朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》笔记和考研真题详解(美国的社会问题)【圣才出品】
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第10章美国的社会问题
10.1 复习笔记
I. Racial problems
1. A nation of immigrants
2. Inequality in American society
3. Discrimination against blacks
4. T he black “underclass”
II. Poverty
1. Current situation
2. The consequences
III. Drug abuse
1. Current situation
2. Social costs
IV. Crime
1. The profile of a typical criminal
2. Racial prejudice in the high rate of arrests
3. White-collar crimes
V. The abuse of power
1. The abuse of power by government
2. The abuse of power by corporations
I. Racial problems（种族问题）
1. A nation of immigrants（移民之国）
(1)The American citizens or their ancestors immigrated from many parts of the globe.
①Refugees from religious and political persecution.
②Adventurers from the Old World seeking a better life, some fleeing a hopeless economic situation or natural disaster, some wanting greater educational opportunities.
③Captives brought to America against their own will to be sold into slavery.
(2)Though people all share a common American culture, the nation contains many racial and ethnic subcultures with their own distinctive characteristics.
(3)These differences have contributed to racial conflicts that have been a persistent social problem to America.
(1)美国是移民之国；美国公民或他们的祖先从世界各地移民到此。
①躲避宗教和政治迫害的难民。
②从旧大陆到此寻求更好生活的探险家,有的是逃离绝望的经济状况或者自然灾害，有的是寻找更好的受教育的机会。
③被抓获并强行贩卖到美洲的奴隶。
(2)尽管人们拥有共同的美国文化，但也包括许多种族和少数民族的亚文化群，这些亚文化
都各有特色。
(3)这些差异造成了在美国长期存在的社会问题，即种族冲突。
2. Inequality in American society（不平等现象）
(1)America was founded on the principle of human equality, but in practice American society is a stratified one, in which power, wealth, and prestige are unequally distributed, with class divisions often paralleling racial divisions. (2)The first male settlers from “Anglo-Saxon” northwestern Europe quickly took control of economic assets and political power in the United States, and have maintained this control, to a greater or lesser degree.
(3)In America, any group other than the dominant white Anglo-Saxon Protestant majority is a minority group. They mainly refer to the blacks, Native Americans or American Indians, the Hispanics, and Asian Americans.
(1)美国建立在人人平等的原则之上，但是事实上，美国社会是分层社会，权力、财富以及威望的分配都是不平等的，常常是阶级差异和种族差异并存。
(2)欧洲西北部盎格鲁-撒克逊血统的第一批移民迅速掌握了美国的经济资产和政治权力，并且一直维持着其主导地位，虽然程度上有一定变化。
(3)在美国，除了占多数的信奉新教的盎格鲁-撒克逊血统的白人外，其他人都属于少数民族。他们主要包括黑人、美洲原住民或美国印第安人、拉丁裔美国人和亚洲裔美国人。
3. Discrimination against blacks（对黑人的歧视）
(1)Afro-Americans are the second largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in America, after the Hispanics.