英语AmyCuddyYourbodylanguageshapeswhoyouare
ted最值得看的10个演讲 -回复
ted最值得看的10个演讲-回复TED最值得看的10个演讲TED Talks是一个受人尊敬和备受关注的平台，汇集了来自世界各个领域的杰出人士的演讲。
他们的演讲主题涉及到科技、艺术、教育、心理学等各个领域。
在这些演讲中，有一些真正影响了我们的思维方式和改变了我们的生活。
以下是我认为TED最值得看的10个演讲：1. "Do Schools Kill Creativity?" by Sir Ken Robinson"学校是否扼杀了创造力?"——肯·罗宾逊爵士这是一场非常有名的演讲，肯·罗宾逊爵士讨论了学校教育对于培养创造力的负面影响。
他指出我们生活在一个快速变化的世界中，然而学校教育却未能适应这种变化。
他呼吁我们改变教育体系，创造一个培养创造力和想象力的环境。
2. "The Power of Vulnerability" by Brene Brown"脆弱的力量"——布莱恩·布朗这场演讲探讨了脆弱和勇气之间的关系。
布莱恩·布朗认为脆弱是我们连接他人的桥梁，也是真实的表现。
她通过自己的研究和经验，分享了如何拥抱自己的脆弱，并从中获得力量和成长。
3. "Your Body Language Shapes Who You Are" by Amy Cuddy "你的身体语言塑造了你的自我"——艾米·卡迪艾米·卡迪的演讲讨论了身体语言对我们的自我认知和自信心的影响。
她分享了通过调整身体姿势来改变自己的内心状态和表现的方法，并着重强调了权力姿势的重要性。
4. "The Puzzle of Motivation" by Dan Pink"动机之谜"——丹·平克这场演讲探讨了现有激励体系对于激发员工创造力和工作动力的失败。
amycuddy演讲读后感
amycuddy演讲读后感今天看了Amy Cuddy的演讲令我感触良多。
哈佛大学商学院副教授Amy Cuddy ：Your Body Language Shapes Who You Are。
肢体语言不会说话却比话语更能真实反应我们彼时彼刻心理状态。
面对某种情况，我们可能会很从容得体，将自己的身体展的很开，也可能会将自己蜷缩起来，弓着背，抱着手臂，尽可能将自己缩小。
后者是处于一种自我的保护。
人们在交谈时的肢体语言是一种无声的互动，它们会同语言一起向对方传达信息，甚至是更真实的信息，因此它们也决定了你在对方心目中的印象。
包括我们在社交网络聊天时所使用的表情符号也是我们的一种肢体语言，双方隔着屏幕聊天，它们在某些时候比我们用心打出的文字更能真实传达我们的心理状态。
最直观的一点，当我们与别人聊天时，决定我们下一步要说什么的，可能更多是由对方简单的一个面部表情或者肢体动作来决定的，想想看确实是这样。
观察大部分人面试的情况，当他们在等候室等候的时候，要么是在无目的地摆弄手机，要么是在无聊地来回翻自己带的资料，蜷缩着，竭力使自己变得更小，以免被旁边的人注意到。
这种无目的、封闭自我的行为都在传递着你的紧张、慌乱、不自信，等待的时间越久越糟糕，所以有的时候就会出现我们巴不得自己被早早面试，而不要被安排在最后，否则自己心理压力会越来越大，越来越大，原本有足够时间准备的到最后反而大脑一片空白。
与一个强势而有自信的人聊天，如果对方的肢体语言又十分丰富，若是自身不如对方，很可能对方越open，我们就越想close我们自己。
而若是双方都是心智能力很强的人，实力相当，我们很可能会去做出和对方相当的肢体语言，而且双当也都很舒服。
科学表明，我们的这些行为是受到两种激素影响的，一个是睾丸酮，另一个是可的松。
睾丸酮是一种支配激素，可的松是一种压力激素。
这两种激素会随着我们心理的变化在很短时间发生变化，从而影响我们的肢体语言。
我们的身体会改变心理，心理会改变行为，而行为会改变结果。
03 Your body language may shape who you are_共15页
Your body language may shape who you are00:00So I want to start by offering you a free no-tech life hack, and all it requires of you is this: that you change your posture for two minutes. But before I give it away, I want to ask you to right now do a little audit of your body and what you're doing with your body. So how many of you are sort of making yourselves smaller? Maybe you're hunching, crossing your legs, maybe wrapping your ankles. Sometimes we hold onto our arms like this. Sometimes we spread out. (Laughter) I see you. So I want you to pay attention to what you're doing right now. We're going to come back to that in a few minutes, and I'm hoping that if you learn to tweak this a little bit, it could significantly change the way your life unfolds.00:47So, we're really fascinated with body language, and we're particularly interested in other people's body language. You know, we're interested in, like, you know —(Laughter) —an awkward interaction, or a smile, or a contemptuous glance, or maybe a very awkward wink, or maybe even something like a handshake.01:11Narrator: Here they are arriving at Number 10. This lucky policeman gets to shake hands with the President of the United States. Here comes the Prime Minister -- No. (Laughter) (Applause)01:241(Laughter) (Applause)01:27Amy Cuddy: So a handshake, or the lack of a handshake, can have us talking for weeks and weeks and weeks. Even the BBC and The New York Times. So obviously when we think about nonverbal behavior, or body language -- but we call it nonverbals as social scientists -- it's language, so we think about communication. When we think about communication, we think about interactions. So what is your body language communicating to me? What's mine communicating to you?01:53And there's a lot of reason to believe that this is a valid way to look at this. So social scientists have spent a lot of time looking at the effects of our body language, or other people's body language, on judgments. And we make sweeping judgments and inferences from body language. And those judgments can predict really meaningful life outcomes like who we hire or promote, who we ask out on a date. For example, Nalini Ambady, a researcher at Tufts University, shows that when people watch 30-second soundless clips of real physician-patient interactions, their judgments of the physician's niceness predict whether or not that physician will be sued. So it doesn't have to do so much with whether or not that physician was incompetent, but do we like that person and how they interacted? Even more dramatic, Alex Todorov at Princeton has shown us that judgments of political candidates' faces in just one second predict 70 percent of U.S. Senate and gubernatorial race outcomes, and even,2let's go digital, emoticons used well in online negotiations can lead you to claim more value from that negotiation. If you use them poorly, bad idea. Right?03:08So when we think of nonverbals, we think of how we judge others, how they judge us and what the outcomes are. We tend to forget, though, the other audience that's influenced by our nonverbals, and that's ourselves. We are also influenced by our nonverbals, our thoughts and our feelings and our physiology.03:26So what nonverbals am I talking about? I'm a social psychologist. I study prejudice, and I teach at a competitive business school, so it was inevitable that I would become interested in power dynamics. I became especially interested in nonverbal expressions of power and dominance.03:45And what are nonverbal expressions of power and dominance? Well, this is what they are. So in the animal kingdom, they are about expanding. So you make yourself big, you stretch out, you take up space, you're basically opening up. It's about opening up. And this is true across the animal kingdom. It's not just limited to primates. And humans do the same thing. (Laughter) So they do this both when they have power sort of chronically, and also when they're feeling powerful in the moment. And this one is especially interesting because it really shows us how universal and old these expressions of power are. This expression, which is known as pride, Jessica Tracy has3studied. She shows that people who are born with sight and people who are congenitally blind do this when they win at a physical competition. So when they cross the finish line and they've won, it doesn't matter if they've never seen anyone do it. They do this. So the arms up in the V, the chin is slightly lifted.04:44What do we do when we feel powerless? We do exactly the opposite. We close up. We wrap ourselves up. We make ourselves small. We don't want to bump into the person next to us. So again, both animals and humans do the same thing. And this is what happens when you put together high and low power. So what we tend to do when it comes to power is that we complement the other's nonverbals. So if someone is being really powerful with us, we tend to make ourselves smaller. We don't mirror them. We do the opposite of them.05:13So I'm watching this behavior in the classroom, and what do I notice? I notice that MBA students really exhibit the full range of power nonverbals. So you have people who are like caricatures of alphas, really coming into the room, they get right into the middle of the room before class even starts, like they really want to occupy space. When they sit down, they're sort of spread out. They raise their hands like this. You have other people who are virtually collapsing when they come in. As soon they come in, you see it. You see it on their faces and their bodies, and they sit in their chair and they make themselves tiny, and they go like this when they raise their hand.405:52I notice a couple of things about this. One, you're not going to be surprised. It seems to be related to gender. So women are much more likely to do this kind of thing than men. Women feel chronically less powerful than men, so this is not surprising.06:08But the other thing I noticed is that it also seemed to be related to the extent to which the students were participating, and how well they were participating. And this is really important in the MBA classroom, because participation counts for half the grade.06:22So business schools have been struggling with this gender grade gap. You get these equally qualified women and men coming in and then you get these differences in grades, and it seems to be partly attributable to participation. So I started to wonder, you know, okay, so you have these people coming in like this, and they're participating. Is it possible that we could get people to fake it and would it lead them to participate more?06:46So my main collaborator Dana Carney, who's at Berkeley, and I really wanted to know, can you fake it till you make it? Like, can you do this just for a little while and actually experience a behavioral outcome that makes you seem more powerful? So we know that our nonverbals govern how other people think and feel about us. There's a lot of5evidence. But our question really was, do our nonverbals govern how we think and feel about ourselves?07:13There's some evidence that they do. So, for example, we smile when we feel happy, but also, when we're forced to smile by holding a pen in our teeth like this, it makes us feel happy. So it goes both ways. When it comes to power, it also goes both ways. So when you feel powerful, you're more likely to do this, but it's also possible that when you pretend to be powerful, you are more likely to actually feel powerful.07:46So the second question really was, you know, so we know that our minds change our bodies, but is it also true that our bodies change our minds? And when I say minds, in the case of the powerful, what am I talking about? So I'm talking about thoughts and feelings and the sort of physiological things that make up our thoughts and feelings, and in my case, that's hormones. I look at hormones. So what do the minds of the powerful versus the powerless look like? So powerful people tend to be, not surprisingly, more assertive and more confident, more optimistic. They actually feel they're going to win even at games of chance. They also tend to be able to think more abstractly. So there are a lot of differences. They take more risks. There are a lot of differences between powerful and powerless people. Physiologically, there also are differences on two key hormones: testosterone, which is the dominance hormone, and cortisol, which is the stress hormone.608:46So what we find is that high-power alpha males in primate hierarchies have high testosterone and low cortisol, and powerful and effective leaders also have high testosterone and low cortisol. So what does that mean? When you think about power, people tended to think only about testosterone, because that was about dominance. But really, power is also about how you react to stress. So do you want the high-power leader that's dominant, high on testosterone, but really stress reactive? Probably not, right? You want the person who's powerful and assertive and dominant, but not very stress reactive, the person who's laid back.09:26So we know that in primate hierarchies, if an alpha needs to take over, if an individual needs to take over an alpha role sort of suddenly, within a few days, that individual's testosterone has gone up significantly and his cortisol has dropped significantly. So we have this evidence, both that the body can shape the mind, at least at the facial level, and also that role changes can shape the mind. So what happens, okay, you take a role change, what happens if you do that at a really minimal level, like this tiny manipulation, this tiny intervention? "For two minutes," you say, "I want you to stand like this, and it's going to make you feel more powerful."10:08So this is what we did. We decided to bring people into the lab and run a little experiment, and these people adopted, for two minutes, either high-power poses or7low-power poses, and I'm just going to show you five of the poses, although they took on only two. So here's one. A couple more. This one has been dubbed the "Wonder Woman" by the media. Here are a couple more. So you can be standing or you can be sitting. And here are the low-power poses. So you're folding up, you're making yourself small. This one is very low-power. When you're touching your neck, you're really protecting yourself.10:52So this is what happens. They come in, they spit into a vial, for two minutes, we say, "You need to do this or this." They don't look at pictures of the poses. We don't want to prime them with a concept of power. We want them to be feeling power. So two minutes they do this. We then ask them, "How powerful do you feel?" on a series of items, and then we give them an opportunity to gamble, and then we take another saliva sample. That's it. That's the whole experiment.11:17So this is what we find. Risk tolerance, which is the gambling, we find that when you are in the high-power pose condition, 86 percent of you will gamble. When you're in the low-power pose condition, only 60 percent, and that's a whopping significant difference.11:33Here's what we find on testosterone. From their baseline when they come in, high-power people experience about a 20-percent increase, and low-power people8experience about a 10-percent decrease. So again, two minutes, and you get these changes. Here's what you get on cortisol. High-power people experience about a 25-percent decrease, and the low-power people experience about a 15-percent increase. So two minutes lead to these hormonal changes that configure your brain to basically be either assertive, confident and comfortable, or really stress-reactive, and feeling sort of shut down. And we've all had the feeling, right? So it seems that our nonverbals do govern how we think and feel about ourselves, so it's not just others, but it's also ourselves. Also, our bodies change our minds.12:25But the next question, of course, is, can power posing for a few minutes really change your life in meaningful ways? This is in the lab, it's this little task, it's just a couple of minutes. Where can you actually apply this? Which we cared about, of course. And so we think where you want to use this is evaluative situations, like social threat situations. Where are you being evaluated, either by your friends? For teenagers, it's at the lunchroom table. For some people it's speaking at a school board meeting. It might be giving a pitch or giving a talk like this or doing a job interview. We decided that the one that most people could relate to because most people had been through, was the job interview.13:10So we published these findings, and the media are all over it, and they say, Okay, so this is what you do when you go in for the job interview, right?913:18(Laughter)13:19You know, so we were of course horrified, and said, Oh my God, no, that's not what we meant at all. For numerous reasons, no, don't do that. Again, this is not about you talking to other people. It's you talking to yourself. What do you do before you go into a job interview? You do this. You're sitting down. You're looking at your iPhone -- or your Android, not trying to leave anyone out. You're looking at your notes, you're hunching up, making yourself small, when really what you should be doing maybe is this, like, in the bathroom, right? Do that. Find two minutes. So that's what we want to test. Okay? So we bring people into a lab, and they do either high- or low-power poses again, they go through a very stressful job interview. It's five minutes long. They are being recorded. They're being judged also, and the judges are trained to give no nonverbal feedback, so they look like this. Imagine this is the person interviewing you. So for five minutes, nothing, and this is worse than being heckled. People hate this. It's what Marianne LaFrance calls "standing in social quicksand." So this really spikes your cortisol. So this is the job interview we put them through, because we really wanted to see what happened. We then have these coders look at these tapes, four of them. They're blind to the hypothesis. They're blind to the conditions. They have no idea who's been posing in what pose, and they end up looking at these sets of tapes, and they say, "We want to hire these people," all the high-power posers. "We10don't want to hire these people. We also evaluate these people much more positively overall." But what's driving it? It's not about the content of the speech. It's about the presence that they're bringing to the