模联培训之rules and procedures

合集下载

模联规则流程讲解

+
POSITION PAPERS
Features
and objectives
Country’s
understanding on the topic/ the importance of the effort and discussion. Your domestic situation on the topic discussed. Your out looks Possible solutions Your expected achievement and outcomes Your expected conference tendency
When the general speakers’ list is open, countries who want to speak may raise their placards, and the chair will call randomly. In the general speakers’ list, delegates will have 2 minutes to address your topic, which can include but is not limited to your countries situation, your position, possible ideas or solutions. Take note that you may send a page to dais to be added to the general speakers list.
Moderated Caucus
Chair: Are there any points or motions on the floor? Delegate: Motion. The delegate of ______ motions for a moderated caucus. The topic is ______. The total time is _____. Each delegate has ______ to deliver the speech. Chair: Are there any seconds (附议) ? Chair: Those who are in favor of this motion, please raise your placards.

模联自由辩论规则

模联自由辩论规则
1. 每个人都有发言机会呀，不能一个人霸着说个不停嘛！就像踢足球，不能总让一个人带球跑全场，其他人都没得碰球呀，那多不公平！比如在讨论环境问题时，大家都应该有机会表达自己的观点。

2. 发言要围绕主题嘞，别东拉西扯的呀！这就好比搭积木，得按照设计图来搭，不能乱堆一通嘛！像讨论教育改革时，可不能突然跑去说旅游见闻呀，对吧？
3. 要尊重别人说话呀，别随便打断！这就跟听别人讲故事一样，中途打断多不礼貌呀！在讨论国际冲突时，人家正说着观点，你突然打断，那多不合适！
4. 注意时间限制哦，别啰嗦太久！好比一场短跑比赛，时间到了就得停呀！比如讨论贸易问题时，规定三分钟发言，那就不能超时太多啦。

5. 不要人身攻击呀，观点不同很正常嘛！这不是像打篮球有对抗，但不能恶意犯规伤人呀！讨论关于人权问题时，对事不对人嘛。

6. 得认真听别人说话呀，不然怎么反驳或者补充呢！如同听老师讲课，不认真听怎么学到东西呀！讨论科技发展时，认真听才能更好地参与辩论嘞！
我觉得这些模联自由辩论规则能让辩论更有序、更精彩，大家都能充分表达和交流，真正碰撞出思想的火花呀！。

【必读】关于模拟联合国的一些资料

关于模拟联合国委员会结构 Committee Structure一个委员会由一个主席团（Members of the Dais）负责。

主席（The Chair）主持会议，主席的任务是按照联合国正式的程序规则监督并推动会议进程(Oversees Debate and Guides Delegates Through the Rules of Procedure)。

会议指导(Director)负责审阅代表提交的会议文件。

主席助理(Rapporteur)负责点名、录入发言人名单(Speakers' list)。

流程与规则 Rules of Procedures一、正式辩论 Formal Debate1、点名 Roll Call在这一阶段，主席助理会按国家字母顺序依次点出国家名，被点到的国家举起国家牌(Placard)，并回答：“present(到)”。

E.g. The rapporteur: Honorable delegate s, now we are going to have the roll call. Those countries called please raise your placards and answer PRESENT. Afghanistan......2、确定议题 Setting the Agenda本次会议将会有两个议题供代表们选择，代表们通过讨论、投票，确定出要首先讨论的议题。

在确定议题的阶段，主席分别在赞成首先讨论议题A和赞成首先讨论议题B的国家中，各随机点出3名代表（即，共6名）进行发言，阐述选择先讨论该议题的原因、动机等，发言时间为90秒。

6名代表都发言完毕后，将进行投票，投票原则为简单多数，即50％＋1。

E.g. The Chair: Since we have two topic areas, we are going to set the agenda first. Those countries in favor of talking about topic area A first please raise your placards... China, Russia, Singapore, thanks. Those countries in favor of talking about topic area B first please raise your placards... UK, Chile, Japan, thanks. Now delegate of China you have 90 seconds to address your body.3、发言及让渡时间 Speeches and Yield产生发言名单 Open the Speakers' List代表们确定议题之后，正式辩论开始。

模联是什么社团培训

再科普一下模联中的英文缩写简称（尽可能记住不然的话会被鄙视的……）
• • • • • • • •
• • • • •
MUN（Model United Nationals）模拟联合国 CORE 危及联动学术核心 CDC（Conference Directive Center）会议指导中心 BG（Background Guide）背景文件 DR（Draft Resolution）决议草案 BD （Best Delegate）最佳代表 OD（Outstanding Delegate）杰出代表 MPC（Main Press Center）危及联动主新闻中心，也常作为模联会场记者角色的代称 SC（Security Council）安理会（Supreme Court）最高法院 HRC（Human Rights Council）联合国人权理事会 ISIS 伊拉克和大叙利亚伊斯兰国极端恐怖组织 CIA 美国中央情报局（国际） FBI美国联邦调查局（国内）
交流 Communication
一、演讲技巧
开场演讲
开篇演讲承担的是表明国家基本立场和态度的任务，有很重要的作用,是可以全篇提前准备好的一篇演讲。它应当包括以下内容： l 简要介绍议题在本国的历史 l 议题的当前形势 l 本国的基本立场及其原因（如宗教理念） l 本国在国家集团中的位置 l 联合国及成员国过去采取的行动 l 可能的对于决议草案的建议和目标 l 如果有关，非政府组织的作用 l 是否存在谈判空间这篇演讲通常被认为与立场文件有许多类似之处。不过不是简单的宣读立场文件。这就要求代表在语言和安排上多下一些功夫。
规则与流程 Rules And Procedures
2、工作文件
工作文件是达成基本共识的几个国家在会议进程中共同撰写的文件。它的内容包括针对所讨论议题的基本立场以及解决问题的建议与措施。简而言之，工作文件就是代表们在会议过程中通过游说与磋商所达成的基本共识的书面表达。工作文件没有固定格式，它可以分条列出，也可以用图表等形式表达。第一行：文件类型及编号，编号由主席决定。第二行：委员会第三行：议题第四行：起草国

模联会议流程

暂时中断正式辩论（Motion to Suspend the Meeting）进入有主持/自由磋商 (Motion for a Moderated/Unmoderated Caucus)
简单多数（50％＋1）代表发言过半后才可提出
动议暂停会议 Motion to suspend the meeting
票数要求不需要投票
咨询性问题
（Point of Inquiry）
对于会议程序由不明白时，举牌向主席咨询
不需要投票
个人特权问题在场上个人有任何不适，不需要投票（Point of Personal 需要主席团的帮助和解 Privilege）决
关于辩论的说明
•动议及问题结束后，则再次进入正式辩论阶段。
简单多数（50％动议暂停会议，会议进行休息时间。＋1）时间由主席团决定
代表发言过半后才可提出
动议 Motions
动议说明要求
有主持核心磋商 Motion for a Moderated Caucus
代表国提出主题，并由主席需要发言的代表会最终决定：主题（讨论什么？），发言时间限定为3 总时间（讨论多久？），无让渡时分钟间（No Yield Time）
正式辩论 —— 发言及让渡时间
.发言名单(Speakers’ List)
代表们发言的顺序即主席点名的顺序，每个代表有5分钟的发言时间（初始时间，可动议更改）。如果需要追加发言机会（国家名未在发言名单上或已经完成发言），代表可向主席台传意向条(page)
注：发言名单一旦结束（Expired），则正式辩论结束，会议自动进入决议草案拟定及投票表决环节。
决议草案投票要求
作为决议草案的起草国，不能对自己发起的决议草案投票。即只能由另外3个五国同盟中的代表国投票，每个代表国可以自由对其它3个五国同盟的决议草案投票。一旦决议草案投票表决结束，票数最多的决议草案，即生成决议，议题的讨论结束。

