ATA-1000 Broadband power amplifier voltage 70Vp-p (±35V)

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低功耗高增益宽带放大器外文翻译

A Broadband Amplifier with Huge Gain-bandwidth Product and Low PowerConsumptionGainThe gain of an amplifier is the ratio of output to input power or amplitude, and is usually measured in decibels. (When measured in decibels it is logarithmically related to the power ratio: G(dB)=10 log(Pout /(Pin)). RF amplifiers are often specified in terms of the maximum power gain obtainable, while the voltage gain of audio amplifiers and instrumentation amplifiers will be more often specified (since the amplifier's input impedance will often be much higher than the source impedance, and the load impedance higher than the amplifier's output impedance).Example: an audio amplifier with a gain given as 20 dB will have a voltage gain of ten (but a power gain of 100 would only occur in the unlikely event the input and output impedances were identical).BandwidthThe bandwidth of an amplifier is the range of frequencies for which the amplifier gives "satisfactory performance". The definition of "satisfactory performance" may be different for different applications. However, a common and well-accepted metric is the half power points (i.e. frequency where the power goes down by half its peak value) on the output vs. frequency curve. Therefore bandwidth can be defined as the difference between the lower and upper half power points. This is therefore also known as the −3 dB bandwidth. Bandwidths (otherwise called "frequency respon ses") for other response tolerances are sometimes quoted (−1 dB, −6 dB etc.) or "plus or minus 1dB" (roughly the sound level difference people usually can detect).The gain of a good quality full-range audio amplifier will be essentially flat between 20 Hz to about 20 kHz (the range of normal human hearing). In ultra high fidelity amplifier design, the amp's frequency response should extend considerably beyond this (one or more octaves either side) and might have −3 dB points < 10 and > 65 kHz. Professional touring amplifiers often have input and/or output filtering to sharply limit frequency response beyond 20 Hz-20 kHz; too much of the amplifier's potential output power would otherwise be wastedon infrasonic and ultrasonic frequencies, and the danger of AM radio interference would increase. Modern switching amplifiers need steep low pass filtering at the output to get rid of high frequency switching noise and harmonics.EfficiencyEfficiency is a measure of how much of the power source is usefully applied to the amplifier's output. Class A amplifiers are very inefficient, in the range of 10–20% with a max efficiency of 25% for direct coupling of the output. Inductive coupling of the output can raise their efficiency to a maximum of 50%.Class B amplifiers have a very high efficiency but are impractical for audio work because of high levels of distortion (See: Crossover distortion). In practical design, the result of a tradeoff is the class AB design. Modern Class AB amplifiers are commonly between 35–55% efficient with a theoretical maximum of 78.5%.Commercially available Class D switching amplifiers have reported efficiencies as high as 90%. Amplifiers of Class C-F are usually known to be very high efficiency amplifiers.More efficient amplifiers run cooler, and often do not need any cooling fans even in multi-kilowatt designs. The reason for this is that the loss of efficiency produces heat as a by-product of the energy lost during the conversion of power. In more efficient amplifiers there is less loss of energy so in turn less heat.In RF Power Amplifiers, such as cellular base stations and broadcast transmitters, specialist design techniques are used to improve efficiency. Doherty designs, which use a second transistor, can lift efficiency from the typical 15% up to 30-35% in a narrow bandwidth. Envelope Tracking designs are able to achieve efficiencies of up to 60%, by modulating the supply voltage to the amplifier in line with the envelope of the signal.LinearityAn ideal amplifier would be a totally linear device, but real amplifiers are only linear within limits.When the signal drive to the amplifier is increased, the output also increases until a point is reached where some part of the amplifier becomes saturated and cannot produce any more output; this is called clipping, and results in distortion.In most amplifiers a reduction in gain takes place before hard clipping occurs; the result is a compression effect, which (if the amplifier is an audio amplifier) sounds much less unpleasant to the ear. For these amplifiers, the 1 dB compression point is defined as the input power (or output power) where the gain is 1 dB less than the small signal gain. Sometimes this nonlinearity is deliberately designed in to reduce the audible unpleasantness of hard clipping under overload.The problem of nonlinearity is most often solved with negative feedback.Linearization is an emergent field, and there are many techniques, such as feedforward, predistortion, postdistortion, EER, LINC, CALLUM, cartesian feedback, etc., in order to avoid the undesired effects of the non-linearities.NoiseThis is a measure of how much noise is introduced in the amplification process. Noise is an undesirable but inevitable product of the electronic devices and components, also much noise results from intentional economies of manufacture and design time. The metric for noise performance of a circuit is noise figure or noise factor. Noise figure is a comparison between the output signal to noise ratio and the thermal noise of the input signal.Output dynamic rangeOutput dynamic range is the range, usually given in dB, between the smallest and largest useful output levels. The lowest useful level is limited by output noise, while the largest is limited most often by distortion. The ratio of these two is quoted as the amplifier dynamic range. More precisely, if S = maximal allowed signal power and N = noise power, the dynamic range DR is DR = (S + N ) /N.[1]In many switched mode amplifiers, dynamic range is limited by the minimum output step size.Slew rateSlew rate is the maximum rate of change of the output, usually quoted in volts per second (or microsecond). Many amplifiers are ultimately slew rate limited (typically by the impedance of a drive current having to overcome capacitive effects at some point in the circuit), which sometimes limits the full power bandwidth to frequencies well below theamplifier's small-signal frequency response.Rise timeThe rise time, tr, of an amplifier is the time taken for the output to change from 10% to 90% of its final level when driven by a step input. For a Gaussian response system (or a simple RC roll off), the rise time is approximated by:tr * BW = 0.35, where tr is rise time in seconds and BW is bandwidth in Hz.Settling time and ringingThe time taken for the output to settle to within a certain percentage of the final value (for instance 0.1%) is called the settling time, and is usually specified for oscilloscope vertical amplifiers and high accuracy measurement systems. Ringing refers to an output variation that cycles above and below an amplifier's final value and leads to a delay in reaching a stable output. Ringing is the result of overshoot caused by an underdamped circuit.OvershootIn response to a step input, the overshoot is the amount the output exceeds its final, steady-state value.StabilityStability is an issue in all amplifiers with feedback, whether that feedback is added intentionally or results unintentionally. It is especially an issue when applied over multiple amplifying stages.Stability is a major concern in RF and microwave amplifiers. The degree of an amplifier's stability can be quantified by a so-called stability factor. There are several different stability factors, such as the Stern stability factor and the Linvil stability factor, which specify a condition that must be met for the absolute stability of an amplifier in terms of its two-port parameters.Electronic amplifiersMain article: Electronic amplifierThere are many types of electronic amplifiers, commonly used in radio and television transmitters and receivers, high-fidelity ("hi-fi") stereo equipment, microcomputers and other electronic digital equipment, and guitar and other instrument amplifiers. Critical componentsinclude active devices, such as vacuum tubes or transistors. A brief introduction to the many types of electronic amplifier follows.Power amplifierThe term "power amplifier" is a relative term with respect to the amount of power delivered to the load and/or sourced by the supply circuit. In general a power amplifier is designated as the last amplifier in a transmission chain (the output stage) and is the amplifier stage that typically requires most attention to power efficiency. Efficiency considerations lead to various classes of power amplifier: see power amplifier classes.Vacuum tube (valve) amplifiersMain article: Valve amplifierThe glow from four "Electro Harmonix KT88" brand power tubes lights up the inside of a Traynor YBA-200 guitar amplifierAccording to Symons, while semiconductor amplifiers have largely displaced valve amplifiers for low power applications, valve amplifiers are much more cost effective in high power applications such as "radar, countermeasures equipment, or communications equipment" (p. 56). Many microwave amplifiers are specially designed valves, such as the klystron, gyrotron, traveling wave tube, and crossed-field amplifier, and these microwave valves provide much greater single-device power output at microwave frequencies than solid-state devices (p. 59).[2]Valves/tube amplifiers also have niche uses in other areas, such asin russian military aircraft, for their EMP toleranceniche audio for their sound qualitiesTransistor amplifiersMain articles: Transistor, Bipolar junction transistor, Audio amplifier, and MOSFETThe essential role of this active element is to magnify an input signal to yield a significantly larger output signal. The amount of magnification (the "forward gain") is determined by the external circuit design as well as the active device.Many common active devices in transistor amplifiers are bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs).Applications are numerous, some common examples are audio amplifiers in a home stereo or PA system, RF high power generation for semiconductor equipment, to RF and Microwave applications such as radio transmitters.Transistor-based amplifier can be realized using various configurations: for example with a bipolar junction transistor we can realize common base, common collector or common emitter amplifier; using a MOSFET we can realize common gate, common source or common drain amplifier. Each configuration has different characteristic (gain, impedance...).Operational amplifiers (op-amps)Main articles: Operational amplifier and Instrumentation amplifierAn operational amplifier is an amplifier circuit with very high open loop gain and differential inputs which employs external feedback for control of its transfer function or gain. Although the term is today commonly applied to integrated circuits, the original operational amplifier design was implemented with valves.Fully differential amplifiers (FDA)Main article: Fully differential amplifierA fully differential amplifier is a solid state integrated circuit amplifier which employs external feedback for control of its transfer function or gain. It is similar to the operational amplifier but it also has differential output pins.Video amplifiersThese deal with video signals and have varying bandwidths depending on whether the video signal is for SDTV, EDTV, HDTV 720p or 1080i/p etc.. The specification of the bandwidth itself depends on what kind of filter is used and which point (-1 dB or -3 dB for example) the bandwidth is measured. Certain requirements for step response and overshoot are necessary in order for acceptable TV images to be presented.Oscilloscope vertical amplifiersThese are used to deal with video signals to drive an oscilloscope display tube and can have bandwidths of about 500 MHz. The specifications on step response, rise time, overshoot and aberrations can make the design of these amplifiers extremely difficult. One of the pioneers in high bandwidth vertical amplifiers was the Tektronix company.Distributed amplifiersMain article: Distributed AmplifierThese use transmission lines to temporally split the signal and amplify each portion separately in order to achieve higher bandwidth than can be obtained from a single amplifying device. The outputs of each stage are combined in the output transmission line. This type of amplifier was commonly used on oscilloscopes as the final vertical amplifier. The transmission lines were often housed inside the display tube glass envelope.Switched mode amplifiersThese nonlinear amplifiers have much higher efficiencies than linear amps, and are used where the power saving justifies the extra complexity.Negative resistance devicesNegative resistances can be used as amplifiers, such as the tunnel diode amplifier.Microwave amplifiersTravelling wave tube (TWT) amplifiersMain article: Traveling wave tubeUsed for high power amplification at low microwave frequencies. They typically can amplify across a broad spectrum of frequencies; however, they are usually not as tunable as klystrons.KlystronsMain article: KlystronVery similar to TWT amplifiers, but more powerful and with a specific frequency "sweet spot". They generally are also much heavier than TWT amplifiers, and are therefore ill-suited for light-weight mobile applications. Klystrons are tunable, offering selective output within their specified frequency range.Musical instrument (audio) amplifiersMain articles: Instrument amplifier and Audio amplifierAn audio amplifier is usually used to amplify signals such as music or speechBackground: Without a distributed amplifier, most broadband amplifier bandwidths can be achieved around 1/10 to 1/3 of their fT only. Therefore, a high bandwidth amplifierrequires high fT (at least 3-10 times of the amplifier bandwidth) transistors in order to achieve high bandwidth. Unfortunately, the current device technology is limited and in very high fT transistors, yield is still low. This leads to high cost and low yield.Even if high gain-bandwidth product could be achieved by a distributed amplifier, the major disadvantages of the distributed amplifier are large area, and high dc power consumption.Transistors were operated with high current density for high fT in order to achieve high bandwidth amplification. However, the transistors would become highly stressed resulting in reliability problems and short lifetimes. 50 ohm terminations are currently employed at the input and output of broadband amplifiers in order to obtain desirable input and output broadband impedance matches (low S11 and S22). However, the disadvantage is 3-dB losses at theirs inputs and outputs. Technology: University researchers have developed a design method by combining three-stage amplifier design to achieve a broadband amplifier with desirable gain, large bandwidth, low power consumption, low input/output reflection coefficients, low loss, and good reliability. Without a distributed amplifier, the invented broadband amplifier bandwidth of 1/2 of fT and/or approaching to fT can be achieved. Therefore, the amplifiers requires only fT of 1-3 times of the amplifier bandwidth in order to achieve high bandwidth. The broadband amplifier area and dc power consumption will be small and low respectively.With the invented broadband amplifier, transistors are operated with typical current density, but high amplifier bandwidth can still be achieved. Therefore, the transistors are not stressed at high current density, thus leading to better reliability and long lifecycles. Also, 50 termination is not required in the input and output broadband matching network, therefore, a 3-dB loss is avoidable. S11 can be kept low over the operating bandwidth even with DC supply varied from 0 to 3.3V, and S22 is low over the operating bandwidth as well. This advantage is very useful for broadband amplifiers, and they can be easily cascaded as well. Application: The invented broadband amplifier can be applied in fiber-optic communications as a modulator driver, limiting, automatic gain control and as transimpedance amplifiers. It can also be employed in various bands of frequencies as general-purpose amplifiers inwireless communication systems, in testing equipments, and in military electronics warfare systems.The quality of an amplifier can be characterized by a number of specifications, listed below.低功耗高增益宽带放大器中文翻译增益放大器的增益是输出或输入功率之比，通常以分贝衡量。

