Gothic_novel哥特式小说(英文)
英美文学名词解释Z
英美文学名词解释Z
英美文学名词解释
1. Epic(史诗)
Epic, in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of goods and heroes.2>Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history.3>Beowulf is the greatest national Epic of the Anglo-Saxons.
Epic:
Epic is a narrative poem on the grand scale and in majestic style concerning the exploits and adventures of a superhuman hero (or heroes) engaged in a quest or some serious endeavor. Among noted epics are Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey, old English Beowulf and Milton’s Paradise Lost.
英美文学史：术语定义总结期末考复习
英美文学名词解释
Epic（史诗）: a long narrative poem in elevated style recounting the deeds of a legendary or historical hero.叙事诗一种长篇的叙事诗，风格高雅，叙述传奇或历史英雄的事迹Ballad（民谣）：A ballad is a form of verse, often a narrative set to music. Ballads were particularly characteristic of British and Irish popular poetry and song from the later medieval period until the 19th century and used extensively across Europe and later North America, Australia and North Africa. 民谣是诗歌的一种形式，通常是音乐的一种叙述。从中世纪晚期到19世纪，民谣是英国和爱尔兰流行诗歌和歌曲的特色，在欧洲、北美、澳大利亚和北非广泛使用。
Romance（浪漫，冒险风格作品）: a medieval tale based on legend, chivalric love and adventure, or the supernatural.一个基于传说、骑士爱情和冒险或超自然的中世纪故事。
Renaissance（文艺复兴）: the transitional movement in Europe between medieval and modern times beginning in the 14th century in Italy, lasting into the 17th century, and marked by a humanistic revival of classical influence expressed in a flowering of the arts and literature and by the beginnings of modern science.从14世纪的意大利开始，一直持续到17世纪的欧洲中世纪到现代的过渡运动，以人文主义的复兴为标志，这种复兴体现在艺术和文学的繁荣以及现代科学的开始。
英国文学 PART 6
英国文学PART6
1.Critical Realism(批判现实主义)：Critical Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late19th and early20th centuries.It means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between1875and1920to apply the methods of realistic fiction or the criticism of society and the examination of social issues.Realistic writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality.The critical realists, however,did not find a way to eradicate the social evils they know so well.They did not realize the necessity of changing the bourgeois society through conscious human effort. Their words do not point toward revolution but rather evolution or reforming.They often start with a powerful exposure of the ugliness of the bourgeois world in their works,but their novels usually have happy ending or an important compromise at the end.
哥特小说简述
校园英语 / 文艺研究
哥特小说简述
辽宁师范大学/关敏
【摘要】哥特小说是黑暗和恐怖的代名词。不论是幽暗的古堡，破败的自然景象，性格扭曲的主人公，还是离奇可怕的故事情节，都给人的感官和心理造成巨大冲击，回环曲折的故事引人入胜，让读者欲罢不能，给人留下不可磨灭的印象。本文将对哥特小说作简要概述，从哥特小说的起源和发展历程介绍哥特小说兴起的经过；并以《厄舍古屋的倒塌》——这一经典的哥特短篇小说为例，简要分析其中的哥特元素及其艺术表现形式，深刻感受哥特小说的魅力。
【关键词】哥特小说 产生 发展 爱伦·坡《厄舍古屋的倒塌》
一、哥特小说的产生
哥特小说(Gothic Fiction)诞生于18世纪后半叶，它的产生与英国传统的历史文化紧密相连。它的故事情节跌宕起伏、惊险刺激，带有暴力或者悬疑的成分，有时甚至会牵涉到超自然的灵力。追逃、凶杀、邪灵附体是哥特小说常见的元素，小说的场景大多设置在中世纪的古堡、荒郊野外的废宅以及都市中的穷街陋巷等远离光明的场所，借以营造恐怖而神秘的气氛。
哥特小说中的“哥特”(Gothic)一词，最初指的是哥特人——日耳曼人的分支。公元5世纪，哥特人曾攻陷罗马城，盛极一时。然而，其内部矛盾重重，纠纷不断，加上东罗马帝国的连续追击，哥特民族迅速衰落，最终消逝于滚滚历史之中。哥特人野蛮彪悍，使得古代文明的象征——罗马帝国山河破碎，因此这个入侵文明世界的北方蛮族在欧洲人的文化意识中被定格为古典文明的颠覆者，是“原始”、“野蛮”、“血腥”、“粗鄙”的象征。“哥特”一词也被赋予了黑暗、蛮夷、与主流文化对立的文化含义。
世纪英国现实主义文学
名利场 Vanity Fair (1847-48)
The title of the novel was taken from Bunyan’s “Pilgrim’s Progress”;
The sub-title: A Novel Without a Hero; In this novel, Thackeray building his plot around
Without taking a degree, he left the University, and travelled in Germany, France and Italy, going in for art studies.