WTO争端解决机制UNDERSTANDING ON RULES AND PROCEDURES GOVERNING THE SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES

Page 353ANNEX 2UNDERSTANDING ON RULES AND PROCEDURESGOVERNING THE SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTESMembers hereby agree as follows:A rticle 1Coverage and A pplication1.The rules and procedures of this Understanding shall apply to disputes brought pursuant to the consultation and dispute settlement provisions of the agreements listed in Appendix 1 to this Understanding (referred to in this Understanding as the "covered agreements"). The rules and procedures of this Understanding shall also apply to consultations and the settlement of disputes between Members concerning their rights and obligations under the provisions of the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (referred to in this Understanding as the "WTO Agreement") and of this Understanding taken in isolation or in combination with any other covered agreement.2.The rules and procedures of this Understanding shall apply subject to such special or additional rules and procedures on dispute settlement contained in the covered agreements as are identified in Appendix 2 to this Understanding. To the extent that there is a difference between the rules and procedures of this Understanding and the special or additional rules and procedures set forth in Appendix 2, the special or additional rules and procedures in Appendix 2 shall prevail. In disputes involving rules and procedures under more than one covered agreement, if there is a conflict between special or additional rules and procedures of such agreements under review, and where the parties to the dispute cannot agree on rules and procedures within 20 days of the establishment of the panel, the Chairman of the Dispute Settlement Body provided for in paragraph 1 of Article 2 (referred to in this Understanding as the "DSB"), in consultation with the parties to the dispute, shall determine the rules and procedures to be followed within 10 days after a request by either Member. The Chairman shall be guided by the principle that special or additional rules and procedures should be used where possible, and the rules and procedures set out in this Understanding should be used to the extent necessary to avoid conflict.A rticle 2A dministration1.The Dispute Settlement Body is hereby established to administer these rules and procedures and, except as otherwise provided in a covered agreement, the consultation and dispute settlement provisions of the covered agreements. Accordingly, the DSB shall have the authority to establish panels, adopt panel and Appellate Body reports, maintain surveillance of implementation of rulings and recommendations, and authorize suspension of concessions and other obligations under the covered agreements. With respect to disputes arising under a covered agreement which is a Plurilateral Trade Agreement, the term "Member" as used herein shall refer only to those Members that are parties to the relevant Plurilateral Trade Agreement. Where the DSB administers the dispute settlement provisions of a Plurilateral Trade Agreement, only those Members that are parties to that Agreement may participate in decisions or actions taken by the DSB with respect to that dispute.Page 3542.The DSB shall inform the relevant WTO Councils and Committees of any developments in disputes related to provisions of the respective covered agreements.3.The DSB shall meet as often as necessary to carry out its functions within the time-frames provided in this Understanding.4.Where the rules and procedures of this Understanding provide for the DSB to take a decision, it shall do so by consensus.1A rticle 3General Provisions1.Members affirm their adherence to the principles for the management of disputes heretofore applied under Articles XXII and XXIII of GATT 1947, and the rules and procedures as further elaborated and modified herein.2.The dispute settlement system of the WTO is a central element in providing security and predictability to the multilateral trading system. The Members recognize that it serves to preserve the rights and obligations of Members under the covered agreements, and to clarify the existing provisions of those agreements in accordance with customary rules of interpretation of public international law. Recommendations and rulings of the DSB cannot add to or diminish the rights and obligations provided in the covered agreements.3.The prompt settlement of situations in which a Member considers that any benefits accruing to it directly or indirectly under the covered agreements are being impaired by measures taken by another Member is essential to the effective functioning of the WTO and the maintenance of a proper balance between the rights and obligations of Members.4.Recommendations or rulings made by the DSB shall be aimed at achieving a satisfactory settlement of the matter in accordance with the rights and obligations under this Understanding and under the covered agreements.5.All solutions to matters formally raised under the consultation and dispute settlement provisions of the covered agreements, including arbitration awards, shall be consistent with those agreements and shall not nullify or impair benefits accruing to any Member under those agreements, nor impede the attainment of any objective of those agreements.6.Mutually agreed solutions to matters formally raised under the consultation and dispute settlement provisions of the covered agreements shall be notified to the DSB and the relevant Councils and Committees, where any Member may raise any point relating thereto.7.Before bringing a case, a Member shall exercise its judgement as to whether action under these procedures would be fruitful. The aim of the dispute settlement mechanism is to secure a positive solution to a dispute. A solution mutually acceptable to the parties to a dispute and consistent with the covered agreements is clearly to be preferred. In the absence of a mutually agreed solution, the first objective of the dispute settlement mechanism is usually to secure the withdrawal of the measures concerned if these are found to be inconsistent with the provisions of any of the covered agreements. The provision of compensation should be resorted to only if the immediate withdrawal of the measure1The DSB shall be deemed to have decided by consensus on a matter submitted for its consideration, if no Member, present at the meeting of the DSB when the decision is taken, formally objects to the proposed decision.Page 355 is impracticable and as a temporary measure pending the withdrawal of the measure which is inconsistent with a covered agreement. The last resort which this Understanding provides to the Member invoking the dispute settlement procedures is the possibility of suspending the application of concessions or other obligations under the covered agreements on a discriminatory basis vis-à-vis the other Member, subject to authorization by the DSB of such measures.8.In cases where there is an infringement of the obligations assumed under a covered agreement, the action is considered prima facie to constitute a case of nullification or impairment. This means that there is normally a presumption that a breach of the rules has an adverse impact on other Members parties to that covered agreement, and in such cases, it shall be up to the Member against whom the complaint has been brought to rebut the charge.9.The provisions of this Understanding are without prejudice to the rights of Members to seek authoritative interpretation of provisions of a covered agreement through decision-making under the WTO Agreement or a covered agreement which is a Plurilateral Trade Agreement.10.It is understood that requests for conciliation and the use of the dispute settlement procedures should not be intended or considered as contentious acts and that, if a dispute arises, all Members will engage in these procedures in good faith in an effort to resolve the dispute. It is also understood that complaints and counter-complaints in regard to distinct matters should not be linked.11.This Understanding shall be applied only with respect to new requests for consultations under the consultation provisions of the covered agreements made on or after the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement. With respect to disputes for which the request for consultations was made under GATT 1947 or under any other predecessor agreement to the covered agreements before the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement, the relevant dispute settlement rules and procedures in effect immediately prior to the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement shall continue to apply.212.Notwithstanding paragraph 11, if a complaint based on any of the covered agreements is brought by a developing country Member against a developed country Member, the complaining party shall have the right to invoke, as an alternative to the provisions contained in Articles 4, 5, 6 and 12 of this Understanding, the corresponding provisions of the Decision of 5 April 1966 (BISD 14S/18), except that where the Panel considers that the time-frame provided for in paragraph 7 of that Decision is insufficient to provide its report and with the agreement of the complaining party, that time-frame may be extended. To the extent that there is a difference between the rules and procedures of Articles 4, 5, 6 and 12 and the corresponding rules and procedures of the Decision, the latter shall prevail.A rticle 4Consultations1.Members affirm their resolve to strengthen and improve the effectiveness of the consultation procedures employed by Members.2This paragraph shall also be applied to disputes on which panel reports have not been adopted or