宽带功放

Preliminary Technical DatasheetBroadband High-Power Instrumentation AmplifiersGT-1020A Microwave Power Amplifier100 MHz to 20 GHz34881 -Rev.A / US10121434881-R e v . A / U S 101214The Giga-tronics GT-1020A Microwave Power Amplifier incorporates broadband MMIC-based architecture. These state-of-the-art amplifiers are based on solid-state parallel MMIC design with exceptionally widebandwidth and high power. The unique circuit topology is highly reliable, with performance that excels where extremes of bandwidth and power are demanded.The Giga-tronics GT-1020A Microwave Power Amplifiers provide excellent pulse fidelity, low intermodulation distortion, high linearity and superior gain flatness without the warm-up time, drift or aging issues of traveling wave tube amplifiers (TWTA). They feature low noise figure, low harmonics and spurious content, and are highly tolerant to load mismatch.1•100 MHz to 20 GHz eliminates band switching, reduces cost and complexity Solid-state technology for low noise, high reliability and long life• Ideal for R&D Lab, ATE Systems, Wireless Communications and Defense EW applications•34881-R e v . A / U S 101214The Giga-tronics GT-1020A Microwave Power Amplifiers offer linear high-power amplification across multi-octive bands. They are ideal for testing in R&D Lab, ATE Systems, wireless communications applications and Defense EW systems. The 100 MHz to 20 GHz frequency range allows broadband testing without band switching or swapping narrow band amplifiers resulting in faster and more accurate testing.The amplifiers can be used in wireless communications and component testing wherever a highly linear amplifier is needed. These microwave power amplifiers with excellent pulse fidelity are ideal for many Aerospace and Defense applications, including EW, ECM, ECCM, radar and satellite system signal simulation and testing. The GT-1020A is an ideal ATE system building block for boosting test signals to overcome cable and connector loss whenever long cable runs are needed in assembly bays, environmental test chambers or field locations.The amplifier typically provides 35 dB of gain over the 100 MHz to 20 GHz frequency range. The GT-1020A can be paired with a Giga-tronics 2420C 20 GHz Microwave Signal Generator or Giga-tronics 2520B 20 GHz Microwave Signal Generator, increasing the overall output power while preserving the synthesizer’s fast switching speed, modulation, and high signal fidelity.234881-R e v . A / U S 101214Frequency RangeGT-1020A100 MHz to 20 GHz, operational to 10 MHzOutput PowerOutput power is specified as minimum saturated power into 50 Ohm load with +5 dBm input, at 23°C ± 5°C Input power for normal operation should be limited to 0 dBm maximum.RangeSpecifications*100 MHz to 10 GHz +28 dBm (600 mW) typical, +26 dBm (400 mW) minimum 10 to 20 GHz+27 dBm (500 mW) typical, +25 dBm (300 mW) minimum* Output power at 1 dB compression > +20 dBm (100 mW)Gain FlatnessNominal gain is 35 dB, minimum gain > 25 dB.Gain flatness is specified as maximum variation with -5 dBm input and 50 Ohm load.RangeSpecifications100 MHz to 20 GHz± 2.5 dB typical, ±3.5 dB maximum334881-R e v . A / U S 1012144Input and Output VSWR100 MHz to 20 GHzInput, 50 ohms 2.0:1 typical Output, 50 ohms2.0:1 typicalAdditional SpecificationsParameter Specifications StabilityUnconditionally Stable Maximum Load VSWR 3:1Maximum Input Power +20 dBmThird Order Intercept +35 dBm typical, referenced to output Harmonic Distortion*< -30 dBc typical Spurious*< -60 dBc typical Reverse Isolation > 50 dBNoise Figure< 5 dB typical, < 7 dB maximum* Note: Harmonics measured at +10 dBm output power. Spurious measured at -5 dBm input power levelGeneral SpecificationsLine Voltage 100 to 240 VAC, 47 to 440 Hz, Single Phase Line Power100 VA maximum Operating Temperature 0°C to +50°C Storage Temperature -20°C to +75°CDimensions 2.5” H x 6.8” D x 7.0” W (64 mm H x 173 mm D x 178 mm W) Weight 4.5 lbs (2 kg)RF ConnectorsSMA (f)34881-R e v . A / U S 101214Ordering InformationGiga-tronics has a network of RF and Microwave instrumentation sales engineers and a staff of factory support personnel to help you find the best, most economical instrument for your specific applications. In addition to helping you select the best instrument for your needs, our staff can provide quotations, assist you in placing orders, and do everything necessary to ensure that your business transactions with Giga-tronics are handled efficiently.Model NumberFrequency RangeGT-1020AMicrowave Power Amplifier, 100 MHz to 20 GHzGiga-tronics Support ServicesAt Giga-tronics, we understand the challenges you face. Our support services begin from the moment you call us. We help you achieve both top-line growth and bottom-line efficiencies by working to identify your precise needs and implement smart and result orientated solutions. We believe and commit ourselves in providing you with more than our superior test solutions. For technical support, contact:Tel: 1-800-726-GIGA (4442) or (925) 328-4669Email: support@UpdatesAll data is subject to change without notice. For the latest information on Giga-tronics products and applications, please visit out website:534881-R e v . A / U S 101214©2010 Giga-tronics Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. All trademarks are the property of their respective owners.。