speech. Because we rate them on all these variables related to competence, like, how well-structured is the speech? How good is it? What are their qualifications? No effect on those things. This is what's affected. These kinds of things. People are bringing their true selves, basically. They're bringing themselves. They bring their ideas, but as themselves, with no, you know, residue over them. So this is what's driving the effect, or mediating the effect.15:24So when I tell people about this, that our bodies change our minds and our minds can change our behavior, and our behavior can change our outcomes, they say to me, "It feels fake." Right? So I said, fake it till you make it. It's not me. I don't want to get there and then still feel like a fraud. I don't want to feel like an impostor. I don't want to get there only to feel like I'm not supposed to be here. And that really resonated with me, because I want to tell you a little story about being an impostor and feeling like I'm not supposed to be here.15:55When I was 19, I was in a really bad car accident. I was thrown out of a car, rolled several times. I was thrown from the car. And I woke up in a head injury rehab ward, and I had been withdrawn from college, and I learned that my IQ had dropped by two standard deviations, which was very traumatic. I knew my IQ because I had identified11with being smart, and I had been called gifted as a child. So I'm taken out of college, I keep trying to go back. They say, "You're not going to finish college. Just, you know, there are other things for you to do, but that's not going to work out for you."16:32So I really struggled with this, and I have to say, having your identity taken from you, your core identity, and for me it was being smart, having that taken from you, there's nothing that leaves you feeling more powerless than that. So I felt entirely powerless.I worked and worked, and I got lucky, and worked, and got lucky, and worked.16:51Eventually I graduated from college. It took me four years longer than my peers, and I convinced someone, my angel advisor, Susan Fiske, to take me on, and so I ended up at Princeton, and I was like, I am not supposed to be here. I am an impostor. And the night before my first-year talk, and the first-year talk at Princeton is a 20-minute talk to 20 people. That's it. I was so afraid of being found out the next day that I called her and said, "I'm quitting." She was like, "You are not quitting, because I took a gamble on you, and you're staying. You're going to stay, and this is what you're going to do. You are going to fake it. You're going to do every talk that you ever get asked to do. You're just going to do it and do it and do it, even if you're terrified and just paralyzed and having an out-of-body experience, until you have this moment where you say, 'Oh my gosh, I'm doing it. Like, I have become this. I am actually doing this.'" So that's what I did. Five years in grad school, a few years, you know, I'm at Northwestern, I12moved to Harvard, I'm at Harvard, I'm not really thinking about it anymore, but for a long time I had been thinking, "Not supposed to be here."17:56So at the end of my first year at Harvard, a student who had not talked in class the entire semester, who I had said, "Look, you've gotta participate or else you're going to fail," came into my office. I really didn't know her at all. She came in totally defeated, and she said, "I'm not supposed to be here." And that was the moment for me. Because two things happened. One was that I realized, oh my gosh, I don't feel like that anymore. I don't feel that anymore, but she does, and I get that feeling. And the second was, she is supposed to be here! Like, she can fake it, she can become it. 18:35So I was like, "Yes, you are! You are supposed to be here! And tomorrow you're going to fake it, you're going to make yourself powerful, and, you know --18:43(Applause)18:48And you're going to go into the classroom, and you are going to give the best comment ever." You know? And she gave the best comment ever, and people turned around and were like, oh my God, I didn't even notice her sitting there. (Laughter) 19:03She comes back to me months later, and I realized that she had not just faked it till13she made it, she had actually faked it till she became it. So she had changed. And so I want to say to you, don't fake it till you make it. Fake it till you become it. Do it enough until you actually become it and internalize.19:22The last thing I'm going to leave you with is this. Tiny tweaks can lead to big changes. So, this is two minutes. Two minutes, two minutes, two minutes. Before you go into the next stressful evaluative situation, for two minutes, try doing this, in the elevator, in a bathroom stall, at your desk behind closed doors. That's what you want to do. Configure your brain to cope the best in that situation. Get your testosterone up. Get your cortisol down. Don't leave that situation feeling like, oh, I didn't show them who I am. Leave that situation feeling like, I really feel like I got to say who I am and show who I am.19:59So I want to ask you first, you know, both to try power posing, and also I want to ask you to share the science, because this is simple. I don't have ego involved in this. (Laughter) Give it away. Share it with people, because the people who can use it the most are the ones with no resources and no technology and no status and no power. Give it to them because they can do it in private. They need their bodies, privacy and two minutes, and it can significantly change the outcomes of their life.20:30Thank you.1420:31(Applause)15。
yourbodylanguageshapeswhoyouare英文字幕
Your body language shapes who you areSo I want to start by offering you a free no-tech life hack, and all it requires of you is this: that you change your posture for two minutes.But before I give it away, I want to ask you to right now do a little audit of your body and what you're doing with your body.So how many of you are sort of making yourselves smallerMaybe you're hunching, crossing your legs, maybe wrapping your ankles.Sometimes we hold onto our arms like this. Sometimes we spread out. (Laughter)I see you. (Laughter)So I want you to pay attention to what you're doing right now.We're going to come back to that in a few minutes, and I'm hoping that if you learn to tweak this a little bit, it could significantly change the way your life unfolds. So, we're really fascinated with body language, and we're particularly interested in other people's body language.You know, we're interested in, like, you know — (Laughter) — an awkward interaction, or a smile, or a contemptuous glance, or maybe a very awkward wink, or maybe even something like a handshake.Narrator: Here they are arriving at Number 10, and look at this lucky policeman gets to shake hands with the President of the United States. Oh, and here comes the Prime Minister of the —No. (Laughter) (Applause) (Laughter) (Applause)Amy Cuddy: So a handshake, or the lack of a handshake, can have us talking for weeks and weeks and weeks. Even the BBC and The New York Times.So obviously when we think about nonverbal behavior, or body language -- but we call it nonverbals as social scientists -- it's language, so we think about communication.When we think about communication, we think about interactions.So what is your body language communicating to me What's mine communicating to youAnd there's a lot of reason to believe that this is a validway to look at this. So social scientists have spent a lot of time looking at the effects of our body language, or other people's body language, on judgments.And we make sweeping judgments and inferences from body language.And those judgments can predict really meaningful life outcomes like who we hire or promote, who we ask out on a date.For example, Nalini Ambady, a researcher at Tufts University, shows that when people watch 30-second soundless clips of real physician-patient interactions, their judgments of the physician's niceness predict whether or not that physician will be sued.So it doesn't have to do so much with whether or not that physician was incompetent, but do we like that person and how they interactedEven more dramatic, Alex Todorov at Princeton has shown us that judgments of political candidates' faces in just one second predict 70 percent of . Senate and gubernatorial race outcomes, and even, let's go digital, emoticons used well in online negotiations can lead to you claim more value from that negotiation.If you use them poorly, bad idea. RightSo when we think of nonverbals, we think of how we judge others, how they judge us and what the outcomes are.We tend to forget, though, the other audience that's influenced by our nonverbals, and that's ourselves.We are also influenced by our nonverbals, our thoughts and our feelings and our physiology.So what nonverbals am I talking aboutI'm a social psychologist. I study prejudice, and I teach at a competitive business school, so it was inevitable that I would become interested in power dynamics.I became especially interested in nonverbal expressions of power and dominance.And what are nonverbal expressions of power and dominanceWell, this is what they are.So in the animal kingdom, they are about expanding.So you make yourself big, you stretch out, you take up space, you're basically opening up.It's about opening up. And this is true across the animal kingdom. It's not just limited to primates.And humans do the same thing. (Laughter)So they do this both when they have power sort of chronically, and also when they're feeling powerful in the moment.And this one is especially interesting because it really shows us how universal and old these expressions of power are.This expression, which is known as pride, Jessica Tracy has studied. She shows that people who are born with sight and people who are congenitally blind do this when they win at a physical competition.So when they cross the finish line and they've won, it doesn't matter if they've never seen anyone do it.They do this.So the arms up in the V, the chin is slightly lifted.What do we do when we feel powerless We do exactly the opposite. We close up. We wrap ourselves up.We make ourselves small. We don't want to bump into the person next to us.So again, both animals and humans do the same thing. And this is what happens when you put together high and low power. So what we tend to do when it comes topower is that we complement the other's nonverbals. So if someone is being really powerful with us, we tend to make ourselves smaller. We don't mirror them.We do the opposite of them.So I'm watching this behavior in the classroom, and what do I notice I notice that MBA students really exhibit the full range of power nonverbals.So you have people who are like caricatures of alphas, really coming into the room, they get right into the middle of the room before class even starts, like they really want to occupy space.When they sit down, they're sort of spread out.They raise their hands like this.You have other people who are virtually collapsing when they come in. As soon they come in, you see it.You see it on their faces and their bodies, and they sit in their chair and they make themselves tiny, and they go like this when they raise their hand.I notice a couple of things about this.One, you're not going to be surprised.It seems to be related to gender.So women are much more likely to do this kind of thingthan men.Women feel chronically less powerful than men, so this is not surprising. But the other thing I noticed is that it also seemed to be related to the extent to which the students were participating, and how well they were participating.And this is really important in the MBA classroom, because participation counts for half the grade.So business schools have been struggling with this gender grade gap.You get these equally qualified women and men coming in and then you get these differences in grades, and it seems to be partly attributable to participation.So I started to wonder, you know, okay, so you have these people coming in like this, and they're participating. Is it possible that we could get people to fake it and would it lead them to participate moreSo my main collaborator Dana Carney, who's at Berkeley, and I really wanted to know, can you fake it till you make itLike, can you do this just for a little while and actually experience a behavioral outcome that makes you seemmore powerfulSo we know that our nonverbals govern how other people think and feel about us. There's a lot of evidence. But our question really was, do our nonverbals govern how we think and feel about ourselvesThere's some evidence that they do.So, for example, we smile when we feel happy, but also, when we're forced to smile by holding a pen in our teeth like this, it makes us feel happy.So it goes both ways. When it comes to power, it also goes both ways. So when you feel powerful, you're more likely to do this, but it's also possible that when you pretend to be powerful, you are more likely to actually feel powerful.So the second question really was, you know, so we know that our minds change our bodies, but is it also true that our bodies change our mindsAnd when I say minds, in the case of the powerful, what am I talking aboutSo I'm talking about thoughts and feelings and the sort of physiological things that make up our thoughts and feelings, and in my case, that's hormones. I look athormones.So what do the minds of the powerful versus the powerless look likeSo powerful people tend to be, not surprisingly, more assertive and more confident, more optimistic.They actually feel that they're going to win even at games of chance.They also tend to be able to think more abstractly.So there are a lot of differences. They take more risks. There are a lot of differences between powerful and powerless people.Physiologically, there also are differences on two key hormones: testosterone, which is the dominance hormone, and cortisol, which is the stress hormone.So what we find is that high-power alpha males in primate hierarchies have high testosterone and low cortisol, and powerful and effective leaders also have high testosterone and low cortisol.So what does that mean When you think about power, people tended to think only about testosterone, because that was about dominance.But really, power is also about how you react to stress.So do you want the high-power leader that's dominant, high on testosterone, but really stress reactive Probably not, right You want the person who's powerful and assertive and dominant, but not very stress reactive, the person who's laid back.So we know that in primate hierarchies, if an alpha needs to take over, if an individual needs to take over an alpha role sort of suddenly, within a few days, that individual's testosterone has gone up significantly and his cortisol has dropped significantly.So we have this evidence, both that the body can shape the mind, at least at the facial level, and also that role changes can shape the mind.So what happens, okay, you take a role change, what happens if you do that at a really minimal level, like this tiny manipulation, this tiny intervention"For two minutes," you say, "I want you to stand like this, and it's going to make you feel more powerful."So this is what we did. We decided to bring people into the lab and run a little experiment, and these people adopted, for two minutes, either high-power poses or low-power poses, and I'm just going to show you five ofthe poses, although they took on only two.So here's one.A couple more.This one has been dubbed the "Wonder Woman" by the media.Here are a couple more.So you can be standing or you can be sitting.And here are the low-power poses.So you're folding up, you're making yourself small.This one is very low-power.When you're touching your neck, you're really protecting yourself.So this is what happens. They come in, they spit into a vial, we for two minutes say, "You need to do this or this."They don't look at pictures of the poses. We don't want to prime them with a concept of power. We want them to be feeling power, right So two minutes they do this. We then ask them, "How powerful do you feel" on a series of items, and