fully implemented.Page 3562.Each Member undertakes to accord sympathetic consideration to and afford adequate opportunity for consultation regarding any representations made by another Member concerning measures affecting the operation of any covered agreement taken within the territory of the former.33.If a request for consultations is made pursuant to a covered agreement, the Member to which the request is made shall, unless otherwise mutually agreed, reply to the request within 10 days after the date of its receipt and shall enter into consultations in good faith within a period of no more than 30 days after the date of receipt of the request, with a view to reaching a mutually satisfactory solution. If the Member does not respond within 10 days after the date of receipt of the request, or does not enter into consultations within a period of no more than 30 days, or a period otherwise mutually agreed, after the date of receipt of the request, then the Member that requested the holding of consultations may proceed directly to request the establishment of a panel.4.All such requests for consultations shall be notified to the DSB and the relevant Councils and Committees by the Member which requests consultations. Any request for consultations shall be submitted in writing and shall give the reasons for the request, including identification of the measures at issue and an indication of the legal basis for the complaint.5.In the course of consultations in accordance with the provisions of a covered agreement, before resorting to further action under this Understanding, Members should attempt to obtain satisfactory adjustment of the matter.6.Consultations shall be confidential, and without prejudice to the rights of any Member in any further proceedings.7.If the consultations fail to settle a dispute within 60 days after the date of receipt of the request for consultations, the complaining party may request the establishment of a panel. The complaining party may request a panel during the 60-day period if the consulting parties jointly consider that consultations have failed to settle the dispute.8.In cases of urgency, including those which concern perishable goods, Members shall enter into consultations within a period of no more than 10 days after the date of receipt of the request. If the consultations have failed to settle the dispute within a period of 20 days after the date of receipt of the request, the complaining party may request the establishment of a panel.9.In cases of urgency, including those which concern perishable goods, the parties to the dispute, panels and the Appellate Body shall make every effort to accelerate the proceedings to the greatest extent possible.10.During consultations Members should give special attention to the particular problems and interests of developing country Members.11.Whenever a Member other than the consulting Members considers that it has a substantial trade interest in consultations being held pursuant to paragraph 1 of Article XXII of GATT 1994, paragraph 1 of Article XXII of GATS, or the corresponding provisions in other covered agreements4, such Member3Where the provisions of any other covered agreement concerning measures taken by regional or local governments or authorities within the territory of a Member contain provisions different from the provisions of this paragraph, the provisions of such other covered agreement shall prevail.4The corresponding consultation provisions in the covered agreements are listed hereunder: Agreement on Agriculture, Article 19; Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, paragraph 1 of Article 11; Agreement on Textiles and Clothing, paragraph 4 of Article 8; Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, paragraph 1 of Article 14;Page 357 may notify the consulting Members and the DSB, within 10 days after the date of the circulation of the request for consultations under said Article, of its desire to be joined in the consultations. Such Member shall be joined in the consultations, provided that the Member to which the request for consultations was addressed agrees that the claim of substantial interest is well-founded. In that event they shall so inform the DSB. If the request to be joined in the consultations is not accepted, the applicant Member shall be free to request consultations under paragraph 1 of Article XXII or paragraph 1 of Article XXIII of GATT 1994, paragraph 1 of Article XXII or paragraph 1 of Article XXIII of GATS, or the corresponding provisions in other covered agreements.A rticle 5Good Offices, Conciliation and Mediation1. Good offices, conciliation and mediation are procedures that are undertaken voluntarily if the parties to the dispute so agree.2. Proceedings involving good offices, conciliation and mediation, and in particular positions taken by the parties to the dispute during these proceedings, shall be confidential, and without prejudice to the rights of either party in any further proceedings under these procedures.3. Good offices, conciliation or mediation may be requested at any time by any party to a dispute. They may begin at any time and be terminated at any time. Once procedures for good offices, conciliation or mediation are terminated, a complaining party may then proceed with a request for the establishment of a panel.4. When good offices, conciliation or mediation are entered into within 60 days after the date of receipt of a request for consultations, the complaining party must allow a period of 60 days after the date of receipt of the request for consultations before requesting the establishment of a panel. The complaining party may request the establishment of a panel during the 60-day period if the parties to the dispute jointly consider that the good offices, conciliation or mediation process has failed to settle the dispute.5. If the parties to a dispute agree, procedures for good offices, conciliation or mediation may continue while the panel process proceeds.6. The Director-General may, acting in an ex officio capacity, offer good offices, conciliation or mediation with the view to assisting Members to settle a dispute.Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures, Article 8; Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of GATT 1994, paragraph 2 of Article 17; Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of GATT 1994, paragraph 2 of Article 19; Agreement on Preshipment Inspection, Article 7; Agreement on Rules of Origin, Article 7; Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures, Article 6; Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, Article 30; Agreement on Safeguards, Article 14; Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, Article 64.1; and any corresponding consultation provisions in Plurilateral Trade Agreements as determined by the competent bodies of each Agreement and as notified to the DSB.Page 358A rticle 6Establishment of Panels1. If the complaining party so requests, a panel shall be established at the latest at the DSB meeting following that at which the request first appears as an item on the DSB's agenda, unless at that meeting the DSB decides by consensus not to establish a panel.52. The request for the establishment of a panel shall be made in writing. It shall indicate whether consultations were held, identify the specific measures at issue and provide a brief summary of the legal basis of the complaint sufficient to present the problem clearly. In case the applicant requests the establishment of a panel with other than standard terms of reference, the written request shall include the proposed text of special terms of reference.A rticle 7Terms of Reference of Panels1. Panels shall have the following terms of reference unless the parties to the dispute agree otherwise within 20 days from the establishment of the panel:"To examine, in the light of the relevant provisions in (name of the covered agreement(s) cited by the parties to the dispute), the matter referred to the DSB by (name of party) in document ... and to make such findings as will assist the DSB in making the recommendations or in giving the rulings provided for in that/those agreement(s)."2. Panels shall address the relevant provisions in any covered agreement or agreements cited by the parties to the dispute.3. In establishing a panel, the DSB may authorize its Chairman to draw up the terms of reference of the panel in consultation with the parties to the dispute, subject to the provisions of paragraph 1. The terms of reference thus drawn up shall be circulated to all Members. If other than standard terms of reference are agreed upon, any Member may raise any point relating thereto in the DSB.A rticle 8Composition of Panels1. Panels shall be composed of well-qualified governmental and/or non-governmental individuals, including persons who have served on or presented a case to a panel, served as a representative of a Member or of a contracting party to GATT 1947 or as a representative to the Council or Committee of any covered agreement or its predecessor agreement, or in the Secretariat, taught or published on international trade law or policy, or served as a senior trade policy official of a Member.2. Panel members should be selected with a view to ensuring the independence of the members,a sufficiently diverse background and a wide spectrum of experience.5If the complaining party so requests, a meeting of the DSB shall be convened for this purpose within 15 days of the request, provided that at least 10 days' advance notice of the meeting is given.Page 359 3. Citizens of Members whose governments6 are parties to the dispute or third parties as defined in paragraph 2 of Article 10 shall not serve on a panel concerned with that dispute, unless the parties to the