《通信专业综合能力(中级)》缩略语表

缩写英文全称中文全称3GPP3G Partnership Project第三代移动通信伙伴组织3GPP23G Partnership Project 2第三代移动通信伙伴组织2A/D Analogue-to-Digital(Conversion) 模拟/数字（转换）AAL ATM Adaptation Layer ATM适配层AB Address Bus地址总线ACK Acknowledgement确认字符ADM Add/Drop Multiplexer分叉复用器ADPCM Adaptive Difference Pulse Code Modulation自适应差分脉冲编码调制ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line非对称数字用户环路AGC Automatic Gain Control自动增益控制AH Authentication Header认证头ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit算术逻辑单元AM Amplitude Modulation幅度调制AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System先进移动电话系统AN Access Network接入网AP Access Point接入点API Application Program Interface应用程序接口ARP Address Resolution Protocol地址解析协议ARP Address Resolution Protocol地址解析协议ARQ Automatic Repeat reQuest自动要求重发ARQ Automatic Repeat Request自动重传请求AS Application Server应用服务器ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange美国信息交换标准码ASK Amplitude Shift Keying幅移键控ASON Automatically Switched Optical Network自动交换光网络ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode异步传输模式AU- PTR Administration Unit Pointer管理单元指针Auto-ID Automatic Identity自动识别AVC Advanced Video Coding高级视频编码B/S Browser/Server浏览器/服务器模式BGCF Breakout Gateway Control Function出口网关控制功能B-ISDN Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network宽带综合业务数字网BPF Band-Pass Filter带通滤波器BRAS Broadband Remote Access Server宽带远程接入服务器BS Basic Station基站BSS Broadcasting Satellite Service广播卫星业务C/S Client/Server客户端/服务器CB Control Bus控制总线CC Common Criteria联合公共准则CCI Connection Control Interface连接控制接口CCITT Consultative Committee for International Teleg-raph and Telephone国际电报电话咨询委员会CDM Code Division Multiplexing码分复用CDMA Code Division Multiple Access码分多址CDN Content Distribution Network内容分发网络CERNET China Education and Research Net中国教育和科研计算机网CES Coast Earth Station通信卫星系统岸站CF Core Function核心功能CHINADDN CHINA Digital Data Network中国公用数字数据网CHINAFRN CHINA Frame Relay Network中国帧中继网CHINAGBN CHINA Golden Bridge Network中国金桥信息网CHINANET China Network 中国公用计算机互联网CHINAPAC CHINA Public Allocation Changeability中国公用分组交换数据网CNNIC China Internet Network Information Center中国互联网络信息中心COFDM Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing编码正交频分复用CPN Customer Premises Network用户驻地网CPU Central Processing Unit中央处理器CRF Charging Rules Function计费规则功能CS Circuit Switch电路交换CSCF Call Session Control Function呼叫会话控制功能CSMA Carrier Sense Multiple Access载波检测多路访问CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection载波监听多点接入/碰撞检测CSPF Constrained Shortest Path First约束最短路径优先CTCPEC Canadian Trusted Computer Product Evaluation Criteria加拿大评价标准CWDM Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing粗波分复用DB Data Bus数据总线DB Data Base数据库DBA Data Base Administrator数据库管理员DBMS Data Base Management System数据库管理系统DBS Data Base System数据库系统DDN Digital Data Network数字数据网DDoS Distributed Denial of Service分布式拒绝服务DEP Data Execution Prevention数据终端DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol动态主机配置协议DIP Data Integration Point数据集成点DMT Discrete Multi-Tone离散多音频DNS Domain Name System域名系统DOS Disk Operating System磁盘操作系统DPCM Differential Pulse Code Modulation差分脉冲编码调制DPSK Differential Phase Shift Keying差分相移键控DQDB Distributed Queue Dual Bus分布式队列双总线DS Distribution System分配系统DSB Double-Sideband modulation双边带调制DSL Digital Subscriber Line数字用户环路DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing密集波分复用DXC Digital Cross Connect数字交叉连接EDFA Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier掺铒光纤放大器EHF Extremely High Frequency极高频EIRP Effective Isotropic Radiated Power有效全向辐射功率ELF Extremely Low Frequency极低频ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator Ancl Calculator电子数字积分计算机EPC Electronic Product Code产品电子代码EPON Ethernet Passive Optical Network以太网无源光网络EPoSS European Technology Platformon on Smart Systems Integration欧洲智能系统集成技术平台ESP Encapsulating Security Payload封装安全有效载荷FC Federal Criteria美国联邦准则FDD Frequency Division Duplexing频分双工FDDI Fiber Distributed Digital Interface光纤分布式数字接口FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing频分复用FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access频分多址FEC Forward Error Correction前向纠错FFT Fast Fourier Transformation快速傅丽叶变换FM Frequency Modulation频率调制FRA Fiber Raman Amplifier光纤拉曼放大器FSK Frequency Shift Keying频移键控FSS Fixed Satellite Service固定卫星业务FTP File Transfer Protocol文件传输协议FTTx Fiber To The x光纤接入GDN Global Data Network全球星数据网GEO Geosynchronous Earth Orbit对地静止轨道GFP Generic Framing Procedure通用成帧规程GMSK Gaussian Filtered Minimum Shift Keying高斯最小频移键控GOCC Ground Operation Control Center地面操作控制中心GPON Gigabit Passive Optical Network吉比特无源光网络GPRS General Packet Radio Service通用分组无线服务技术GPS Global Positioning System全球定位系统GSM Global System for Mobile Communication全球移动通信系统GSMP General Switch Management Protocol通用交换机管理协议GW Gateway关口站H2H Human to Human人到人H2T Human to Thing人到物品HF High Frequency高频HFC Hybrid Fiber Coax混合光纤同轴电缆HPA High Power Amplifier高功率放大器HSS Home Subscriber Server归属用户服务器HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol超文本传输协议IAB Internet Architecture Board因特网体系结构委员会ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol因特网控制报文协议ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol因特网控制报文协议ICP Internet Content Provider网络内容服务商ICT Information Communications Technology信息与通信技术IDC Internet Data Center互联网数据中心IESG Internet Engineering Steering Group因特网工程指导小组IETF Internet Engineering Task Force互联网工程任务组IFMP Ipsilon Flow Management Protocol Iplison流量管理协议IGMP Internet Group Management Protocol因特网组管理协议IM-MGW IMS Media Gateway IMS媒体网关IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem IP多媒体子系统IMS-MGW IMS Media Gateway IMS多媒体网关IMT-2000International Mobile Telecom System-2000国际移动电话系统-2000IMT-Advanced International Mobile Telecommunications-Advanced高级国际移动通信IOT Internet Of Things物联网IP Internet Protocol网络互联协议IP-CAN IP-Connectivity Access Network IP连接网络IPSec Internet Protocol Security Internet 协议安全性IP-VPN IP-Virtual Private Network互联网虚拟专用网业务IRSG Internet Research Steering Group因特网研究指导小组IRTF Internet Research Task Force因特网研究部IS Interim Standard暂时标准ISAKMP Internet Security Association Key Management Protocol Internet安全联盟密钥管理协议ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network综合业务数字网ISO International Organization for Standardization国际标准化组织ISOC Internet Society国际互联网协会ISP Internet Service Provider网络服务提供商ISUP ISDN User Part ISDN 用户部分ITSEC Information Technical Security Evaluation Criteria信息技术安全评估标准ITU International Telecommunication Union国际电信联盟ITU-R International Telecommunication Union-Radiocommunicationssector国际电信联盟-无线电通信组IVR Interactive Voice Response交互式语音服务LAN Local Area Network局域网LAPS Link Access Procedure-SDH基于SDH链路接入规程LCAS Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme链路容量调整机制LDPC Low Density Parity Check Code低密度奇偶校验码LEO Low Earth Orbit （satellite）低轨道地球（卫星）LF Low Frequency低频LMDS Local Multipoint Distribution Services本地多点分配业务LNA Low Noise Amplifier低噪声放大器LPF Low Pass Filter低通滤波器LPR Local Primary Reference区域基准时钟源LSP Label Switching Path标签交换通道LTE Long Term Evolution长期演进M2M Machine to Machine机器对机器MAC Media Access Control媒体访问控制MAI Multiple Access Interference多址干扰MAN Metropolitan Area Network城域网MES mobile equipment station移动终端MF Medium Frequency中频MGCF Media Gateway Control Function媒体网关控制功能MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output多输入多输出技术MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology麻省理工学院MMDS Multichannel Microwave Distribution System多路多点分配业务MOSS MIME Object Security Service MIME对象安全服务MPEG Moving Picture Experts Group动态图像专家组MPI Main Path interface主通道接口-MPSK Multiple phase shift keying 多进制相移键控MRF Media Resource Function多媒体资源功能MRFC Multimedia Resource Function Controller多媒体资源功能控制器MRFP Multimedia Resource Function Processor多媒体资源功能处理器MS Mobile Station移动台MSC Mobile Switching Center移动交换中心MSK Minimum Shift Keying最小频移键控MSOH Multiplex Section Overhead复用段开销MSS Mobile Satellite Service移动卫星业务MSTP Multi Service Transfer Platform（基于SDH 的）多业务传送平台NCC Global Star Network Control Center全球星控制中心NCS Network Coordination Station网络协调站NE Network Entity网络单元NetBIOS Network Basic Input/Output System网络基本输入/输出系统NFV Network Function Virtualization网络功能虚拟化NGI Next Generation Internet下一代互联网NGN Next Generation Network下一代网络NMI Network Management Interface网络管理接口NMT Nordic Mobile Telephony北欧移动电话NOC Network Operation Center网络控制中心NSF National Science Foundation国家科学基金会NTT Nippon Telegraph & Telephone日本电报电话公司OADM Optical Add-Drop Multiplexer光分插复用器OAM Operation Administration and Maintenance操作管理维护OCC Optical Connection Control光连接控制ODN Optical Distribution Network光分配网络OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing正交频分复用OLA Optical Line Amplifier光线路放大器OLT Optical line terminal光线路终端ONU Optical Network Unit光网络单元OS Operating System操作系统OSC Optical Supervisory Channel光监控信道OSI/RM Open System Interconnection Reference Model开放系统互联参考模型OSPF Open Shortest Path First开放式最短路径优先OTM Optical Terminal Multiplexer光终端复用器OTU Optical Transform Unit光转换单元PC Permanent Connection永久连接PCM Pulse Code Modulation;脉冲编码调制P-CSCF Proxy-CSCF代理呼叫会话控制功能PDC Personal Digital Cellular个人数字蜂窝移动通信（日本）PDF Policy Decision Function策略决策功能PEM Privacy Enbanced Mail隐私增强邮件协议PGP Pretty Good Privacy用于数据加密和数字签名的程序（后来形成开放的标准 OpenPGP）PLMN Public Land Mobile Network公共陆地移动网络PM Phase Modulation相位调制PMD Polarization Mode Dispersion偏振模色散PMI Project Management Institute美国项目管理协会PN Pseudo Sequence伪随机序列PON Passive Optical Network无源光纤网络POP3Post Office Protocol - Version 3邮局协议版本3PPP Point To Point Protocol点到点协议PSK Phase Shift Keying相移键控PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network公共交换电话网络PTT Push To Talk一键通（按讲）PVC Permanent Virtual Circuit永久虚电路QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 正交幅度调制QoS Quality of Service服务质量RAM Random Access Memory随机存储器RAN Radio Access Network无线接入网RARP Reverse Address Resolution Protocol反向地址转换协议REG Regenerative Repeater再生中继器RFC Request For Comments请求评论RFID Radio Frequency Identification射频识别RG Research Group研究组ROM Read Only Memory只读存储器RSOH Regenerator Section Overhead再生段开销RTT Radio Transmission Technology无线传输技术S/MIME Secure / Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions多用途网际邮件扩充协议S/N Signal to Noise (ratio)信噪比SA Security Association安全联盟SBS Stimulated Brillouin Scattering受激布里渊散射SC Switched Connection交换连接S-CSCF Serving-CSCF服务呼叫会话控制功能SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy同步数字体系SDN Software Defined Network软件定义网络SEG Security Gateway安全网关SET Secure Electronic Transaction安全电子交易协议SGW Signal Gate Way信令网关SHF Super High frequency超高频SHTTP Secure HyperText Transfer Protocol安全超文本传输协议SIP Session Initiation Protocol会话初始协议SL Signaling Link信令链路SLF Super Low Frequency超低频SLF Subscription Locator Function签约定位功能SMF Service Management Functions系统管理功能SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol简单邮件传输协议SNI Service Network Interface业务节点接口SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol简单网络管理协议SOA Semiconductor Optical Amplifier半导体光放大器SOCC Satellite Operation Control Center卫星操作控制中心SP Signaling Point信令点SP Security Policy安全策略SPC Soft Permanent Connection软永久连接SPF Service Port Function业务端口功能SPM Self Phase Modulation自相位调制SRS Stimulated Raman Scattering受激拉曼散射SSB Single-Sideband modulation单边带调制SSH Secure Shell 安全外壳协议SSL Secure Sockets Layer安全套接层协议STM-N Synchronous Transport Module level-N同步传输模块等级NSTP Signaling Transfer Point信令转接点SVC Switched Virtual Circuit交换虚电路SYN Synchronize同步T2T Thing to Thing物品到物品TACS Total Access Communications System全球接入通信系统TCB Trusted Computing Base可信计算基TCF Emission Control Facility发射控制设施TCP Transmission Control Protocol 传输控制协议TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol传输控制协议/因特网互联协议TCSEC Trusted Computer Standards Evaluation Criteria可信任计算机标准评估准则TCU Telemetry Control Unit遥测控制单元TDD Time Division Duplexing时分双工TD-LTE Time Division Long Term Evolution时分长期演进技术TDM Time Division Multiplexing时分复用TDMA Time Division Multiple Access时分多址TD-SCDMA Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access时分同步码分多址TF Transfer Function传送功能TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol简单文件传输协议TISPAN Telecommunications and Internet Converged Services andProtocols for Advanced Networking电信和互联网融合业务及高级网络协议TLS Transport Layer Security传输层安全协议TM Termination Multiplexer终端复用器TMF TeleManagement Forum电信管理论坛TMN Telecommunications Management Network电信管理网TRP Telecommunication Reference Point电信参考点UDP User Datagram Protocol用户数据报协议UHF Ultra High Frequency特高频ULF Ultra Low Frequency特低频UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System通用移动通信系统UNI User Network Interface用户网络接口UPF User Port Function用户端口功能UWB Ultra Wideband 无线超宽带VC Virtual Container虚容器VCG Virtual Channel Group虚通道组VCI Virtual Channel Identifier虚通道标识符VDSL Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line超高速数字用户线路VHF Very High Frequency甚高频VLF Very Low Frequency甚低频VPDN Virtual Private Dial－up Networks虚拟专用拨号网VPN Virtual Private Network虚拟专用网络VSAT Very Small Aperture Terminal甚小天线卫星地球站（也称“甚小口径地球站”）VSB Vestigial Sideband Modulation残留边带调制WAN Wide Area Network广域网WAP Wireless Application Protocol无线应用协议WBFM WideBand Frequency-Modulation宽带调频WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access宽带码分多址接入WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing 波分复用WG Working Group工作组WiFi Wireless Fidelity 基于IEEE 802.11b标准的无线局域网WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access全球微波互联接入WLAN Wireless Local Area Networks无线局域网WSIS World Summit on the Information Society信息社会世界峰会WSN Wireless Sensor Networks无线传感器网络WTLS Wireless Transport Layer Security无线安全传输层协议WWW World Wide Web万维网xDSL x Digital Subscriber Line各种数字用户线路XPM Cross-Phase Modulation交叉相位调制。

