chapter_7

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Chapter07-Starting out with C++ early objects

• encapsulation: the bundling of an object’s data and procedures into a single entity
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Chapter 7: Introduction to Classes and Objects
Starting Out with C++ Early Objects Seventh Edition
by Tony Gaddis, Judy Walters, and Godfrey Muganda
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
7-5
7.2 Object-Oriented Programming
• Procedural programming uses variables to store data, focuses on the processes/ functions that occur in a program. Data and functions are separate and distinct.
– An abstract triangle is a 3-sided polygon. A specific triangle may be scalene, isosceles, or equilateral

7 脂类

三、磷脂的性质 1、溶解性质、磷脂有二条较柔软的长链脂肪酸或脂肪烃故磷脂具有脂溶性质；基, 故磷脂具有脂溶性质；磷脂的另一组份是磷酰化合物，是强亲水基, 酰化合物，是强亲水基故磷脂既能溶解在有机溶剂中成为透明溶液，又能在水中少量溶解，溶剂中成为透明溶液，又能在水中少量溶解，以胶体状态在水中扩散。这种在同一分子中含以胶体状态在水中扩散。这种在同一分子中含有极性区和非极性区的化合物称之为单极性化合物或双性化合物，也叫中极两性化合物。合物或双性化合物，也叫中极两性化合物。磷脂的这种性质对于生物膜的形成起着重要的作用。
Chapter 7 脂类
Section 1 脂类物质一般概述
一、脂类物质的共性脂类(Lipids)是一类不溶于水，而溶于乙醚、脂类是一类不溶于水，而溶于乙醚、是一类不溶于水氯仿、苯等有机溶剂中的非极性物质。氯仿、苯等有机溶剂中的非极性物质。
二、脂类物质具有重要的生物学功能: 脂类物质具有重要的生物学功能 ● 是生物膜的主要组成物质之一，细胞所是生物膜的主要组成物质之一，含的磷脂几乎全部集中在生物膜中。含的磷脂几乎全部集中在生物膜中。生物膜的许多特性，如柔软性、许多特性，如柔软性、对极性分子的不可通透高电阻性等都与脂类有关。性、高电阻性等都与脂类有关。 ● 它是生物体所需能量的贮存形式和运输形式。形式。细胞表面的脂类物质与细胞的识别、 ● 细胞表面的脂类物质与细胞的识别、组织免疫、种特异性等都有密切关系. 织免疫、种特异性等都有密切关系某些脂类可作为其他物质的前体， ● 某些脂类可作为其他物质的前体，例如胆甾醇可作为甾醇类激素的前体。胆甾醇可作为甾醇类激素的前体。
二、生物膜的功能 ◆膜是细胞和细胞器的边界，能为生命系膜是细胞和细胞器的边界，统分隔“自我” 非自我” 统分隔“自我”和“非自我”。 ◆细胞器的膜，例如细胞核、线粒体和叶细胞器的膜，例如细胞核、绿体的膜，彼此是不同的，绿体的膜，彼此是不同的，因为每一种膜都由与细胞器功能相适应的特有蛋白质和脂类组成。与细胞器功能相适应的特有蛋白质和脂类组成。细胞范围内不同分隔间的产物不仅是膜 ◆细胞范围内不同分隔间的产物不仅是膜存在不可避免的结果，存在不可避免的结果，而且也是细胞器行使适当功能所必需的条件。当功能所必需的条件。

英美文学Chapter 7

T.S.Eliot(1888-1965)
• On June 26, 1915 Eliot married Haigh-Wood in a register office. • Eliot worked as a schoolteacher, most notably at Highgate School. To earn extra money, he wrote book reviews and lectured at evening extension courses. • He moved to the United Kingdom in 1914 .Of his nationality and its role in his work, Eliot said: "[My poetry] wouldn't be what it is if I'd been born in England, and it wouldn't be what it is if I'd stayed in America. It's a combination of things. But in its sources, in its emotional springs, it comes from America." • He received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1948.
The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
6. forms: Sonnet and heroic couplets abab bcbc cdcd ee abba cddc effe gg abba caac dccd ee abab cdcd efef gg

条例第七章第八章读后感悟

条例第七章第八章读后感悟英文回答：In Chapters 7 and 8 of the regulations, the authors delve into the intricate details of financial reporting, providing a comprehensive framework for accurately and transparently presenting financial information. These chapters address the fundamental principles of financial reporting, ensuring that financial statements reflect the true and fair view of a company's financial position and performance.Chapter 7 outlines the basic principles of financial reporting, including the accrual basis of accounting, the going concern assumption, and the matching principle. These principles form the foundation for the preparation of financial statements and ensure that they are consistent and reliable. By adhering to these principles, companies can provide users of financial statements with a clear understanding of their financial health.Chapter 8 focuses on the specific elements of financial statements, such as assets, liabilities, equity, revenue, and expenses. The authors provide detailed guidance on how to measure, record, and disclose these elements in accordance with the established accounting standards. Proper presentation of these elements is crucial for understanding the company's financial position and performance.Overall, Chapters 7 and 8 of the regulations provide a comprehensive and structured approach to financial reporting. By following the principles and requirements outlined in these chapters, companies can ensure the accuracy, transparency, and reliability of their financial statements, enabling users to make informed decisions based on the information provided.中文回答：第七章第八章读后感悟。