dispute agree otherwise.4. To assist in the selection of panelists, the Secretariat shall maintain an indicative list of governmental and non-governmental individuals possessing the qualifications outlined in paragraph 1, from which panelists may be drawn as appropriate. That list shall include the roster of non-governmental panelists established on 30 November 1984 (BISD 31S/9), and other rosters and indicative lists established under any of the covered agreements, and shall retain the names of persons on those rosters and indicative lists at the time of entry into force of the WTO Agreement. Members may periodically suggest names of governmental and non-governmental individuals for inclusion on the indicative list, providing relevant information on their knowledge of international trade and of the sectors or subject matter of the covered agreements, and those names shall be added to the list upon approval by the DSB. For each of the individuals on the list, the list shall indicate specific areas of experience or expertise of the individuals in the sectors or subject matter of the covered agreements.5. Panels shall be composed of three panelists unless the parties to the dispute agree, within 10 days from the establishment of the panel, to a panel composed of five panelists. Members shall be informed promptly of the composition of the panel.6. The Secretariat shall propose nominations for the panel to the parties to the dispute. The parties to the dispute shall not oppose nominations except for compelling reasons.7. If there is no agreement on the panelists within 20 days after the date of the establishment ofa panel, at the request of either party, the Director-General, in consultation with the Chairman of the DSB and the Chairman of the relevant Council or Committee, shall determine the composition of the panel by appointing the panelists whom the Director-General considers most appropriate in accordance with any relevant special or additional rules or procedures of the covered agreement or covered agreements which are at issue in the dispute, after consulting with the parties to the dispute. The Chairman of the DSB shall inform the Members of the composition of the panel thus formed no later than 10 days after the date the Chairman receives such a request.8. Members shall undertake, as a general rule, to permit their officials to serve as panelists.9. Panelists shall serve in their individual capacities and not as government representatives, nor as representatives of any organization. Members shall therefore not give them instructions nor seek to influence them as individuals with regard to matters before a panel.10.When a dispute is between a developing country Member and a developed country Member the panel shall, if the developing country Member so requests, include at least one panelist from a developing country Member.11.Panelists' expenses, including travel and subsistence allowance, shall be met from the WTO budget in accordance with criteria to be adopted by the General Council, based on recommendations of the Committee on Budget, Finance and Administration.6In the case where customs unions or common markets are parties to a dispute, this provision applies to citizens of all member countries of the customs unions or common markets.Page 360A rticle 9Procedures for Multiple Complainants1. Where more than one Member requests the establishment of a panel related to the same matter,a single panel may be established to examine these complaints taking into account the rights of all Members concerned. A single panel should be established to examine such complaints whenever feasible.2. The single panel shall organize its examination and present its findings to the DSB in sucha manner that the rights which the parties to the dispute would have enjoyed had separate panels examined the complaints are in no way impaired. If one of the parties to the dispute so requests, the panel shall submit separate reports on the dispute concerned. The written submissions by each of the complainants shall be made available to the other complainants, and each complainant shall have the right to be present when any one of the other complainants presents its views to the panel.3. If more than one panel is established to examine the complaints related to the same matter, to the greatest extent possible the same persons shall serve as panelists on each of the separate panels and the timetable for the panel process in such disputes shall be harmonized.A rticle 10Third Parties1.The interests of the parties to a dispute and those of other Members under a covered agreement at issue in the dispute shall be fully taken into account during the panel process.2. Any Member having a substantial interest in a matter before a panel and having notified its interest to the DSB (referred to in this Understanding as a "third party") shall have an opportunity to be heard by the panel and to make written submissions to the panel. These submissions shall also be given to the parties to the dispute and shall be reflected in the panel report.3.Third parties shall receive the submissions of the parties to the dispute to the first meeting of the panel.4.If a third party considers that a measure already the subject of a panel proceeding nullifies or impairs benefits accruing to it under any covered agreement, that Member may have recourse to normal dispute settlement procedures under this Understanding. Such a dispute shall be referred to the original panel wherever possible.A rticle 11Function of PanelsThe function of panels is to assist the DSB in discharging its responsibilities under this Understanding and the covered agreements. Accordingly, a panel should make an objective assessment of the matter before it, including an objective assessment of the facts of the case and the applicability of and conformity with the relevant covered agreements, and make such other findings as will assist the DSB in making the recommendations or in giving the rulings provided for in the covered agreements. Panels should consult regularly with the parties to the dispute and give them adequate opportunity to develop a mutually satisfactory solution.Page 361A rticle 12Panel Procedures1.Panels shall follow the Working Procedures in Appendix 3 unless the panel decides otherwise after consulting the parties to the dispute.2. Panel procedures should provide sufficient flexibility so as to ensure high-quality panel reports, while not unduly delaying the panel process.3.After consulting the parties to the dispute, the panelists shall, as soon as practicable and whenever possible within one week after the composition and terms of reference of the panel have been agreed upon, fix the timetable for the panel process, taking into account the provisions of paragraph 9 of Article 4, if relevant.4.In determining the timetable for the panel process, the panel shall provide sufficient time for the parties to the dispute to prepare their submissions.5.Panels should set precise deadlines for written submissions by the parties and the parties should respect those deadlines.6.Each party to the dispute shall deposit its written submissions with the Secretariat for immediate transmission to the panel and to the other party or parties to the dispute. The complaining party shall submit its first submission in advance of the responding party's first submission unless the panel decides, in fixing the timetable referred to in paragraph 3 and after consultations with the parties to the dispute, that the parties should submit their first submissions simultaneously. When there are sequential arrangements for the deposit of first submissions, the panel shall establish a firm time-period for receipt of the responding party's submission. Any subsequent written submissions shall be submitted simultaneously.7.Where the parties to the dispute have failed to develop a mutually satisfactory solution, the panel shall submit its findings in the form of a written report to the DSB. In such cases, the report of a panel shall set out the findings of fact, the applicability of relevant provisions and the basic rationale behind any findings and recommendations that it makes. Where a settlement of the matter among the parties to the dispute has been found, the report of the panel shall be confined to a brief description of the case and to reporting that a solution has been reached.8.In order to make the procedures more efficient, the period in which the panel shall conduct its examination, from the date that the composition and terms of reference of the panel have been agreed upon until the date the final report is issued to the parties to the dispute, shall, as a general rule, not exceed six months. In cases of urgency, including those relating to perishable goods, the panel shall aim to issue its report to the parties to the dispute within three months.9.When the panel considers that it cannot issue its report within six months, or within three months in cases of urgency, it shall inform the DSB in writing of the reasons for the delay together with an estimate of the period within which it will issue its report. In no case should the period from the establishment of the panel to the circulation of the report to the Members exceed nine months. 10.In the context of consultations involving a measure taken by a developing country Member, the parties may agree to extend the periods established in paragraphs 7 and 8 of Article 4. If, after the relevant period has elapsed, the consulting parties cannot agree that the consultations have concluded, the Chairman of the DSB shall decide, after consultation with the parties, whether to extend the relevant period and, if so, for how long. In addition, in examining a complaint against a developing country。