微波宽频段高性能高集成TR组件设计

第2期2021年4月Vol.19No.2April2021雷达科学与技术!ada$Science and TechnologyDOI：10.3969".issn.1672-2337.2021.02.003微波宽频段高性能高集成T/R组件设计桂勇锋，金来福，丁德志，解启林，吴士伟，邹永庆(中国电子科技集团公司第三十八研究所，安徽合肥230088)摘要：基于微波宽频段有源相控阵系统T/R组件工程化迫切，针对传统T/R组件工作频带不够宽、体积尺寸大、稳定性差、移相衰减精度不高等问题，本文了一种X-Ku波段宽频段高性能高集成T/R组件。

在突破八通道组件架构技术、基于LTCC整板的高密成设计技术、宽带GaN高可靠高效率及散热技术、高频宽带高隔离防腔体效技术、组件模块化可制造技术等关键技术基G上，研制出X-Ku波段10〜18GHz八通道T/R组件。

组件具有、幅相和安保护等主要功能，实测频带出功率％23.9W、噪声系数&3.52dB、移相精度&3.90°(RMS,均方根值)、衰减精度&0.94dB(RMS)、驻波98、效率％23%。

其中，工作带宽指标由之前的单频段10〜12GHz、15〜17GHz拓宽到宽频段10—18GHz，输出功率由之前的10W量级提高到20W量级，噪声系数由之前的4.3dB提升到小于3.52dB。

本组件具有高频、宽带、高效、高集成的特性，可应用于新型综合传雷达系统、多功能综合电子系统等装备中。

关键词：宽频段；X-Ku波段；T/R组件；高性能；高集成；氮化'中图分类号:TN957.3；TN957.5文献标志码：A文章编号：1672-2337(2021)02-0137-07 Development of Microwave Broadband High-Performance andHigh-Integration T/R ModuleGUI Yongfeng,JIN Laifu,DING Dezhi,XIE Qilin,WU Shiwei,ZOU Yongqing(The38th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation,Hefei230088,China)Abstract:Aiming at the urgent need of T/R module engineering in micro w ave broadband active phased array system and the problems of traditional T/R module,such as insufficient bandwidth,large size,poor stabil-ityBndlow precision of phBse shiftBnd B t enuBtion this pBper designs Bn X-Ku bBnd broBdbBnd high-performance and high-integration T/R module.Based on the breakthrough of eigh--channel module architecture designtechnique thehigh-densityintegrBteddesigntechniquebBsedonLTCCentireboBrd highreliBbilityBnd highe f iciencyandheatdissipationdesigntechniquesofbroadbandGaNpoweramplifier high-frequencybroad-bandhighisolationcavitye f ectdesigntechnique modularizationdesignandmassmanufacturabilitydesigntech-nique the X-Ku band10〜18GHz eight-channel T/R module is developed.The module has the main functions oftransceiveramplification amplitudeandphasecontrolandsafetyprotection.Themeasuredresultsshowthat the output power in the whole frequency band is%23.9W,the noise figure is&3.52dB,the phase shifting accuracy is&3.90°(RMS),the attenuation accuracy is&0.94dB(RMS),the standing wave ratio is&1.98,and the efficiency is%23%.Among them,the working bandwidth index is increased from10〜12GHz and15〜17GHz to 10〜18GHz,the output power is increased from10W to20W,and the noise figure is decreased from4.3dB to less than3.52dB.This module has the characteristics of high frequency,wide band,high efficiency and high integratiom It canbeusedinnewintegratedsensorradarsystem multi-functionalintegratedelectronicsystem etc( Key words:broadband&X-Ku band；T/R module；high-performance&high-integration&GaN0引言瓣特性更好、性能高的阵理、雷达管理以及能力更高等一系列优点,将会占据越来越多的应用先进防天线的相控阵雷达具有探测要求雷达系统子功能,这离远、效率高、可靠性高、纟好、波束波的多功能需求要求天期：2021-03-04；期：2021-04-10138雷达科学与技术第19卷第2期系统能雷达频段带宽上+4。

宽带大功率放大器设计

宽带大功率放大器设计作者：陈小兵来源：《数字技术与应用》2019年第01期摘要：本文介绍了一款输出功率大于200W的宽带功率放大器。

该放大器的带宽跨越了5个倍频程，放大器使用推挽式场效应晶体管，采用负反馈技术、集总元件、微带混合宽带匹配电路实现，并加入自动功率控制（ALC）技术。

通过ADS软件的仿真和反复调试，得到理想的结果。

关键词：放大器；宽带；大功率；负反馈；推挽中图分类号：TN722.75 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1007-9416（2019）01-0199-01功率放大器在众多通讯设备中起着关键作用。

随着现代移动通信的快速发展，宽带、大功率的放大器有广阔的应用前景。

VHF/UHF波段由于波长较长，电路需要大量采用集总参数元件，电路中集中参数和分布参数电路的特性往往同时存在。

按照传统的匹配电路设计思路和方法进行电路仿真设计，往往得不到较为满意的测试结果，因此宽带匹配技术是本次设计的难点。

如何解决集总参数元件寄生参量对电路的影响，是设计此类电路的关键。

1 功率放大器的设计1.1 设计指标工作频段：30MHz～520MHz；输入电压驻波比：1.2 整体方案的设计输入信号首先经过电调衰减电路，该电路主要用于ALC环路之中，在功率放大器的输出端接入耦合器，对耦合出来的射频信号进行检波来获得相应的电压，将电压反馈至电调衰减电路，完成对输入信号的控制。

接着射频信号经四级放大链路进行放大，得到输出需要的大功率。

放大器设计框图如图1。

此宽带功率放大器的增益高、频带宽、功率大，因此，加入了负反馈电路来保证功率放大器的稳定性。

并在电路中增加自动功率控制（ALC）电路，控制最大输出功率。

由于需要的增益较高，放大链路采用四级。

预前级、前级选用集成放大器，工作在小信号状态下，这两级电路设计比较简单，可以为整个链路提供32dB的增益。

后两级选用MOSFET场效应管，均为对管结构，推动级功放管采用SEMELAB公司的功率管，可以提供10dB的增益和大于10W的功率输出，末级功放管采用NXP公司的大功率LDMOS管，可以提供15dB的增益和大于200W 的功率输出，后两级使用推挽平衡结构并使其工作在AB类，兼顾放大器的效率和线性。

射频电路设计,台湾中华大学,田庆城)(9) Broadband Amplifier Design

Session 9 Broadband Amplifier Design
1
Broadband Amplifier Specifications
中华大学电机系田庆诚
2
Broadband Amplifier Specifications
Feedback
中华大学电机系田庆诚
3
Broadband Amplifier Specifications
中华大学电机系田庆诚
2
9
Feedback Amplifier Design Procedure (I)
Step 1 Reduce matching circuits Let S11=S22=0
S 21
Z0 R 2 = Z0
2 0
S12
Z0 = R 2 + Z0
Step 2 Let R1>0
Step 3 Given the desired gain S21
Z0 R 2 = Z0
S12
Z0 = R 2 + Z0
Step 2 Let R1=0
Step 3 Given the desired gain S21
R2 gm = 2 Z0
However, Transistor is constrained!
R 2 = Z 0 (1 + S 21 )
中华大学电机系田庆诚
11
�
Series-Series Feedback
7
Broadband Feedback Amplifier Design
Low-frequency BJT and FET equivalent models
BJT and FET Negative-feedback models

