分子生物学【英文】

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分子生物学中英文对照

acetyl CoA / 乙酰辅酶A 一种小分子的水溶性代谢产物,由与辅酶A 相连的乙酰基组成,产生于丙酮酸、脂肪酸及氨基酸的氧化过程;其乙酰基在柠檬酸循环中被转移到柠檬酸。

actin / 肌动蛋白,肌纤蛋白富含于真核细胞中的结构蛋白,与许多其他蛋白相互作用。

其球形单体( G2肌动蛋白) 聚合形成肌动蛋白纤丝( F2肌动蛋白) 。

在肌肉细胞收缩时F2肌动蛋白与肌球蛋白相互作用。

activation energy / 活化能(克服障碍以) 启动化学反应所需的能量投入。

降低活化能,可增加酶的反应速率。

active site / 活性中心,活性部位酶分子上与底物结合及进行催化反应的区域。

active transport / 主动转运离子或小分子逆浓度梯度或电化学梯度的耗能跨膜运动。

由ATP 耦联水解或另一分子顺其电化学梯度的转运提供能量。

adenylyl cyclase / 酰苷酸环化酶催化由ATP 生成环化腺苷酸(cAMP) 的膜附着酶。

特定配体与细胞表面的相应受体结合引发该酶的激活并使胞内的cAMP 升高。

allele / 等位基因位于同源染色体上对应部位的基因的两种或多种可能形式之一。

allosteric transition / 变构转换小分子与蛋白质上特定调节部位相结合所引起的蛋白质之三级及(或) 四级结构的改变,其活性随之发生变化。

多亚单位酶的变构调节很普遍。

alpha(α) helix /α螺旋常见的蛋白质二级结构,其氨基酸线性序列叠为右旋螺旋,借助主链上的羧基与酰胺基间的氢键维持稳定。

aminoacyl2tRNA / 氨酰转移核糖核酸用于蛋白合成的氨基酸的激活形式,含有借高能酯键与tRNA 分子上3’2羟基相结合的氨基酸。

amphipathic / 两亲的,兼性的指既有亲水性部分又有疏水性部分的分子或结构。

anaphase / ( 细胞分裂) 后期姐妹染色体(或有丝分裂期的成对同源物) 裂开并分别(分离) 朝纺锤体两极移动的有丝分裂期。

分子生物学名词完全版

1.Molecular Biology：分子生物学。

在分子水平上研究生命现象的科学。

通过研究生物大分子(核酸、蛋白质)的结构、功能和生物合成等方面来阐明各种生命现象的本质。

2.Denaturation of Protein and DNA：蛋白质和DNA变性。

蛋白质变性（protein denaturation）是指蛋白质在某些物理和化学因素作用下其特定的空间构象被改变，从而导致其理化性质的改变和生物活性的丧失的现象；DNA变性是指DNA分子由稳定的双螺旋结构松解为无规则线性结构的现象。

3.Southern Blotting：Southern印迹杂交。

利用琼脂糖凝胶电泳分离经限制性内切酶消化的 DNA 片段，将胶上的DNA变性并在原位将单链DNA片段转移至尼龙膜或其他固相支持物上，经干烤或者紫外线照射固定，再与相对应结构的标记探针进行杂交，用放射自显影或酶反应显色，从而检测特定DNA分子的含量。

4.Gene Cloning：基因克隆。

从基因组或DNA中分离单个基因，并在细胞中复制拷贝的过程。

5.Nick translation：缺刻翻译。

是实验室最常用了一种脱氧核糖核酸探针标记法，利用大肠杆菌DNA多聚酶I的多种酶促活性将标记的dNTP掺入到新合成的DNA链中，从而形成高比活性的均匀标记DNA探针。

6.YAC Vector：酵母人工染色体载体。

是将酵母人工染色体中为复制与分离所需序列同片段目的DNA连接构成的，可克隆的外源片段长度可大于1Mb。

YAC Vector含有两个端粒序列、一个着丝粒、一个自主复制序列以及能在酵母中用作筛选标记的基因。

7.cDNA Library：cDNA文库。

以mRNA为模板，经反转录酶催化，在体外反转录成cDNA，与适当的载体连接后转化受体菌，则每个细菌含有一段cDNA，并能繁殖扩增，这样包含着细胞全部mRNA信息的cDNA克隆集合称为该组织细胞的cDNA文库。

8.Multiple cistron mRNA：多顺反子mRNA。

分子生物学名词解释

分子生物学名词解释分子生物学考试重点一、名词解释1、分子生物学(molecular biology)：分子生物学是研究核酸、蛋白质等所有生物大分子的形态、结构特征及其重要性、规律性和相互关系的科学。

2、C值(C value)：一种生物单倍体基因组DNA的总量。

在真核生物中，C值一般是随生物进化而增加的，高等生物的C值一般大于低等生物。

3、DNA多态性(DNA polymorphism)：DNA多态性是指DNA序列中发生变异而导致的个体间核苷酸序列的差异。

4、端粒(telomere)：端粒是真核生物线性基因组DNA末端的一种特殊结构，它是一段DNA序列和蛋白质形成的复合体。

5、半保留复制(semi-conservative replication)：DNA 在复制过程中碱基间的氢键首先断裂，双螺旋解旋并被分开，每条链分别作为模板合成新链，产生互补的两条链。

这样形成的两个DNA分子与原来DNA 分子的碱基顺序完全一样。

一次，每个子代分子的一条链来自亲代DNA，另一条链则是新合成的，所以这种复制方式被称为DNA 的半保留复制。

6、复制子(replicon)：复制子是指生物体的复制单位。

一个复制子只含一个复制起点。

7、半不连续复制(semi-discontinuous replication)：DNA 复制过程中，一条链的合成是连续的，另一条链的合成是中断的、不连续的，因此称为半不连续复制。

8、前导链(leading strand)：与复制叉移动的方向一致，通过连续的5W聚合合成的新的DNA链。

9、后随链(lagging strand)：与复制叉移动的方向相反，通过不连续的5\T聚合合成的新的DNA链。

10、AP位点(AP site)：所有细胞中都带有不同类型、能识别受损核酸位点的糖昔水解酶，它能特异性切除受损核昔酸上N-B糖昔键，在DNA链上形成去嘌吟或去嘧啶位点，统称为AP位点。

11、cDNA(complementary DNA)：在体外以mRNA 为模板，利用反转录酶和DNA聚合酶合成的一段双链DNA。

分子生物学英文课件：molecular biotechnology

Analyze the recombinant plasmid and bacteriophage - screening DNA library.
(2) Northern blotting
❖ Similar to the southern blotting ❖ RNAs instead of DNAs ❖ No need of RE digestion ❖ Application
produce single strand DNA Transferring: transfer DNA to the NC. Immobilization: heating NC in 80℃ for 1～2 h
or uv crosslink (nylon membrane) Hybridization: NC is exposed to probe (biotin/
高等教育 > 生物学 > 分子生物学英文课件:molecular biotechnology molecularbiotechnology section molecularhybridization blottingtechnique heteroduplexfrom two complementary polynucleotide strands from different sources (dna dna;dna rna;rna molecularhybridization related conceptions/principles dnadenaturation dnarenaturation probedna rnafragment labeled radioisotope,biotin detectspecific nucleic acid sequences hybridization.?dna probe ?rna probe blottingtransfer (blot) biologic macromolecules separated fixthem nitrocellulose/nylonmembrane diffusion,electro-transferring vacuumabsorption, 1975,edwen southern blotting widelyused specificmacro- molecules (proteins, mrnas dnasequences) southernblotting genomic dna (from tissues re,separated gelelectro- phoresis nitrocellulosemembrane detectingspecific dna sequence labeledprobe. used qualitativelyanalyze genomic dna, recombinant plasmid, screening dna library. steps extraction:genomic dna from tissues digestion:cut separation:separate dna fragments denaturation:dna fragments treated p