布兰查德宏观经济学第七版第7版英文版chapter (7)

Macroeconomics, 7e (Blanchard)Chapter 7: The Labor Market7.1 A Tour of the Labor Market1) Which of the following is considered out of the labor force?A) the unemployedB) those temporarily laid off who will soon be recalledC) those who worked full time, but in a family businessD) those individuals who have started searching for employment for the first timeE) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 1Use the information provided below to answer the following question(s).The non-institutional civilian population is 250 million, of which 100 million are employed and 10 million are unemployed.2) Based on the information above, the unemployment rate isA) 4%.B) 6.6%.C) 9.1%.D) 10%.E) 11.1%.Answer: CDiff: 23) Based on the information above, the labor force participation rate isA) 36%.B) 40%.C) 44%.D) 90.1%.E) 66%.Answer: CDiff: 24) Based on the information above, the non-employment rate isA) 4%.B) 9.1%.C) 10%.D) 60%.E) 66%.Answer: DDiff: 25) Which of the following individuals would be considered unemployed?A) an individual who works only part-timeB) an individual who works full-time in a family business, but is not paidC) an individual who is not working and is not looking for workD) all of the aboveE) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 26) Based on the data provided in the chapter, which of the following represents the largest component of the labor force?A) discouraged workersB) retired individualsC) employedD) unemployedAnswer: CDiff: 17) The labor force is defined asA) the sum of the employed and unemployed.B) the total number employed.C) the total number of working age individuals in the population.D) the sum of the number of employed, unemployed and discouraged individuals. Answer: ADiff: 18) The participation rate in the United States in 2010 was approximately equal toA) 96%.B) 90%.C) 65%.D) 26%.E) 5%.Answer: CDiff: 19) Which of the following represents the participation rate?A) the ratio of the number employed to the size of the labor forceB) the ratio of the number employed to the civilian noninstitutional populationC) the ratio of the labor force to the civilian noninstitutional populationD) the ratio of the labor force to the total number of employed and unemployed workers Answer: CDiff: 110) The average amount of time people spend unemployed is approximatelyA) 1 month.B) 6 months .C) 12 months.D) none of the aboveAnswer: DDiff: 211) The Current Population Survey interviews approximately how many households each month?A) 5,000B) 10,000C) 60,000D) 100,000Answer: CDiff: 112) In the United States, how many workers become unemployed, on average, every day?A) 5,000B) 10,000C) 50,000D) 100,000Answer: CDiff: 113) In the United States, the average length of time people spend unemployed isA) approximately one month.B) between two and three months.C) between ten and eleven months.D) greater than twelve months.Answer: BDiff: 214) A reduction in the unemployment rate will tend to cause which of the following?A) an increase in the separation rateB) a reduction in the nominal wageC) a reduction in the duration that one is unemployedD) none of the aboveAnswer: CDiff: 215) When the unemployment rate is low, we would expect thatA) the probability of losing a job is high.B) the probability of losing a job is low.C) the probability an unemployed individual will find another job is low.D) the separation rate will increase.Answer: BDiff: 216) The participation rate in the U.S. has increased steadily over time. First, explain what the participation rate represents. Second, explain why the participation rate has increased. Answer: The participation rate is the ratio of the labor force to the working age population. One of the reasons for the significant increase in the participation rate is the increasing participation of women in the labor force.Diff: 217) What effect does the existence of discouraged workers have on the ability of the official unemployment rate to provide accurate information about the extent to which labor is employed? Answer: Discouraged workers are individuals who have stopped searching for employment because, for example, they have become "discouraged" with the prospects of finding employment. Once they stop searching (after 4 weeks), they are no longer counted as unemployed and, therefore, in the labor force. Such a dynamic would cause the official unemployment to fall. Alternatively, the existence of discouraged workers implies that the official unemployment rate underestimates the extent to which labor is being is not being used. This explains why the existence of discouraged workers can cause the unemployment rate to be an imperfect measure of the utilization of labor.Diff: 218) First, provide a brief explanation of what the unemployment rate measures. Second, explain how changes in each of the components of the unemployment rate can cause changes in the unemployment rate.Answer: The unemployment rate measures the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed. The unemployment rate is based on a monthly survey of households. Individuals are classified as employed, unemployed, or out of the labor force. Individuals employed or unemployed are in the labor force. Suppose individuals decide to enter the labor force for the first time. This increase in the size of the labor force, all else fixed, would cause an increase in the unemployment rate.On the other hand, if there were an increase in the number of individuals unemployed (caused by, for example, firms laying off workers as demand for their products falls), we would observe no change in the labor force but an increase in the unemployment rate.Diff: 27.2 Movements in Unemployment1) Data on labor-force flows show thatA) almost all separations are due to death.B) almost all separations are due to serious illness.C) almost all separations are quits.D) almost all separations are layoffs.E) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 22) Data on labor-force flows show thatA) in any given month, almost none of the unemployed gets jobs.B) in any given month, almost all of the unemployed gets jobs.C) the average duration of unemployment is about 2 