萨克雷
In 1833, he return to England went into politics and edited “The National Era”.
m. Charlotte Lucas.
萨克雷（1811—1863）
•William Makepeace Thackeray (1811-1863) Thackeray was a representative of critical realism in 19th-century England.
盖斯凯尔夫人的主要作品
玛丽巴顿 Mary Barton, a Tale of Manchester Life (pub. anonymously in 1848)
文学名词解释
1. Modernism(现代主义)
1）Modernism was a complex and diverse international movement in all creative arts, originating about the end of the 19th century.
2）rising out of skepticism and disillusionment of capitalism, which made writers and artists search for new ways to express their understanding of the world and the human nature. The French Symbolism, appearing in the late, 19th century, became the forerunner of modernism.
3）It provided the greatest renaissance of the 20th century.
4）It means a departure from the conventional criteria or established values of the Victorian age. It took the irrational philosophy and theory of psychoa/nalysis as its theoretical base.
英国文学哥特式小说
Gothic is a term originally refers to aGermanic tribe living in northern Europe in third CenturyAfter the West Rome empire was perished,the Italian used the term to refer to the medieval Gothic style of architecture. .In the eighteenth Century, it became a name of new novel.This kind of novel often use medieval castles or temples as backgrounds to describe murder or persecution. The atmosphere of the Novel is often gloomy and strained, filled with madness,violence, superstition and the spirit of vengeance.
The Gothic novel had a wide influence in British literature and provided reference for many writers. In "Jane Eyre", Charlotte Bronte decorated the Gothic form with a realistic content and dramatic emotion.And with its breaktaking power,the novel demostrated female’s rebellion against patriarchy and finally realized the equaility between man and women. The novel had surpassed the mainstream literature tradition of Victorian age and achieved the perfect combination of realism and romanticism. Extensive use of the Gothic style to show the characteristics of horror, mystery and supernatural.
哥特式小说
• Vampires have been recorded in many cultures and it can date back to the early nineteenth century. The fascinating and sophisticated vampire of modern fiction was born in 1819 with the publication of The Vampire by John Polidori .In 1897, Bram Stoker wrote a novel named Dracula. It is remembered as the typical vampire novel and provided the basis of the modern vampire legend. Dracula has been widely accepted as the ancestor vampire. The success of Dracula spawned a distinctive vampire genre which is still popular in the 21st century, with books, films, and television shows.
• 2. Asociated with Rabies(狂犬病) • Researches showed that vampires may have a relationship with rabies because of the symptoms of rabies are similar with vampires and they think Vampire legends may be associated with ancient large-scale outbreak of illness. Eighteenth Century is the golden age of vampires, the plague in 1710 was very serve, East Prussia suffered. In order to eliminate the fear, authorities and people agree that the arch-criminal of plague is a vampire.
小说种类中英对照
Alternate history novel 架空历史小说（即描写“并非真实发生的虚构历史”）
Anti-war novel 反战小说
Autobiographical novel 自传