分子生物学英语专业词汇

分子生物学ppt课件

基因组大小(Mb)
0.58 1.83 4.20 4.60 13.50 12.50 466 165 97 2700 3000
基因数
470 1743 4100 4288 6034 4929 30000 13601 18424 30000 25000
染色体数*
无无无无 16 16 21 4 6 20 23
包括：
结构基因组学
功能基因组学
三个亚领域.
比较基因组学
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一、病毒基因组二、原核生物基因组三、真核生物基因组
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一、病毒基因组
基因组（genome） 1个配（精子或卵子），1个单倍体细胞或1个病毒所包含的全套遗传物质的总和。病毒核酸或为DNA或为RNA，可以统称为病毒染色体。
完整的病毒颗粒具有蛋白质外壳，以保护病毒核酸不受核酸酶的破坏，并能识别和侵袭特定的宿主。
分子生物学
Molecular Biology
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What is Molecular Biology?
分子生物学是从分子水平研究生命现象、生命规律和生命本质的学科。
核心内容是从分子水平研究基因和基因的活动，这些活动主要通过核酸和蛋白质的活动来实现。
医学分子生物学主要研究人体生物大分子和大分子体系的结构、功能、相互作用及其与疾病发生、发展的关系。
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三、基因的结构特点和分类
基因的结构
结构基因：编码区序列（coding region sequence ）
在细胞内表达为蛋白质或功能RNA的DNA序列
转录调控序列：非编码序列（non-coding sequence）
基因表达需要的调控区（regulatory region）序列，包括启动子（promoter）、增强子（enhancer）等。