weeks.D) the average duration of unemployment is about 2 years.E) in any given month, about one-fourth of the unemployed get jobs.Answer: EDiff: 23) Which of the following variables is most directly determined in the labor market?A) stock pricesB) nominal wagesC) interest ratesD) all of the aboveE) none of the aboveAnswer: BDiff: 14) The two labor markets in the "dual labor market" areA) southern versus northern.B) western versus eastern.C) English speaking versus non-English speaking.D) domestic versus foreign.E) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 15) When the Current Population Survey (CPS) was introduced in 1940, it was based on a survey of approximately 8,000 households. The CPS survey is now based on a survey of how many households?A) 8,000B) 10,000C) 12,000D) 20,000E) 60,000Answer: EDiff: 26) As the unemployment rate falls,A) the proportion of the unemployed finding a job increases.B) the separation rate increases.C) the young and unskilled experience larger-than-average decreases in unemployment.D) both A and C.E) all of the aboveAnswer: DDiff: 27.3 Wage Determination1) Which of the following statements about wage setting is true?A) most workers in the U.S. have their wages set by formal contracts.B) formal contracts play a more important role in Japan and Western Europe than in the United States.C) the minimum wage in the U.S. is about 75% of the average wage.D) all of the aboveAnswer: BDiff: 12) The reservation wage isA) the wage that an employer must pay workers to reduce turnover to a reasonable level.B) the wage that ensures a laid-off individual will wait for re-hire, rather than find another job.C) the lowest wage firms are allowed by law to pay workers.D) the wage offer that will end a labor-strike.E) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 13) Efficiency wage theory suggests thatA) workers will be paid less than their reservation wage.B) productivity might drop if the wage rate is too low.C) the government can only set tax rates so high before people will prefer not to work.D) unskilled workers will have a lower turnover rate than skilled workers.E) firms will be more resistant to wage increases as the labor market tightens. Answer: BDiff: 24) If efficiency wage theory is valid, we would expect a relatively low premium over the reservation wage whenA) the unemployment rate is low.B) the job requires very little training.C) workers can be easily monitored.D) workers have few other options for employment in the area.E) all of the aboveAnswer: CDiff: 25) Henry Ford's experiment with efficiency wages resulted inA) a dramatic drop in productivity.B) a dramatic increase in the turnover rate.C) a reduction in the layoff rate.D) new problems with the work force, like drunkenness and reckless driving.E) no noticeable effects.Answer: CDiff: 26) In the wage-setting relation, the nominal wage tends to decrease whenA) the price level increases.B) the unemployment rate decreases.C) unemployment benefits decrease.D) the minimum wage increases.E) all of the aboveAnswer: CDiff: 17) In the wage setting relation W = P e F(u,z), the variable z does not include which of the following variables?A) the minimum wageB) unemployment benefitsC) the extent to which firms mark up prices over their marginal costD) all of the aboveE) none of the aboveAnswer: CDiff: 18) Labor productivity is represented by which of the following?A) the ratio of output to employmentB) workers per unit of capitalC) capital per workerD) the ratio of output to populationE) the ratio of output to the labor forceAnswer: ADiff: 19) Today, about ________ of U.S. workers have their wages set by collective bargaining agreements.A) 10%B) 15%C) 20%D) 25%Answer: ADiff: 210) Explain several implications and characteristics of efficiency wage theories.Answer: The efficiency wage theory suggests that firms will pay workers a wage in excess of the workers' reservation wage to minimize quits and to increase productivity. The efficiency wage theory also suggests that nominal wages will be a function of labor market conditions. As the unemployment rate falls, the nominal wage will rise.Diff: 211) Explain how an increase in the unemployment rate will affect bargaining power and nominal wages.Answer: As the unemployment rate increases, it is more difficult for individuals to find employment at other firms. So, workers' bargaining power will fall. As bargaining power falls, the nominal wage will fall.Diff: 212) First, explain what the WS relation represents. Second, explain why it has its particular shape.Answer: The WS relation illustrates the effect of changes in the unemployment rate on the real wage implied by the wage-setting behavior of firms and workers. The WS curve (or relation) is downward sloping because as the unemployment rate increases, workers have less bargaining power so the nominal wage will decrease. This decrease in W, given P, implies that the real wage will also fall. Hence, the WS curve is downward sloping.Diff: 27.4 Price Determination1) The price setting equation is represented by the following: P = (1 + m)W. When there is perfect competition, we know that m will equalA) W.B) P.C) 1.D) W/P.E) none of the aboveAnswer: CDiff: 22) Explain why nominal wages are a function of the expected price level.Answer: Workers and firms care about the real wage. Nominal wages are typically set for a period of time by contracts. Individuals will, therefore, be concerned about what the future price level will be when determining the nominal wage. When setting the nominal wage, individuals will form expectations of what the future price level will be. They will use this to help determine the nominal wage.Diff: 27.5 The Natural Rate of Unemployment1) The natural rate of unemployment is the rate of unemploymentA) that occurs when the money market is in equilibrium.B) that occurs when the markup of prices over costs is zero.C) where the markup of prices over costs is equal to its historical value.D) that occurs when both the goods and financial markets are in equilibrium.E) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 22) The natural level of output is the level of output that occurs whenA) the