2016北大模联学术标准手册

Academic Standard Handbookof Peking University National Model United Nations Conference for High School Students 20162016年北京大学全国中学生模拟联合国大会学术标准手册编订人员：刘欣羽（秘书长，北京大学经济学院2013级本科）樊仁敬（副秘书长，北京大学社会学系2013级本科）何雨辰（学术总监，北京大学元培学院2014级本科）王星程（学术总监，北京大学元培学院2014级本科）杨泽毅（学术总监，北京大学哲学系2014级本科）特别说明：“北京大学全国中学生模拟联合国大会”，会议名称、活动标志由北京大学所有，未经允许，不得用于与本会议无关的活动或其他商业性目的的组织或活动。

本手册及相关材料版权归北京大学模拟联合国协会所有，未经允许，不得以任何方式出版。

如引用，须注明出处。

目录前言学术标准手册使用说明 ............................................................5 第一部分会议规则与流程 ...............................................................6 •会议流程参考标准 .....................................................................6 •北京大学全国中学生模拟联合国大会常规委员会（中文）议事规则 ......8 总则 (8)第一章会场和人员 (8)第二章会议 (9)第三章代表权利与义务 ...............................................................18 快速规则流程参考 ........................................................................20 •北京大学全国中学生模拟联合国大会常规委员会（中文）议事规则示意图 ......21 •北京大学全国中学生模拟联合国大会常规委员会（中文）用语范例 ......22 •北京大学全国中学生模拟联合国大会常规委员会（英文）议事规则 ......24 Rules and Procedures ..................................................................24 Introduction to the Staff ...............................................................24 The Process: Committee Session ......................................................26 Quick Reference Guide ..................................................................33 •北京大学全国中学生模拟联合国大会常规委员会（英文）议事规则示意图 ......34 •北京大学全国中学生模拟联合国大会常规委员会（英文）用语范例 ......35 •北京大学全国中学生模拟联合国大会特殊委员会学术标准 (36)一、联合国经济社会理事会（ECOSOC ） (36)二、联合国志愿人员组织伙伴关系论坛（UNV Partnership Forum ） (38)三、世界卫生组织非洲地区委员会（WHO-RCA ） (40)四、欧洲经济区理事会（EEA Council ） (43)五、国际法庭（ICJ ） ... (47)六、联合国国际组织会议（UNCIO ） (54)第二部分会议文件 (57)一、立场文件Position Paper (57)二、工作文件Working Paper (61)三、决议草案Draft Resolution (63)四、指令草案Draft Directive (71)五、修正案Amendment (71)第三部分模拟联合国会议学术准备指南 (73)第一节准备阶段 (73)一．背景指导文件阅读指导 (73)二．资料检索指导 (76)第二节会议阶段 (86)前言学术标准手册使用说明亲爱的各位代表：大家好！大会的《学术标准手册》（Academic Standard Handbook ）继续着自己每年一次更新的步伐。

模联学术流程规则及基本用语

模联学术第二讲：模联流程规则及基本用语主讲人：李雪一．模联流程及规则第一节点名会议开始时，主席将请各位代表就座，并保持安静。

主席宣布会议开始，并由主席助理点国家名。

当被点到时，代表应举起国家牌并喊“出席”。

点名结束后，主席助理将宣布该分组会议的国家出席数、简单多数(1/2)、绝对多数（2/3)和20%出席数。

第二节正式辩论主席将随机点出愿意发言的国家代表进入发言名单。

正式辩论剩余时间若大于30秒可以让渡，让渡的对象包括：让渡给主席，即主席可自行处理剩余时间；让渡给代表，即被让渡的那一位代表将利用剩余时间进行发言；让渡给评论，即由主席随机选择另一位代表利用剩余时间对发言做出评价；让渡给问题，即由主席随机选择另一位代表对发言代表提出一个问题，该问题不占用剩余时间，被提问的代表将只被允许在剩余时间内回答这一个问题。

经由让渡所剩余的时间不可二次让渡。

第三节非正式辩论非正式辩论是指打断正式辩论而进行的磋商，包括有主持核心磋商和自由磋商两种。

（1）有主持核心磋商指代表们在主席的主持下，按照主席随机点出的并由主席助理记录的发言顺序，在规定的时间内依次进行发言；（2）自由磋商指在一定时间内，代表们可以离开座位或会场以交换观点；（3）非正式辩论期间所使用的语言均须为工作语言。

第四节动议和问题动议包括动议确定议题、动议修改正式辩论发言时间、动议进行有主持核心磋商、动议进行自由磋商、动议延置决议草案、动议取消延置决议草案、动议结束正式辩论、动议更改投票顺序和动议暂时休会，共计九种：问题包括程序性问题、咨询性问题和个人特权问题：（1）程序性问题是指代表认为会议进程不符合既定的规则程序时，为进行纠正所提出的问题。

程序性问题可随时提出；（2）咨询性问题是指当代表对于会议的程序存在疑问时，为获得解答所提出的问题。

如是否已经收到决议草案？、该有主持核心磋商的主题是什么？此时，主席团将暂停一切当前的活动并回答代表的问题，包括当下代表的发言。

模联Rules & Procedures规则

• • • • • • • •
点名——Roll Call 国家牌——Placard 到——Present 确定议题——Setting the Agenda 产生发言名单——Open the Speakers’ List 意向条——Page 集团——bloc 危机——crisis
Roll call
问题(point)
• 程序性问题（Point of Order）： • 当大会的进程与既定规则不符时，代表可以提出程序性问题，该问题可在大会任何时候提出，发言的代表将被打断，主席首先解决该问题。 • 咨询性问题（Point of Inquiry）： • 代表对大会任何流程和规则不清楚之时，可提出咨询性问题。 • 个人特权问题（Point of Personal Privilege）： • 代表有合理的特别需求之时，可提出个人特权问题。 • 问题都不需要表决，由主席直接解决。
vote
• Close the debate——交叉辩论 2：2 • Roll call vote • 赞成(Yes)/反对(No) /弃权(Abstain)/ 过(pass)
Time:120 seconds 剩余>=10 seconds——让渡 Yield time to the chair Yield time to another delegate Yield time to comments Yield time to questions
• PS:不可二次让渡
Informal debate/caucus
Rules & Procedures
模拟联合国ABC
• • • • • • • 模拟联合国——Model United Nations 联合国大会——General Assembly 联合国发展计划署——UNDP 主席团——Members of the Dais 主席——The Chair 会议指导——Director 主席助理、记录员——Assistant Director(AD) / Rapporteur

模联流程以及基本用语

模联流程以及基本用语Model United Nations (MUN) is a simulation of the United Nations where students take on the roles of representatives from various countries. Through MUN, students have the opportunity to learn about international relations, diplomacy, and the functioning of the United Nations. In the beginning, delegates are assigned a countryto represent and are tasked with researching the foreign policy of that country. They then participate in debates, negotiate with other delegates, and draft resolutions to address global issues.模拟联合国（MUN）是一个模拟联合国的活动，学生扮演各国代表的角色。