分子生物学英语词汇

A band A带A chromosome A染⾊体[⼆倍体染⾊体组中的正常染⾊体（不同于B染⾊体）] A site [核糖体]A部位ABA 脱落酸abasic site 脱碱基位点，⽆碱基位点abaxial 远轴的abequose 阿⽐可糖，beta脱氧岩藻糖aberrant splicing 异常剪接aberration 象差；畸变；失常abiogenesis ⾃然发⽣论，⽆⽣源论ablastin 抑殖素（抑制微⽣物细胞分裂或⽣殖的⼀种抗体）abnormal distrbution ⾮正态分布abnormality 异常，失常；畸形，畸变ABO blood group system ABO⾎型系统aboriginal mouse 原⽣⿏abortin 流产素abortion 流产，败育abortive egg 败育卵abortive infection 流产（性）感染abortive transduction 流产（性）转导ABP 肌动蛋⽩结合蛋⽩abrin 相思⾖毒蛋⽩abscisic acid 脱落酸abscission 脱落absolute 绝对的absolute configuration 绝对构型absolute counting 绝对测量absolute deviation 绝对偏差absolute error 绝对误差absorbance 吸收，吸光度absorbed dose 吸收剂量absorbent 吸收剂absorptiometer 吸光计absorptiometry 吸光测定法absorption 吸收absorption band 吸收谱带absorption cell 吸收池absorption coefficient 吸收系数absorption spectroscopy 吸收光谱法absorption spectrum 吸收光谱；吸收谱absorptive endocytosis 吸收（型）胞吞（作⽤）absorptive pinocytosis 吸收（型）胞饮（作⽤）absorptivity 吸光系数；吸收性abundance 丰度abundant 丰富的，⾼丰度的abundant mRNAs ⾼丰度mRNAabzyme 抗体酶acaricidin 杀螨剂accedent variation 偶然变异accelerated flow method 加速流动法accepting arm [tRNA的]接纳臂acceptor 接纳体，（接）受体acceptor site 接纳位点，接受位点acceptor splicing site 剪接受体acceptor stem [tRNA的]接纳茎accessible 可及的accessible promoter 可及启动⼦accessible surface 可及表⾯accessory 零件，附件；辅助的accessory cell 佐细胞accessory chromosome 副染⾊体accessory factor 辅助因⼦accessory nucleus 副核accessory pigment 辅助⾊素accessory protein 辅助蛋⽩（质）accommodation 顺应accumulation 积累，累积accuracy 准确度acenaphthene ⼆氢苊acene 并苯acentric ⽆着丝粒的acentric fragment ⽆着丝粒断⽚acentric ring ⽆着丝粒环acetal 缩醛acetaldehyde ⼄醛acetalresin 缩醛树脂acetamidase ⼄酰胺酶acetamide ⼄酰胺acetate ⼄酸盐acetic acid ⼄酸，醋酸acetic acid bacteria ⼄酸菌，醋酸菌acetic anhydride ⼄酸酐acetification ⼄酸化作⽤，醋化作⽤acetin ⼄酸⽢油酯，三⼄酰⽢油酯acetoacetic acid ⼄酰⼄酸Acetobacter 醋杆菌属acetogen 产⼄酸菌acetogenic bacteria 产⼄酸菌acetome body 酮体acetome powder 丙酮制粉[在-30度以下加丙酮制成的蛋⽩质匀浆物] acetomitrile ⼄腈acetone 丙酮acetyl ⼄酰基acetyl coenzyme A ⼄酰辅酶Aacetylcholine ⼄酰胆碱acetylcholine agonist ⼄酰胆碱拮抗剂acetylcholine receptor ⼄酰胆碱受体acetylcholinesterase ⼄酰胆碱酯酶acetylene ⼄炔acetylene reduction test ⼄炔还原试验[检查⽣物体的固氮能⼒] acetylglucosaminidase ⼄酰葡糖胺糖苷酶acetylglutamate synthetase ⼄酰⾕氨酸合成酶acetylsalicylate ⼄酰⽔杨酸；⼄酰⽔杨酸盐、酯、根acetylsalicylic acid ⼄酰⽔杨酸acetylspiramycin ⼄酰螺旋霉素AchE ⼄酰胆碱酯酶achiral ⾮⼿性的acholeplasma ⽆胆甾原体AchR ⼄酰胆碱受体achromatic 消⾊的；消⾊差的achromatic color ⽆⾊achromatic lens 消⾊差透镜achromatin ⾮染⾊质acid catalysis 酸催化acid fibroblast growth factor 酸性成纤维细胞⽣长因⼦acid fuchsin 酸性品红acid glycoprotein 酸性糖蛋⽩acid hydrolyzed casein 酸⽔解酪蛋⽩acid medium 酸性培养基acid mucopolysaccharide 酸性粘多糖acid phosphatase 酸性磷酸酶acid protease 酸性蛋⽩酶acid solvent 酸性溶剂acidic 酸性的acidic amino acid 酸性氨基酸acidic protein 酸性蛋⽩质[有时特指⾮组蛋⽩]acidic transactivator 酸性反式激活蛋⽩acidic transcription activator 酸性转录激活蛋⽩acidification 酸化（作⽤）acidifying 酸化（作⽤）acidolysis 酸解acidophilia 嗜酸性acidophilic bacteria 嗜酸菌acidophilous milk 酸奶aclacinomycin 阿克拉霉素acoelomata ⽆体腔动物acomitic acid 乌头酸aconitase 顺乌头酸酶aconitate 乌头酸；乌头酸盐、酯、根aconitine 乌头碱aconitum alkaloid 乌头属⽣物碱ACP 酰基载体蛋⽩acquired character 获得性状acquired immunity 获得性免疫acridine 吖啶acridine alkaloid 吖啶（类）⽣物碱acridine dye 吖啶燃料acridine orange 吖啶橙acridine yellow 吖啶黄acriflavine 吖啶黄素acroblast 原顶体acrocentric chromosome 近端着丝染⾊体acrolein 丙烯醛acrolein polymer 丙烯醛类聚合物acrolein resin 丙烯醛树脂acropetal translocation 向顶运输acrosin 顶体蛋⽩acrosomal protease 顶体蛋⽩酶acrosomal reaction 顶体反应acrosome 顶体acrosome reaction 顶体反应acrosomic granule 原顶体acrosyndesis 端部联会acrylamide 丙烯酰胺acrylate 丙烯酸酯、盐acrylic acid 丙烯酸acrylic polymer 丙烯酸（酯）类聚合物acrylic resin 丙烯酸（酯）类树脂acrylketone 丙烯酮acrylonitrile 丙烯腈actidione 放线（菌）酮[即环⼰酰亚胺]actin 肌动蛋⽩actin filament 肌动蛋⽩丝actinin 辅肌动蛋⽩[分为alfa、beta两种，beta蛋⽩即加帽蛋⽩] actinmicrofilament 肌动蛋⽩微丝actinometer 化学光度计actinomorphy 辐射对称[⽤于描述植物的花] actinomycetes 放线菌actinomycin D 放线菌素Dactinospectacin 放线壮观素，壮观霉素，奇霉素action 作⽤action current 动作电流action potential 动作电位action spectrum 动作光谱activated sludge 活性污泥activated support 活化⽀持体activating group 活化基团activating transcription factor 转录激活因⼦activation 激活；活化activation analysis 活化分析activation energy 活化能activator 激活物，激活剂，激活蛋⽩activator protein 激活蛋⽩active absorption 主动吸收active biomass 活⽣物质active carbon 活性碳active center 活性中⼼active chromatin 活性染⾊质active dry yeast 活性⼲酵母active dydrogen compounds 活性氢化合物active ester of amino acid 氨基酸的活化酯active hydrogen 活性氢active immunity 主动免疫active oxygen 活性氧active site 活性部位，活性中⼼active transport 主动转运active uptake 主动吸收activin 活化素[由垂体合成并由睾丸和卵巢分泌的性激素]activity 活性，活度，（放射性）活度actomyosin 肌动球蛋⽩actophorin 载肌动蛋⽩[⼀种肌动蛋⽩结合蛋⽩]acute 急性的acute infection 急性感染acute phase 急性期acute phase protein 急性期蛋⽩，急相蛋⽩acute phase reaction 急性期反应，急相反应[炎症反应急性期机体的防御反应] acute phase reactive protein 急性期反应蛋⽩，急相反应蛋⽩acute phase response 急性期反应，急相反应acute toxicity 急性毒性ACV ⽆环鸟苷acyclic nucleotide ⽆环核苷酸acycloguanosine ⽆环鸟苷，9-（2-羟⼄氧甲基）鸟嘌呤acyclovir ⽆环鸟苷acyl 酰基acyl carrier protein 酰基载体蛋⽩acyl cation 酰（基）正离⼦acyl chloride 酰氯acyl CoA 脂酰辅酶Aacyl coenzyem A 脂酰辅酶Aacyl fluoride 酰氟acyl halide 酰卤acylamino acid 酰基氨基酸acylase 酰基转移酶acylating agent 酰化剂acylation 酰化acylazide 酰叠氮acylbromide 酰溴acyloin 偶姻acyltransferase 酰基转移酶adamantanamine ⾦刚烷胺[曾⽤作抗病毒剂]adamantane ⾦刚烷adaptability 适应性adaptation 适应adapter 衔接头；衔接⼦adapter protein 衔接蛋⽩质adaptin 衔接蛋⽩[衔接格蛋⽩与其他蛋⽩的胞质区]adaptive behavior 适应性⾏为adaptive enzyme 适应酶adaptive molecule 衔接分⼦adaptive response 适应反应[⼤肠杆菌中的DNA修复系统]adaptor 衔接头；衔接⼦adaxial 近轴的addition 加成addition compound 加成化合物addition haploid 附加单倍体addition line 附加系additive 添加物，添加剂additive effect 加性效应additive genetic variance 加性遗传⽅差additive recombination 插⼊重组，加插重组[因DNA插⼊⽽引起的基因重组] addressin 地址素[选择蛋⽩(selectin)的寡糖配体，与淋巴细胞归巢有关] adducin 内收蛋⽩[⼀种细胞膜⾻架蛋⽩，可与钙调蛋⽩结合]adduct 加合物，加成化合物adduct ion 加合离⼦adenine 腺嘌呤adenine arabinoside 啊糖腺苷adenine phosphoribosyltransferase 腺嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶adenoma 腺瘤adenosine 腺嘌呤核苷，腺苷adenosine deaminase 腺苷脱氨酶adenosine diphoshate 腺苷⼆磷酸adenosine monophosphate 腺苷（⼀磷）酸adenosine phosphosulfate 腺苷酰硫酸adenosine triphosphatase 腺苷三磷酸酶adenosine triphosphate 腺苷三磷酸adenovirus 腺病毒adenylate 腺苷酸；腺苷酸盐、酯、根adenylate cyclase 腺苷酸环化酶adenylate energy charge 腺苷酸能荷adenylate kinase 腺苷酸激酶adenylic acid 腺苷酸adenylyl cyclase 腺苷酸环化酶adenylylation 腺苷酰化adherence 粘着，粘附，粘连；贴壁adherent cell 贴壁赴allose 阿洛糖allosome 异染⾊体allosteric activation 别构激活，别构活化allosteric activator 别构激活剂，别构活化剂allosteric control 别构调节allosteric effect 别构效应allosteric effector 别构剂allosteric enzyme 别构酶allosteric inbibition 别构抑制allosteric inbibitor 别构抑制剂allosteric interaction 别构作⽤allosteric ligand 别构配体allosteric protein 别构蛋⽩allosteric regulation 别构调节allosteric site 别构部位allosteric transition 别构转换[由别构剂所引起的蛋⽩质构象变化] allosterism 别构，变构allostery 别构性allosynapsis 异源联会allotope 同种异型位allotrope 同素异形体allotrtraploid 异源四倍体allotype 同种异型allotypic antigen 同种异型抗原allotypic determinant 同种异型决定簇allotypic marker 同种异型标记allotypy 同种异型性alloxan 四氧嘧啶allozyme 同种异型酶allyl 烯丙基allyl resin 烯丙基树脂allysine 醛（基）赖氨酸alphavirus 甲病毒属[属于披膜病毒科]alternate segregation 相间分离alternating copolymer 交替共聚物alternating copolymerization 交替共聚合alternation of generations 世代交替alternative 另⼀种的，交替的，备择的alternative complement pathway 补体旁路alternative pathway of complement 补体旁路（途径）alternative polyadenylation 可变聚腺苷酸化alternative RNA processing 可变RNA加⼯alternative RNA splicing 可变RNA剪接，旁路RNA剪接alternative splicing 可变剪接，旁路剪接alternative splicing factor 可变剪接因⼦alternative transcription 可变转录alternative transcription initiation 可变转录起始alternatively spliced mRNA 可变剪接的mRNAaltrose 阿卓糖Alu family Alu家族alum 矾，明矾aluminia 氧化铝，矾⼟alveolar gas exchange 肺泡⽓体交换alveolar surfactant 肺泡表⾯活性物质alytensin 产婆蟾（紧张）肽Alzheimer disease 阿尔茨海默病，⽼年性痴呆amaerobic 厌氧的amalgam 汞齐amalgam electrode 汞齐电极amanin 鹅膏素amanitine 鹅膏毒环肽amantadine ⾦刚胺amanullin 鹅膏⽆毒环肽amaryllidaceae alkaloid ⽯蒜科⽣物碱amastatin 氨肽酶抑制剂，抑氨肽酶肽amatoxin 鹅膏毒素amber codon 琥珀密码⼦[即UAA终⽌密码⼦]amber mutant 琥珀突变体，琥珀突变型amber mutation 琥珀突变amber suppression 琥珀抑制amber suppressor 琥珀（突变）抑制基因，琥珀（突变）抑制因⼦Amberlite resin [商]Amberlite树脂，琥⽯树脂[Rohm&Haas公司离⼦交换树脂的商品名] ambident 两可的ambident ion 两可离⼦ambient 周围的ambient temperature 环境温度，室温ambiguous codon 多义密码⼦ambisense 双义ambisense genome 双义基因组ambisense RNA 双义RNA[同时编码蛋⽩质的病毒正链与负链RNA]amboceper 双纳体[既有绵⽺红细胞结合位点⼜有补体结合位点的抗体] ambutyrosin 氨丁苷菌素amensalism 偏害共栖American Type Culture Collection 美国模式培养物保藏所amerol 杀草强，氨基三唑Ames test 埃姆斯试验amethopterin 氨甲蝶呤amicetin 友菌素amicillin resistance 氨苄青霉素抗性amidase 酰胺酶amidated peptide 酰胺（化）肽amide 酰胺amidine 脒amido black 酰胺⿊[可⽤于蛋⽩质SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶的染⾊]amido bond 酰胺键amido link 酰胺键amido linkage 酰胺键amidomycin 胺霉素amidotrizoate 3,5-双⼄酰氨基-2,4,6-三碘苯甲酸盐amiloride 氨氯吡嗪脒[利尿药]amination 氨基化amine 胺amine bormones 胺类激素amine precursor uptake and decarboxylationsystem 胺前体摄取（和）脱羧系统，APUD系统[可提取胺前体并进⾏脱羧⽽产⽣肽类或活性胺的细胞系统] amine transporter 胺转运蛋⽩Aminex resin [商]Aminex树脂[Bio-Rad公司离⼦交换树脂的商品名，⼀类HPLC级球形介质，是带功能基的苯⼄烯。