X波段四路功率合成器

X波段四路功率合成器张思明;谢敏【摘要】文章介绍了一种基于波导-鳍线-微带线过渡的4路功率合成器结构,并通过Ansoft HFSS电磁仿真软件对其进行了仿真分析和优化设计.在整个X波段(8GHz～12GHz)内,功率合成器的插入损耗小于0.25dB,回波损耗大于-15dB,且通过加载微带扇形结构使同一平面上端口的隔离度大于8.5dB.结果表明,此结构在实现微波功率合成方面具有一定的应用前景.【期刊名称】《大众科技》【年(卷),期】2019(021)002【总页数】3页(P40-42)【关键词】X波段;波导-微带过渡;功率合成器;鳍线【作者】张思明;谢敏【作者单位】西安电子工程研究所,陕西西安 710100;西安电子工程研究所,陕西西安 710100【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TN731 引言微波或毫米波频段高功率发射机是现代雷达必不可少的关键分机之一。

近年来，随着微波半导体大功率器件的发展，采用微波单片集成电路和微波网络技术的固态发射机得到广泛的应用。

相比于微波电子管发射机，固态发射机具有工作电压低、体积小、重量轻、工作频带宽、效率高等优点[1,2]。

但是由于单个固态功率放大器件的功率容量较小，所以为了在满足固态发射机大功率指标要求的同时又可体现固态发射机的优点，就需要在发射机中设计功率合成器将多个固态放大器的输出进行叠加，即采用功率合成技术[3]。

功率合成就是通过设计无源的功率合成网络将多个功率固态放大器的输出进行叠加。

Nail-Shuo Chen提出了一种基于集成在标准 WR-90波导内的槽形天线阵列宽带空间功率合成放大器，在工作频带内具有 73%的平均合成效率[4]。

Saavedra.C.E 提出了将电路、波导及空间功率合成用于毫米波的概念，其提出的无源阵自由空间到微带线间的插入损耗低于1.5dB[5]。

设计无源的功率合成网络的关键在于尽可能的提高功率合成效率，降低损耗。

本文提出了一种基于波导－鳍线－微带线过渡的无源功率合成器。

效果器插件中英文对照

BEAT 拍、拍子BLEND 混合BOOSTER 提升BUTTONS 按钮CHORD 和弦COMPARE 比较ELEC.CUTTAR 电吉他EQUALIZER（EQ）均衡器GAIN 增益HEAVY METAL 硬摇滚、重金属乐KNOB 旋钮LEFT 左（声道）LENSITIVITY 灵敏度PARAMETRIC EQ 参数均衡器PITCH 音准POLARITY 极性（指电源）PROGRAM 程序RECALL 恢复RIGHT 右（声道）ROOM房间混响效果SHORT 短（指持续音）STAGE TUNER 弦乐校音仪STRING 弦线SYNTHESIZER 合成器TIMITER 限幅器TONE 音调 TEMPO 拍子速度 CHORUS 合唱效果器 DISPLAY 显示 ECHO 回声  FEEDBACK 反馈  FLANGER 弗兰格效果器  LENSITIVITY 灵敏度 [HALL大厅混响效果AMPLIFIER（AMP） 放大器、扩音机  ANALOG DELAY 模拟延时器  Antares【麦克风模拟效果器插件】Arpache SX 【琶音效果器】ATTACK 打击声AUTO 自动 AutoPan【声像效果器】Auto-Tune【音高校正效果器】BALANCINC 平衡BAND 波段 BandPass【带通效果器】（用来祛除特定频率范围之外的一切频率）BANK 组合 BBE Sonic Maximizer【激励效果器插件】[它可以使高频段音质更加明亮，低频段音质更加丰满。

功率放大器综述

为了降低通信运营商的运营成本，减小冷却成本，易于热控制，就要求提高PA的效率。
为了减小功率放大的级数和功率管的使用数量，以更低的功率进行驱动，降低成本，就要求提高放大器的增益。
二、功率放器的分类
A类功率放大器的导通角θ=360°，高线性度，最高效率也只有50%，常用于小信号放大。
B类放大器由于采用零偏置，导通角θ=180°，理想状态下的效率最高可达到78.5%，常用于中低频大功率放大电路。
射频功率放大器的应用
射频功率放大器由于具有工作电压低、尺寸小、线性度高、噪声低等优点，广泛应用在卫星通信、移动通信、雷达和电子战以及各种工业装备中。
在军用与铁路通信中，功率放大器通常被用于无线通信系统发射机、军用雷达的核心器件。
在第三代移动通信系统(3G)中，要求数据传输速率达到2M bit/s，单个信号的带宽达5MHz，这就需要PA具有宽带特性。
提高射频功率放大器的输出功率、工作效率以及线性度和稳定性等性能指标对于整个通信系统具有重要的意义。
1948年双极晶体管(BJT)
1952年提出结型场效应管(JFET)
• 硅双极晶体管开始应用于射频微波领域，可以对从几百兆赫(UHF)到Ka波段的信号进行放大
70年代以后GaAs肖特基势垒栅场效应晶体管 (GaAs MESFET)
3. 功率放大器的研究意义
功率放大器概述
射频功率放大器 (RF PA) 作为各种无线发射机的重要模块，在现代通信系统中的主要作用是在工作频段高效率地放大射频小信号，并将大功率射频信号传输到发射天线中。
射频功率放大器的工作过程，实际上是将电源直流功率在输入调制信号的控制下转换成具有相同频率、相同相位的大功率信号。

基于光纤隔离的高压线性隔离系统设计

基于光纤隔离的高压线性隔离系统设计单巍; 李素文【期刊名称】《《蚌埠学院学报》》【年(卷),期】2019(008)005【总页数】5页(P41-45)【关键词】电压频率转换器; 频率电压转换器; 转换器AD652; 高压隔离; 光纤隔离【作者】单巍; 李素文【作者单位】淮北师范大学物理与电子信息学院安徽淮北 235000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TN322.8对于不同系统之间信号的传输控制，采用隔离技术是消除地环路、保证各系统安全的必要措施[1]，信号隔离技术在各领域的使用十分广泛，一般包括数字隔离和模拟隔离。

其中，方春恩等[2]提出混合式直流断路器的多路隔离驱动电源设计，但是在高电压时系统的稳定性欠佳。

张立军等[3]提出模拟信号隔离器件实测性能比较方法，对不同器件的性能进行了纵向分析。

之后，Homma Akira[4]将模拟隔离按隔离带宽分为低速线性隔离和高速线性隔离，按隔离电压分为普通线性隔离和高压线性隔离，但是高速线性隔离和高压线性隔离是设计中的难点。

于是，孙建辉等[5]提出了集成隔离放大器设计的方法，Bo Chen等[6]提出高隔离毫米波CMOS 功率放大器的方法。

对于普通场合上述两种方法就能达到要求，而对于上万伏高电压隔离场合，上述方法则无法实现。

随后，Pearce J W，Pan M J等[7-8]提出利用光纤传输隔离信号实现高压隔离的方法，该方法隔离效果明显，稳定性好，损耗小。

因此在之后的工程试验中，大量采用了光纤传输隔离，其中电压频率转换器(Voltage Frequency Converter,VFC)和频率电压转换器(Frequency Voltage Converter,FVC)是光纤隔离中一种高性价比、使用方便的数据转换接口[9-11]。

因此，本文提出基于光纤隔离设计的高压线性隔离系统，该系统采用VFC和FVC隔离变换器设计电路，由信号调理电路、VFC电路、光纤链路、FVC电路和滤波电路等五部分组成，通过实验测试可知，本文设计电路中噪声控制在20 mV左右，能够完成所需的精确控制，与传统高压隔离电路相比，本文提出的电路的传输特性更好。

dad1000芯片参数

dad1000芯片参数英文回答：The DAD1000 chip is a highly integrated, low-power, multi-protocol wireless transceiver designed for low-power wireless applications. It is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard and supports a variety of data rates and modulation schemes. The DAD1000 chip also includes a built-in power amplifier and low-noise amplifier, making it an ideal choice for applications where space and power consumption are limited.The DAD1000 chip is available in a variety of package options, including a 24-pin QFN package and a 32-pin LQFP package. It operates from a supply voltage of 1.8V to 3.6V and has a maximum output power of 20dBm. The DAD1000 chip also features a low-power sleep mode that consumes less than 1uA.The DAD1000 chip is a versatile and low-power wirelesstransceiver that is ideal for a wide range of applications, including:Wireless sensor networks.Industrial automation.Home automation.Medical devices.Automotive applications.中文回答：DAD1000 芯片是一款高度集成、低功耗、多协议无线收发器，专为低功耗无线应用而设计。