Bildungsroman 成长小说；教育小说（详细描写主人公成长过程的）
Biographical novel 传记
Campus novel 校园小说
Chick lit novel 鸡仔文学；小妞文学
（指由女性撰写并且主要面向二、三十岁的单身职场女性的文学作品）Comedy novel 喜剧小说
Crime novel 犯罪小说
Cyberpunk novel 赛博朋克小说（科幻小说的分支）
Detective novel 侦探小说
Epic novel 史诗小说
Epistolary novel 书信体小说
Erotic novel 艳情小说
Existentialist novel 存在主义小说
Family saga novel 家世小说
Fan fiction 同人小说（以电视剧、动漫、游戏为基础而二次创作的作品）
Fantasy novel 玄幻小说；奇幻小说（和科幻小说有很大区别，很多都是天马行空的想象）Feminist novel 女性小说
Ghost novel 灵异小说
Gothic novel 哥特式小说
Graphic novel 图像小说；绘图小说
Historical novel 历史小说
Horror novel=Shocker=Thriller 恐怖小说
Light novel 轻小说（通常使用漫画风格作为插画的一种娱乐性文学作品）
哥特小说
《奥特朗托城堡》的贡献
•首先，作者把充满神秘浪漫色彩的哥特古城 堡引进小说中，使其成为人物活动的舞台和 情节演进的环境。 •其次，作者把奥特朗托堡的“非法”主人曼 弗雷德塑造成一个阴郁、专制、心理变态的 暴君。这个继承了罪恶遗产的暴君，主宰着 阴森森的城堡，内心充满着过多的邪恶、恐 惧和迫害欲，孤独而又徒劳地与“命运”进 行着抗争。这徉一个心理变态、为所欲为的 暴君更增添了城堡的恐怖气氛。
狭义的哥特式小说至1840年已经衰败， 而广义上的哥特式小说则与后来的恐 怖、灵异和惊险小说融合。
美国学者戴维· 里克特说：“哥特式小 说作为文学史上一个场景，从霍勒 斯· 沃波尔的《奥特兰托城堡》的起源、 流行，到19世纪20年代初的衰亡，确 实是封闭性的历史过程，因为就其类 型而言，它的所有意图和目的都死亡 了。”
爱伦· 坡
美国哥特小说代表作家 《厄舍屋的倒塌》 罗德里克 玛德莱娜
他噌地一下站起身，使出吃奶的劲儿尖声叫喊： “疯子！门没有了，她就站在那儿！”仿佛他那超 人的喊叫具有一种魔法，话音刚刚落地，他面对的 那扇古旧的房门便缓缓打开。其实这是一阵风的功 力，但是没有了房门，门外高高站着的确实就是厄 舍家的小姐——那身穿殓衣的玛德琳。她的白袍上 血迹斑斑，瘦削的身体上，每一处都显现出痛苦挣 扎的痕迹。她浑身颤抖，摇摇晃晃，在门槛处站了 一会儿，然后，发出一声长长的呻吟，沉重地跌向 屋里，跌倒在她哥哥的跟前。她在做临死前的痛苦 挣扎。这时候她的哥哥也倒在了地上死去，他是被 吓死的，被那他已预见到的恐怖所吓死的。
英国文学名词解释
Epic(史诗): Epic is an extend ed narrative poem in elevated or dignified language. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. Heroic couplet(英雄双韵体)：the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter; a verse form in epic poetry, with lines of ten syllables and five stresses, in rhyming pairs.
Romance(传奇): The Romance was the prevailing form of literature in the Middle Ages. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero.
Sonnet(十四行诗):A Sonnet is a form of a poem that originated in Europe, mainly Italy, consisting of 14 lines. It was Thomas Wyatt who introduced the sonnet into english in the early 16th century . Shakespearean sonnet contains three quatrains and a rhyming couplet and each line has ten syllables.
英国文学文学术语
Literary terms(文学术语)
（一）中古时期
（1）民谣（ballad）:以诗的形式被歌唱和传诵，并代代相传。如《罗宾汉》，《老水手之行》。
(2)史诗（epic）:叙述神与英雄行为的叙事长诗。如《贝奥武夫》，《失乐园》《复乐园》《力士参孙》，荷马《伊利亚特》《奥德赛》，中世纪但丁的《神曲》。
（3）罗曼史∕骑士文学（romance）：中世纪的一种流行文学形式，用来歌颂骑士的冒险精神和英雄行为，骑士精神（如勇敢、慷慨、忠诚、善良）是其精神。
（4）押头韵（alliteration）：一行诗中的某些词的首个发音的重复或重现。如：“I have stood still and stopped the sound of feet”.
(二)文艺复兴时期
（1）文艺复兴（Renaissance）：Renaissance一词意为“重生”，指对西欧的希腊和罗马文化的复兴，其核心是人文主义，带有14、15世纪特点的态度和情感被渗入人文主义和宗教改革中。英国文艺复兴的主流是伊利莎白时期的戏剧，莎士比亚是戏剧家的代表。
（2）人文主义（humanism）：是文艺复兴的核心，强调的是人类的尊严和现实生活的重要性，人文主义者认为人是宇宙的中心，他们不仅有权享受生活的美好，还有能力自我完善和创造奇迹。
（3）斯宾塞诗节（Spenserian stanza）：由埃德蒙•斯宾塞创造的，指每个诗节有9行诗句，前8行每行都是10个音节（五音步抑扬格），第9行为12个音节（六音步抑扬格），押韵为ababbcbcc，如《仙后》。
Gothic novel哥特文学
The basic plot :
a threatening mystery and an ancestral curse, ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้s well as countless trappings such as hidden passages and oft-fainting heroines.
The romance, usually held in contempt by the educated as a tawdry and debased kind of writing, had only recently been made respectable by the works of Richardson and Fielding (Fuchs, 2004; 106). A romance with superstitious elements, and moreover void of didactical intention, was considered a setback and not acceptable as a modern production.