通过MUN，学生有机会了解国际关系、外交以及联合国的运作方式。

一开始，代表们会被分配一个国家来代表，并被要求研究该国的外交政策。

然后他们参与辩论，与其他代表协商，并起草决议以解决全球问题。

One of the key aspects of the MUN process is the use of parliamentary procedure, which is a set of rules and practices used to conduct meetings and make decisions. Parliamentary procedure helps ensure that debates are conducted in an orderly and efficient manner, with delegates following established protocols for speaking,making motions, and voting on resolutions. Understanding parliamentary procedure is essential for delegates to effectively participate in MUN conferences and contribute to the dialogue.MUN conferences are typically organized by schools, universities, or non-profit organizations and bring together students from diverse backgrounds and cultures. These conferences provide a platform for students to engage in discussions on a wide range of global issues, such as climate change, human rights, and international security. By participating in MUN conferences, students develop critical thinking, public speaking, and negotiation skills, as well as gain a better understanding of complex international issues.In addition to participating in MUN conferences, delegates can also engage in Model UN clubs at their schools or universities. These clubs offer opportunities for students to practice their MUN skills, engage in debates, and prepare for upcoming conferences. Model UN clubs often host practice simulations, workshops, and guest speakers to help students improve their understanding of global affairs and enhance their diplomatic skills. Joining a Model UN club can provide delegates with a supportive community of like-mindedindividuals who share a passion for international relations and diplomacy.One of the challenges delegates may face during MUN conferences is balancing their national interests with the need for cooperation and compromise. Delegates must represent the foreign policy of their assigned country accurately while also working towards consensus on resolutions with other delegates. This requires delegates to navigate complex geopolitical dynamics, build alliances, and find common ground with countries that may have opposing viewpoints. Developing the ability to negotiate diplomatically and advocate for their country's interests effectively is a crucial skill for delegates to master in MUN.Overall, participating in Model United Nations offers students a unique and enriching experience that allows them to deepen their understanding of global issues and develop valuable skills for the future. By engaging in debates, negotiations, and collaborations with peers from around the world, delegates hone their critical thinking, communication, and leadership abilities. Model UN not only prepares students for future careers in international relations, law,and public policy but also fosters a sense of global citizenship and a commitment to solving complex problems through diplomacy and cooperation.参加模拟联合国为学生提供了一次独特而丰富的经验，使他们加深对全球问题的理解，并为未来发展宝贵的技能。

全球模拟联合国大会的议事规则

全球模拟联合国大会的议事规则全球模拟联合国（Model United Nations，简称MUN）是一种学术活动，旨在通过模拟联合国大会的形式，培养学生的辩论技巧和外交能力，并使他们更好地理解国际事务。

在全球模拟联合国大会中，参会代表将扮演不同国家的外交官，就各种全球性问题展开辩论和协商。

为了规范议事和确保公正性，全球模拟联合国大会制定了一系列的议事规则。

首先，议事开始前，主席会根据大会议程和各委员会的规则，介绍议事规则，并确定与会代表的身份和职责。

主席会要求代表遵守规则并对违反规则的行为进行惩罚。

一般而言，全球模拟联合国大会的议事规则如下：1.发言顺序：代表按照事先规定好的发言名单依次发言，或者根据主席的邀请发言。

代表在发言之前要举手示意，获得主席的批准后才能发言。

大会一般设有正式发言和非正式发言两种模式，代表在正式发言时需要使用一定的形式，例如称呼“尊敬的主席”，并用正式语言表达意见。

2.辩论和协商：代表在辩论时要准确理解议题，并就相关问题进行阐述和讨论。

在辩论中，代表可以有不同的观点，但需要尊重其他代表的意见，并通过互相交流来协商解决方案。

3.发问和回答：代表可以向其他代表提问以了解他们的观点和立场。

被问到的代表可以选择回答或保留评论权。

4.动议和程序：代表可以通过动议来改变会议的程序。

一些常见的动议包括修改并通过决议、暂停辩论或结束辩论、进入主题性的辩论等。

5.投票和通过决议：在达成一致或无法达成一致的情况下，代表可以根据所在委员会的规则进行投票。

一般情况下，投票的结果需要达到一定的多数才能通过。

6.礼仪和行为：代表应遵守会议的礼仪和行为规范，包括保持谦虚、尊重他人、维护会场秩序等。

不礼貌或不尊重其他代表的行为将受到主席的惩罚。

7.代表身份：代表在会议中代表一些国家的政府或组织，因此他们应该在发言时用第三人称代表所代表的国家。

代表应该尽量模拟其所代表国家的立场和政策，并在发言中表达这些立场和政策。

MUN 规则流程

What is MUN?在模联会议里，参加者(delegates)以代表团(delegation)为单位，共同代表一个国家(to Represent A Certain Country)，在模拟联合国会议中的不同委员会(committee)里，以国家代表身份进行演讲(public speaking)、辩论(debate)和游说(lobby)等，争取国家利益的最大化。

代表参与正式辩论(formal debate)、非正式辩论(informal debate)，以及广泛的协商合作(negotiation andcollaboration)，以争取其所代表国家的国家利益能在特定议题(topic area)的决议(resolution)中得到充分体现。

一个委员会(committee)由一个主席团(members of the dais)负责。

主席(the chair)主持会议，其任务是按照联合国正式的程序规则监督并推动会议进程(oversee debate and guide delegates through the rules of procedure)。

会议指导(director)负责审阅批准代表提交的会议文件，并对会议进程和代表表现提出建议和评价；主席助理(rapporteur)负责点名、统计代表数、录入发言人名单(speakers’ list)。

常见委员会有：联合国大会(General Assembly-GA)、经济与社会理事会(Economic and Social Council-ECOSOC)、安全理事会(Security Council-SC)等。

用联合国的方式解决问题:相对的公平(Relatively Equal): Equal to be heard; Equal to draft; Equal to vote有效的推动(Push forward to a result): A resolution, if not the best, is maybe the best possible way to solve the issue. If failed, the next could still bepossible.What can we benefit from MUN?1、演讲public speaking2、合作与协商cooperation & negotiation3、获取国际事务的知识knowledge of international affaires4、包容、理解的全面视角perspective5、英语的能力English ability6、组织协调organization & coordinationHow does MUN conference conduct?模拟联合国会议通过严格按照联合国会议的规则(formal rules of procedure)进行，以保证每位代表都有平等的发言权(equal opportunity to be heard)。

模拟联合国规则流程培训(英文)

Sample Page To: Russia From: China We have to combine the two Working papers to form a Draft Resolution.
让渡时间（Yield Time）
代表在发言时间内结束发言后，可将120秒中的剩余时间让渡，让渡分为如下几种：