then we give them an opportunity to gamble, and then we take another saliva sample. That's it. That's the whole experiment.So this is what we find. Risk tolerance, which is the gambling, what we find is that when you're in the high-power pose condition, 86 percent of you will gamble.When you're in the low-power pose condition, only 60 percent, and that's a pretty whopping significant difference.Here's what we find on testosterone.From their baseline when they come in, high-power people experience about a 20-percent increase, and low-power people experience about a 10-percent decrease.So again, two minutes, and you get these changes.Here's what you get on cortisol. High-power people experience about a 25-percent decrease, and the low-power people experience about a 15-percent increase.So two minutes lead to these hormonal changes that configure your brain to basically be either assertive, confident and comfortable, or really stress-reactive, and, you know, feeling sort of shut down. And we've all had the feeling, rightSo it seems that our nonverbals do govern how we think and feel about ourselves, so it's not just others, but it's also ourselves.Also, our bodies change our minds.But the next question, of course, is can power posing for a few minutes really change your life in meaningful ways So this is in the lab. It's this little task, you know, it's just a couple of minutes. Where can you actually apply this Which we cared about, of course.And so we think it's really, what matters, I mean, where you want to use this is evaluative situations like social threat situations. Where are you being evaluated, either by your friends Like for teenagers it's at the lunchroom table.It could be, you know, for some people it's speaking at a school board meeting. It might be giving a pitch or giving a talk like this or doing a job interview.We decided that the one that most people could relate to because most people had been through was the job interview.So we published these findings, and the media are all over it, and they say, Okay, so this is what you do whenyou go in for the job interview, right (Laughter)You know, so we were of course horrified, and said, Oh my God, no, no, no, that's not what we meant at all.For numerous reasons, no, no, no, don't do that. Again, this is not about you talking to other people.It's you talking to yourself. What do you do before you go into a job interview You do this.Right You're sitting down. You're looking at your iPhone -- or your Android, not trying to leave anyone out.You are, you know, you're looking at your notes, you're hunching up, making yourself small, when really what you should be doing maybe is this, like, in the bathroom, right Do that. Find two minutes.So that's what we want to test. OkaySo we bring people into a lab, and they do either high- or low-power poses again, they go through a very stressful job interview.It's five minutes long. They are being recorded.They're being judged also, and the judges are trained to give no nonverbal feedback, so they look like this. Like, imagine this is the person interviewing you.So for five minutes, nothing, and this is worse thanbeing heckled.People hate this. It's what Marianne LaFrance calls "standing in social quicksand."So this really spikes your cortisol.So this is the job interview we put them through, because we really wanted to see what happened.We then have these coders look at these tapes, four of them.They're blind to the hypothesis. They're blind to the conditions.They have no idea who's been posing in what pose, and they end up looking at these sets of tapes, and they say, "Oh, we want to hire these people," -- all the high-power posers -- "we don't want to hire these people.We also evaluate these people much more positively overall."But what's driving it It's not about the content of the speech.It's about the presence that they're bringing to the speech.We also, because we rate them on all these variablesrelated to competence, like, how well-structured is the speech How good is it What are their qualificationsNo effect on those things. This is what's affected. These kinds of things. People are bringing their true selves, basically. They're bringing themselves.They bring their ideas, but as themselves, with no, you know, residue over them.So this is what's driving the effect, or mediating the effect.So when I tell people about this, that our bodies change our minds and our minds can change our behavior, and our behavior can change our outcomes, they say to me, "I don't -- It feels fake." RightSo I said, fake it till you make it. I don't -- It's not me.I don't want to get there and then still feel like a fraud.I don't want to feel like an impostor.I don't want to get there only to feel like I'm not supposed to be here.And that really resonated with me, because I want to tell you a little story about being an impostor and feeling like I'm not supposed to be here.When I was 19, I was in a really bad car accident.I was thrown out of a car, rolled several times.I was thrown from the car. And I woke up in a head injury rehab ward, and I had been withdrawn from college, and I learned that my . had dropped by two standard deviations, which was very traumatic.I knew my . because I had identified with being smart, and I had been called gifted as a child.So I'm taken out of college, I keep trying to go back. They say, "You're not going to finish college.Just, you know, there are other things for you to do, but that's not going to work out for you."So I really struggled with this, and I have to say, having your identity taken from you, your core identity, and for me it was being smart, having that taken from you, there's nothing that leaves you feeling more powerless than that.So I felt entirely powerless. I worked and worked and worked, and I got lucky, and worked, and got lucky, and worked.Eventually I graduated from college.It took me four years longer than my peers, and I convinced someone, my angel advisor, Susan Fiske, totake me on, and so I ended up at Princeton, and I was like, I am not supposed to be here.I am an impostor.And the night before my first-year talk, and the first-year talk at Princeton is a 20-minute talk to 20 people. That's it.I was so afraid of being found out the next day that I called her and said, "I'm quitting."She was like, "You are not quitting, because I took a gamble on you, and you're staying.You're going to stay, and this is what you're going to do. You are going to fake it.You're going to do every talk that you ever get asked to do.You're just going to do it and do it and do it, even if you're terrified and just paralyzed and having an out-of-body experience, until you have this moment where you say, 'Oh my gosh, I'm doing it.Like, I have become this. I am actually doing this.'"So that's what I did. Five years in grad school, a few years, you know, I'm at Northwestern, I moved to Harvard, I'm at Harvard, I'm not really thinking about itanymore, but for a long time I had been thinking, "Not supposed to be here. Not supposed to be here."So at the end of my first year at Harvard, a student who had not talked in class the entire semester, who I had said, "Look, you've gotta participate or else you're going to fail," came into my office. I really didn't know her at all.And she said, she came in totally defeated, and she said, "I'm not supposed to be here."And that was the moment for me. Because two things happened.One was that I realized, oh my gosh, I don't feel like that anymore. You know.I don't feel that anymore, but she does, and I get that feeling.And the second was, she is supposed to be here!Like, she can fake it, she can become it.So I was like, "Yes, you are! You are supposed to be here!And tomorrow you're going to fake it, you're going to make yourself powerful, and, you know, you're gonna — " (Applause)(Applause)"And you're going to go into the classroom, and you are going to give the best comment ever."You know And she gave the best comment ever, and people turned around and they were like, oh my God, I didn't even notice her sitting there, you know (Laughter) She comes back to me months later, and I realized that she had not just faked it till she made it, she had actually faked it till she became it.So she had changed.And so I want to say to you, don't fake it till you make it. Fake it till you become it. You know It's not — Do it enough until you actually become it and internalize.The last thing I'm going to leave you with is this.Tiny tweaks can lead to big changes.So this is two minutes.Two minutes, two minutes, two minutes.Before you go into the next stressful evaluative situation, for two minutes, try doing this, in the elevator, in a bathroom stall, at your desk behind closed doors.That's what you want to do. Configure your brain to cope the best in that situation.Get your testosterone up. Get your cortisol down.Don't leave that situation feeling like, oh, I didn't show them who I am.Leave that situation feeling like, oh, I really feel like I got to say who I am and show who I am.So I want to ask you first, you know, both to try power posing, and also I want to ask you to share the science, because this is simple.I don't have ego involved in this. (Laughter)Give it away. Share it with people, because the people who can use it the most are the ones with no resources and no technology and no status and no power. Give it to them because they can do it in private.They need their bodies, privacy and two minutes, and it can significantly change the outcomes of their life. Thank you. (Applause)(Applause)。
高三英语body-language教案
高三英语 Body Language 教案教学目标1.学生能够理解身体语言的定义和重要性；2.学生能够识别和理解不同类型的身体语言，例如手势、面部表情和姿势等；3.学生能够运用身体语言来传达信息和理解他人的情感和意图；4.学生能够运用身体语言来改善他们与他人之间的交流和合作。
教学内容定义和重要性教师将通过口头讲解和演示来介绍身体语言是什么，为什么它是重要的以及它能够在我们的日常生活和职业生涯中起到什么作用。
不同类型的身体语言教师将介绍不同类型的身体语言，例如手势、面部表情和姿势等。
通过演示和小组讨论来理解这些身体语言的含义以及它们在不同文化中的差异。
运用身体语言传达信息和理解他人的情感和意图教师将从不同角度来探讨如何运用身体语言来传达信息和理解他人的情感和意图。
这包括如何与他人建立联系、如何正确地道歉、如何沟通等。
改善与他人之间的交流和合作教师将介绍如何运用身体语言来建立信任和改善在人际关系中的表现。
通过小组研究和演练来理解身体语言的作用，以及如何正确地运用它来改善与他人之间的交流和合作。
教学方法•课堂讨论•演示•小组研究•看视频•作业作业•观看身体语言相关的视频并做总结；•记录一天中你观察到的身体语言，包括人们在不同情境中使用的不同手势和面部表情，以及它们所表达的含义；•观察一位身体语言很好的人，记录他们在一天中不同情境中使用的身体语言，并思考他们如何运用它们来改善他们与他人之间的交流和合作。
教学评估•课堂讨论表现•作业得分•班级专题演讲表现教学参考•《身体语言读心术》•《身体语言心理学》•TED Talk: Amy Cuddy - Your body language may shape who you are 总结本课程旨在帮助高三英语学生了解身体语言的定义和重要性，并能够运用身体语言来传达信息和理解他人的情感和意图。
我们将探讨不同类型的身体语言，并介绍如何正确地运用身体语言来改善与他人之间的交流和合作。
Your body language shapes who you are
Body language shapes who we are (supplements)1.So we notice that MBA students really exhibit the full range of power nonverbals. But it still shows some differences in gender. To be more specific, women feel chronically less powerful than men, however, we got these equally qualified women and men coming in and then you get these differences in grades, and it seems partly attributed to participation.So we wonder like this we get people fake it-participate more-look more powerful-till we make it2.So what about “body can shape the mind”We got this sentence:When we are forced to smile by holding a pen in our teeth, like this, it make us feel happy.But the question is:Are we really happy in mentally, or just physically happy.I suppose it is physically happy so how can it reflect that theory “body can shape the mind”Then I got the answer from next content which refers testosterone and cortisol. So that kind of gesture contribute high testosterone and low cortisol so we feel powerful. Then we have this evidence, both that the body can shape the mind, at least at the facial level, and also that role changes can shape the mind.3.About “help to be yourself, show and say who I amAccording to the speech, we notice that a key thought has been repeated again and again, “fake it till you make it; people are bring their true selves; fake it till she became it; show them who I am.”The problem is: what if I’m born to be that kind of “small” gestured person.We can not deny that there are still a lot of people who are used to hide themselves from crowds. That’s who they are, they don’t want to change themselves to a powerful person.4.The narrator said after having her core identity taken from her, she faked everybody till she made it.I got really curious: what motives her to fake everybody for so long. If you say it’s because of every day’s two minutes open gesture that changes her, I really doubt it. I’d prefer it’s because of her persistent, personality and hard-working, and it’s not necessarily related to the nonverbals.5.Last I would like to share some thought after hearing “fake it till you make it”It reminds me of Goebble’s effectA thousand repetitions of lies are truth.At the end of this passage, I would like to conclude that: science can change one’s life. Believe in science.。
参加美国大学访校campus-tour攻略
参加美国大学访校campus tour攻略这个暑假，我与同学一同前往美国进行访校与面试，可以说是一次深度的探访。
在这三周中，我了解到了许多学校在官网上看不到的一面，也通过访问找到了自己心中的梦校，同时还发现了一些国人在美国教育上理解的误区。
可以说，这次访校面试的经历珍贵而充实。
一、临行准备因为访校面试需要出境，所以首先要准备的就是签证。
签证种类办B1/B2就可以，可以咨询一下当地旅行社办签证所需的资料，在面签时说明自己出境的目的，正常情况下签证就可以通过了。
建议提前一个半月左右规划好行程与访问学校的数量，建议不要一次去太多地方，否则会觉得心力交瘁。
我这次访校是分别在马萨诸塞州，宾夕法尼亚州与加利福尼亚州进行的，一共访问〔包括面试〕了12所学校，包括：MA：布兰迪斯大学、哈佛大学、麻省理工学院、威尔斯利女校、曼荷莲女校、史密斯女校PA：布林莫尔女校、斯沃斯莫尔学院、宾夕法尼亚大学CA：哈维姆德学院、克莱蒙特麦肯纳学院、加州理工学院飞机是从北京直飞波士顿，再从波士顿飞费城，再从费城飞LA，最后从LA飞北京〔从长沙转机〕。
如果是学生党自己去访校的话，建议定有转机的机票，会比直飞廉价不少。
整个访校的过程中，住宿是从airbnb上面订的民宿住宅，每家的主人都很友好，房间也很干净。
比起酒店，更推荐定airbnb的民宿，不仅廉价实惠，还能体验真正的美国生活，与当地居民交流，他们会为你推荐一些比较好吃实惠的餐馆，和一些值得去参观的地方。
我定的民宿都是挨着学校的，大概路程走路平均10分钟，都比较方便。
如果要去加州的5C或是宾州的布林莫尔、哈弗福德访校的话，建议就把房子定在这些学校周边〔克莱蒙特与布林莫尔〕，这些学校都挨得非常近，步行很方便。
如果要去史密斯、曼荷莲、阿默斯特访校，建议把房子订在阿默斯特区域或者北安普顿区域。
一定要提前两星期在学校官网填写好访校与面试预约表，暑期是面试访校高峰期，再晚的话很有可能就会面临约不到面试的情况。
ted最受欢迎的25个演讲稿
ted最受欢迎的25个演讲稿The Most Popular 25 TED Talk TranscriptsIntroduction:TED Talks have become well-known for their inspirational and thought-provoking content. The platform has hosted various speakers from all walks of life, sharing their expertise and experiences on a wide range of topics. This article will showcase the most popular 25 TED Talk transcripts, providing readers with a glimpse into some of the most powerful and impactful speeches from TED.1. Brene Brown - The Power of VulnerabilityIn this speech, Brene Brown explores the concept of vulnerability and its impact on our lives. She emphasizes the necessity of embracing vulnerability to build meaningful connections and lead a more fulfilling life.2. Simon Sinek - How Great Leaders Inspire ActionSimon Sinek discusses the power of inspiring leadership, focusing on the concept of starting with "why." He explores how great leaders communicate and motivate others to take action.3. Jill Bolte Taylor - My Stroke of InsightA stroke survivor herself, Jill Bolte Taylor shares her personal journey of recovery and the insights she gained during the process. Her talk provides a unique perspective on the human brain and the potential for personal transformation.4. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie - The Danger of a Single StoryChimamanda Ngozi Adichie challenges the limitations of a single narrative and emphasizes the importance of embracing diversity and multiple perspectives. Her speech encourages the audience to question and challenge stereotypes.5. Sir Ken Robinson - Do Schools Kill Creativity?Sir Ken Robinson explores the education system's impact on nurturing creativity and its importance for future success. He highlights the need for educational reforms that prioritize creativity and personalized learning.6. Elizabeth Gilbert - Your Elusive Creative GeniusElizabeth Gilbert, the author of "Eat Pray Love," shares her personal experience with creative inspiration. She emphasizes the importance of embracing creativity and the transient nature of creative ideas.7. Susan Cain - The Power of IntrovertsSusan Cain discusses the strengths and unique qualities of introverts in a world that often celebrates extroversion. She advocates for creating spaces that value and accommodate introverted individuals.8. Amy Cuddy - Your Body Language Shapes Who You AreAmy Cuddy explores the impact of body language on confidence and self-perception. She shares research findings and suggests power poses that can increase self-confidence.9. Dan Pink - The Puzzle of MotivationDan Pink challenges traditional notions of motivation and rewards in the workplace. He introduces the concept of intrinsic motivation and its potential to drive productivity and satisfaction.10. Hans Rosling - The Best Stats You've Ever SeenHans Rosling uses data and visualizations to challenge preconceived notions about global development. His speech highlights the importance of relying on accurate information when analyzing global trends.11. Sheryl Sandberg - Why We Have Too Few Women LeadersSheryl Sandberg discusses the obstacles women face in reaching leadership positions and offers advice on overcoming gender bias and societal expectations.12. Jamie Oliver - Teach Every Child About FoodJamie Oliver, a renowned chef, advocates for improving food education in schools. He emphasizes the importance of equipping children with the knowledge and skills to make healthier food choices.13. Brené Brown - Listening to ShameIn this talk, Brené Brown explores the relationship between vulnerability and shame. She encourages the audience to embrace vulnerability as a way to cultivate empathy and connection.14. Tony Robbins - Why We Do What We DoTony Robbins delves into the science of motivation and how individuals can harness it to create long-lasting change in their lives. He offers practical strategies for achieving personal and professional success.15. Bill Gates - The Next Outbreak? We're Not ReadyBill Gates, a well-known philanthropist and co-founder of Microsoft, discusses the potential consequences of a global viral outbreak. His speech emphasizes the importance of preparedness and global cooperation in preventing future pandemics.16. Mary Roach - 10 Things You Didn't Know About OrgasmMary Roach shares her humorous and informative insights into the mysteries of human sexuality. Her talk sheds light on various aspects of orgasm and human physiology.17. Meg Jay - Why 30 Is Not the New 20Meg Jay challenges the societal notion that one's twenties should be a carefree period of self-discovery. Instead, she emphasizes the importance of setting clear goals and making deliberate choices during this critical life stage.18. Temple Grandin - The World Needs All Kinds of MindsTemple Grandin, a renowned autism advocate, discusses the unique perspectives and abilities of individuals with autism. She emphasizes the importance of embracing neurodiversity and accommodating different ways of thinking.19. Angela Lee Duckworth - Grit: The Power of Passion and PerseveranceAngela Lee Duckworth explores the concept of grit and its impact on individual success. She emphasizes the importance of perseverance and resilience in achieving long-term goals.20. Julian Treasure - How to Speak So That People Want to ListenJulian Treasure shares practical tips and techniques for effective communication. His speech highlights the importance of conscious listening and clear articulation for meaningful conversations.21. Andrew Solomon - Love, No Matter WhatAndrew Solomon explores the complexities of love and acceptance within families that include individuals with disabilities. He shares heartfelt stories and challenges societal notions of "normalcy."22. Melinda Gates - What Nonprofits Can Learn from Coca-ColaMelinda Gates draws parallels between successful nonprofit organizations and Coca-Cola's marketing strategies. Her speech offers valuable insights into effective philanthropy and social change.23. Margaret Heffernan - Dare to DisagreeMargaret Heffernan challenges the notion that conflict and disagreement are always negative. She encourages individuals to embrace constructive conflict as a catalyst for growth and innovation.24. Ed Yong - Suicidal Wasps, Zombie Roaches, and Other Tales of Bizarre Animal BehaviorEd Yong shares fascinating stories of bizarre animal behaviors, highlighting the interconnectedness of the natural world. His speechprovides insights into the wonders of nature and the intricate relationships within ecosystems.25. Adam Grant - The Surprising Habits of Original ThinkersAdam Grant explores the habits and behaviors of original thinkers and offers insights into fostering creativity and innovation. He challenges conventional wisdom and encourages individuals to embrace unconventional ideas.Conclusion:These 25 TED Talk transcripts represent a small fraction of the inspiring and thought-provoking content available on the platform. Each speech offers a unique perspective and valuable insights into the speaker's respective field. Whether it's vulnerability, leadership, creativity, or social change, TED Talks continue to captivate audiences worldwide, providing a platform for sharing ideas worth spreading.。
ted最受欢迎的25个演讲稿
ted最受欢迎的25个演讲稿TED (Technology, Entertainment, Design)是一项聚焦于发布知识、思想和激发创新的全球盛会。
自1984年成立以来，TED已经举办了无数场次的演讲，其中一些精彩的演讲掀起了全球范围内的热潮。
下面我将介绍TED最受欢迎的25个演讲稿，这些演讲稿让人们产生洞察力、激发内心，不仅深受观众喜爱，而且对他们的生活产生了积极的影响。
1. Ken Robinson - "Do Schools Kill Creativity?"肯·罗宾逊的演讲探讨了教育体系对个人创造力的影响。
他提倡创新教育方法，嘲讽了传统学校教育模式的局限性，并鼓励每个人发掘自己的潜力和创造力。
2. Simon Sinek - "How Great Leaders Inspire Action"西蒙·西尼克通过对成功领导者的研究，探讨了影响人们行动背后的原因。
他强调理解自身的"为什么"，以及如何以引人入胜的方式激发他人的参与。
3. Amy Cuddy - "Your Body Language Shapes Who You Are"艾米·卡迪通过她的研究，阐述了肢体语言如何塑造一个人的形象和影响力。
她讲述了一个关于力量姿势的故事，并鼓励人们以积极的方式塑造自己。
4. Brene Brown - "The Power of Vulnerability"布莱妮·布朗通过她的个人经历和研究，强调了脆弱性的力量。
她鼓励人们接受自己的不完美，勇敢地展现真实的自己，并与他人建立真正的联系。
5. Elizabeth Gilbert - "Your Elusive Creative Genius"伊丽莎白·吉尔伯特谈论了创造力的异常性。
Amy Cuddy Your body language shapes who you are
Amy Cuddy:Your body language shapes who you areSo I want to start by offering you a free no-tech life hack, and all it requires of you is this: that you change your posture for two minutes. But before I give it away, I want to ask you to right now do a little audit of your body and what you're doing with your body. So how many of you are sort of making yourselves smaller? Maybe you're hunching, crossing your legs, maybe wrapping your ankles. Sometimes we hold onto our arms like this. Sometimes we spread out. (Laughter) I see you. (Laughter) So I want you to pay attention to what you're doing right now. We're going to come back to that in a few minutes, and I'm hoping that if you learn to tweak this a little bit, it could significantly change the way your life unfolds.So, we're really fascinated with body language, and we're particularly interested in other people's body language. You know, we're interested in, like, you know —(Laughter) —an awkward interaction, or a smile, or a contemptuous glance, or maybe a very awkward wink, or maybe even something like a handshake.Narrator: Here they are arriving at Number 10. This lucky policeman gets to shake hands with the President of the United States. Here comes the Prime Minister -- No. (Laughter) (Applause) (Laughter) (Applause)Amy Cuddy: So a handshake, or the lack of a handshake, can have us talking for weeks and weeks and weeks. Even the BBC and The New York Times. So obviously when we think about nonverbal behavior, or body language -- but we call it nonverbals as social scientists -- it's language, so we think about communication. When we think about communication, we think about interactions. So what is your body language communicating to me? What's mine communicating to you?And there's a lot of reason to believe that this is a valid way to look at this. So social scientists have spent a lot of time looking at the effects of our body language, or other people's body language, on judgments. And we make sweeping judgments and inferences from body language. And those judgments can predict really meaningful life outcomes like who we hire or promote, who we ask out on a date. For example, Nalini Ambady, a researcher at Tufts University, shows that when people watch 30-second soundless clips of real physician-patient interactions, their judgments of the physician's niceness predict whether or not that physician will be sued. So it doesn't have to do so much with whether or not that physician was incompetent, but do we like that person and how they interacted? Even more dramatic, Alex Todorov at Princeton has shown us that judgments of political candidates' faces in just one second predict 70 percent of U.S. Senate and gubernatorial race outcomes, and even, let's go digital, emoticons used well in online negotiations can lead to you claim more value from that negotiation. If you use them poorly, bad idea. Right? So when we think of nonverbals, we think of how we judge others, how they judge us and what the outcomes are. We tend to forget, though, the other audiencethat's influenced by our nonverbals, and that's ourselves. We are also influenced by our nonverbals, our thoughts and our feelings and our physiology. So what nonverbals am I talking about? I'm a social psychologist. I study prejudice, and I teach at a competitive business school, so it was inevitable that I would become interested in power dynamics. I became especially interested in nonverbal expressions of power and dominance.And what are nonverbal expressions of power and dominance? Well, this is what they are. So in the animal kingdom, they are about expanding. So you make yourself big, you stretch out, you take up space, you're basically opening up. It's about opening up. And this is true across the animal kingdom. It's not just limited to primates. And humans do the same thing. (Laughter) So they do this both when they have power sort of chronically, and also when they're feeling powerful in the moment. And this one is especially interesting because it really shows us how universal and old these expressions of power are. This expression, which is known as pride, Jessica Tracy has studied. She shows that people who are born with sight and people who are congenitally blind do this when they win at a physical competition. So when they cross the finish line and they've won, it doesn't matter if they've never seen anyone do it. They do this. So the arms up in the V, the chin is slightly lifted. What do we do when we feel powerless? We do exactly the opposite. We close up. We wrap ourselves up. We make ourselves small. We don't want to bump into the person next to us. So again, both animals and humans do the same thing. And this is what happens when you put together high and low power. So what we tend to do when it comes to power is that we complement the other's nonverbals. So if someone is being really powerful with us, we tend to make ourselves smaller. We don't mirror them. We do the opposite of them.So I'm watching this behavior in the classroom, and what do I notice? I notice that MBA students really exhibit the full range of power nonverbals. So you have people who are like caricatures of alphas, really coming into the room, they get right into the middle of the room before class even starts, like they really want to occupy space. When they sit down, they're sort of spread out. They raise their hands like this. You have other people who are virtually collapsing when they come in. As soon they come in, you see it. You see it on their faces and their bodies, and they sit in their chair and they make themselves tiny, and they go like this when they raise their hand. I notice a couple of things about this. One, you're not going to be surprised. It seems to be related to gender. So women are much more likely to do this kind of thing than men. Women feel chronically less powerful than men, so this is not surprising. But the other thing I noticed is that it also seemed to be related to the extent to which the students were participating, and how well they were participating. And this is really important in the MBA classroom, because participation counts for half the grade.So business schools have been struggling with this gender grade gap. You get these equally qualified women and men coming in and then you get these differences in grades, and it seems to be partly attributable to participation. So I started to wonder, you know, okay, so you have these people coming in like this, and they're participating. Is it possible that we could get people to fake it and would it lead them to participate more?So my main collaborator Dana Carney, who's at Berkeley, and I really wanted to know, can you fake it till you make it? Like, can you do this just for a little while and actually experience a behavioral outcome that makes you seem more powerful? So we know that our nonverbals govern how other people think and feel about us. There's a lot of evidence. But our question really was, do our nonverbals govern how we think and feel about ourselves?There's some evidence that they do. So, for example, we smile when we feel happy, but also, when we're forced to smile by holding a pen in our teeth like this, it makes us feel happy. So it goes both ways. When it comes to power, it also goes both ways. So when you feel powerful, you're more likely to do this, but it's also possible that when you pretend to be powerful, you are more likely to actually feel powerful.So the second question really was, you know, so we know that our minds change our bodies, but is it also true that our bodies change our minds? And when I say minds, in the case of the powerful, what am I talkingabout? So I'm talking about thoughts and feelings and the sort of physiological things that make up our thoughts and feelings, and in my case, that's hormones. I look at hormones. So what do the minds of the powerful versus the powerless look like? So powerful people tend to be, not surprisingly, more assertive and more confident, more optimistic. They actually feel they're going to win even at games of chance. They also tend to be able to think more abstractly. So there are a lot of differences. They take more risks. There are a lot of differences between powerful and powerless people. Physiologically, there also are differences on two key hormones: testosterone, which is the dominance hormone, and cortisol, which is the stress hormone. So what we find is that high-power alpha males in primate hierarchies have high testosterone and low cortisol, and powerful and effective leaders also have high testosterone and low cortisol. So what does that mean? When you think about power, people tended to think only about testosterone, because that was about dominance. But really, power is also about how you react to stress. So do you want the high-power leader that's dominant, high on testosterone, but really stress reactive? Probably not, right? You want the person who's powerful and assertive and dominant, but not very stress reactive, the person who's laid back.So we know that in primate hierarchies, if an alpha needs to take over, if an individual needs to take over an alpha role sort of suddenly, within a few days, that individual's testosterone has gone up significantly and his cortisol has dropped significantly. So we have this evidence, both that the body can shape the mind, at least at the facial level, and also that role changes can shape the mind. So what happens, okay, you take a role change, what happens if you do that at a really minimal level, like this tiny manipulation, this tiny intervention? "For two minutes," you say, "I want you to stand like this, and it's going to make you feel more powerful."So this is what we did. We decided to bring people into the lab and run a little experiment, and these people adopted, for two minutes, either high-power poses or low-power poses, and I'm just going to show you five of the poses, although they took on only two. So here's one. A couple more. This one has been dubbed the "Wonder Woman" by the media. Here are a couple more. So you can be standing or you can be sitting. And here are the low-power poses. So you're folding up, you're making yourself small. This one is very low-power. When you're touching your neck, you're really protecting yourself. So this is what happens. They come in, they spit into a vial, for two minutes, we say, "You need to do this or this." They don't look at pictures of the poses. We don't want to prime them with a concept of power. We want them to be feeling power. So two minutes they do this. We then ask them, "How powerful do you feel?" on a series of items, and then we give them an opportunity to gamble, and then we take another saliva sample. That's it. That's the whole experiment.So this is what we find. Risk tolerance, which is the gambling, we find that