EmpowerRF 2208 L带高功率实态广带放大器系统说明书

22081000 - 2000 MHz / 8000 Watts PeakStock No. 2208D.S. Rev. 1.4 / 08-28-2019The 2208 is a pulsed L band high-power solid-state power amplifier system suitable for octave bandwidth applications. This amplifier utilizes high power GaN devices that provide wide frequency response, high gain, high peak power capability, and low distortion. Exceptional performance, long-term reliability and high efficiency are achieved by employing advanced broadband RF matching networks and combining techniques, EMI/RFI filters, fast input and output detectors and built-in DDC with exceptional VSWR protection. The amplifier architecture is based on Empowers proprietary scalable technology and consists of a 3RU controller with power supply and four 3RU RF power blocks and is air-cooled. In addition to scalability, this amplifier is inherently rugged due to a design that virtually eliminates every internal connector found in the typical RF/Microwave system amplifier.With a proprietary scalable architecture this amplifier can be split into two separate 4KW 2207’s with the purchase of only one 3U controller and the optional accessory kit. More commonly you would start with the scalable 2206 or 2207 and add only 3U power blocks and combiner to create a 2208 when your future power requirements increase.The amplifier comes standard with Manual Gain Control (MGC). The amplifier can be controlled via the LCD touch screen, peer to peer PC connection, or through LAN for remote monitoring, control, and diagnostics. The user GUI is easy to navigate and is accessed simply through your web browser with no software to install. The control system core runs an embedded OS (Linux) and has a built-in non-volatile memory for storing multiple user configurations.▪ Blanking Input▪ Solid-state GaN design ▪ Compact Modular design▪ High Reliability and Ruggedness▪ A Member of our Pulsed Scalable Family - 2206, 2207, 2208 (Call factory to learn more)ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS over temperature conditions (-10 to +40ºC)Min Typ Max UnitOperating Frequency, Instantaneous bandwidth BW 1000 2000 MHzPower Output PeakP PK 8000 Watt Pulse Width @ Duty Cycle 10% Max. P WIDTH 5.0 50 uS Duty Cycle DC 0.1 10 % Pulse Repetition Rate PRF 25 kHz Power Droop over 50μS pulse width P DROOP 0.5 dB Modulated Pulse Rise/Fall Time (10% to 90%) T R /T F 70/70 nS Input Power for Rated P PK P IN 0 dBm Input Power Range P IN -5.0 +5.0 dBm Power Gain @ Rated P PK G P 69 dB Gain Adjustment Range VVA 20 dB Gain Flatness ∆G ±2.5 / ±1.0 dB Gain Stability/24HR G STABILITY ±0.25 dB Input Return Loss S 11 -10 dBNPO – Noise Power Output Enabled -10dBm/MHzDisabled -110Delay Delay 400 nS Spurious Signals Spur -60 dBc Operating Voltage – (single-phase, 47-63Hz) V AC 180 260 Volt Power Consumption @ P OUT = 8KW PK(10% Duty Cycle) P D 4000 VA2208 1000 - 2000 MHz / 8000 Watts Peak MECHANICAL SPECIFICATIONSDimensions W x H x D(Excluding Brackets, Handles and Connectors) 17.5 x 26.25 x 27.05 x 3RUInchWeight 320 Pound RF Connectors Input/Output (Rear Panel) Input Type-N Female. Output Type-7/16 Female - Blanking Input Type-BNC, Female - Cooling Built-in, forced air cooling system, front to rear - ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS:Operating Ambient Temperature T A -10 +40 °C Non-operating Temperature T STG-40 +85 °C Relative Humidity (non-condensing) RH 95 %Altitude OperatingALT10,000Feet Non-operating 40,000Shock / Vibration - MIL-STD-810FShock Method 516.5, Vibration Method 514.5 SH / VIIn accordancewithPROTECTIONS:Input Overdrive +10 dBm Max.VSWR protection @ P OUT = 8000W PK At 3:1 – PA backs-off peak output power to a safe operating level – no system shutdown, “On Air” time is maximized-Thermal – Graceful Degradation Ambient +75ºC, Automatic Recovery Min. Duty Cycle Limit 12% Max. Default Data Recovery Factory Default Calibration RecoveryCOMMUNICATION INTERFACES:Ethernet Network management of device / web interface RJ45USB Mass storage / Expansion Bus USB 1.x/2.0 compatible Available OptionsAvailable optional accessory kit to scale down output power capability is required for;- SKU 2206, 2kW- SKU 2207, 4kWContact factory for details at *******************Standard Features:-180-260VAC, Single Phase-LCD Control, Ethernet-Type N Female Input & 7/16-DIN Female Output-Rear SMA Sample Ports, Forward & Reverse-BNC Female Blanking/Gating Port2208 1000 - 2000 MHz / 8000 Watts Peak316 W. Florence Ave. Inglewood, CA 90301Ph. 1 (310) 412-8100Fax. 1 (310) 412-9232 Stock No. 2208D.S. Rev. 1.4 / 08-28-20195 μS pulse width and 10% duty cycle Rise Time/Fall Time: 178nS/43nS 20 μS pulse width and 10% duty cycle Rise Time/Fall Time: 48.6nS/41.1nS 50 μS pulse width and 10% duty cycle Rise Time/Fall Time: 47.0nS/40.3nS。

术语汇编(GLOSSARY OF TERMS)