goods market and financial markets are in equilibrium.B) the economy is operating at the unemployment rate consistent with both the wage-setting and price-setting equations.C) the markup (m) is zero.D) the unemployment rate is zero.E) there are no discouraged workers in the economy.Answer: BDiff: 23) Suppose we wish to examine the determinants of the equilibrium real wage and equilibrium level of employment (N). In a graph with the real wage on the vertical axis, and the level of employment on the horizontal axis, the price-setting relation will now beA) a vertical line.B) a horizontal line.C) an upward sloping line.D) a downward sloping line.E) kinked at the natural rate of unemployment.Answer: BDiff: 24) Suppose we wish to examine the determinants of the equilibrium real wage and equilibrium level of employment (N). In a graph with the real wage on the vertical axis, and the level of employment on the horizontal axis, the wage-setting relation will now beA) a vertical line.B) a horizontal line.C) an upward sloping line.D) a downward sloping line.E) a curve that first slopes upward, then downward.Answer: CDiff: 25) The natural level of employment (N) will increase when which of the following occurs?A) an increase in the markup of prices over costsB) a reduction in unemployment benefitsC) an increase in the actual unemployment rateD) all of the aboveE) none of the aboveAnswer: BDiff: 26) Suppose workers and firms expect the overall price level to increase by 5%. Given this information, we would expect thatA) the nominal wage will increase by less than 5%.B) the nominal wage will increase by exactly 5%.C) the nominal wage will increase by more than 5%.D) the real wage will increase by 5%.E) the real wage will increase by less than 5%.Answer: BDiff: 27) Suppose the actual unemployment rate decreases. This will causeA) an upward shift in the WS curve.B) a downward shift in the WS curve.C) an upward shift in the PS curve.D) a downward shift in the PS curve.E) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 28) Suppose the actual unemployment rate increases. This will causeA) an upward shift in the WS curve.B) a downward shift in the WS curve.C) an upward shift in the PS curve.D) a movement along the WS and the PS curves.E) none of the aboveAnswer: DDiff: 29) With the real wage on the vertical axis and the unemployment rate on the horizontal axis, we know thatA) the WS curve is upward sloping.B) the WS curve is downward sloping.C) the PS curve is upward sloping.D) the PS curve is downward sloping.Answer: BDiff: 210) Based on wage setting behavior, we know that a reduction in the unemployment rate will causeA) no change in the real wage.B) a reduction in the real wage.C) an increase in the real wage.D) an upward shift of the WS curve.Answer: CDiff: 211) Based on price setting behavior, we know that a reduction in the unemployment rate will causeA) no change in the real wage.B) a reduction in the real wage.C) an increase in the real wage.D) an upward shift of the PS curve.Answer: ADiff: 212) Suppose the aggregate production function is given by the following: Y = AN. Given this information, we know that labor productivity is represented by which of the following?A) 1/AB) AC) 1/ND) N/YAnswer: BDiff: 213) Suppose the aggregate production function is given by the following: Y = N. Given this information, we know that labor productivity is represented by which of the following?A) 1/NB) NC) N/YD) 1Answer: DDiff: 214) A reduction in unemployment benefits will tend to cause which of the following?A) an upward shift in the WS curveB) a downward shift in the WS curveC) an upward shift in the PS curveD) a downward shift in the PS curveE) none of the aboveAnswer: BDiff: 215) An increase in the minimum wage will tend to cause which of the following?A) an upward shift in the WS curveB) a downward shift in the WS curveC) an upward shift in the PS curveD) a downward shift in the PS curveE) none of the aboveAnswer: ADiff: 216) Suppose that increased international trade makes product markets more competitive in the U.S. Given this information, we would expect to observe which of the following?A) an upward shift in the WS curveB) a downward shift in the WS curveC) an upward shift in the PS curveD) a downward shift in the PS curveE) none of the aboveAnswer: CDiff: 217) With the real wage on the vertical axis and employment (N) on the horizontal axis, we know thatA) the WS curve is upward sloping.B) the WS curve is downward sloping.C) the PS curve is upward sloping.D) the PS curve is downward sloping.Answer: ADiff: 218) Based on our understanding of the labor market model presented in Chapter 6, we know that an increase in the minimum wage will causeA) an increase in the equilibrium real wage.B) a reduction in the equilibrium real wage.C) a reduction in the natural rate of unemployment.D) both B and CAnswer: ADiff: 219) Based on our understanding of the labor market model presented in Chapter 6, we know that an increase in the markup will causeA) an increase in the equilibrium real wage.B) a reduction in the equilibrium real wage.C) a reduction in the natural rate of unemployment.D) both B and CAnswer: BDiff: 220) Based on our understanding of the labor market model presented in Chapter 6, we know thata reduction in the markup will causeA) an increase in the equilibrium real wage.B) a reduction in the equilibrium real wage.C) an increase in the natural rate of unemployment.D) a reduction in the natural rate of unemployment and no change in the real wage.Answer: ADiff: 221) For this question, assume that Y = N. Based on our understanding of the labor market model presented in Chapter 6, we know that an increase in the minimum wage will causeA) an increase in the natural level of output.B) a reduction in the natural level of output.C) no change in the natural level of output.D) an increase in the natural level of employment.Answer: BDiff: 222) For this question, assume that Y = N. Based on our understanding of the labor market model presented in Chapter 6, we know that a reduction in the markup will causeA) an increase in the natural level of output.B) a reduction in the natural level of output.C) no