when you are in the high-power pose condition, 86 percent of you will gamble. When you're in the low-power pose condition, only 60 percent, and that's a whopping significant difference. Here's what we find on testosterone. From their baseline when they come in, high-power people experience about a 20-percent increase, and low-power people experience about a 10-percent decrease. So again, two minutes, and you get these changes. Here's what you get on cortisol. High-power people experience about a 25-percent decrease, and the low-power people experience about a 15-percent increase. So two minutes lead to these hormonal changes that configure your brain to basically be either assertive, confident and comfortable, or really stress-reactive, and feeling sort of shut down. And we've all had the feeling, right? So it seems that our nonverbals do govern how we think and feel about ourselves, so it's not just others, but it's also ourselves. Also, our bodies change our minds.But the next question, of course, is, can power posing for a few minutes really change your life in meaningful ways? This is in the lab, it's this little task, it's just a couple of minutes. Where can you actually apply this? Which we cared about, of course. And so we think where you want to use this is evaluativesituations, like social threat situations. Where are you being evaluated, either by your friends? For teenagers, it's at the lunchroom table. For some people it's speaking at a school board meeting. It might be giving a pitch or giving a talk like this or doing a job interview. We decided that the one that most people could relate to because most people had been through, was the job interview.So we published these findings, and the media are all over it, and they say, Okay, so this is what you do when you go in for the job interview, right? (Laughter) You know, so we were of course horrified, and said, Oh my God, no, that's not what we meant at all. For numerous reasons, no, don't do that. Again, this is not about you talking to other people. It's you talking to yourself. What do you do before you go into a job interview? You do this. You're sitting down. You're looking at your iPhone -- or your Android, not trying to leave anyone out. You're looking at your notes, you're hunching up, making yourself small, when really what you should be doing maybe is this, like, in the bathroom, right? Do that. Find two minutes. So that's what we want to test. Okay? So we bring people into a lab, and they do either high- or low-power poses again, they go through a very stressful job interview. It's five minutes long. They are being recorded. They're being judged also, and the judges are trained to give no nonverbal feedback, so they look like this. Imagine this is the person interviewing you. So for five minutes, nothing, and this is worse than being heckled. People hate this. It's what Marianne LaFrance calls "standing in social quicksand." So this really spikes your cortisol. So this is the job interview we put them through, because we really wanted to see what happened. We then have these coders look at these tapes, four of them. They're blind to the hypothesis. They're blind to the conditions. They have no idea who's been posing in what pose, and they end up looking at these sets of tapes, and they say, "We want to hire these people," all the high-power posers. "We don't want to hire these people. We also evaluate these people much more positively overall." But what's driving it? It's not about the content of the speech. It's about the presence that they're bringing to the speech. Because we rate them on all these variables related to competence, like, how well-structured is the speech? How good is it? What are their qualifications? No effect on those things. This is what's affected. These kinds of things. People are bringing their true selves, basically. They're bringing themselves. They bring their ideas, but as themselves, with no, you know, residue over them. So this is what's driving the effect, or mediating the effect.So when I tell people about this, that our bodies change our minds and our minds can change our behavior, and our behavior can change our outcomes, they say to me, "It feels fake." Right? So I said, fake it till you make it. It's not me. I don't want to get there and then still feel like a fraud. I don't want to feel like an impostor. I don't want to get there only to feel like I'm not supposed to be here. And that really resonated with me, because I want to tell you a little story about being an impostor and feeling like I'm not supposed to be here.When I was 19, I was in a really bad car accident. I was thrown out of a car, rolled several times. I was thrown from the car. And I woke up in a head injury rehab ward, and I had been withdrawn from college, and I learned that my I.Q. had dropped by two standard deviations, which was very traumatic. I knew my I.Q. because I had identified with being smart, and I had been called gifted as a child. So I'm taken out of college, I keep trying to go back. They say, "You're not going to finish college. Just, you know, there are other things for you to do, but that's not going to work out for you." So I really struggled with this, and I have to say, having your identity taken from you, your core identity, and for me it was being smart, having that taken from you, there's nothing that leaves you feeling more powerless than that. So I felt entirely powerless. I worked and worked, and I got lucky, and worked, and got lucky, and worked.Eventually I graduated from college. It took me four years longer than my peers, and I convinced someone, my angel advisor, Susan Fiske, to take me on, and so I ended up at Princeton, and I was like, I am not supposed to be here. I am an impostor. And the night before my first-year talk, and the first-year talk at Princeton is a 20-minute talk to 20 people. That's it. I was so afraid of being found out the next day that Icalled her and said, "I'm quitting." She was like, "You are not quitting, because I took a gamble on you, and you're staying. You're going to stay, and this is what you're going to do. You are going to fake it. You're going to do every talk that you ever get asked to do. You're just going to do it and do it and do it, even if you're terrified and just paralyzed and having an out-of-body experience, until you have this moment where you say, 'Oh my gosh, I'm doing it. Like, I have become this. I am actually doing this.'" So that's what I did. Five years in grad school, a few years, you know, I'm at Northwestern, I moved to Harvard, I'm at Harvard, I'm not really thinking about it anymore, but for a long time I had been thinking, "Not supposed to be here." So at the end of my first year at Harvard, a student who had not talked in class the entire semester, who I had said, "Look, you've gotta participate or else you're going to fail," came into my office. I really didn't know her at all. She came in totally defeated, and she said, "I'm not supposed to be here." And that was the moment for me. Because two things happened. One was that I realized, oh my gosh, I don't feel like that anymore. I don't feel that anymore, but she does, and I get that feeling. And the second was, she is supposed to be here! Like, she can fake it, she can become it. So I was like, "Yes, you are! You are supposed to be here! And tomorrow you're going to fake it, you're going to make yourself powerful, and, you know -- (Applause) "And you're going to go into the classroom, and you are going to give the best comment ever." You know? And she gave the best comment ever, And people turned around and were like, oh my God, I didn't even notice her sitting there. (Laughter)She comes back to me months later, and I realized that she had not just faked it till she made it, she had actually faked it till she became it. So she had changed. And so I want to say to you, don't fake it till you make it. Fake it till you become it. Do it enough until you actually become it and internalize.The last thing I'm going to leave you with is this. Tiny tweaks can lead to big changes. So, this is two minutes. Two minutes, two minutes, two minutes. Before you go into the next stressful evaluative situation, for two minutes, try doing this, in the elevator, in a bathroom stall, at your desk behind closed doors. That's what you want to do. Configure your brain to cope the best in that situation. Get your testosterone up. Get your cortisol down. Don't leave that situation feeling like, oh, I didn't show them who I am. Leave that situation feeling like, I really feel like I got to say who I am and show who I am.So I want to ask you first, you know, both to try power posing, and also I want to ask you to share the science, because this is simple. I don't have ego involved in this. (Laughter) Give it away. Share it with people, because the people who can use it the most are the ones with no resources and no technology and no status and no power. Give it to them because they can do it in private. They need their bodies, privacy and two minutes, and it can significantly change the outcomes of their life. Thank you. (Applause)。
2021-2022学年陕西省渭南市蒲城县高二下学期对抗赛英语试题
2021-2022学年陕西省渭南市蒲城县高二下学期对抗赛英语试题1. “You can either travel or read, but either your body or soul must be on the way.” The popular saying has inspired many people to read or go sightseeing. Traveling, just like reading, is a refreshing journey, and a temporary retreat from the busy world. Here are four books we recommend that you take on your trip.Destination: Kenya, AfricaRecommended book: West with the Night, 19429, by Beryl MarkhamThis book is about a direct, stylish and engrossing story of a marvelous life well-lived. Markham described her childhood in Kenya and her experiences as a bush pilot in the 1930s—evoking the landscape, people, and wildlife in rich detail.Destination: Central EuropeRecommended book: Life is Elsewhere, 1969, by Milan KunderaJean-Jacques Rousseau once said, “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.” The book describes a young artist’s romantic but miserable life, about how he reads, dreams and has a relationship. The book invites you to deeply reflect on your current life.Destination: Provence, FranceRecommended book: A Year in Provence, 1989, by Peter MayleProvence, well-known for its lavender (薫衣草), is not only a tourist attraction, but more a symbol of a lifestyle. The book doesn’t teach you how to deal with the hardships in life, but to avoid them happily. With a cup of wine and a rocking chair, time flows slowly here. The author and his wife are living a reclusive life here. When you make a trip following the author’s footsteps, you may encounter him in Provence.Destination: Istanbul, TurkeyRecommended book: My name Is Red, 1998, by Orhan PamukThe book, featuring a peak masterpiece of the Nobel Prize winner in Literature, Orhan Pamuk, has been translated into more than 50 languages and published around the world. It tells a story of a young man, who has been away from home for 12 years, coming back to his hometown in Istanbul. What embraces him is not only love, but a series of murder cases as well. The book inspires people to have a deeper thinking on life.1. If you want to explore Central Europe, you would like to take ________ book on your trip.A．Beryl Markham’s B．Milan Kundera’sC．Peter Mayle’s D．Orhan Pamuk’s2. What is Provence famous for?A．Lotus. B．Wine. C．The rocking D．Lavender.chair.3. Which book will attract people who are interested in the Nobel Prize in Literature?A．Life Is Elsewhere.B．West with the Night.C．My Name Is Red.D．A Year in Provence.2. We are all born social and company to live happy and fruitful life. Healthy and supportive mutual relationships help reduce stress and promote the physical, mental and emotional well-being by building skills like time management, assertiveness(自信), sociability and empathy.Making friends has made me feel secure. However, I have to be cautious to pick up friends sharing similar tastes and values. In addition, having added to one’s circle of friends helps one feel supported.It is true that finding time to cultivate relationships is all about effective time management. My busy uncle finds time to catch up with family and friends during his tea and lunch breaks. Similarly my friend Somya uses her time on her way back home from work in her chauffeur-driven car to catch up with people. The modern inventions of SMS and e-mail help send wishes for birthdays and anniversaries to show your love and care.Assertiveness is as much applicable to relationships. My friend Mohana emphasizes that neither being a passive observer nor being aggressive helps relationships. It is assertiveness in our relationships that opens the lines of effective communication. It emphasizes helping friends in need and also strengthens mutually supportive relationships.It is also true that assertiveness by intuition promotes discretion of friends and helps Lalitha distinguish positive people from drains of energy. She can easily figure this out by the flow of the conversation, the way each feels understood, accepted and supported, and by how I feel, happy, bored or energized in the relationship. It also helps to know whether all benefit from each other’s positive aspects.Handling stress in life is all about cultivating mutually supportive relationships and working on them. Manisha always says she feels great when sharing her feelings after a hard clay with people who share similar ideas. Actually we all need someone who would not just hear us, but listen to us, and we need to cultivate the art of listening and understanding people.1. How can a busy person develop his/her social relationships?A．By inviting friends for dinner. B．By working hard for high salary.C．By making friends with colleagues. D．By getting together in the intervals ofbusiness.2. ______ helps build mutually supportive social relationships.A．Being passive B．Being relaxed C．Being assertive D．Being aggressive3. What can we inter from the passage?A．Mohana seems like a passive observer.B．Lalitha has great powers of observation.C．Manisha won’t get supportive social relationship.D．Somya has trouble managing her time effectively.4. What is the best title of the passage?A．Build Mutually Supportive relationship B．Applicable RelationshipsC．Pick up Friends Supporting Us D．Relieve the Pressure in Life3. Watching Tottenham Hotspur walk out onto the pitch at Rossett Park was a surreal experience to soccer fans. Spurs were set to play against Marine AFC. In fact, this was the biggest mismatch in the 149-year history of the FA Cup. Also, the meaning behind the match was far beyond the game itself.On account of the COVID-19 pandemic, this year’s FA Cup is seriously affected. Football clubs at the top levels of the sports often postpone matches. For a club like Marine that relies on matchday revenue to survive, hooking a white whale like Spurs and then not being able to even allow the attendance of spectators must have felt cruel.However, miracle did happen. Knowing the difficult circumstances Marine was facing, 30,000 Tottenham fans opened their pocketbooks and purchase d “virtual tickets” at 10 pounds each for a match they couldn’t even attend.“I have so much respect for the coach Jose Mourinho and Tottenham Hotspur as a football club from this,” said Marine manager Neil Young. “He has done what he said he would do with his team selection. He brought on players he could have easily left on the bench and Tottenham as a club have supported us wholeheartedly. Over 30,000 virtual tickets have now been sold for this match.”Jose Mourinho also understood what this match meant. “Since 2004, I have been in England andI’ve never played against a side at this level in the pyramid,” he said. “I’m not English, but I know what this means for everyone so I brought a good team, not just for the result, but also for the meaning of the c up.”The final score was a 5-0 win for Spurs, but it was a match that meant so much more. Tottenham may be going on to the FA Cup fourth round, but it was all of football that won on Sunday.1. What is the reason of top football clubs postponing matches?A．Their concerns about the pandemic.B．Their bad financial conditions.C．