分子生物学(英文版)

Chapter 3 Nucleic Acid1. Physical and chemical structure of DNA●Double-stranded helix● Major groove and minor groove● Base pairing● The two strands are antiparallel● G+C content (percent G+C)● Satellite DNASatellite DNA consists of highly repetitive DNA and is so called because repetitions of a short DNA sequence tend to produce a different frequency of the nucleotides adenine, cytosine， guanine and thymine， and thus have a different density from bulk DNA — such that they form a second or ’satellite’ band when genomic DNA is separated on a density gradient。

2。

Alternate DNA structureTwo bases have been extruded from base stacking at the junction. The white line goes from phosphate to phosphate along the chain。

O is shown red, N blue， P yellow and C grey.3. Circular and superhelical DNADNA can also form a double-stranded, covalently-closed circle。

分子生物学英文版Chapter4

CHAPTER4 Translation4.1 Outline of Translation 4.2 Genetic Code4.3 tRNA and Anticodon4.4 Ribosome4.5 Protein Synthesis4.6 Posttranslational Events4.1 Outline of TranslationFrom mRNA to protein4.2 Genetic CodeProtein: 20 different amino acidsmRNA: 4 different basesA single base as a codon: 4 codonsPairs of bases as codons: 16 codonsTriplets of bases as codens: 64 codonsThe genetic code is the correspondence between base sequences in DNA (or RNA) and amino acids in protein.A codon is a triplet of nucleotides that represents an amino acid or a start/termination signal of translation.The genetic code is triplet终止密码子：UAA(赭石, ochre); UAG(琥珀, amber),UGA(蛋白石, opal)起始密码子: AUG (有些为GUG)A reading frame is one of the three possible ways of reading a nucleotide sequence. Each reading frame divides the sequence into a series of successive triplets.Open reading frameAn open reading frame (ORF)is a sequence of DNA consisting of triplets that can be translated into amino acids starting with an initiation codon and ending with a termination codon.There are three possible ways of translating any nucleotide sequence into protein, depending on the starting point. For example:For the sequence ACGACGACGACGACGACG……the three possible reading frames are:(AUG) ACG ACG ACG ACG ACG ACG ACG….. (AUG) CGA CGA CGA CGA CGA CGA CGA….. (AUG) GAC GAC GAC GAC GAC GAC GAC…..遗传密码的特点1. 遗传密码的简并性简并性(degeneracy):指一个氨基酸有一个以上的密码子为其编码。