change in the natural level of output.D) a reduction in the natural level of employment.Answer: ADiff: 223) Based on wage setting behavior, we know that an increase in the unemployment rate will causeA) no change in the real wage.B) a reduction in the real wage.C) an increase in the real wage.D) an upward shift of the WS curve.Answer: BDiff: 224) Based on price setting behavior, we know that an increase in the unemployment rate will causeA) no change in the real wage.B) a reduction in the real wage.C) an increase in the real wage.D) an upward shift of the PS curve.Answer: ADiff: 225) An increase in unemployment benefits will tend to cause which of the following?A) a downward shift in the WS curveB) an upward shift in the PS curveC) an upward shift in the WS curveD) a downward shift in the PS curveE) none of the aboveAnswer: CDiff: 226) A reduction in the minimum wage will tend to cause which of the following?A) an upward shift in the WS curveB) a downward shift in the WS curveC) an upward shift in the PS curveD) a downward shift in the PS curveE) none of the aboveAnswer: BDiff: 227) Explain what effect a reduction in the unemployment rate will have on the real wage based on: (1) the WS relation; and (2) the PS relation.Answer: A reduction in the unemployment rate will increase bargaining power, increase the nominal wage, and therefore increase the real wage based on wage setting behavior. Changes in the unemployment rate have no effect on the real wage based on price setting behavior.Diff: 228) First, explain what the PS relation represents. Second, explain why it has its particular shape. Answer: The PS relation illustrates the effect of changes in the unemployment rate on the real wage implied by the price-setting behavior of firms. Firms set prices as a markup over their marginal cost of producing goods. Given that the marginal cost is assumed to be independent of the level of employment (and, therefore, the unemployment rate), changes in u will have no effect on the price firms set and, therefore, on the real wage based on PS behavior.Diff: 229) Graphically illustrate (using the WS and PS relations) and explain the effects of an increase in the markup on the equilibrium real wage, the natural rate of unemployment, the natural level of employment, and the natural level of output.Answer: An increase in the markup will cause firms to raise the price given the nominal wage. This will cause the real wage based on price setting behavior to decrease; this is represented by a downward shift in the PS curve. This reduction in the real wage will also occur with an increase in the unemployment rate. So, the natural rate of unemployment will rise and the natural level of employment and, therefore, output will fall. The equilibrium real wage will also be lower. Diff: 230) Graphically illustrate (using the WS and PS relations) and explain the effects of an increase in the minimum wage on the equilibrium real wage, the natural rate of unemployment, the natural level of employment, and the natural level of output.Answer: An increase in the minimum wage will cause the nominal wage based on wage setting behavior to increase; this is represented as an upward shift in the WS relation. As the nominal wage increases, firms will respond by increasing the price level so we will observe no change in the equilibrium real wage. We will observe an increase in the natural rate of unemployment and a reduction in both the natural level of employment and output.Diff: 231) Based on your understanding of the labor market model presented by Blanchard (i.e., the WS and PS relations), explain what types of policies could be implemented to cause a reduction in the natural rate of unemployment.Answer: The natural rate of unemployment will change whenever either the PS or WS relations change. To reduce the natural rate, policy makers could implement polices that: (1) reduce unemployment benefits; (2) reduce the minimum wage; or (3) increase competition in product markets.Diff: 232) Explain how a reduction in the unemployment rate will affect bargaining power and nominal wages.Answer: As the unemployment rate decreases, it is easier for individuals to find employment at other firms. So, workers' bargaining power will increase. As bargaining power increases, the nominal wage will increase.Diff: 233) Graphically illustrate (using the WS and PS relations) and explain the effects of a reduction in the markup on the equilibrium real wage, the natural rate of unemployment, the natural level of employment, and the natural level of output.Answer: A reduction in the markup will cause firms to reduce the price given the nominal wage. This will cause the real wage based on price setting behavior to increase; this is represented by a upward shift in the PS curve. This increase in the real wage will also occur with an decrease in the unemployment rate. So, the natural rate of unemployment will decrease and the natural level of employment and, therefore, output will increase. The equilibrium real wage will also be higher.Diff: 234) Graphically illustrate (using the WS and PS relations) and explain the effects of a reduction in the minimum wage on the equilibrium real wage, the natural rate of unemployment, the natural level of employment, and the natural level of output.Answer: A reduction in the minimum wage will cause the nominal wage based on wage setting behavior to decrease; this is represented as an downward shift in the WS relation. As the nominal wage deceases, firms will respond by reducing the price level so we will observe no change in the equilibrium real wage. We will observe a decrease in the natural rate of unemployment and an increase in both the natural level of employment and output.Diff: 235) Explain what effect an increase in the unemployment rate will have on the real wage based on: (1) the WS relation; and (2) the PS relation.Answer: An increase in the unemployment rate will decrease bargaining power, decrease the nominal wage, and therefore decrease the real wage based on wage setting behavior. Changes in the unemployment rate have no effect on the real wage based on price setting behavior.Diff: 2。