Their players9 being infected with COVID-19.D．Their reluctance to play with weak teams.2. What problem did Marine face?A．Lacking match experience. B．Heavy financial pressure.C．No proper match place. D．The shortage of players.3. What can we conclude from Paragraph 4 to 5?A．Marine has never played against Tottenham before.B．Over 30,000 audience watched the match on the spot.C．Tottenham won the match in an unfair manner.D．Some best players of Tottenham played in the match.4. Why does the author write this passage?A．To introduce a great club. B．To advertise a coming game.C．To share the spirit of football. D．To inform the result of a match.4. A lot of people ask thi s question: “Why is body language so important?” Studies have shown that in the process of communication, non-verbal expression has 65% to 93% more influence than actual text. This means that “how to say” is more important than “what to say”. Of course, th is does not mean that you don’t need to do preparation for your interviews, nor does it mean that you can take any short cuts. On the contrary, this means that you have more things to pay attention to and prepare for.In the real workplace, body language is much more important than you think. Without proper body language, you may find yourself trapped in a circle where you can’t integrate with the external environment, not to mention the difficulties in the absence of body language in the workplace.“People can often make inferences from actions, and the results of these inferences directly affect lives: for example, who will be employed and who will be promoted.” Academician Amy Cuddy said in a TV talk show. She also said that “Our body language will also a ffect our perception of ourselves. When you try to make more authoritative actions, your brain will inadvertently receive signals and actually create an idea that you are more authoritative, so that you have more confidence in yourself.”Therefore, before interviews or important meetings, try not to lean on any object or have a hunched back. Instead, you should try to keep your body relaxed. You can even stand with a relatively authoritative posture—of course, you may need to do these things in the bathroom or places where no one could see you.Body language plays a crucial role in your job interviews, careers, and everyday life. Paying attention to body language could make strong impacts on your behavior, which could help you achieve better results. So, eve ry time you are nervous or feel that you can’t do it, stretch your body, smile, and tell yourself “Fake it till you become it!”1. Which of the following statement is TRUE according to Paragraph 1?A．What we say in interviews is not so important.B．We should set a high value on body language.C．Practicing body language is a short cut to success.D．Body language carries 93% of conversation messages.2. According to Amy Cuddy, why is body language important for us?A．It makes us look more authoritative. B．It decides whether we are promoted.C．It influences people’s impression of us.D．It helps people understand who we are. 3. What does the underlined word “hunched” in Paragraph 4 mean?A．Bent forward. B．Tied behind. C．Straightened up. D．Broken down. 4. The passage may be intended for ________.A．viewers of a TV talk show B．body language researchersC．working adults to be promoted D．new arrivals in the workplace5. First Aid Tips for Kids All Parents Should KnowNo parents want to think about their children getting hurt or injured, yet it’s impossible to keep their children in a safe place forever. All children are going to have injuries. Some will even be serious.1 .How to treat a cutIt’s common for children to get scrapes and cuts from time to time. 2 , you should pay more attention to it. The most important thing to remember when treating these is the importance of keeping the area clean to prevent infection, and know when medical attention might be required.How to treat an insect or animal biteMany insect bites are uncomfortable but relatively harmless; animal bites almost always require medical follow-up. 3 , you should call 911 to come.How to treat a bump (肿块) on the head4 . But you should have a watchful eye on your children and contact your doctor with any problems. But most likely, your children are fine. If your children have experienced a serious head, neck, or back injury, do not move them.5Nosebleeds are common in childhood and usually look scarier than they are. If your children have a sudden nosebleed but seems otherwise fine, have them tilt their head forward a bit, and apply gentle pressure to the nose area by squeezing both nostrils together between your thumb and forefinger. Don’t let your children blow their nose. Call your doctor or visit the emergency room if the bleeding doesn’t stop after 5-10 minutes.6. Evelyn Glennie was the first lady of solo percussion(打击乐器) in Scotland. In an interview, she recalled how she became a percussion soloist in spite of her disability.“Early on I decided not to allow the opinions of others to ________ me becoming a musician. I grew up on a farm in northeast Scotland and began ________ piano lessons when I was eight. The older I got, the crazier I became about music. But I also began to gradually lose my ________. Doctors concluded that the nerve ________ was the cause and by age twelve, I was completely deaf. My love for music, ________, never left me.”“My goal was to become a percussion soloist, ________ there were none at that time. In order to perform, I ________ to ‘hear’ music differently from others. I played in my stocking feet and could ________ the pitch of a note by the vibrations I felt through my body. My entire sound world depended on taking ________ of almost every sense that I had.”“I was ________ to be recognized as a musician, ________ a deaf musician, and I ________ to the Royal Academy of Music in London. No other deaf student had ________ this before and some teachers ________ my admission. ________ my performance, I was ________ admitted and went on to graduate with the school’s highest honors.”“After that, I became well-known as the first full-time solo percussionist. I ________ a series of musical compositions since ________ had been written specially for solo percussionists.”“Though the doctor thought I was totally deaf, it didn’t ________ that my dream couldn’t be realized. I encourage people not to allow themselves to be ________ by others. Follow your passion; follow your heart. They will lead you to the place you want to go.”1.A．ignore B．force C．keep D．stop2.A．taking B．giving C．playing D．joining3.A．taste B．feeling C．sight D．hearing4.A．ruin B．damage C．wound D．cut5.A．moreover B．therefore C．however D．besides 6.A．ever since B．even though C．as if D．so that 7.A．used B．agreed C．turned D．learned 8.A．point B．smell C．tell D．see9.A．advantage B．charge C．used D．care10.A．determined B．discouraged C．educated D．devoted 11.A．such as B．except for C．as well as D．instead of 12.A．applied B．congratulated C．studied D．researched 13.A．begged B．persuaded C．done D．accepted 14.A．voted for B．disagreed with C．cared about D．gave in 15.A．Based on B．Concerned about C．Shocked at D．Fond of 16.A．possibly B．hopefully C．usually D．finally 17.A．copied B．performed C．wrote D．spelt 18.A．many B．few C．enough D．little19.A．conclude B．say C．mean D．seem20.A．taught B．limited C．directed D．guided7. 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
ted最值得看的10个演讲
ted最值得看的10个演讲TED（Technology, Entertainment, Design）是一个非营利性组织，致力于分享思想和传播知识。
它每年举办全球各地的TED大会，邀请各领域的专家、学者、创业者、艺术家等发表演讲，探讨各种重要的议题。
以下是我认为TED最值得看的10个演讲，它们涵盖了不同主题和领域，希望能给你带来启发和思考：1. Ken Robinson: "Do Schools Kill Creativity?"（肯·罗宾逊，《学校是否扼杀创造力？》）这个演讲探讨了教育体系对创造力的限制，呼吁改变教育方式，激发学生的创造潜能。
2. Simon Sinek: "How Great Leaders Inspire Action"（西蒙·西涅克，《伟大领导者如何激励行动》）这个演讲探讨了领导力的本质，强调了领导者应该关注为什么做某事而不是仅仅关注如何做。
3. Amy Cuddy: "Your Body Language Shapes Who You Are"（艾米·卡迪，《你的肢体语言塑造你的形象》）这个演讲讲述了肢体语言对我们自信和成功的影响，强调了积极肢体语言的重要性。
4. Brené Brown: "The Power of Vulnerability"（布伦·布朗，《脆弱的力量》）这个演讲探讨了脆弱和勇气之间的关系，提出了真正的勇气来自于接受自己的脆弱。
5. Dan Pink: "The Puzzle of Motivation"（丹·平克，《激励之谜》）这个演讲挑战了传统的激励方法，提出了自主性、目标性和成长性对激励的重要性。
6. Elizabeth Gilbert: "Your Elusive Creative Genius"（伊丽莎白·吉尔伯特，《你难以捉摸的创造天才》）这个演讲探讨了创造力的本质，提出了创造力来自于个体与外界的合作。
ted人文历史科普短片 英语
ted人文历史科普短片英语English Answer:Why is the TEDx format so popular?TEDx events are popular because they offer a unique opportunity to share ideas and connect with others who are passionate about the same topics. They are also a great way to learn new things and be inspired by the stories of others.What are the benefits of attending a TEDx event?Attendees can expect to hear from a diverse range of speakers, learn about new ideas, and be inspired to take action. They can also network with other attendees and make new connections.What is the difference between a TED event and a TEDx event?TED events are organized by the TED organization, while TEDx events are independently organized by individuals or groups. TEDx events must adhere to certain guidelines set by TED, but they have more flexibility in terms of their content and format.How can I find a TEDx event near me?You can find a TEDx event near you by visiting the TEDx website.How can I apply to speak at a TEDx event?You can apply to speak at a TEDx event by submitting an application online.What is the TED Prize?The TED Prize is an annual award given to an individual who has made a significant contribution to the world. The prize includes $1 million to support the winner's work.Who are some of the most famous TED speakers?Some of the most famous TED speakers include Bill Gates, Al Gore, and Elon Musk.What are some of the most popular TED Talks?Some of the most popular TED Talks include "The Powerof Vulnerability" by Brené Brown, "Ho w Great LeadersInspire Action" by Simon Sinek, and "Your Body Language Shapes Who You Are" by Amy Cuddy.中文回答：为什么TEDx 的形式如此受欢迎？TEDx 活动广受欢迎，因为它们提供了一个独特的机会来分享想法，并与对相同话题充满热情的人建立联系。
03yourbodylanguagemayshapewhoyouare
Your body language may shape who you are00:00So I want to start by offering you a free no-tech life hack, and all it requires of you is this: that you change your posture for two minutes. But before I give it away, I want to ask you to right now do a little audit of your body and what you're doing with your body. So how many of you are sort of making yourselves smaller Maybe you're hunching, crossing your legs, maybe wrapping your ankles. Sometimes we hold onto our arms like this. Sometimes we spread out. (Laughter) I see you. So I want you to pay attention to what you're doing right now. We're going to come back to that in a few minutes, and I'm hoping that if you learn to tweak this a little bit, it could significantly change the way your life unfolds.00:47So, we're really fascinated with body language, and we're particularly interested in other people's body language. You know, we're interested in, like, you know — (Laughter) — an awkward interaction, or a smile, or a contemptuous glance, or maybe a very awkward wink, or maybe even something like a handshake.01:11Narrator: Here they are arriving at Number 10. This lucky policeman getsto shake hands with the President of the United States. Here comes the Prime Minister -- No. (Laughter) (Applause)01:24(Laughter) (Applause)01:27Amy Cuddy: So a handshake, or the lack of a handshake, can have us talking for weeks and weeks and weeks. Even the BBC and The New York Times. So obviously when we think about nonverbal behavior, or body language -- but we call it nonverbals as social scientists -- it's language, so we think about communication. When we think about communication, we think about interactions. So what is your body language communicating to me What's mine communicating to you01:53And there's a lot of reason to believe that this is a valid way to look at this. So social scientists have spent a lot of time looking at the effects of our body language, or other people's body language, on judgments. And we make sweeping judgments and inferences from body language. And those judgments can predict really meaningful life outcomes like who we hire or promote, who we ask out on a date. For example, Nalini Ambady, a researcher at Tufts University, shows that when people watch 30-second soundless clipsof real physician-patient interactions, their judgments of the physician's niceness predict whether or not that physician will be sued. So it doesn't have to do so much with whether or not that physician was incompetent, but do we like that person and how they interacted Even more dramatic, Alex Todorov at Princeton has shown us that judgments of political candidates' faces in just one second predict 70 percent of . Senate and gubernatorial race outcomes, and even, let's go digital, emoticons used well in online negotiations can lead you to claim more value from that negotiation. If you use them poorly, bad idea. Right03:08So when we think of nonverbals, we think of how we judge others, how they judge us and what the outcomes are. We tend to forget, though, the other audience that's influenced by our nonverbals, and that's ourselves. We are also influenced by our nonverbals, our thoughts and our feelings and our physiology.03:26So what nonverbals am I talking about I'm a social psychologist. I study prejudice, and I teach at a competitive business school, so it was inevitable that I would become interested in power dynamics. I became especially interested in nonverbal expressions of power and dominance.03:45And what are nonverbal expressions of power and dominance Well, this is what they are. So in the animal kingdom, they are about expanding. So you make yourself big, you stretch out, you take up space, you're basically opening up. It's about opening up. And this is true across the animal kingdom. It's not just limited to primates. And humans do the same thing. (Laughter) So they do this both when they have power sort of chronically, and also when they're feeling powerful in the moment. And this one is especially interesting because it really shows us how universal and old these expressions of power are. This expression, which is known as pride, Jessica Tracy has studied. She shows that people who are born with sight and people who are congenitally blind do this when they win at a physical competition. So when they cross the finish line and they've won, it doesn't matter if they've never seen anyone do it. They do this. So the arms up in the V, the chin is slightly lifted.04:44What do we do when we feel powerless We do exactly the opposite. We close up. We wrap ourselves up. We make ourselves small. We don't want to bump into the person next to us. So again, both animals and humans do the same thing. And this is what happens when you put together high and low power.So what we tend to do when it comes to power is that we complement the other's nonverbals. So if someone is being really powerful with us, we tend to make ourselves smaller. We don't mirror them. We do the opposite of them. 05:13So I'm watching this behavior in the classroom, and what do I notice I notice that MBA students really exhibit the full range of power nonverbals. So you have people who are like caricatures of alphas, really coming into the room, they get right into the middle of the room before class even starts, like they really want to occupy space. When they sit down, they're sort of spread out. They raise their hands like this. You have other people who are virtually collapsing when they come in. As soon they come in, you see it. You see it on their faces and their bodies, and they sit in their chair and they make themselves tiny, and they go like this when they raise their hand.05:52I notice a couple of things about this. One, you're not going to be surprised. It seems to be related to gender. So women are much more likely to do this kind of thing than men. Women feel chronically less powerful than men, so this is not surprising.06:08But the other thing I noticed is that it also seemed to be related to the extent to which the students were participating, and how well they were participating. And this is really important in the MBA classroom, because participation counts for half the grade.06:22So business schools have been struggling with this gender grade gap. You get these equally qualified women