现代分子生物学专业英语word精品

现代分子生物学专业英语（绝密）分子生物学：molecular biology 遗传学：genetics 染色体：chromosomeDNA: deoxyribonucleic acid RNA: ribonucleic Acid 蛋白质：protein 半保留复制：semiconservative replication 复制子:replicon 复制起始点:origin 复制终止点：terminus 半不连续复制：semidiscontinuous replication 前导链：leading strand 模板链:template strand 反义链:antisense strand 后随链：lagging strandDNA 解链酶：DNA helicaseSSB（单链结合蛋白）：single-strand binding protein DNA 拓扑异构酶：DNA topoisomerase 引物：primer引发体：primosome 启动子：promoter终止子：terminator强化子：enhancer内含子：intron外显子：exon引发酶：primaseDNA 夹:DNA clampARS（自主复制序歹y ）: autonomously replicating sequenee 错配修复:mismatch repair 碱基切除:base-excisionDNA 切割酶：DNA excinuclease重组修复:recombinant repair光化物:photoproduct转座：transposition可移位因子：transposable element复合型转座子：composite transposon 反向重复序歹：inverted repeat正向重复序歹：forward repeat自主性转座子：autonomous transposon 激活:activate解离：dissociated转座酶：transposase解离酶：resolvaseSNP（单核苷酸多态性）：single nucleotide polymorphism 转录：transcription 转座：transposition 翻译：translation 信使RNA:messenger RNA 模板识别：template recognition 转录因子（TF）：transcription factor 聚合酶全酶：holoenzyme 编码区：coding region 剪接过程：splicing 编辑：editing 起始密码子：initiation codon 终止密码子：termination codon 同义密码子:synonymous codon 简并：degeneracy 受体臂：acceptor arm 错义突变：missense mutation 核糖体蛋白质：ribosomal protein 磷酸化:phosphorylation 糖基化:glycosylation 甲基化:methylation 乙酰化：acetylation分子伴侣：molecular chaperone 热休克: heat shock 信号肽：signal peptide 前导肽：leader peptideNPC（核孔复合体）：nuclear pore complex NLS（核定位信号）:nuclear localization signal NES （出核信号）：nuclear export signal 泛素受体分子：ubiquitin receptor molecules 限制性核酸内切酶：restriction endonuclease 载体：vector 琼脂糖：agarose 多聚阴离子：polyanions 转化：transformation 感受态细胞：competent cell 聚合酶链式反应（PCR）：polymerase chain reaction 基因片段：genomic 定量：quantitative 表观遗传学：epigenetics 同源测序：sibling sequencing CDNA：complementary DNARACE（CDNA 末端快速扩增法）：rapid amplification of CDNAend 图位克隆法：map-based cloning蛋白质组学：proteome 基因组：genome 电泳：electrophoresis 等电聚焦：isoelectric focusingCID（诱导碰撞解离）：collision-induced dissociation 基因定点突变：site-directed mutagenesis 转录组：transriptome 高通量测序：high-throughput sequencing 原位杂交（ISH）：in situ hybridization 荧光原位杂交（FISH）:fluorescence in situ hybridization 基因敲除：gene knock-outPNS（正负筛选）:positive-negative selection 转录激活结构域：transcription activation domain 双杂交系统: two-hybrid system 免疫共沉淀技术: co-immuno precipitationRNA 干涉: RNA interference 管家基因: housekeeping genes 噬菌体: bacteriophage 蛋白质免疫印迹:western blotting 单克隆抗体: monoclonal antibody 现代遗传学: reverse genetics负转录调控: negative transcription regulation 阻遏蛋白：repressor 激活蛋白：activator乳糖操纵子：lactose operon代谢阻遏效应:catabolite repression 弱化作用：attenuation信号转导：signal transduction传感蛋白：sensor protein上游激活位点：upstream activator sequence 连接区：junction时间特异性：temporal specificity核心启动子：core promoter 拉链：zipper基因沉默：gene silencing应答原件：response element 核穿梭：nuclear shuttling。

分子生物学名词解释(英文)

Structure and Function of Nucleic Acid1．The primary structure of nucleic acid is the sequence of nucleoside monophosphates from 5’ end to 3’ end in nucleic acid . (usually written as the sequence of bases).2．DNA denaturation：A DNA has lost its’ native conformation and double strand DNA is separated to single strand DNA by exposed to a destabilizing factor such as heat, acid, alkali,urea or amide. (when high temperature is used to denature DNA, the DNA is said to be melted). 3．Tm：is melting temperature at which half (50%) of DNA molecules are denatured.4. Annealing ：The process of renaturation of heat denatured DNA by slowly cooling is called annealing.5．Hyperchromic effect: the absorbance at 260nm of a DNA solution increases when the double helix is melted into single strands.6．Hybridization: when heterogeneous DNA or RNA are put together, they will become to heteroduplex via the base-pairing rules during renaturation if they are complementary in parts (not complete). This is called molecular hybridization.Replication1．The Central Dogma：It described that the flow of genetic information is from DNA to RNA and then to protein. According to the central dogma of molecular biology, DNA directs the synthesis of RNA, and RNA then directs the synthesis of proteins.2．Semiconservative replication：* The two parental strands separate and that each then serves as a template;* 4 kinds of dNTP as the stock;* Catalyzed by DNA polymerase;* Follow the usual base-pairing rules of A with T and G with C;* Each daughter duplex has one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand.3．Okazaki fragments ：The Short segments of DNA (1000－2000 bases in bacteria, 150-200 bases in eukaryotes) formed in the discontinuous lagging strand synthesis of DNA and are rapidly joined by DNA ligase to form a continuous DNA strand.4．Replicon：A unit of DNA that is replicated from one replication origin. 5．Primosome：The protein complex containing DnaB, DnaC, primase (DnaG), DNA oriC sequence and other factors that initiates synthesis of DNA.DNA synthesis proceeds in a 5'→3' direction and is semidiscontinuous. One of the new DNA strands is synthesized continuously and the other discontinuously in short pieces：6．Leading strand ：The strand that is continuously synthesized (in the same direction as replication fork movement).7．Lagging strand：The strand that is synthesized discontinuously in short pieces (Okazaki fragments) in a direction opposite to the direction of replication fork movement. The Okazaki fragments are then spliced together by DNA ligase.8．Telomere：Specialized structure at the end of a linear eukaryotic chromosome, which consists of tandem repeats of a short T,G-rich sequence on the 3’ ending strand and its complementary sequence on the 5' ending strand, allows replication of 5' ends of the DNA without loss of genetic information and maintains the stability of eukaryotic chromosome.9．Telomerase：An RNA-containing reverse transcriptase that using the RNA as a template, adds nucleotides to the 3’ ending strand and thus prevents progressive shortening of eukaryotic linear DNA molecules during replication. Human telomerase contains three parts:Human telomerase RNA, hTRHuman telomerase associated protein 1, hTP1Human telomerase reverse transcriptase, hTRT10．Reverse Transcription：Synthesis of a double-strand DNA from an RNA template. 11．Reverse transcriptase：A DNA polymerase that uses RNA as its template.RNA-dependent DNA polymeraseRNaseDNA-dependent DNA polymeraseGene Recombination and Genetic Engineering1. DNA Cloning:To clone a piece of DNA, DNA is cut into fragments using restriction enzymes. The fragments are pasted into vectors that have been cut by restriction enzyme to form recombinant DNA. The recombinant DNA are needed to transfer and replicate DNA in a host cell.This serial process and related technique are called DNA cloning, also called gene cloning.2. Genomic DNA library:The collection of bacteria clones that contain all the DNA in the organism’s genome on vector of plasmids or bacteriophage.3. α-complementation:some plasmid vectors (eg,pUC19) carry lacZ gene, whose product αfragment is the N-terminal of the β-galactosidase. Whereas, the mutant E.coli strain only synthesize the ω fragment, which is the C-terminal of the enzyme. Eitherα or ω fragment alone is nonfunctional. When the vector containing lacZ is introduced into mutant E.coli, both theαand ωfragments are present. So there is an interaction and a functionally intact β-galactosidase can form. This interaction is called α- complementation.Regulation of Gene Expression1. Housekeeping gene: It is the genes coding for proteins that are needed for basic life processes in all kinds of cells(such as enzymes for citric acid cycle).2. Operon:consists of more than 2 coding sequences, promoter, operator and other regulatory sequences clustered in the genome.3. Promoter: It is the specific DNA sequence binding to RNA-pol to initiate transcription.4. Enhancer: consisting of several functional elements, apart from transcriptional initiation site, enhancing the activity of promoter, determining the stage and spatial specificity, functioning in different direction and distance on upstream or downstream。