法国早期哥特式教堂的代表作是巴黎圣母 院Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris。国早期 哥特式教堂的代表作
威尼斯的世俗建筑有许多杰作。圣马 可广场上的总督宫被公认为中世纪世俗 建筑中最美丽的作品之一
Gothic_novel哥特式小说(英文) 2 - 副本
5. Supernatural（超自然的） or
otherwise inexplicable（莫名其妙的） events. Dramatic, amazing events
occur, such as ghosts or giants walking, or inanimate objects (such as a suit of armor or painting) coming to life. In some works, the events are ultimately given a natural explanation, while in others the events are truly supernatural.
4. Omens, portents, visions（预兆）. A character may have a disturbing dream vision, or some phenomenon may be seen as a portent of coming events. For example, if the statue of the lord of the manor falls over, it may portend his death. In modern fiction, a character might see something (a shadowy figure stabbing another shadowy figure) and think that it was a dream. This might be thought of as an "imitation vision."
Gothic_novel哥特式小说(英文)
作品
The Castle of Otranto (1764) by Horace Walpole （《奥 特朗托堡》，霍拉斯· 瓦尔波尔） The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794) by Ann Radcliffe （《乌尔多芙的秘密》，又译《乌尔多芙的神秘》，安· 拉德克里 夫） Caleb Williams (1794) by William Godwin Frankenstein (1818) by Mary Shelley (Full text at Wikisource) （《弗兰肯斯坦》，又译《活跳尸》《科学怪人》， 玛丽· 雪莱） The Vampyre (1819) by John William Polidori （《吸血 鬼》，约翰· 威廉姆· 坡利多里） The Fall of the House of Usher (1839) by Edgar Allan Poe (Full text at Wikisource) （《厄舍府的倒塌》，埃德 加· 爱伦· 坡） The Tell-Tale Heart (1843) by Edgar Allan Poe (Full text at Wikisource) （《泄密的心》，埃德加· 爱伦· 坡）
5. Supernatural（超自然的） or otherwise inexplicable（莫名其妙的） events. Dramatic, amazing events occur, such as ghosts or giants walking, or inanimate objects (such as a suit of armor or painting) coming to life. In some works, the events are ultimately given a natural explanation, while in others the events are truly supernatural.
chapter-10--The-19th-century-novelPPT课件
小说的主人公弗兰肯斯坦是一位从事人的生命科学研究
的学者，他力图用人工创造出生命。在他的实验室里，
通过无数次的探索，他创造了一个面目可憎，奇丑无比
的怪物。开始时，这人造的怪物秉性善良，对人充满了
善意和感恩之情。他要求他的创造者和人们给予他人生
的种种权利，甚至要求为他创造一个配偶。但是，当他
处处受到他的创造者和人们的嫌恶和岐视时，他感到非
哥特的情节：一个威胁性的秘密，一个古老 的诅咒, 以及无数的困扰: 隐藏的走廊, 经常昏 倒的女主角
哥特式小说的奠基作：瓦尔波尔的作品
哥特式小说标准样式：安·莱德克利夫
哥特式小说在其经典时代的巅峰：玛丽·雪莱 的《科学怪人》
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3
Frankenstein 西方文学中的第一部“科学幻想小说”， 最初出版于1818年。后世有部分学者认为它是恐怖小说 或科幻小说的起源。
The 19th-century novel
Gothic novel Two major novelists Sir Walter Scott Jane Austen
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1
The Characteristics of Gothic Novels
(1)It is a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late eighteenth century.
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哥特小说，属于英语文学派别，是西方通俗 文学中惊险神秘小说的一种。一般被认为随 着霍勒斯· 沃波尔的《奥特兰托城堡》而产生。 哥特小说可以说是恐怖电影的鼻祖，更重要 的是，它使我们今天习惯地将哥特式与黑暗、 恐怖联系在一起。 显著的哥特小说元素包括 恐怖，神秘，超自然，厄运，死亡，颓废， 住着幽灵的老房子，癫狂，家族诅咒等。
2. An atmosphere of mystery and suspense （悬念）. The work is pervaded by a threatening feeling, a fear enhanced by the unknown. Often the plot itself is built around a mystery, such as unknown parentage, a disappearance, or some other inexplicable event. Elements 3, 4, and 5 below contribute to this atmosphere. (Again, in modern filmmaking, the inexplicable events are often murders.)
3. An ancient prophecy（预言） is
connected with the castle or its inhabitants (either former or present). The
prophecy is usually obscure, partial, or confusing. "What could it mean?" In more watered down modern examples, this may amount to merely a legend: "It's said that the ghost of old man Krebs still wanders these halls."