and men coming in and then you get these differences in grades, and it seems to be partly attributable to participation. So I started to wonder, you know, okay, so you have these people coming in like this, and they're participating. Is it possible that we could get people to fake it and would it lead them to participate more 06:46So my main collaborator Dana Carney, who's at Berkeley, and I really wanted to know, can you fake it till you make it Like, can you do this just for a little while and actually experience a behavioral outcome that makes you seem more powerful So we know that our nonverbals govern how other people think and feel about us. There's a lot of evidence. But our question really was, do our nonverbals govern how we think and feel about ourselves 07:13There's some evidence that they do. So, for example, we smile when we feelhappy, but also, when we're forced to smile by holding a pen in our teeth like this, it makes us feel happy. So it goes both ways. When it comes to power, it also goes both ways. So when you feel powerful, you're more likely to do this, but it's also possible that when you pretend to be powerful, you are more likely to actually feel powerful.07:46So the second question really was, you know, so we know that our minds change our bodies, but is it also true that our bodies change our minds And when I say minds, in the case of the powerful, what am I talking about So I'm talking about thoughts and feelings and the sort of physiological things that make up our thoughts and feelings, and in my case, that's hormones.I look at hormones. So what do the minds of the powerful versus the powerless look like So powerful people tend to be, not surprisingly, more assertive and more confident, more optimistic. They actually feel they're going to win even at games of chance. They also tend to be able to think more abstractly. So there are a lot of differences. They take more risks. There are a lot of differences between powerful and powerless people. Physiologically, there also are differences on two key hormones: testosterone, which is the dominance hormone, and cortisol, which is the stress hormone.So what we find is that high-power alpha males in primate hierarchies have high testosterone and low cortisol, and powerful and effective leaders also have high testosterone and low cortisol. So what does that mean When you think about power, people tended to think only about testosterone, because that was about dominance. But really, power is also about how you react to stress. So do you want the high-power leader that's dominant, high on testosterone, but really stress reactive Probably not, right You want the person who's powerful and assertive and dominant, but not very stress reactive, the person who's laid back.09:26So we know that in primate hierarchies, if an alpha needs to take over, if an individual needs to take over an alpha role sort of suddenly, within a few days, that individual's testosterone has gone up significantly and his cortisol has dropped significantly. So we have this evidence, both that the body can shape the mind, at least at the facial level, and also that role changes can shape the mind. So what happens, okay, you take a role change, what happens if you do that at a really minimal level, like this tiny manipulation, this tiny intervention "For two minutes," you say, "I want you to stand like this, and it's going to make you feel more powerful."So this is what we did. We decided to bring people into the lab and run a little experiment, and these people adopted, for two minutes, either high-power poses or low-power poses, and I'm just going to show you five of the poses, although they took on only two. So here's one. A couple more. This one has been dubbed the "Wonder Woman" by the media. Here are a couple more. So you can be standing or you can be sitting. And here are the low-power poses. So you're folding up, you're making yourself small. This one is very low-power. When you're touching your neck, you're really protecting yourself.10:52So this is what happens. They come in, they spit into a vial, for two minutes, we say, "You need to do this or this." They don't look at pictures of the poses. We don't want to prime them with a concept of power. We want them to be feeling power. So two minutes they do this. We then ask them, "How powerful do you feel" on a series of items, and then we give them an opportunity to gamble, and then we take another saliva sample. That's it. That's the whole experiment.11:17So this is what we find. Risk tolerance, which is the gambling, we findthat when you are in the high-power pose condition, 86 percent of you will gamble. When you're in the low-power pose condition, only 60 percent, and that's a whopping significant difference.11:33Here's what we find on testosterone. From their baseline when they come in, high-power people experience about a 20-percent increase, and low-power people experience about a 10-percent decrease. So again, two minutes, and you get these changes. Here's what you get on cortisol. High-power people experience about a 25-percent decrease, and the low-power people experience about a 15-percent increase. So two minutes lead to these hormonal changes that configure your brain to basically be either assertive, confident and comfortable, or really stress-reactive, and feeling sort of shut down. And we've all had the feeling, right So it seems that our nonverbals do govern how we think and feel about ourselves, so it's not just others, but it's also ourselves. Also, our bodies change our minds.12:25But the next question, of course, is, can power posing for a few minutes really change your life in meaningful ways This is in the lab, it's this little task, it's just a couple of minutes. Where can you actually applythis Which we cared about, of course. And so we think where you want to use this is evaluative situations, like social threat situations. Where are you being evaluated, either by your friends For teenagers, it's at the lunchroom table. For some people it's speaking at a school board meeting. It might be giving a pitch or giving a talk like this or doing a job interview. We decided that the one that most people could relate to because most people had been through, was the job interview.13:10So we published these findings, and the media are all over it, and they say, Okay, so this is what you do when you go in for the job interview, right13:18(Laughter)13:19You know, so we were of course horrified, and said, Oh my God, no, that's not what we meant at all. For numerous reasons, no, don't do that. Again, this is not about you talking to other people. It's you talking to yourself. What do you do before you go into a job interview You do this. You're sitting down. You're looking at your iPhone -- or your Android, not trying to leave anyone out. You're looking at your notes, you're hunching up, makingyourself small, when really what you should be doing maybe is this, like, in the bathroom, right Do that. Find two minutes. So that's what we want to test. Okay So we bring people into a lab, and they do either high- or low-power poses again, they go through a very stressful job interview. It's five minutes long. They are being recorded. They're being judged also, and the judges are trained to give no nonverbal feedback, so they look like this. Imagine this is the person interviewing you. So for five minutes, nothing, and this is worse than being heckled. People hate this. It's what Marianne LaFrance calls "standing in social quicksand." So this really spikes your cortisol. So this is the job interview we put them through, because we really wanted to see what happened. We then have these coders look at these tapes, four of them. They're blind to the hypothesis. They're blind to the conditions. They have no idea who's been posing in what pose, and they end up looking at these sets of tapes, and they say, "We want to hire these people," all the high-power posers. "We don't want to hire these people. We also evaluate these people much more positively overall." But what's driving it It's not about the content of the speech. It's about the presence that they're bringing to the speech. Because we rate them on all these variables related to competence, like, how well-structured is the speech How good is it What are their qualifications No effect on thosethings. This is what's affected. These kinds of things. People are bringing their true selves, basically. They're bringing themselves. They bring their ideas, but as themselves, with no, you know, residue over them. So this is what's driving the effect, or mediating the effect.15:24So when I tell people about this, that our bodies change our minds and our minds can change our behavior, and our behavior can change our outcomes, they say to me, "It feels fake." Right So I said, fake it till you make it. It's not me. I don't want to get there and then still feel like a fraud.I don't want to feel like an impostor. I don't want to get there only to feel like I'm not supposed to be here. And that really resonated with me, because I want to tell you a little story about being an impostor and feeling like I'm not supposed to be here.15:55When I was 19, I was in a really bad car accident. I was thrown out of a car, rolled several times. I was thrown from the car. And I woke up in a head injury rehab ward, and I had been withdrawn from college, and I learned that my IQ had dropped by two standard deviations, which was very traumatic.I knew my IQ because I had identified with being smart, and I had been called gifted as a child. So I'm taken out of college, I keep trying to go back.They say, "You're not going to finish college. Just, you know, there are other things for you to do, but that's not going to work out for you." 16:32So I really struggled with this, and I have to say, having your identity taken from you, your core identity, and for me it was being smart, having that taken from you, there's nothing that leaves you feeling more powerless than that. So I felt entirely powerless. I worked and worked, and I got lucky, and worked, and got lucky, and worked.16:51Eventually I graduated from college. It took me four years longer than my peers, and I convinced someone, my angel advisor, Susan Fiske, to take me on, and so I ended up at Princeton, and I was like, I am not supposed to be here. I am an impostor. And the night before my first-year talk, and the first-year talk at Princeton is a 20-minute talk to 20 people. That's it. I was so afraid of being found out the next day that I called her and said, "I'm quitting." She was like, "You are not quitting, because I took a gamble on you, and you're staying. You're going to stay, and this is what you're going to do. You are going to fake it. You're going to do every talk that you ever get asked to do. You're just going to do it and do it and do it, even if you're terrified and just paralyzed and having an out-of-bodyexperience, until you have this moment where you say, 'Oh my gosh, I'm doing it. Like, I have become this. I am actually doing this.'" So that's what I did. Five years in grad school, a few years, you know, I'm at Northwestern, I moved to Harvard, I'm at Harvard, I'm not really thinking about it anymore, but for a long time I had been thinking, "Not supposed to be here."17:56So at the end of my first year at Harvard, a student who had not talked in class the entire semester, who I had said, "Look, you've gotta participate or else you're going to fail," came into my office. I really didn't know her at all. She came in totally defeated, and she said, "I'm not supposed to be here." And that was the moment for me. Because two things happened. One was that I realized, oh my gosh, I don't feel like that anymore.I don't feel that anymore, but she does, and I get that feeling. And the second was, she is supposed to be here! Like, she can fake it, she can become it.18:35So I was like, "Yes, you are! You are supposed to be here! And tomorrow you're going to fake it, you're going to make yourself powerful, and, you know --18:43(Applause)18:48And you're going to go into the classroom, and you are going to give the best comment ever." You know And she gave the best comment ever, and people turned around and were like, oh my God, I didn't even notice her sitting there. (Laughter)19:03She comes back to me months later, and I realized that she had not just faked it till she made it, she had actually faked it till she became it. So she had changed. And so I want to say to you, don't fake it till you make it. Fake it till you become it. Do it enough until you actually become it and internalize.19:22The last thing I'm going to leave you with is this. Tiny tweaks can lead to big changes. So, this is two minutes. Two minutes, two minutes, two minutes. Before you go into the next stressful evaluative situation, for two minutes, try doing this, in the elevator, in a bathroom stall, at your desk behind closed doors. That's what you want to do. Configure your brain to cope the best in that situation. Get your testosterone up. Get your cortisol down. Don't leave that situation feeling like, oh, I didn't showthem who I am. Leave that situation feeling like, I really feel like I got to say who I am and show who I am.19:59So I want to ask you first, you know, both to try power posing, and also I want to ask you to share the science, because this is simple. I don't have ego involved in this. (Laughter) Give it away. Share it with people, because the people who can use it the most are the ones with no resources and no technology and no status and no power. Give it to them because they can do it in private. They need their bodies, privacy and two minutes, and it can significantly change the outcomes of their life.20:30Thank you.20:31(Applause)。
ted十大著名演讲稿
ted十大著名演讲稿TED（Technology, Entertainment, Design）是一个非营利性组织，旨在传播思想、鼓励创新和分享知识。
这个组织定期举办TED会议，邀请各领域的专家、学者、企业家等演讲者分享他们的观点和见解。
TED演讲以其深刻的思想、生动的语言和精彩的表达而闻名，既丰富了听众的知识，也激发了他们对世界的思考。
以下是TED十大著名演讲稿，这些演讲以不同的方式启发和鼓励着人们。
1. "Do Schools Kill Creativity?" by Sir Ken Robinson英国教育家肯·罗宾逊发表的这篇演讲探讨了现代教育体系对创造力的抑制。
他认为，学校过度注重学科知识和标准化测试，忽视了创造力和想象力的培养。
罗宾逊呼吁改革教育，让学生发挥他们独特的才能和创造力。
2. "The Power of Vulnerability" by Brené Brown研究社会科学的布伦·布朗通过这篇演讲深入探讨了脆弱性的力量。
她分享了她在研究中的发现，认为脆弱性是我们建立人际连接、实现自我成长的关键。
布朗鼓励我们勇敢地面对自己的脆弱，并实现真正的人生和关系。
3. "How Great Leaders Inspire Action" by Simon Sinek西蒙·西内克在这篇演讲中研究了伟大领导者的共同特点，并归纳出一个重要原则：“为什么比什么更重要”。
他指出了许多伟大领导者如何通过传达他们对事业的动机和目标来激励行动，并鼓励我们找到属于自己的“为什么”。
4. "The Puzzle of Motivation" by Dan Pink丹·平克在这篇演讲中提出了一个具有启示性的问题：金钱是否是唯一的激励因素？他介绍了科学研究的结果，指出在创造性工作和复杂任务中，金钱奖励反而可能降低动机。
Amy Cuddy -- Body Language