现代分子生物学专业英语

现代分子生物学专业英语（绝密）分子生物学:molecular biology遗传学:genetics染色体：chromosomeDNA: deoxyribonucleic acidRNA: ribonucleic Acid蛋白质：protein半保留复制：semiconservative replication复制子:replicon复制起始点:origin复制终止'点：terminus半不连续复制：semidiscontinuous replication前导链：leading strand模板链:template strand反义链:antisense strand后随链：lagging strandDNA 解链酶:DNA helicaseSSB（单链结合蛋白）：single-strand binding protein DNA 拓扑异构酶：DNA topoisomerase弓I物：primer引发体：primosome启动子：promoter终止子：terminator 强化子：enhancer内含子：intron夕卜显子：exon引发酶：primaseDNA 夹:DNA clampARS（白主复制序歹!J ）: autonomously replicating sequence字昔酉己修复:mismatch repair碱基切除:base-excisionDNA 切割酶：DNA excinuclease重组修复:recombinant repair光化物:photoproduct转座:transposition可移位因子:transposable element复合型转座子:composite transposon反向重复序歹!j: inverted repeat正向重复序歹!j: forward repeat白主性转座子: autonomous transposon激活:activate解离：dissociated转座酶：transposase解离酶：resolvaseSNP（单核昔酸多态性）：single nucleotide polymorphism 转录：transcription转座:transposition翻译：translation信使RNA:messenger RNA模板识另U ： template recognition转录因子（TF）: transcription factor聚合酶全酶：holoenzyme编码区：coding region剪接过程：splicing编辑：editing起始密码子:initiation codon终止密码子:termination codon同义密码子:synonymous codon简并：degeneracy受体臂:acceptor arm错义突变:missense mutation核糖体蛋白质:ribosomal protein磷酸化:phosphorylation糖基化:glycosylation甲基化:methylation乙酰化：acetylation分子伴侣: molecular chaperone热休克:heat shock信号肽：signal peptide前导肽:leader peptideNPC（核孔复合体）：nuclear pore complexNLS（核定位信号）:nuclear localization signalNES （出核信号）:nuclear export signal泛素受体分子:ubiquitin receptor molecules限制性核酸内切酶：restriction endonuclease载体:vector琼脂糖:agarose多聚阴离子：polyanions转化:transformation感受态细胞：competent cell聚合酶链式反应（PCR）:polymerase chain reaction基因片段:genomic定量：quantitative表观遗传学:epigenetics同源测序:sibling sequencingCDNA: complementary DNARACE（CDNA 末端快速扩增法）：rapid amplification of CDNAend 图位克隆法:map-based cloning蛋白质组学: proteome基因组：genome电泳:electrophoresis等电聚焦:isoelectric focusingCID（诱导碰撞解离）:collision-induced dissociation基因定点突变: site-directed mutagenesis转录组：transriptome高通量测序:high-throughput sequencing原位杂交（ISH）: in situ hybridization荧光原位杂交（FISH）:fluorescence in situ hybridization 基因敲除:gene knock-outPNS（正负筛选）:positive-negative selection转录激活结构域: transcription activation domain双杂交系统:two-hybrid system免疫共沉淀技术:co-immuno precipitationRNA 干涉：RNA interference管家基因:housekeeping genes噬菌体:bacteriophage蛋白质免疫印迹:western blotting单克隆抗体:monoclonal antibody现代遗传学:reverse genetics负转录调控:negative transcription regulation 阻遏蛋白：repressor 激活蛋白：activator孚L糖操纵子:lactose operon代谢阻遏效应:catabolite repression弱化作用：attenuation信号转导:signal transduction传感蛋白：sensor protein上游激活位点：upstream activator sequence 连接区：junction时间特异性：temporal specificity核兀、启动子:core promoter拉链：zipper基因沉默:gene silencing应答原件:response element核穿梭:nuclear shuttling。

分子生物学中英文对照

acetyl CoA / 乙酰辅酶A 一种小分子的水溶性代产物,由与辅酶A 相连的乙酰基组成,产生于丙酮酸、脂肪酸及氨基酸的氧化过程;其乙酰基在柠檬酸循环中被转移到柠檬酸。

actin / 肌动蛋白,肌纤蛋白富含于真核细胞中的结构蛋白,与许多其他蛋白相互作用。

其球形单体( G2肌动蛋白) 聚合形成肌动蛋白纤丝( F2肌动蛋白) 。

在肌肉细胞收缩时F2肌动蛋白与肌球蛋白相互作用。

activation energy / 活化能(克服障碍以) 启动化学反应所需的能量投入。

降低活化能,可增加酶的反应速率。

active site / 活性中心,活性部位酶分子上与底物结合及进行催化反应的区域。

active transport / 主动转运离子或小分子逆浓度梯度或电化学梯度的耗能跨膜运动。

由ATP 耦联水解或另一分子顺其电化学梯度的转运提供能量。

adenylyl cyclase / 酰苷酸环化酶催化由ATP 生成环化腺苷酸(cAMP) 的膜附着酶。

特定配体与细胞表面的相应受体结合引发该酶的激活并使胞的cAMP 升高。

allele / 等位基因位于同源染色体上对应部位的基因的两种或多种可能形式之一。

allosteric transition / 变构转换小分子与蛋白质上特定调节部位相结合所引起的蛋白质之三级及(或) 四级结构的改变,其活性随之发生变化。

多亚单位酶的变构调节很普遍。

alpha(α) helix /α螺旋常见的蛋白质二级结构,其氨基酸线性序列叠为右旋螺旋,借助主链上的羧基与酰胺基间的氢键维持稳定。

aminoacyl2tRNA / 氨酰转移核糖核酸用于蛋白合成的氨基酸的激活形式,含有借高能酯键与tRNA 分子上3’2羟基相结合的氨基酸。

amphipathic / 两亲的,兼性的指既有亲水性部分又有疏水性部分的分子或结构。

anaphase / ( 细胞分裂) 后期姐妹染色体(或有丝分裂期的成对同源物) 裂开并分别(分离) 朝纺锤体两极移动的有丝分裂期。

分子生物学英文版Chapter3

CHAPTER 3 Transcription3.1 Outline of Transcription3.2 Transcription in Prokaryotes 3.3 Transcription in Eukaryotes 3.4 RNA Splicing and ProcessingCentral Dogma3.1 Outline of TranscriptionKey Terms•Transcription: a DNA segment that constitutes a gene is read and transcribed into a single stranded sequence of RNA.•The sense strand(coding strand)of DNA has the same sequence as the mRNA and is related by the genetic code to the protein sequence that it represents.•The antisense strand(Template strand)of DNA is complementary to the sense strand, and is the one that acts as the template for synthesis of mRNA.•A promoteris a region of DNA where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription.•Startpoint (startsite) refers to the position on DNAcorresponding to the first base incorporated into RNA. •A terminator is a sequence of DNA that causes RNA polymerase to terminate transcription.Key TermsTranscription unitEnzymatic synthesis of RNADNA templaterN′TP+n rNTP rN′TP-(rNMP)n +nPPiRNA-P, Mg2+RNA合成:前体为4种5′-核苷三磷酸(rNTP) —ATP,GTP,CTP和UTP;模板为DNA双链分子中的一条链;催化合成的酶为RNA polymerase;不需要引物,直接开始新生RNA链的延伸;碱基配对原则:A-U(T), C-G;聚合反应中生成磷酸二酯键,释放出PPi;新生RNA链的延伸方向: 5′→3′3.2 Transcription in Prokaryotes3.2.1 RNA polymerases3.2.2 Promoter recognition3.2.3 Initiation and elongation of transcription 3.2.4 Two types of terminators in E.coli3.2.1 RNA polymeraseRNA聚合酶核心酶：α2ββ′RNA聚合酶全酶：α2ββ′σRNA聚合酶各亚基的功能（见左图）Sigma factor changes the DNA-binding properties of RNApolymerase so that its affinity for general DNA is reduced and its affinity for promoters is increased. E.coli has several sigma factors, each of which causes RNApolymerase to initiate at a set of promoters defined by specific –35 and –10 sequences.The sigma subunit is required only fortranscription initiation3.2.2 Promoter recognitionThe promoter has three components1）-10区, 又称Pribnow Box保守序列为T80A95T45A60A50T96。