chapter- 7 Heat transfer

Heat transfer by conduction
Fourier’s First Law of Heat Transfer
q dT = −k A dx
q is the rate of heat flow, A is the area through which heat is transferred. The expression q/A, the rate of heat transfer per unit areas, is called the heat flux. The derivative dT/dx is the temperature gradient. K is thermal conductivity.
Conduction: Heat will be transferred between adjacent molecules. Convection: Heat is transferred when molecules move from one point to another and exchanges energy with another molecule in the other location. Radiation: the phenomenon of heat transfer by electromagnetic waves.
If the wall of the cylinder consists of layers having different thermal conductivities. T1 and T2 must transect a layer bounded by r1 and r2, which has a uniform thermal conductivity k1. Similarly, the layer bounded by r and r where the temperatures are T and T must also have a uniform thermal conductivity, k2.

英文版大学物理-第七章

translational kinetic energy of the molecules of a
Chapter 7 The Kinetic Theory of Gases
7-1 Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium 7-2 Thermodynamic Variables and the
Equation of State 7-3 Pressure and Molecular Motion 7-4 The Microscopic Interpretation of
R = 8.31 J/molK. (the universal gas constant)
An alternative form of ideal gas law:
pV m RT N RT
M
NA
The Boltzmann’s constant
k R 1.38 1023 J / K
NA
pV NkT ,
We get 2 ( 1 mv2 ) kT ,
32
The average translational
K 1 mv2 3 kT kinetic energy of molecules in
2
2
an ideal gas directly depends
only on the temperature, not on
A sample of gas consists of many identical molecules. The molecules are very far apart in comparison to
their size; The direction of motion of any molecule is random; The molecules are treated as if they were hard

Chapter_07

•
1. 2.
Employed person is one who during the reference week:
Did at least one hour of work for pay in the last week Worked at least 15 hours as an unpaid worker for an enterprise owned by a family member OR Was not working, but only temporarily absent from work (ex. vacation or maturity leave)
Inflation
•
Costs of extremely high inflation are easy to see
•
M lubricates the economy if P increase dramatically:
•
•
money is no longer a useful medium of exchange output can drop substantially
Introduction
•
•
•
So far have focused on how various economic factors determine output, prices, unemployment, and inflation now examine the consequences of inflation and unemployment and the tradeoff between them What are the “big picture” costs of moderate inflation and unemployment rates?

简明英语语言学教程 Chapter 7

• Children's acquisition of language is quickly and effortlessly. It seems that their acquisition process is simple and straightforward . • In the learning of language , children's grammar is never exactly like that of the adult community . • Language has a lot of dialects and many individual styles.The features of these grammers may the merge(合并)----lead to certain rules of language may be simplified or overgeneralized.
• The reasons for some changes are relatively obvious. For example, the rapid development of science and technology has led to the creation of many new words.Such as bullet train ,laser printer,CD-ROM , laptop computer, iphone. • Social and political changes and political needs have supplied the English vocabulary with a great number of new words and expressions: shuttle diplomacy,mini-summit,jungle war,Scientific Outlook on Development • Some other words have also changed as women have taken up activities formerly reserved for men .

铁道儿童黑布林翻译中文7-8章

铁道儿童黑布林翻译中文7-8章Chapter 7:
在第七章中，黑布林和小伙伴们来到了一座小镇。

他们决定在这
里停留一会儿，好好休息一下。

小镇很漂亮，有许多房子和商店。

他
们看到了一个农场，农场里有许多动物，还有种植的蔬菜和水果。

黑
布林和小伙伴们很快就与这些动物和农民们成为了朋友。

他们玩得很
开心，还品尝了新鲜的农产品。

黑布林对农民们学到的知识很感兴趣，他们告诉他如何种植作物和饲养动物。

黑布林很想学到更多关于农业
的知识。

Chapter 8:
在第八章里，黑布林和小伙伴们决定去参观一座山。

他们步行上山，经历了一些困难，但他们都很努力地爬上了山顶。

当他们到达山
顶时，他们被美丽的风景所深深吸引。

他们看到了远处的湖泊和绿色
的树木。

他们还看到了一些野生动物，如野狼和松鼠。

黑布林和小伙
伴们都非常兴奋，他们觉得这是一次很棒的经历。

在山顶上，他们拍
了许多照片，留下了美好的回忆。

然后，他们慢慢地走下山来，准备继续他们的旅程。

国际战略Chapter_07

Merger

(Cont’d)
Two firms agree to integrate their operations on a relatively co-equal basis
Acquisition One firm buys a controlling, 100 percent interest in another firm with the intent of making the acquired firm a subsidiary business within its portfolio. Takeover

Increase market power because of competitive threat Spread risk due to uncertain environment Shift core business into different markets Due to industry or regularity changes
10
Reasons for Acquisitions and Problems in Achieving Success
11
Chapter 7: Acquisition and
Restructuring Strategies
Overview: Six content areas Popularity of acquisition strategies for firms competing in the global economy Why firms use acquisition strategies Seven problems working against developing a competitive advantage using an acquisition strategy Attributes of effective acquisitions Restructuring strategy vs. common forms Short & long-term outcomes of different restructuring strategies