Gothic Novel
• Gothic novel as one branch of the English literature and the father of horror movies . • Beginning in 1764, gothic novels gradually became two branches in 1790s. 1),One is horrible Gothic Novels 2),sentimental gothic novels
作品
The Castle of Otranto (1764) by Horace Walpole （《奥 特朗托堡》，霍拉斯· 瓦尔波尔） The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794) by Ann Radcliffe （《乌尔多芙的秘密》，又译《乌尔多芙的神秘》，安· 拉德克里 夫） Caleb Williams (1794) by William Godwin Frankenstein (1818) by Mary Shelley (Full text at Wikisource) （《弗兰肯斯坦》，又译《活跳尸》《科学怪人》， 玛丽· 雪莱） The Vampyre (1819) by John William Polidori （《吸血 鬼》，约翰· 威廉姆· 坡利多里） The Fall of the House of Usher (1839) by Edgar Allan Poe (Full text at Wikisource) （《厄舍府的倒塌》，埃德 加· 爱伦· 坡） The Tell-Tale Heart (1843) by Edgar Allan Poe (Full text at Wikisource) （《泄密的心》，埃德加· 爱伦· 坡）
Gothic elements include the following:
1. Setting in a castle. The action takes place in and around an old castle, sometimes seemingly abandoned, sometimes occupied. The castle often contains secret passages, trap doors, secret rooms, dark or hidden staircases, and possibly ruined sections. The castle may be near or connected to caves, which lend their own haunting flavor with their branchings, claustrophobia, and mystery.
9. The metonymy（转喻） of gloom（阴暗， 忧郁） and horror（恐惧）. Metonymy is a subtype of metaphor, in which something (like rain) is used to stand for something else (like sorrow). For example, the film industry likes to use metonymy as a quick shorthand, so we often notice that it is raining in funeral scenes. Note that the following metonymies for "doom and gloom" all suggest some element of mystery, danger, or the supernatural.
7. Women in distress（危险，困难）. As an appeal to the pathos and sympathy of the reader, the female characters often face events that leave them fainting, terrified, screaming, and/or sobbing. A lonely, pensive, and oppressed heroine is often the central figure of the novel, so her sufferings are even more pronounced and the focus of attention. The women suffer all the more because they are often abandoned, left alone (either on purpose or by accident), and have no protector at times.
Gothic novel as one branch of the English literature and the father of horror movies origins from The Castle of Otranto(1764). More importantly, it leads habitually with darkness and horror. Gothic elements include horror, mystery, supernatural phenomenon, misfortune, death, haunted houses, and family curses.
8. Women threatened by a powerful,
impulsБайду номын сангаасve（冲动）, tyrannical（专横） male.
One or more male characters has the power, as king, lord of the manor, father, or guardian, to demand that one or more of the female characters do something intolerable. The woman may be commanded to marry someone she does not love (it may even be the powerful male himself), or commit a crime.
The Mummy's Foot (1863) by Th éophile Gautier (Full text at Wikisource) （《木乃伊的脚》，泰菲 尔· 高提尔） The Horla (1887) by Guy de Maupassant (Full text at Wikisource) （《霍拉》，盖· 德· 莫泊桑） The Yellow Wallpaper (1892) by Charlotte Perkins Gilman （《黄色墙纸》，夏洛特· 珀金斯· 吉尔 曼） Dracula (1897) by Bram Stoker (Full text at Wikisource) （《德拉库拉》，布莱姆· 斯托克） Gormenghast (1946 - 1959) by Mervyn Peake （《歌门鬼城》，又译《仇云盖堡》，马文· 匹克
6. High, even overwrought（过度紧张） emotion. The narration may be highly sentimental, and the characters are often overcome by anger, sorrow, surprise, and especially, terror. Characters suffer from raw nerves and a feeling of impending doom. Crying and emotional speeches are frequent. Breathlessness and panic are common. In the filmed gothic, screaming is common.
5. Supernatural（超自然的） or otherwise inexplicable（莫名其妙的） events. Dramatic, amazing events occur, such as ghosts or giants walking, or inanimate objects (such as a suit of armor or painting) coming to life. In some works, the events are ultimately given a natural explanation, while in others the events are truly supernatural.
4. Omens, portents, visions（预兆）. A character may have a disturbing dream vision, or some phenomenon may be seen as a portent of coming events. For example, if the statue of the lord of the manor falls over, it may portend his death. In modern fiction, a character might see something (a shadowy figure stabbing another shadowy figure) and think that it was a dream. This might be thought of as an "imitation vision."