分子生物学名词解释英文

1.DNA Denaturation(变性) When duplex DNA molecules are subjected to conditions of pH ,temperature,or ionic strength that disrupt base-paring interactions, the DNA molecule has lost its’native conformation, and double helix DNA is separated to single strand DNA as individual randome coils.That is, the DNA is denatured.2.Renaturation（复性）Removing the denaturation factors slowly or in proper conditions, the denaturedDNA (ssDNA) restore native structure (dsDNA) and functions. This process is dependent on both DNA concentration and time.3.Hybridization （核酸分子杂交）when heterogeneous DNA or RNA are put together, they will become toheteroduplex via the base-pairing rules during renaturation if they are complementary in parts (not completely). This is called molecular hybridization.4.Hyperchromic effect （增色效应）The absorbance at 260 nm of a DNA solution increases when thedouble helix is separated into single strands because of the bases unstack.5.Ribozyme （核酶）are the RNA molecules with catalytic activity. The activity of these ribozymes ofteninvolves the cleavage of a nucleic acid.6.De novo synthesis (从头合成)De novo synthesis of nucleotides begins with their metabolic precursors:amino acids, ribose-5-phosphate, one carbon units, CO2. mostly in liver.7.Salvage pathways （补救合成）Salvage pathways recycle the free bases and nucleosides released fromnucleic acid breakdown. Mostly in brain and marrow.8.Semi-conservative replication (半保留复制）DNA is synthesized by separation of the strands of aparental duplex, each then acting as a template for synthesis of a complementary strand based on the base-paring rule. Each daughter molecule has one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand. 9.Telomere（端粒）：Specialized structure at the end of a linear eukaryotic chromosome, which consists ofproteins and DNA, tandem repeats of a short G-rich sequence on the 3 ' ending strand and its complementary sequence on the 5' ending strand, allows replication of the extreme 5' ends of the DNAwithout loss of genetic information and maintains the stability of eukaryote chromosome.10.Telomerase（端粒酶）An RNA-containing reverse transcriptase that using the RNA as a template, addsnucleotides to the 3 ' ending strand and thus prevents progressive shortening of eukaryotic linear DNA molecules during replication.11.Reverse transcription (逆转录）Synthesis of a double-strand DNA from an RNA template.12.Reverse transcriptase (逆转录酶）A DNA polymerase that uses RNA as its template.activity: RNA-dependent DNA polymerase; RNAse H;DNA-dependent DNA polymerase13.The central dogma (中心法则）It described that the flow of genetic information is from DNA to RNA andthen to protein. According to the central dogma, DNA directs the synthesis of RNA, and RNA then directs the synthesis of proteins.14.asymmetric transcription（不对称转录）1..Transcription generally involves only short segments of aDNA molecule, and within those segments only one of the two DNA strands serves as a template.2.The template strand of different genes is not always on the same strand of DNA. That is, in anychromosome, different genes may use different strands as template.15.template strand （模板链）The DNA strand that serves as a template for transcription. (The relationshipbetween template and transcript is base paring and anti-parallel)16.non-template strand (or coding strand)（编码连）The DNA strand that opposites to the templatestrand.(Note that it has the same sequence as the synthesized RNA, except for the replacement of U with T )17.promoter i s the DNA sequence at which RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription. It is alwayslocated on the upstream of a gene.18.Split genes (断裂基因)Split genes are those in which regions that are represented in mature mRNAs orstructural RNAs (exons) are separated by regions that are transcribed along with exons in the primary RNA products of genes, but are removed from within the primary RNA molecule during RNA processingsteps (introns).19.Exon(外显子) can be expressed in primary transcript and are the sequences that are represented inmature RNA molecules, it encompasses not only protein-coding genes but also the genes for various RNA (such as tRNAs or rRNAs)20.Intron（内含子）can be expressed and be the intervening nucleotide sequences that are removed fromthe primary transcript when it is processed into a mature RNA.21.Spliceosome（剪切体）A multicomponent complex contains proteins and snRNAs that are involved inmRNA splicing.22.Translation（翻译）The process of protein synthesis in which the genetic information present in anmRNA molecule (transcribed from DNA) determines the sequence of amino acids by the genetic codons.Translation occurs on ribosomes.23.genetic codon（密码子）The genetic code is a triplet code read continuously from a fixed starting pointin each mRNA, also called triplet. Genetic code defines the relationship between the base sequence of mRNA and the amino acid sequence of polypeptide.24.Degeneracy of code（密码子简并性）One codon encodes only one amino acid;More than 2 codons can encode the same amino acid;Most codons that encode the same amino acid have the difference in the third base of the codon.25.ORF（开放阅读框架）The nucleotideacids sequences in mRNA molecule from 5’AUG to 3’stop codon(UAA UAG UGA). It consists of a group of contiguous nonoverlapping genetic codons encoding a whole protein. Usually, it includes more than 500 genetic codons.26.Shine-Dalgarno sequence（SD）is a sequence upstream the start codon in prokaryotic mRNA that canbase pairs to a •UCCU•sequence at or very near the 3' end of 16S rRNA, thereby binding the mRNA and small ribosomal subunit by each other.27.Polyribosome（多聚核糖体）Ribosomes(10~100) are tandemly arranged on one mRNA and move in thedirection of 5’to 3’.Such a complex of one mRNA and a number ofribosomes is called polyribosome.28.signal peptide（信号肽）It is a short conservative amino terminal sequence (13~36AA) that exists ona newly synthesized secretory protein. It can direct this protein to a specific locationwithin the cell. It is subsequently cleaved away by signal peptidase; also called signal sequence and targeting sequence.29.Operon（操纵子）: Bacteria have a simple general mechanism for coordinating the regulation of geneswhose products are involved in related processes: the genes are clustered on the chromosome and transcribed together. Most prokaryotic mRNAs are polycistronic. The single promoter requi red to initiate transcription of the cluster is the point where expression of all of the genes is regulated. The gene cluster, the promoter, and additional sequences that function in regulation are together called an operon. Operons that include 2 to 6 genes transcribed as a unit are common; some operons contain 20 or more genes.30.Housekeeping gene（管家基因）Genes that are expressed at a fairly consistent level throughout the cellcycle and from tissue to tissue. Usually involved in routine cellular metabolism. Often used for comparison when studying expression of other genes of interest.31.Trans-acting factors（反式作用因子）：Usually considered to be proteins, that bind to the cis-actingsequences to control gene expression. The properties of different trans-acting factors:subunits of RNA polymerasebind to RNA Polymerase to stabilize the initiation complexbind to all promoters at specific sequences but not to RNA Polymerase (TFIID factor which binds to the TATA box)bind to a few promoters and are required for transcription initiation32.Cis-acting elements（顺式作用元件）：DNA sequences in the vicinity of the structural portion of a genethat are required for gene expression. The properties of different cis-acting elements:contain short consensus sequencesmodules are related but not identicalnot fixed in location but usually within 200 bp upstream of the transcription start sitea single element is usually sufficient to confer a regulatory responsecan be located in a promoter or an enhancerassumed that a specific protein binds to the element and the presence of that protein is developmentally regulated33.Southern blotting：Genomic DNA (from tissues or cells) are cut by RE, separated by gelelectrophoresis and denatured in solution, then transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane for detecting specific DNA sequence by hybridization to a labeled probe. It can be used to quantitative and qualitative analyze genomic DNA, or analyze the recombinant plasmid and bacteriophage (screening DNA library).34.Northern blotting: RNA samples (from tissues or cells) are separated by gel electrophoresis anddenatured in solution, then transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane for detecting specific sequence by hybridization to a labeled probe. It can be used to detect the level of specific mRNA in some tissues (cells) and to compare the level of same gene expression in different tissues (cells) or at different development period.35.Western blotting：rotein samples are separated by PAGE electrophoresis, then electro-transferred to NCmembrane. The proteins on NC membrane hybridize with a specific antibody (1st antibody ), then the target protein binding with antibody is detected with a labeled secondary antibody (2nd antibody).Also called immunoblotting. It can be used to detect the specific protein, semi-quantify specific protein, etc.36.PBlotting technique（印迹）:Transfer (blot) biological macromolecules separated in the gel and fix themto nitrocellulose/nylon membrane by diffusion, electro-transferring or vacuum absorption, then detectit.37.Nucleic acid probe（探针）:DNA or RNA fragment labeled with radioisotope, biotin orfluorescent, is used to detect specific nucleic acid sequences by hybridization38.PCR: PCR is a technique for amplifying a specific DNA segment in vitro. The reaction system includeDNA template, T aq DNA pol, dNTP，short oligonucleotide primers, buffer containing Mg2+. The process including 3 steps: denature, annealing, extension39.DNA coloning（克隆）:T o clone a piece of DNA, DNA is cut into fragments using restriction enzymes. Thefragments are pasted into vectors that have been cut by the same restriction enzyme to form recombinant DNA. The recombinant DNA are needed to transfer and maintain DNA in a host cell. This serial process and related technique are called DNA coloning or genetic engineering.40.Genomic DNA library(基因组DNA文库) A genomic library is a set of clones that together representsthe entire genome of a given organism. The number of clones that constitute a genomic library depends on (1) the size of the genome in question and (2) the insert size tolerated by the particular cloning vector system. For most practical purposes, the tissue source of the genomic DNA is unimportant because each cell of the body contains virtually identical DNA (with some exceptions).41.cDNA library（cDNA文库）:A cDNA library represents a sample of the mRNA purified from a particularsource (either a collection of cells, a particular tissue, or an entire organism), which has been converted back to a DNA template by the use of the enzyme reverse transcriptase. It thus represents the genes that were being actively transcribed in that particular source under the physiological, developmental, or environmental conditions that existed when the mRNA was purified.42.α-complementation（α互补）:Some plasmid vectors such as pUC19 carry the alpha fragment of the lacZ gene. The alpha fragment is the amino-terminus of the beta-galactosidase. Typically, the mutant E. coli host strain only carry the omega fragment, which is the carboxy-terminus of the protein. Either omegaor alpha fragment alone is nonfunctional. When the vector containing lac Z introduced into mutant E.coli, both the alpha and omega fragments are present there is an interaction and a functionally intact beta-galactosidase protein can be produced. This interaction is called alpha complementation.43.Secondary messenger(第二信使) are some small signal molecules that are generated in the cell inresponse to extracellular signals. They can activate many other downstream components. The most important second messengers are: Ca2+, cAMP, cGMP, DAG, IP3, Cer, AA and its derivatives, etc.44.Adaptor protein（衔接蛋白）A specialized protein that links protein components of the signalingpathway, These proteins tend to lack any intrinsic enzymatic activity themselves but instead mediate specific protein-protein interaction that drive the formation of protein complexes.45.Scaffolding protein（支架蛋白）A protein that assembles interacting signaling proteins intomultimolecular, it recruits downstream effectors in a pathway and enhances specificity of the signal. 46.Oncogene（癌基因）A gene whose product is involved either in transforming cells in culture or ininducing cancer in animals including virus oncogene（v-onc）and cellular-oncogene（c-onc ）。

