died.
He played foul.He was foully murdered.
I love Mary most.They are mostly crazy.