结束辩论，表决
修正案友好修正案将被宣布直接加入修正案，然后代表
进行一分钟介绍
非友好修正案

1.代表介绍非友好修正案 2.非友好修正案需逐条表决，若同意国家超过三分之二以上，则相应条目可加入相应决议草案
结束辩论，表决
决议草案
表决顺序将取决于草案提交顺序。但代表可以动议更改投票顺序（1/2）。Eg:China motions for reordering the dr 2 first and then dr 1. 只有一项决议草案能被通过。一旦一项草案通过，即成生决议，不再对其他草案进行投票，大会结束。
更改发言时间
（Motion to Set Speaking Time from.. to…）
认为发言时间过长或过短
简单多数
暂时中断正式辩论
（Motion to Suspend the Meeting）
进入非正式辩论（有主简单多数持/自由磋商）
(Motion for a Moderated/Unmoderated Caucus)
总时间，一旦动议得到通过，在规定地时间内代表可以离开作座位，更为密切地和盟友们交换意见，讨论各自认为重要的任何方面的问题。
动议暂时中断正式辩论用语
1.有主持核心磋商
动议。中国动议一个有主持核心磋商，内容为能

模拟联合国

议事规则与规则流程Rules of Order课程意义和目的•了解模拟联合国规则的内在逻辑（The Logic of MUN）•熟悉模拟联合国会议基本规则及流程（Basic Rules in MUN）•掌握模拟联合国会议规则中的专业术语（Professional Terms in MUN）•掌握规则流程使用技巧（Skills in Rules of Procedure）课程主要内容•解决一般问题的步骤与流程•模拟联合国规则流程及专业术语2一、会议成员1.主席团（Dais）u◆主席(Chair)：主持会议；随时处理代表问题u◆会议指导(Director)：观察会议，掌控会议方向、进程；审批文件u◆主席助理(Rapporteur)：记录会议；负责点名、投票等环节2.代表（Delegate）u◆概念：一个国家派出参加会议的人，代表这个国家的形象与立场u◆职责：维护国家利益；展示国家形象；参与国际事务讨论u◆称呼：代表要牢记自己的身份，发言时的主语要用国家名，而不是“我”3.志愿者（Volunteer）u◆职责：负责传递意向条；负责相关会务，为代表提供方便二、解读模拟联合国会议规则流程1.点名（Roll Call）u◆点名的作用：确定到场国家总数，由此计算简单多数（1/2多数）和三分之二多数。

这些数据决定了表决通过的标准u◆点名的方式：主席助理按照国家名单上的顺序点名，点到的国家高举国家牌并答“到(Present) ”。

主席助理重复“某某国代表出席”，并在电脑屏幕上标示出席情况，最终计数2.设定议题（Setting the Agenda）u◆设定议题的条件：一个委员会同时有两个或两个以上的议题待讨论u◆设定议题的目的：确定多数国家感兴趣的议题为优先讨论的议题3.正式辩论（Formal Debate）u◆辩论的概念：不同于平时的辩论比赛，模联中的发言、磋商、游说等均被视为辩论u◆正式辩论：按照发言名单顺序进行的辩论叫正式辩论u◆发言名单(Speakers’ List)ü✓发言名单的产生：确定议题后，正式辩论开始。

模联议事规则

模联议事规则一、引言模拟联合国（Model United Nations，简称MUN）是一种模拟国际会议的活动形式，旨在培养青年学生的领导能力、沟通能力和解决问题的能力。

而模联议事规则则是模拟国际会议中的重要组成部分，确保会议秩序井然、有效高效地进行。

本文将介绍模联议事规则的具体内容。

二、议事规则的基本原则1. 尊重和礼貌：与会代表应相互尊重，遵守礼仪，以文明的方式进行交流和辩论。

2. 公平和平等：每个代表有平等的发言权和表达意见的机会，无论其所代表的国家或组织大小。

3. 纪律和秩序：议事规则的遵守是确保会议顺利进行的基础，所有参会代表应严格遵守议长的指示和规定。

三、会议程序1. 开幕式：会议开始时，主席团成员宣布会议开幕，并介绍主题和议程。

2. 议程确定：会议主席团提供议程，代表们讨论并投票确定议程。

3. 发言权：代表可以根据发言顺序依次发言，表达自己的观点和立场。

发言时间通常限制在一定范围内，以确保所有代表有机会发言。

4. 提案和辩论：代表可以根据议程提出提案，并与其他代表进行辩论。

辩论应以事实为基础，避免人身攻击和情绪激动。

5. 表决：主席团根据提案和辩论的结果组织表决，代表们以投票的方式决定是否通过提案。

6. 通过决议：如果提案得到多数代表的支持，主席团宣布决议通过，并将其记录在会议纪要中。

7. 闭幕式：会议结束时，主席团成员宣布会议闭幕，并感谢所有参会代表的付出和贡献。

四、发言和辩论1. 有序发言：代表在发言时，应先向主席团示意，等待主席给与发言权后方可发言。

2. 尊重发言：代表在发言时应尊重他人，不打断其他代表发言，并保持适当的语言和态度。

3. 严守时间：代表在发言时应严格控制时间，尽量避免超时。

4. 提问和回答：其他代表可以提问发言代表，发言代表应回答问题或解释观点。

五、提案和决议1. 提案的格式：代表提出的提案应包含提案标题、提案正文和相关条款。

2. 决议的撰写：代表根据辩论和讨论的结果，撰写符合议事规则的决议文。

模拟联合国英语大赛规则流程解读(欧规)

模拟联合国英语大赛规则流程解读（欧规）本次模联会议将采用下面这份简略版规则流程。

1. 点名(Roll Call)点名的方式：主席助理按照国家名单依照音序点名，点到的国家高举国家牌并答“出席(Present)”，主席助理重复“某某国代表出席”。

点名结束后，主席助理将向大家宣布出席情况（国家数、出席数、未出席数）、简单多数、2/3多数和25%数。

简单多数(Simple Majority)和2/3多数(Two thirds Majority)：简单多数是总数的1/2+1取整。

因为当代表数为偶数时，1/2不是多数，所以需要加一。

2/3多数则为总数的2/3进一取整。

25%：25%为总数进一取整，是一份决议草案或者修正案能够提交给主席团的签字国数目下限。

2.开场演讲（Opening Speech）:第一个会期点名后，主席会按照字母顺序点出代表进行发言。

发言的内容基本为宣读起草好的决议草案中的行动性条款，时间不限。

注意：发言开始时说：“尊敬的主席，杰出的代表(Honorable Chair, Distinguished Delegates)”；结束时别忘记“Thank you”的使用。

3.游说时间（Lobbying time）: 近似于美规的非正式辩论, 第一会期最为关键的环节。

由于其后会期不会再有游说时间，所以应利用此段（2-3小时）时间，基于各国代表的立场和决议草案行动性条款，和与本国立场相近的国家建立合作关系。

目标为在主席团规定的时间内，合并决议草案，争取到超过1/4的代表签字，并提交。

本次会议，接受决议草案提交的时间为周六下午5点半以前。

合并（merge）并修改在会前已独立写好或协商完成的决议草案，选出一个国家阵营（bloc）中的主提交国（Main Submitter）一名，和达到国家总数25%的提交国（Submitters）任何一个国家在一个议题（Topic）只能选择当一份DR 的Submitter。

mun-流程培训

模拟联合国培训会议准备模拟联合国大会培训手册本次ZZU校际MUN大会参照标准MUN流程TIP 1参加模拟联合国大会的准备工作之一（初步调研）在报名成功和明确本队所要模拟的国家之后，就可以开始正式参会的实质性准备工作了，首先要对模拟联合国会议的情况有初步的了解。