术语汇编（GLOSSARY OF TERMS）（广播电视领域英语缩略词及全称）AA Audio 音频AAS Automatic Addressing System 自动寻址系统ABR Available Bit Rate 可用比特率AC Alternating Current 交流ACI Adjacent-Channel Interference 邻频干扰ACU Antenna Control Unit 天线控制器A / D Analogue to Digital 模/ 数转换ADM Add-Drop Multi-plexer 上下复用器ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line 非对称数字用户线ADV Advance 推进AEF Auto Edition Function 自动编辑功能AES Audio Engineer Society 声频工程学会AFC Automatic Frequency Control 自动频率控制Audio Frequency Coder 声频编码器AFM Audio Frequency Modulation 音频调制AFT Automatic Frequency Tune 自动频率调谐AGC Automatic Gain Control 自动增益控制AM Amplitude Modulation 调幅ANSI American National Standards Institute 美国国家标准协会ANT Antenna 天线API Application Program Interface 应用程序界面Associated Photographers International 国际摄影家联合会ASIC Amplitude Specific Integrated Circuit 专用集成电路ASK Amplitude Shift Keying 振幅键控ASSEM Assemble 组合ASW Acoustic Surface Wave 声表面波ATC Adaptive Transform Coding 自适应变换编码ATDM Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexing 异步时分复用ATEL Advanced Television Evaluation Laboratory 先进电视评估实验室ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode 异步传输方式ATSC American Telecommunications Standard Committee 美国电信标准委员会ATW Auto Tracking White 自动跟踪白平衡AU Adapter Unit 适配器，附加器AUD Audio 音频AUL Average Useful Life 平均使用寿命AUX Auxiliary 辅助的AVP Audio / Visual Products 音视产品AW Auto White 自动白平衡BB Baud 波特Blue 蓝色Byte 字节BACK.L Back-Lighting 逆光BA TT Battery 电池（组）BB Base-Band 基带Black Burst 带色同步的黑场BER Bit Error Ratio (Or Rate) 误码率BF (BPF) Band Pass Filter 带通滤波器B-ISDN Broadband Integrated Service Digital Network 宽带综合业务数字网BLK Black 黑色BONT Broadband Optical Network Termination 宽带光纤网络终端BPS(B/S) Bit Per Second 每秒比特BPSK Bi-Phase Shift Keying 二相相移键控BR Bit Radio 码率BS Broadcast Satellite 广播卫星BSS Broadcast Satellite Services 卫星广播业务B-Y 蓝色差信号CC Chrominance 色度CA Conditional Access 条件接入CAM Camera 摄像机CAS Conditional Access System 条件接入系统CATV Community Antenna Television System 共用天线电视系统CAT Conditional Access Table 条件接入表C-Band 4GHz to 6GHz C波段（4GHz 到6GHz ）CBR Constant Bit Ratio 恆定码率CBT Core Based Tree 有核树CCD Charge-Coupled Devices 电荷偶合器件CCIR International Radio Consultative Committee 原国际无线电咨询委员会CCITT Consultative Committee, International Telegraph and Telephone国际电报电话咨询委员会CDMA Code Division Multiple Access 码分多址CDV Compressed Digital Video 压缩数字视频CEB Consumer Electronic Bus 用户电子总线CF Colour Framing 彩色成帧CH Channel 信道、通道、频道CHARA. Character 字符CHG Change 改变CHI Channel Interface 通道接口CHIO Cannel Input / output 通道输入/ 输出口CIE Commission International de I’Eclairage 国际照明委员会CIF Common Intermediate Format 共用中间格式CIU Customer Interface Unit 用户接口单元CM Communication Multi-plexer 信道复用器Cross Modulation 交叉调制CMIP Communication Management Information Protocol 通信管理信息协议CMIS Common Management Information Service 通用管理信息业务CN Communication Network 通信网络C / N Carrier / Noise 载（波）噪（声）比CNR(C/N) Carrier to Noise Ratio 载噪比CNT Coaxial Network termination 同轴网络终端CODEC(codec) Coder Decoder 编解码器COFDM Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 编码正交频分复用COMSAT Communications Satellite Corporation 美国通信卫星公司CP Circular Polarization 圆极化CPU Central Processing Unit 中央处理单元CPW Circular Polarization Wave 圆极化波CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check 循环冗余度检测CS Communication Satellite 通信卫星CSO Composite Second Order 复合二阶失真CTB Composite Triple Beat 复合三阶失真CTDM Compressed Time Division Multiplex 压缩时分复用CTL Control 控制码CTS Central Termination System 中央终端系统CTU Coaxial Terminal Unit 同轴终端单元CTV Cable TV 有线电视Conventional TV 普通电视DD / A (DAC) Digital /Analogue Conversion 数字/模拟变换DAB Digital Audio Broadcasting 数字音频广播DAVIC Digital Audio Visual Council 数字音视频委员会DAVID Digital Audio/Video Interactive Decoder 数字音视频交换解码器dB Decibel 分贝，表示对数比例值dBi dB Antenna Gain Relative To Anisotropic Source 天线增益(相对于各向同性辐射源) dBm dB . Power Relative To One Mili-Watt 相对于1mW的功率的dB值DBS Direct Broadcast Satellite 直播卫星dBw dB . Power Relative To One Watt 相对于1W的功率的dB值DC Direct Current 直流D / C Down Converter 下变频器DCC Dynamic Contrast Control 动态对比度控制Digital Common Channel 数值公共通道DCT Discrete Cosine Transform 离散余弦变换DE De-Emphasis 去加重Demod Demodulation 解调Domsat Domestic Communication Satellite 国内通信卫星DF Drop-Frame 失落帧DFB-LD Distributed Feedback LD 分布反馈式半导体激光器DG Differential Gain 微分增益DIS Draft International Standard 国际标准草案DISP Display 显示DLC Digital Link Carrier 数字环路载波DMC Dynamic Motion Control 动态运行控制DMT Discrete Multi-Tone 离散多音DNIC Digital Network Identify Code 数字网络识别码DNR Digital Noise Reduction 数字降噪DPX Di-plexer 双工器DSF Dispersion Shifted Fiber 色散位移光纤DSM Digital Storage Media 数字存储媒体DSNG Digital Satellite News Gather 数字卫星新闻采集DSP Digital Signal Processor 数字信号处理器DSR Digital Satellite Radio 数字卫星广播DSS Digital Satellite System 数字卫星系统DT Dynamic Tracking 动态循跡（跟踪）DTH Direct To Home 直接到户DTI Data Transmission Interface 数据传输接口DTSC Digital Television Standard Converter 数字电视制式转换器DTT Digital Terrestrial 数字地面电视DTV Digital TV 数字电视（一般特指美国数字电视制式）DTVB Digital TV Broadcasting 数字电视广播DTVC Digital TV By Cable 数字电缆电视DVB Digital Video Broadcasting 数字视频广播（欧洲制式）Digital Video Bandwidth 数字视频带宽DVB-C The DVB Digital Cable Delivery System 电缆数字视频传输系统DVB-S The Digital Satellite System 卫星数字广播系统DVB-T The Digital Terrestrial TV System 地面数字电视系统DVC Digital Video Cassette 数字视频盒带DVD Digital Versatile Disc 数字视盘DVMRP Distance Vector Multi-Cast Routing Protocol 距离向量多点路由广播DWDM Dense Wave Distribution Multiplex 密集波分复用EEAR Earphone 耳机EBU European Broadcasting Union 欧洲广播联合会ECC Emitter Correction Code 纠错码ECS European Communications Satellite 欧洲通信卫星ED Energy Dispersal 能量扩散EDA Electronic Design Automatic 电子设计自动化EDFA Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier 掺铒光钎放大器EDI Electronic Data Interaction 电子数据交换EDTV Enhanced Definition TV 增强清晰度电视EIRP Effective Isotropic Radiation Power 等效全向辐射功率EMM Entitlement Management Message 授权管理信息EMMI Enhanced Multi-Media Interface 增强多媒体接口ENDEC EN-Coder / DE-Coder 编解码器ENG Electronic News Gathering 电子新闻采集ENI Equivalent Noise Input 等效噪声输入E / O Electric –Optical Transducer 电光变换器EPG Electronic Program Guides 电子节目指南ERMES European Radio Message System 欧洲无线电信息系统ERP Echo Return Loss 回波损耗ES Elementary Stream 基本码流Earth Station 地球站ESCR Elementary Stream Clock Reference 基本码流时钟基准ETS European Telecommunication Standard 欧洲电信标准EXT External 外接FFAS Full Auto Shooting 全自动拍摄FAW Full Time Auto White 全时自动白平衡FB Fiber Backbone 光纤主干线FCC Federal Communications Commission 联邦通信委员会F / D Focal Length To Diameter Ratio Of a Reflector 卫星抛物反射面焦距对天线口径之比FDDI Fiber Distribution Data Interface 光纤分配数据接口FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing 频分多工FE Front End 前端FEC Forward Error Correction 前向纠错FECR Forward Error Correction Rate 前向纠错率Ff Flange focal length 法兰焦距FF Feed Forward 前馈Fast Forward 快进FFT Fast Fourier Transform 快速傅里叶变换FIC Fast Information Channel 快速信息频道FITL Fiber In The Loop 光纤环路FLL Frequency Locked Loop 频率锁定环FM Frequency Modulation 调频F-run Free –run 空运行FSS Fixed Satellite Service 静止卫星业务FST Fast Slant Transform 快速倾斜变换FTP File Transfer Protocol 文件转换协议FTTB Fiber To The Building 光纤到楼FTTC Fiber To The Curb 光纤到路边FTTH Fiber To The Home 光纤到户FTTF Fiber To The Feeder 光纤到馈线FTTN Fiber To The Node 光纤到节点FTTSA Fiber To The Service Area 光纤到服务区GG Green 绿色Gain 增益GaAs Gallium Arsenic 砷化鎵GB Gigabit 吉比特Gbps Gigabits / Second 吉比特/ 秒GEO Geo-stationary Earth Orbit 地球同步轨道GHz Unit of frequency equal to 1000MHz 频率单位GMT Greenwich Mean Time 格林威治时间GIS Geographic Information System 地理信息系统GND Ground 地GOP Group Of Picture 图片组GPI General Purpose Interface 通用接口GPS Global Positioning System 地球定位系统GSM Global System For Mobile Communication 全球移动通信系统GSP General Signal Processor 中央信号处理器G/T Gain / Temperature Or Figure Of Merit 天线品质因数GUI Graphical User Interface 图形用户接口G-Y 绿色差信号HH High (Hi) 高Horizontal 行H.262 ( ISO/IEC 13818-2 即MPEG-2的视频编码部分) 通用视频编码的国际建议H.263 (ITU Ree.H.263) 低码率视频编码的国际建议HCT Home Communications Terminal 家庭通信终端HDSL High- bate-rate Digital Subscriber Line 高比特率数字用户线HDTV High Definition TV 高清晰度电视HFC Hybrid Fiber Coax 光纤同轴混合网HE Head End 前端（CATV）HEI Head End Equipment Interface 前端设备接口Hi-Fi High Fidelity 高保真度HITS High Speed Infrared Transmitting System 高速红外传输系统HPA High Power Amplifier 高功放HQ High Quality 高质量HTTP Hyper Text Transport Protocol 超文本传送协议II Iris 光圈IBN Integrated Broadband Network 综合宽带网ICDN Integrated Communication Data Network 综合通信数据网ICT Information and Communications Technology 信息和通信技术IDCT Inverse DCT 反离散余弦变换IDU Indoor Unit 室内单元IEC International Electro-technical Commission 国际电子技术专业委员会IF Intermediate Frequency 中频I-Frame Inter Coded Frame I-帧，帧内编码图象帧IL Insertion Loss 插入损耗INCOM Intercom 内部对讲IND Indication 指示INT Internal 内部IOT Influence Output Tube 感应输出管IP Internet Protocols 网际协议Intelligent Peripheral 智能外围（设备）IPC Information Processing Center 信息处理中心IR Infrared Remote Control 红外遥控IRD Integrated Receiver Decoder 集成接收机解码器IS International Standard 国际标准ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network 集成服务数字网ISO The International Organization For Standardization 国际标准化组织IT Information Technology 信息技术ITS Insertion Test Signal 插入测试信号ITSC Information Technology Steering Committee 信息技术指导委员会ITU International Telecommunication Union 国际电信联盟ITU-R ITU-Radio Communications Sector 国际电信联盟无线电通信部ITVS Interactive TV System 交互电视系统IVOD Interactive Video On Demand 交互式视频点播JJBIG Joint Bi-Level Image Coding Expert Group 联合二值图象编码专家组JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group 联合摄影专家组KKBPS（Kbps）Kilo Bits Per Second 千比特/秒LL Left 左Low 低LAN Local Area Network 局域网LEO Low-Earth Orbit (Sat) 低轨道（卫星）LFSR Linear Feedback Shift Register 线性反馈移位寄存器LHCP Left Hand Circular Polarization 左旋圆极化LID Local Injection Detection 本地注入检测LNA Low Noise Amplifier 低噪声放大器LNB Low Noise Block 低噪声变换器(高频头)LNC Low Noise Converter 低噪声变换器（下变频器）LO Local Oscillator 本地振荡器Lo-Lux Low –Lux 低照度（低勒克司）LSB Least Significant Bit 最低有效位LSN Local Supervision Network 局部监测网络LTC Longitude Time Code 纵向时间码MM Manual 手动Middle 中间MATV Master Antenna TV 共用天线电视MBPS(Mbps) Meg-Bits Per Second 兆比特/秒MCM Multi Carrier Modulation 多载波调制MCPC Multi-Channel Per Carrier 多路单载波MDCT Modified DCT 改进离散余弦变换MHEG Multimedia / Hypermedia Expert Group 多媒体/ 超媒体专家组MIC Microphone 话筒MID Middle 中间MMCD Multimedia CD 多媒体CDMMPC Multimedia PC 多媒体PCMMDS Multi-point Microwave Distribution System 多点微波分配系统MOD Movies On Demand 电影点播Modulator 调制器MPEG Moving Picture Expert Group 活动图象专家组MPEG-1 (ISO/IEC 11172) 音视频编码的第一个国际建议简称MPEG-2 (ISO/IEC 13818) 通用音视频编码国际建议简称（由MPEG-1扩充而得）MPEG-TS MPEG Transport Stream MPEG传输码流MPLS Multi-Protocol Label Switching 多协议标记交换技术MPOA Multi-Protocol Over ATM ATM上的多协议规范MPTS Multi-program Transmitting Stream 多节目传输流MSB Most Significant Bit 最高有效位MSO Multi System Operator 多系统经营者MUX Multi-plexer 复用器，多工器NNAB National Association Of Broadcaster 国家广播工作者协会NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration.U.S. 美国宇航局NCC Network Control Center 网络控制中心ND Neutral Density 中性密度NDF Non-Drop Frame 非失落帧NF Noise Factor 噪声系数NIT Network Information Table 网络信息目录NM Network Management 网络管理NORM Normal 标准（普通）NR Noise Reduction 降噪NTSC National Television System Committee 国家电视系统委员会（北美制式）NVOD Near Video On Demand 准视频点播OODU Out Door Unit 室外单元OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex 正交频分复用OLI Optical Line Interface Card 光缆接口板ONU Optical Network Units 光网络单元OPAL Optical Access Line 光访问线OSAN Optical Subscriber Access Node 光纤用户访问（接入）节点OSC Oscillator 振荡器OSD On Screen Display 屏幕显示OSI Open System Interface 开放系统接口OTDR Optical Time Domain Reflect-meter 光时域反射计OVS Open Video System 开放视频系统OWA One Way Access 单向寻址PPA Power Amplifier 功率放大器PASC Precision Adaptive Sub-band Coding 精密自适应子带码PB Play Back 播放PCM Pulse Code Modulation 脉码调制PCR Program Clock Reference 程序时钟基准PCS Personal Communication Service 个人通信业务PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy 准同步数字体系PDP Plasma Display Panel 等离子体显示屏PEAQ Perceptual Evaluation Of Audio Quality 音质感官评价PED Pedestal 基准PES Packeting Elementary Stream 打包基本码流PFD Power Flux Density 功率通量密度PFM Pulse Frequency Modulation 脉频调制PGM Program 节目PID Packet Identifier 分组识别符，包识别符PIM Protocol Independent Multicasting 协议无关多点广播PIN Personal Identify Note 个人识别码（标记）PLL Phase Locked Loop 锁相环路PM Phase Modulation 相位调制PMF Polarization Maintaining Fiber 偏振保持光纤PON Passive Optical Network 无源光纤网络POTS Plain Old Telephone Service 老式电话业务P-P Peak to Peak 峰峰值PPV Pay Per View 按次付费PRA Primary Rate Access 基本收费访问PSDN Packet Switched Data Network 分组交换数据网PSK Phase Shift Keying 相位键控PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network 公共交换电话网QQAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 正交幅度调制QOS Quality Of Service 业务质量QPSK Quaternary Phase Shift Keying 正交相移键控RR Red 红色Right 右RCU Remote Control Unit 遥控单元REC Record 记录REF Reference 参考REGEN Regeneration 再生RET Return 返送视频REV Reverse 倒转REW Rewind 倒带RF Radio Frequency 射频RFLT Radio Frequency Line Termination 射频馈线终端RHCP (RCP) Right Hand Circular Polarization 右旋圆极化RIN Relative Intensity Noise 相对强度燥声RM Remote 遥控R-run Record-run 记录运行RSB Residual Side-band 残留边带RST Running Status Table 运行状态表RTC Relative Time Code 相对时间码RVW Review 回看RX Receiver 接收机R-Y 红色差信号SS Shutter 快门SAWF Surface Acoustic Wave Filter 声表面波滤波器SC Sub-Carrier 副载波SCM Single Carrier Modulation 单载波调制Sub-Cattier Multiplexing 副载波多工SCP Service Control Point 业务控制点SCPC Single Channel Per Carrier 单路单载波SCR System Clock Reference 系统时钟基准SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy 同步数字系列SDDI Serial Digital Data Interconnection 串行数字数据互联SDM Space Division Multiplexing 空间分割多工SDT Service Description Table 服务种类目录SDTV Standard Definition TV 标准清晰度电视SEG Special Effects Generator 特技发生器SFD Saturable Flux Density 饱和通量密度SHF Super High Frequency 超高频SHTL Shuttle 快寻SI Service Information 业务信息SLSI Super Large Scale Integration 超大规模集成（电路）SM Statistical Multiplexing 统计复用SMATV Satellite Master Antenna TV System 卫星共用天线电视系统SMF Single Mode Fibers 单模光纤SMPTE State Moving Picture Television Engineer 美国电影电视工程师学会SMS Service Managing System 用户管理系统S / N Signal / Noise 信噪比SNF System Noise Figure 系统噪声指数SNG Satellite News Gathering 卫星新闻采集SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol 简单网络管理协议SONET Synchronous Optical Network 同步光纤网络SPOT.L Spot Lighting 聚光SSB Single Side-Band 单边带SSP Service Switching Point 业务交换点STDM Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing 同步时分复用STB Set-top Box 机顶盒STBY Stand By 等待，备份STD System Target Decoder 系统目标解码器STM Synchronous Transfer Mode 同步转移模式S-VHS Super-High Band Video Home System 高带家庭视频系统S-Video Separated-Video 分离视频SW Switching 开关SYNC Synchronization 同步TT Telephoto 远景TBC Time Base Corrector 时基校正器TC Time Code 时间码TCP/IP Transfer Control Protocol /Internet Protocol 传输控制协议/网际协议TDM Time Division Multiplexing 时分多工TDMA Time Division Multiple Access 时分多址TED Threshold Extension Demodulation 门限扩展解调TMN Telecommunications Management Network 电信管理网TMNX11R5 Telecommunication Management Network X11R5 电信管理网X11R5协议T&D Trunk and Distribution 干线和分配线TS Transport Stream 传输流Terminal Station 终端站TSB Telecommunication Standardization Bureau 电信标准化所（部门）TSC Two Sub-Carrier 双副载波系统Television Standard Converter 电视制式转换器T-STD Transport Stream System Target Decoder 传输流系统目标解码器TVBS TV Broadcast By Satellite 卫星电视广播TVOD True Video On Demand 真视频点播TVRO Television Receive Only Terminal 卫星电视单收站TWT Traveling Wave Tube 行波管TWTA Traveling Wave Tube Amplifier 行波管放大器TX Transmitter 发射机UU-bit User-bit 用户比特U / C Up Converter 上变频器UHF Ultra-High Frequency 特高频UL Up Link 上行链路UNI User Network Interface 用户网络接口UPS Un-interruptible Power Supply 不间断电源URL Universal Resource Locator 全球资源定位（指示法）USSB United States Satellite Broadcasting 美国卫星广播（公司）VV Vertical 垂直方向VADIS Video-Audio digital Interactive System 视音数字相互制约系统VAR Variable 可变的VBS Video Burst and Sync (彩色)全电视信号VCR Video Cassette Recorder 盒式磁带录像机VDT Video Dial –Tone System 视频拨号系统VF View-Finder 寻像器VHS Video Home System 家用视频系统VIP Video Information Provider 视频信息提供者VITC Vertical Internal Time Code 场消隐时间码VLSI Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit 超大规模集成电路VOD Video On Demand 视频点播VPI Virtual Path Identifier 虚通路识别VSAT Very Small Aperture Terminal 甚小口径卫星地面站VSB Vestigial Side-Band 残留边带VSB-AM Vestigial Side-Band-AM 残留边带调幅VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio 电压驻波比WW White 白色Wide Angle 广角WARC World Administrative Radio Conference 世界无线电行政大会WAN Wide Area Network 广域网WAU Wireless Access Unit 无线接入单元W.BAL White Balance 白平衡WD Working Draft 操作方案WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing 波分复用WG Working Group 操作组WHT White 白色WI Weighted Index 加权指数WWW World Wide Web 环球网XXM Cross Modulation 交调XPD Cross-Polarization Discrimination 交叉极化鉴别XT Cross Talk 串扰，串话YY 亮度信号Y / C 亮/ 色成都市广播电视局科技处编制。