Chapter 7 照会翻译

照会翻译需注意
措辞方面： 1。正文中若还需称呼受照人时，“部长”、“大使”仍翻译为“Your Excellency”, 而 “参赞”、
“代办”等译为“You”。 2。翻译致敬语时，受发照人职位低于发照人时，用“high consideration”(崇高的敬意），而不用“highest consideration”(最崇高的敬
如：We sincerely assure you… I have the honored to …. I avail myself of the opportunity to ….
2. 时态的正确使用中华人民共和国驻美国大使馆已经建立并开始工作。 The embassy of the People’s Republic of China in America has been established and has begun to work.
_______________ (签字)
1980年- 正文
--- 结尾敬语 --- 签字(发照人的姓名)
--- 日期、地点
English version
Note About Mr. Li Tianmin, the Charge d’Affaires ad Interim of the People’s Republic of China in Ireland No. 48/80
The translation of
memorandums
备忘录(memorandums/memos)是一种比较灵活的对外交往文书。它记述事实，以备遗忘，供事后查对之用。措辞
恰如其分，语言不卑不亢。一般由标题、正文、落款等构成。（1）标题：一般由发文机关、事由、文种三个要素组成。（2）正文：常直接入题，无需表达致敬语。（3）落款：英、汉语备忘录的落款均位于文末右下角；落款中常载明日期与地点；单独送交的备忘录，需加盖有

chap7需求分析-用例图

An Introduction to Use-Case Modeling 简介 • 传统的建方法：
– Data and process models
– Prototypes
– requirement specifications.
• 问题：设计者理解而用户不理解
– Leads to scope creep（范围蔓延）, schedule creep （进度蔓延）, cost overruns（成本超支）.
– The stakeholder that directly interfaces with the system to initiate or trigger the business or system event. – e.g. the bank teller entering deposit information
User-Centered Development
• User-centered development – a process of systems development based on understanding the needs of the stakeholders and the reasons why the system should be developed.
用例图——描述系统与外部系统或用户之间的交互图
• Use-case narrative – a textual description of the business even and how the user will interact with the system to accomplish the task. 用例说明——针对用例执行过程的文本说明

Chapter 7 课后答案

Chapter 7 答案Discourse Analysis1.Define the following terms briefly.(1)discourse: a general term for examples of language use, i.e. language producedas the result of an act of communication. It refers to the larger units oflanguage such as paragraphs, conversations and interviews.(2)discourse analysis: the study of how sentences in written and spoken languageform larger meaning units such as paragraphs, conversations and interviews.(3)given information: the information that the addresser believes is known to the addressee.(4)new information: the information that the addresser believes is not knownto the addressee.(5)topic: the main center of attention in a sentence.(6)cohesion: the grammatical and/or lexical relationships between the differentelements of a text. This may be the relationship between different sentencesor different parts of a sentence.(7)coherence: the relationship that links the meanings of utterances ina discourseor of the sentences in a text.(8)discourse marker: the technical term for all the items that are used to helpconstruct discourse, such as signifying the beginning or ending of a paragraphor a turn in conversation. They are commonly used in the initial positionof an utterance and are syntactically detachable from a sentence, such aswell, I mean, now, then, first, second, finally.(9)adjacency pair: a set of two consecutive, ordered turns that “go together” in aconversation, such as sequences of question/answer, greeting/greeting, invitation/acceptance, criticism/denial.(10) preference structure: in the conversations there can be several second partsrelated to one first part, but they are not of equal status. The structural likelihoodis called preference, and this likely structure is the preference structurethat divides second parts into preferred and dispreferred. The former is thestructurally expected and the latter unexpected. In answering the question“Have you got a light?”, the reply “Here you are” is preferred and “Sorry, no, I don’t smoke” is dispr eferred.(11 presequence: the opening sequences that are used to set up some special potentialactions, such as greetings before formal conversations. “What are youdoing tonight?” can be used as a presequence if it is followed by “If nothingspecial, come over and have dinner with us please.”(12) critical discourse analysis: the analysis of language use directed at, and committedto, discovering the concealed ideological bias, injustice, inequality in the power relations among speakers and hearers.2.In the study of discourse, cohesion refers to the grammatical and/or lexical relationshipsbetween the different parts of a text. This may be the relationship betweendifferent sentences or different parts of a sentence. It concerns the questionof how sentences are explicitly linked together in a discourse by different kinds ofovert devices. Such cohesive devices include reference, substitution, ellipses, conjunction and lexical cohesion.3.one→the look-out4.them (line 4)→plant and animal species (line 3)that (line 7)→“Every ecosystem everywhere can’t be preserved intact.”it (line 7)→“Every ecosystem everywhere can’t be preserved intact.”it (1st one, line 8)→how can it be made consistent with the earlier objective?it (2nd one, line 8)→to deprive some people in some parts of the world of a pieceof their ecosystem but not others.5.It is not a coherent discourse. Although it has connection words such as a Ford–– a car and black –– Black, which look like cohesive devices, they refer to entirelydifferent things. There is a total lack of internal relation among the sentences. Atext can’t be only based on superficial connections between the words to pursuecoherence; there must be some relationship that links the meanings of the sentencesin a text, too. This text is not in line with our real experience of the way theworld is. Thus, we can’t make sense of it directly unless we are laborious to createmeaningful connections which are not actually expressed by the words and sentences.So it’s not a coheren t discourse.6.Coherence is the relationship that links the meanings of utterances ina discourse or of the sentences in a text. This extract is coherent. All the sentences (questions in fact) are organized around the topic “interview”, and they are arrang ed from the general to the more specific in a logical order so that the text is easy to follow.。