分子生物学英文专用术语

分子生物学英文专用术语English:"Molecular biology, as a branch of biology, encompasses a plethoraof specialized terminologies crucial for understanding the intricate mechanisms governing life at the molecular level. These terminologies span various aspects such as DNA replication, transcription, translation, gene expression regulation, and molecular genetics. Key terms include DNA, RNA, protein synthesis, genetic code, transcription factors, promoters, enhancers, repressors, splicing, mutations, gene regulation, gene expression, recombinant DNA technology, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction enzymes, cloning vectors, gene editing tools like CRISPR-Cas9, gene therapy, genetic engineering, and bioinformatics tools for sequence analysis and molecular modeling. Understanding and mastery of these terminologies are indispensable for researchers, students, and professionals in the field of molecular biology."中文翻译:"作为生物学的一个分支，分子生物学涵盖了大量的专业术语，对于理解控制分子水平生命机制的复杂机理至关重要。

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Figure 21-4 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Meiosis
the Greek word for diminution or lessening
Gametes Are Produced by Two Meiotic Cell Divisions
223=8.4m
Figure 21-13 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Sexual Reproduction Gives Organisms a Competitive Advantage
A peacock displaying his elaborate tail. Meiosis Creates Genetic Diversity - Reshuffling of genes helps a species to survive The least fit male: Genetic trashcan?
Alberts • Johnson • Lewis • Raff • Roberts • Walter
Molecular Biology of the Cell
Fifth Edition
Chapter 21 Sexual Reproduction: Meiosis, Germ Cells, and Fertilization
Rearrangements of telomeres during prophase in developing bovine eggs.
엄마/아빠 염색체 조각 교환
Figure 21-6 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Duplicated Homologs (and Sex Chromosomes) Pair During Early Prophase I
Haploid and diploid cells in the life cycles of some complex and simple eucaryotes.
The Haploid Phase in Higher Eucaryotes Is Brief
Gametes + specified diploid precursor cells
Figure 21-1 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Scanning electron micrograph of an egg with many human sperm bound to its surface
유성생식은 diploid에서 Diploid: 2 sets of chromosomes Haploid Mitosis Meiosis
Figure 21-5 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Duplicated Homologs (and Sex Chromosomes) Pair During Early Prophase I
Homolog alignment and crossing-over.
Copyright © Garland Science 2008
Sex is not absolutely necessary
A hydra from which two new organisms are budding(arrows)
Sex is not absolutely necessary. AsexualHaploid cells are different from one another and from the two haploid cells that formed the organism – Different set of autosomes – Genetic recombination ―crossing-over‖
No division Specialized for sexual fusion
Figure 21-3 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Meiosis Creates Genetic Diversity
• Autosomes and sex chromosomes • Homologous chromosomes • Crucial feature of meiosis
Comparison of meiosis and mitotic cell division.
which the duplicated homologs rather than the sister chromatids are pulled apart and segregated
the sister chromatids are pulled apart
gametes—eggs (or ova), sperm (or spermatozoa), pollen, or spores. a fertilized egg, or zygote
Figure 21-2 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Crossing-Over Enhances Genetic Reassortment
Two major contributions to the reassortment of genetic material that occurs in the production of gametes during meiosis.

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