汽车电子EMS功放选择

rfamplautomotveradiedimmuning用于汽车辐射抗扰度测试的功率放大器的选择iso114522标准tl821662011大众标准gmw30972006通用标准emccs2009福特标准erspeciconclusions功放技术指标要求gain增益在信号源的正常输出范围内使功放输出最大功率gainness增益平坦性软件可以补偿变化harmonicdistortion谐波失真非常重要应该大于等于20dbcsaturatedpowerevel饱和输出功率非常重要不应使功放工作在或接近饱和区linearpowerevel线性输出功率非常重要保证调制后的峰值仍然工作在线性区amplierclass功放等级非常重要应使用a级功放技术指标重要性功放特性参数分析iso114522标准tl821662011大众标准gmw30972006通用标准emccs2009福特标准特测teseqcba1g100080mhz1ghz1000w功率放大器1ghz功率放大器200vm水平极化需要的功放功率无接地平板环境有接地平板环境使用喇叭天线200vm水平极化化需要的功放功率无接地平板环境有接地平板环境使用对数周期天线水平极化功放功率分析使用特测teseqcba1g1000teseqcba1g1000线性功率teseqcba1g1000饱和功率对数天线和喇叭天线在带接地平板和不带接地平板时垂直极化功放功率分析使用特测teseqcba1g1000cba1g1000linearpowercba1g1000saturatedpowerstackedlogperiodichornpower对数天线和喇叭天线在不带接地平板时对数天线和喇叭天线在有接地平板时功放特性参数分析特测teseqcba1g100080mhz1ghz1000w功率放大已为广大权为检测机构和汽车厂家接纳和使用

20MHz~520MHz宽带功率放大器的研制

导读:为了应对未来移动通信、新体制雷达、物联网、航空航天信息技术等的飞速发展,作为其中关键技术的射频微波技术,也应从设计理论、仿真方法、工程应用和测试系统等方面不断地取得新进展、新突破、新发明。

为了加强国内同行在射频微波领域的学术交流,促进微波技术应用水平的提高,《电子技术应用》杂志2020年第7期和第8期推出“射频与微波”主题专栏,论文内容涵盖多种形式多个频段的功率放大器、微波系统、天线和无源元件设计,及电磁仿真、测试技术等。

本专栏作者大多为工程一线的科研人员,论文都具有鲜明的工程应用背景,期待与读者互相切磋借鉴,共同提高我国的微波应用水平。

本期将刊出下半部分。

特约主编:谢拥军,北京航空航天大学电子信息工程学院教授,博士生导师。

主要研究方向为天线与微波技术、计算电磁学及其应用、电磁兼容等。

目前主持多项国家纵向和企业横向科研项目。

发表学术论文200余篇(其中SCI论文70余篇),主编(或参编)《HFSS原理与工程应用》、《简明微波》等专著8本。

20MHz耀520MHz宽带功率放大器的研制李贺,梁坤,刘敏,何颖,张晖(中国电子科技集团公司第五十八研究所,江苏无锡214072)摘要:新一代半导体材料GaN相比于Si、GaAs等材料,具有禁带宽、击穿场强高、热稳定性优异等特性,在宽带功放的设计中被广泛使用。

基于CREE公司的两款GaN功率芯片进行级联,匹配电路为集中元件和分布元件混合,采用负反馈技术提高带宽,RC并联网络提高稳定性,设计了一款20MHz~520MHz的宽带功放。

利用ADS软件对芯片模型和匹配电路进行优化仿真和实际调试,在20MHz~520MHz频段内,功放模块饱和输出功率大于9W,增益大于29.5dB,漏极效率高于40%,带内平坦度为±0.7dB。

关键词:GaN;宽带功放;负反馈;饱和输出功率;增益;漏极效率中图分类号:TN722.75文献标识码:A DOI:10.16157/j.issn.0258-7998.200264中文引用格式:李贺,梁坤,刘敏,等.20MHz~520MHz宽带功率放大器的研制[J].电子技术应用,2020,46(8):1-4,8.英文引用格式:Li He,Liang Kun,Liu Min,et al.Design of20MHz~520MHz broad-band power amplifier[J].Application of Electronic Technique,2020,46(8):1-4,8.Design of20MHz~520MHz broad-band power amplifierLi He,Liang Kun,Liu Min,He Ying,Zhang Hui(China Electronics Technology Group Corporation No.58Research Institute,Wuxi214072,China)Abstract:GaN,as the new generation semiconductor material,has much wider forbidden bandwidth,higher breakdown voltage, more excellent thermal stability than Si and GaAs,and thus is widely used in the broadband power amplifier design.Based on two GaN RF dies of CREE company are cascaded and the matching circuit is a mixture of centralized and distributed components,a broadband power amplifier is designed in the20MHz~520MHz frequency by using feedback technology to improve band width,RC parallel network to improve stability and micro-strip hybrid matching circuit.The die model and matching circuit are optimized and debugged by the ADS software.In the20MHz~520MHz frequency band,the saturation output power of this power amplifier is more than9W,the gain is more than29.5dB,the drain efficiency is higher than40%and the gain flatness is±0.7dB.Key words:GaN;broadband power amplifiers;feedback;saturation output power;gain;drain efficiency205010030052017.417.917.816.716.738.1+j132.1182.4+j565.8131.7-j37.241.1-j68.325.4-j46.741.341.941.541.241.134.2+j27.253.8+j6.654.2-j2.246.7-j17.841.4-j28.1频率f 0/MHz 增益G p /dB 输入阻抗Z in /Ω输出功率P out /dBm 输出阻抗Z out /Ω表18W 管芯在不同频率下负载牵引的最优输入输出阻抗205010030052015.115.015.216.016.253.4+j41.578.5-j3.775.8-j18.030.0-j36.012.8-j28.744.144.144.043.443.333.8+j9.134.5-j3.932.1-j1.227.6-j14.825.1-j16.1频率f 0/MHz增益G p /dB 输入阻抗Z in /Ω输出功率P out /dBm 输出阻抗Z out /Ω表215W 管芯在不同频率下负载牵引的最优输入输出阻抗随着无线通信和军事领域新技术和新标准的不断发展,要求微波通信系统向宽带化、低噪声、小型化、集成化以及更高的工作频率发展[1]。