《MATLAB图像处理实例详解》课件Chapter_7a第7章图像分割技术

7.4.1 区域生长法
区域生长是一种串行区域分割的图像分割方法。区域生长的基本思想是将具有相似性质的像素集合起来构成区域。区域增长方法根据同一物体区域内像素的相似性质来聚集象素点的方法，从初始区域（如小邻域或单个象素）开始，将相邻的具有同样性质的象素或其它区域归并到目前的区域中从而逐步增长区域，直至没有可以归并的点或其它小区域为止。区域内象素的相似性度量可以包括平均灰度值、纹理、颜色等信息。
差分来逼近梯度算子，即：
2、Prewitt算子下面介绍Prewitt算子。 Prewitt算子的大小为3×3，如下所示：
这两个算子分别代表图像的水平梯度和垂直梯度。 3、Sobel算子 Sobel算子的大小和Prewitt算子的大小相同，都是3×3。Soble算子的模板如下所示：
在MATLAB中，函数edge( )可以采用Sobel算子进行边缘检测。
设为图像的位置处的灰度值，灰度级为，则。若灰度级的所有像素个数为，则第级灰度出现的概率为：
其中
，并且
。
7.3.3 迭代式阈值分割
迭代阈值法是阈值法图像分割中比较有效的方法，通过迭代的方法来求出分割的最佳阈值，具有一定的自适应性。迭代法阈值分割的步骤如下：
（1）设定参数，并选择一个初始的估计阈值。（2）用阈值分割图像。将图像分成两部分：是由灰度值大于的像素组成，
对于图像中的间断点，常用的检测模板为：
对于图像中的线段，常用的检测模板为：
2 1 1
1 2 1
1 1 2
7.4ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ2 微分算子
常用的微分算子有Sobel算子、Prewitt算子和Roberts算子。通过这些算子对图像进行滤波，就可以得到图像的边缘。下面分别进行介绍。

哈利波特与魔法石英文版第七章内容概括

哈利波特与魔法石英文版第七章内容概括Chapter 7: The Sorting HatThe seventh chapter of "Harry Potter and thePhilosopher's Stone" revolves around the Sorting Hat ceremony at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. Here is a detailed summary of the chapter:The chapter begins with Harry and the other first-year students lining up in the entrance hall, nervous and excited about being sorted into their respective houses. Professor McGonagall leads them into the Great Hall, where they seefour long tables, each representing one of the four Hogwarts houses: Gryffindor, Hufflepuff, Ravenclaw, and Slytherin.A stool is placed in the middle of the hall, with an ancient hat perched on top of it. This hat is known as the Sorting Hat, which has the ability to determine the qualities and personalities of students and sort them into theappropriate houses. The Sorting Hat has been making these decisions for centuries, and its song indicates the four houses' defining characteristics.Dumbledore, the Headmaster of Hogwarts, delivers a speech, welcoming the students and reminding them of the importanceof unity and friendship within their respective houses. He assures them that no matter which house they are sorted into, Hogwarts will be their home for the next seven years.One by one, the first-year students are called up to have the Sorting Hat placed on their heads. The hat then converses silently with the student and announces their house to the whole school. The sorting process is filled with anticipation and tension, as each student wonders which house they will be assigned to.Harry is among the last few students to be sorted. Whenthe Sorting Hat is placed on his head, it begins analyzinghis qualities. During the internal conversation between Harryand the hat, Harry expresses his desire to not be inSlytherin due to its association with dark wizards. The Sorting Hat recognizes the bravery present in Harry and contemplates placing him in Gryffindor, but it also acknowledges his potential for greatness in Slytherin.After a brief internal struggle, the Sorting Hat announces that Harry will be placed in Gryffindor. The Gryffindor table erupts in applause, and Harry joins them, relieved and thrilled to be a part of the same house as his newfound friends Ron and Hermione.The Sorting Hat continues sorting the remaining students, and the chapter concludes with Dumbledore's closing remarks, encouraging unity among the houses. The feast begins, and the students spend their first night at Hogwarts celebrating with their housemates.In summary, Chapter 7 primarily focuses on the Sorting Hat ceremony at Hogwarts. It introduces the concept of housesorting, highlighting the defining characteristics of Gryffindor, Hufflepuff, Ravenclaw, and Slytherin. The chapter culminates in the sorting of Harry into Gryffindor, marking the beginning of his journey as a member of this renowned house.。

Chapter_07

Bond prices and market interest rates move in opposite directions. • If YTM = coupon rate, then par value = bond price • If YTM > coupon rate, then par value > bond price——Why?
Chapter
7
•Interest Rates and Bond Valuation
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Key Concepts and Skills
1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14%
Bond Price
Yield-to-maturity
7-10
Bond Prices: Relationship Between Coupon and Yield
1 1 - (1 r)t Bond Value C r
F t (1 r)
7-18
YTM with Annual Coupons
• Consider a bond with a 10% annual coupon rate, 15 years to maturity and a par value of $1000. The current price is $928.09.
Discount Rate
When the YTM > coupon, the bond trades at a discount.

chapter_7

Chapter07-Starting out with C++ early objects

7 脂类

英美文学Chapter 7

条例第七章第八章读后感悟

布兰查德宏观经济学第七版第7版英文版chapter (7)

chapter- 7 Heat transfer

英文版大学物理-第七章

Chapter_07

简明英语语言学教程 Chapter 7

铁道儿童黑布林翻译中文7-8章

国际战略Chapter_07

Chapter 7 照会翻译

chap7需求分析-用例图

Chapter 7 课后答案

《MATLAB图像处理实例详解》课件Chapter_7a第7章 图像分割技术

哈利波特与魔法石英文版第七章内容概括

Chapter_07

《MATLAB图像处理实例详解》课件Chapter_7a第7章图像分割技术