调研的途径和方法多种多样。

各代表队可以通过书籍、报刊和电视等媒体获取某一个国家对某一个问题的立场观点。

随着互联网的发展，网上调研成为一种十分重要的手段。

对于各代表队来说，联合国网站和模拟国家政府的官方网站最为重要。

在上述网站上不仅可以了解到该国家对某一问题的原则立场，而且可以查阅到该国的发言、表态和投票记录。

通过研究这些资料，可以了解该国的最新表态，掌握其政策沿革和变化的过程，从而更好地模仿该国的立场。

若要了解该国对重大国际问题的基本看法，还可以阅读该国家领导人在最近的联合国大会上的发言。

这种调研方式获得的资料最为准确和直接。

初步调研主要有以下几方面内容：一、了解议题相关背景简称议题调研。

议题调研关系到整个代表队的会场表现，是参与模拟联合国活动成败的重要因素。

其主要目的是要了解相关议题的背景情况，掌握模拟联合国会议所要讨论的问题的来龙去脉、最新情况和发展趋势。

模拟联合国会议要达到的目的是，通过模拟各国的观点来讨论共同关心的问题。

对有关问题了如指掌，有利于形成有针对性的意见和建议，在讨论中做到得心应手。

二、了解联合国机构情况联合国组织机构庞杂，各机构职责范围不同，相互之间的关系不一，组成的成员不同，所涉及的事务五花八门，各国立场各异，讨论问题和作出决策的方式也不尽一致。

只有了解联合国家的机构设置和运作模式，才能了解活动中所模拟的联合国机构在联合国系统的地位和作用，不夸大也不贬低地推动该组织在解决国际问题中的积极作用。

三、了解议事规则参加模拟联合国会议，与正式联合国会议一样，要学会运用规则和技巧，利用议事规则中关于发言的时间限制、休会、中止辩论、结束辩论等相关规定，才能在会议的讨论过程中保持主动。

模拟联合国大会流程-详细介绍模联MUN的规则-议题

1、MUN模拟联合国大会简介模拟联合国（Model United Nations）是一项从美国哈佛大学起源的学生活动，活动中由学生代表们模拟各国外交官以及联合国各机构或者国际组织的议事流程来商讨解决一些热点的国际问题。

活动中，学生们模拟联合国会议中动议、辩论、磋商、写作文件、投票等流程，把握自己所代表国家的立场，维护本国的国家利益。

该活动近几年在中国兴起，从北京辐射到全国各地、从大学辐射到各地高中。

2、如何参加MUN模拟联合国大会各大学、高中的MUN组织通常是以社团的形式存在的，有的学校会以“协会”称。

在没有会议时，通常社团中的前辈会以“校内会议”的形式对新成员进行培训，并作一定程度上的选拔，为今后的会议和社团的将来发展做一定力量上的储备。

模拟联合国会议的规模大小不一，有校内会议、校际会议、全市范围的会议、全国范围的会议（如复旦大学组织的fduimun、北京大学组织的pkunmun）、乃至世界范围的会议（如蔚蓝国际wemun、美国联合国协会的UNA-USA MUN），有些组委会接受个人代表的报名，有些只接受以学校为组织的团体报名。

一般一次会议的准备周期会很长，报名后有的组委会需要各校以竞投的方式来竞投自己所代表的国家，这也是一个技术型的环节，国家的好坏将直接影响到代表在会议中的表现。

也有部分组委会没有这个环节，国家是由组委会内部分配的。

确定国家和议题之后代表就要进行会前准备，除了全面了解议题、了解自己国家的情况、确定自己的立场，完成立场文件等意外有必要的还可以和一些有结盟可能的国家代表进行会前的联系和沟通。

3、模拟联合国流程模拟联合国大会会议的流程在最大限度上模仿了联合国会议的办事流程。

下面是一份一般会议的基本流程案例：引用:1有组织核心磋商，代表须在动议中包含以下内容，即：想讨论的内容（topic）、磋商的总时间（totoal time）、每位代表的发言时间（individual time）。

模联会议流程

模联会议流程一、会前准备。

在模联会议开始之前，需要进行一些必要的会前准备工作。

首先，确定会议时间和地点，并提前通知所有参会人员。

其次，准备会议议程和相关文件资料，确保会议进行顺利。

同时，需要确认会议主持人和记录员，并提前安排好他们的工作任务。

最后，检查会议设备和场地，确保一切就绪。

二、会议开场。

会议开始时，主持人首先致辞欢迎所有参会人员，简要介绍会议议程和目的。

接着，主持人介绍会议的规则和流程，包括发言顺序、发言时间限制等。

然后，主持人通报会议主题，并邀请相关人员进行开场发言，引导会议进入正题。

三、议程讨论。

在会议的议程讨论环节，各代表团依次发言，表达自己的观点和立场。

主持人需要控制好发言时间，确保每个代表团都有充分的表达机会。

与此同时，其他代表团成员需要认真听取并记录其他代表团的发言内容，以便后续进行辩论和交流。

四、辩论环节。

在各代表团发言结束后，会议进入辩论环节。

各代表团可以就其他代表团的发言提出质疑、反驳或补充意见。

在辩论过程中，主持人需要维持会场秩序，确保辩论的公平有序。

同时，代表团成员需要保持理性，进行充分的辩论交流，以达成共识或解决分歧。

五、表决环节。

经过充分的讨论和辩论后，会议进入表决环节。

主持人提出相关提案或决议草案，并邀请各代表团进行表决。

表决可以采取投票、举手或其他形式，主持人需要记录并宣布表决结果。

如果有必要，可以进行多轮表决，直至达成一致意见。

六、会议总结。

会议的最后环节是总结和结束。

主持人对本次会议进行总结，回顾会议讨论的重点和结果。

同时，对下一步工作和行动计划进行安排和部署。

最后，主持人感谢所有参会人员的积极参与，并宣布会议结束。

七、会后跟进。

会议结束后，需要进行相关的会后跟进工作。

包括整理会议记录和文件资料，起草会议纪要，并及时发送给各代表团。

同时，对会议中提出的问题和建议进行跟进和落实，确保会议取得的成果得到有效的落实和执行。

以上就是模联会议的基本流程，希望各位会议参与者能够遵守会议规则，共同努力，使会议取得圆满成功。

模联培训之rules and procedures

模联规则流程讲解

模联自由辩论规则

【必读】关于模拟联合国的一些资料

模联是什么 社团培训

模联会议流程

WTO争端解决机制UNDERSTANDING ON RULES AND PROCEDURES GOVERNING THE SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES

2016北大模联学术标准手册

模联学术 流程规则及基本用语

模联Rules & Procedures规则

模联流程以及基本用语

全球模拟联合国大会的议事规则

MUN 规则流程

模拟联合国规则流程培训(英文)

模拟联合国

模联议事规则

模拟联合国英语大赛规则流程解读(欧规)

mun-流程培训

模拟联合国大会流程-详细介绍模联MUN的规则-议题

模联会议流程

模联是什么社团培训

模联学术流程规则及基本用语