[Amy Cuddy - Your Body Language Shapes Who You Are] So I want to start by offering you a free no-tech life hack, and all it requires of you is this: that you change your posture for two minutes. But before I give it away, I want to ask you to right now do a little audit of your body and what you‟re doing wi th your body. So how many of you are sort of making yourselves smaller? Maybe you‟re hunching, crossing your legs, maybe wrapping your ankles. Sometimes we hold onto our arms like this. Sometimes we spread out. (Laughter) I see you. (Laughter) So I want you to pay attention to what you‟re doing right now. We‟re going to come back to that in a few minutes, and I‟m hoping that if you learn to tweak this a little bit, it could significantly change the way your life unfolds.So, we‟re really fascinated with body language, and we‟re particularly interested in other people‟s body language. You know, we‟re interested in, like, you know — (Laughter) — an awkward interaction, or a smile, or a contemptuous glance, or maybe a very awkward wink, or maybe even something like a handshake.Narrator: H ere they are arriving at Number 10, and look at this lucky policeman gets to shake hands with the President of the United States. Oh, and here comes the Prime Minister of the — ? No. (Laughter) (Applause) (Laughter) (Applause)So a handshake, or the lack of a handshake, can have us talking for weeks and weeks and weeks. Even the BBC and The New York Times. So obviously when we think about nonverbal behavior, or body language — but we call it nonverbals as social scientists — it‟s language, so we think about communication. When we think about communication, we think about interactions. So what is your body language communicating to me? What‟s mine communicating to you? And there‟s a lot of reason to believe that this is a valid w ay to look at this. So social scientists have spent a lot of time looking at the effects of our body language, or other people‟s body language, on judgments. And we make sweeping judgments and inferences from body language. And those judgments can predict really meaningful life outcomes like who we hire or promote, who we ask out on a date. For example, Nalini Ambady, a researcher at Tufts University, shows that when people watch 30-second soundless clips of realphysician-patient interactions, their judgme nts of the physician‟s niceness predict whether or not that physician will be sued. So it doesn‟t have to do so much with whether or not that physician wasincompetent, but do we like that person and how they interacted? Even more dramatic, Alex Todorov at Princeton has shown us that judgments of political candidates‟ faces in just one second predict 70 percent of U.S. Senate and gubernatorial race outcomes, and even, let‟s go digital, emoticons used well in online negotiations can lead to you claim more value from that negotiation. If you use them poorly, bad idea. Right? So when we think of nonverbals, we think of how we judge others, how they judge us and what the outcomes are. We tend to forget, though, the other audience that‟s influenced by our nonverb als, and that‟s ourselves.We are also influenced by our nonverbals, our thoughts and our feelings and our physiology. So what nonverbals am I talking about? I‟m a social psychologist. I study prejudice, and I teach at a competitive business school, so it was inevitable that I would become interested in power dynamics. I became especially interested in nonverbal expressions of power and dominance.And what are nonverbal expressions of power and dominance? Well, this is what they are. So in the animal kingdom, they are about expanding. So you make yourself big, you stretch out, you take up space, you‟re basically opening up. It‟s about opening up. And this is true across the animal kingdom. It‟s not just limited to primates. And humans do the same thing. (Laughter) So they do this both when they have power sort of chronically, and also when they‟re feeling powerful in the moment. And this one is especially interesting because it really shows us how universal and old these expressions of power are. This expression, which is known as pride, Jessica Tracy has studied. She shows that people who are born with sight and people who are congenitally blind do this when they win at a physical competition. So when they cross the finish line and they‟ve won, it doesn‟t mat ter if they‟ve never seen anyone do it. They do this. So the arms up in the V, the chin is slightly lifted. What do we do when we feel powerless? We do exactly the opposite. We close up. We wrap ourselves up. We make ourselves small. We don‟t want to bump into the person next to us. So again, both animals and humans do the same thing. And this is what happens when you put together high and low power. So what we tend to do when it comes to power is that we complement the other‟s nonverbals. So if someone is being really powerful with us, we tend to make ourselves smaller. We don‟t mirror them. We do the opposite of them.So I‟m watching this behavior in the classroom, and what do I notice?I notice that MBA students really exhibit the full range of power nonverbals. So you have people who are like caricatures of alphas, really coming into the room, they get right into the middle of the roombefore class even starts, like they really want to occupy space. When they sit down, they‟re sort of spread out. They rai se their hands like this. You have other people who are virtually collapsing when they come in. As soon they come in, you see it. You see it on their faces and their bodies, and they sit in their chair and they make themselves tiny, and they go like this when they raise their hand. I notice a couple of things about this. One, you‟re not going to be surprised. It seems to be related to gender. So women are much more likely to do this kind of thing than men. Women feel chronically less powerful than men, so this is not surprising. But the other thing I noticed is that it also seemed to be related to the extent to which the students were participating, and how well they were participating. And this is really important in the MBA classroom, because participation counts for half the grade.So business schools have been struggling with this gender grade gap. You get these equally qualified women and men coming in and then you get these differences in grades, and it seems to be partly attributable to participation. So I started to wonder, you know, okay, so you have these people coming in like this, and they‟re participating. Is it possible that we could get people to fake it and would it lead them to participate more?So my main collaborator Dana Carney, who‟s at Be rkeley, and I really wanted to know, can you fake it till you make it? Like, can you do this just for a little while and actually experience a behavioral outcome that makes you seem more powerful? So we know that our nonverbals govern how other people thin k and feel about us. There‟s a lot of evidence. But our question really was, do our nonverbals govern how we think and feel about ourselves?There‟s some evidence that they do. So, for example, we smile when we feel happy, but also, when we‟re forced to sm ile by holding a pen in our teeth like this, it makes us feel happy. So it goes both ways. When it comes to power, it also goes both ways. So when you feel powerful, you‟re more likely to do this, but it‟s also possible that when you pretend to be powerful, you are more likely to actually feel powerful.So the second question really was, you know, so we know that our minds change our bodies, but is it also true that our bodies change our minds? And when I say minds, in the case of the powerful, what am I ta lking about? So I‟m talking about thoughts and feelings and the sort of physiological things that make up our thoughts and feelings, and in my case, that‟s hormones. I look at hormones. So what do the minds of the powerful versus the powerless look like? So powerful peopletend to be, not surprisingly, more assertive and more confident, more optimistic. They actually feel that they‟re going to win even at games of chance. They also tend to be able to think more abstractly. So there are a lot of differences. They take more risks. There are a lot of differences between powerful and powerless people. Physiologically, there also are differences on two key hormones: testosterone, which is the dominance hormone, and cortisol, which is the stress hormone. So what we find is that high-power alpha males in primate hierarchies have high testosterone and low cortisol, and powerful and effective leaders also have high testosterone and low cortisol. So what does that mean? When you think about power, people tended to think only about testosterone, because that was about dominance. But really, power is also about how you react to stress. So do you want the high-power leader that‟s dominant, high on testosterone, but really stress reactive? Probably not, right? You want the person who‟s powerful and assertive and dominant, but not very stress reactive, the person who‟s laid back.So we know that in primate hierarchies, if an alpha needs to take over, if an individual needs to take over an alpha role sort of suddenly, within a few days, that individual‟s testosterone has gone up significantly and his cortisol has dropped significantly. So we have this evidence, both that the body can shape the mind, at least at the facial level, and also that role changes can shape the mind. So what happens, okay, you take a role change, what happens if you do that at a really minimal level, like this tiny manipulation, this tiny intervention? “For two minutes,” you say, “I want you to stand like this, and it‟s going to make you feel more powerful.”So this is what we did. We decided to bring people into the lab and run a little experiment, and these people adopted, for two minutes, either high-power poses or low-power poses, and I‟m just going to show you five of the poses, although they took on only two. So here‟s one. A couple more. This one has been dubbed the “Wonder Woman” by the media. Here are a couple more. So you can be standing or you can be sitting. And here are the low-power poses. So you‟re folding up,you‟re making yourself small. T his one is very low-power. Whenyou‟re touching your neck, you‟re really protecting yourself. So this is what happens. They come in, they spit into a vial, we for two minutes say, “You need to do this or this.” They don‟t look at pictures of the poses. We don‟t want to prime them with a concept of power. We want them to be feeling power, right? So two minutes they do this. We then ask them, “How powerful do you feel?” on a series of items, and then we give them an opportunity to gamble, and then we take another saliva sample. That‟s it. That‟s the whole experiment.So this is what we find. Risk tolerance, which is the gambling, what we find is that when you‟re in the high-power pose condition, 86 percent of you will gamble. When you‟re in the low-power pose condition, only 60 percent, and that‟s a pretty whopping significant difference. Here‟s what we find on testosterone. From their baseline when they come in, high-power people experience about a 20-percent increase, andlow-power people experience about a 10-percent decrease. So again, two minutes, and you get these changes. Here‟s what you get on cortisol. High-power people experience about a 25-percent decrease, and the low-power people experience about a 15-percent increase. So two minutes lead to these hormonal changes that configure your brain to basically be either assertive, confident and comfortable, or really stress-reactive, and, you know, feeling sort of shut down. And we‟ve all had the feeling, right? So it seems that our nonverbals do govern how we think and feel about ourselves, so it‟s not just others, but it‟s also ourselves. Also, our bodies change our minds.But the next question, of course, is can power posing for a few minutes really change your life in meaningful ways? So this is in the la b. It‟s this little task, you know, it‟s just a couple of minutes. Where can you actually apply this? Which we cared about, of course. And so we think it‟s really, what matters, I mean, where you want to use this is evaluative situations like social threat situations. Where are you being evaluated, either by your friends? Like for teenagers it‟s at the lunchroom table. It could be, you know, for some people it‟s speaking at a school board meeting. It might be giving a pitch or giving a talk like this or doing a job interview. We decided that the one that most people could relate to because most people had been through was the job interview.So we published these findings, and the media are all over it, and they say, Okay, so this is what you do when you go in for the job interview, right? (Laughter) You know, so we were of course horrified, and said, Oh my God, no, no, no, that‟s not what we meant at all. For numerous reasons, no, no, no, don‟t do that. Again, this is not about you talking to other people. It‟s you talking to yourself. What do you do before you go into a job interview? You do this. Right? You‟re sitting down. You‟re looking at your iPhone — or your Android, not trying to leave anyone out. You are, you know, you‟re looking at your notes, you‟re hunching up, making yourself small, when really what you should be doing maybe is this, like, in the bathroom, right? Do that. Find two minutes. So that‟s what we want to test. Okay? So we bring people into a lab, and they do either high- or low-power poses again, they go through a very stressful job interview. It‟s five minutes long. They are being recorded. They‟re being judged also, and the judges are trainedto give no nonverbal feedback, so they look like this. Like, imagine this is the person interviewing you. So for five minutes, nothing, and this is worse than being heckled. People hate this. It‟s what Marianne LaFrance calls “standing in social quicksand.” So this really spikes your cortisol. So this is the job interview we put them through, because we really wanted to see what happened. We then have these coders look at these tapes, four of them. They‟re blind to the hypothesis. They‟re blind to the conditions. They have no idea who‟s been posing in what pose, and they end up looking at these sets of tapes, and they say, “Oh, we want to hire these people,” — all the high-power posers —“we don‟t want to hire these people. We also evaluate these people much more positively overall.” But what‟s driving it? It‟s not about the content of the speech. It‟s about the presence that they‟re bringing to the speech. We also, because we rate them on all these variables related to competence, like, how well-structured is the speech? How good is it? What are their qualifications? No effect on those things. This is what‟s affected. These kinds of things. People are bringing their true selves, basically. They‟re bringing themselves. They bring their ideas, but as themselves, with no, you know, residue over them. So this is what‟s driving the effect, or mediating the effect.So when I tell people about this, that our bodies change our minds and our minds can change our behavior, and our behavior can change our outcomes, they say to me, “I don‟t —It feels fake.” Right? So I said, fake it till you make it. I don‟t —It‟s not me. I don‟t want to get there and then still feel like a fraud. I don‟t want to feel like an impostor. I don‟t want to get there only to feel like I‟m not supposed to be here. And that really resonated with me, because I want to tell you a little sto ry about being an impostor and feeling like I‟m not supposed to be here.When I was 19, I was in a really bad car accident. I was thrown out of a car, rolled several times. I was thrown from the car. And I woke up in a head injury rehab ward, and I had been withdrawn from college, and I learned that my I.Q. had dropped by two standard deviations, which was very traumatic. I knew my I.Q. because I had identified with being smart, and I had been called gifted as a child. So I‟m taken out of college, I keep tr ying to go back. They say, “You‟re not going to finish college. Just, you know, there are other things for you to do, but that‟s not going to work out for you.” So I really struggled with this, and I have to say, having your identity taken from you, your core identity, and for me it was being smart, having that taken from you, there‟s nothing that leaves you feeling more powerless than that. SoI felt entirely powerless. I worked and worked and worked, and I got lucky, and worked, and got lucky, and worked.Eventually I graduated from college. It took me four years longer than my peers, and I convinced someone, my angel advisor, Susan Fiske, to take me on, and so I ended up at Princeton, and I was like, I am not supposed to be here. I am an impostor. And the night before my first-year talk, and the first-year talk at Princeton is a 20-minute talk to 20 people. That‟s it. I was so afraid of being found out the next day that I called her and said, “I‟m quitting.” She was like, “You are not quitting, because I t ook a gamble on you, and you‟re staying. You‟re going to stay, and this is what you‟re going to do. You are going to fake it. You‟re going to do every talk that you ever get asked to do. You‟re just going to do it and do it and do it, even if you‟re terrif ied and just paralyzed and having an out-of-body experience, until you have this moment where you say, …Oh my gosh, I‟m doing it. Like, I have become this. I am actually doing this.'” So that‟s what I did. Five years in grad school, a few years, you know, I‟m at Northwestern, I moved to Harvard, I‟m at Harvard, I‟m not really thinking about it anymore, but for a long time I had been thinking, “Not supposed to be here. Not supposed to be here.”So at the end of my first year at Harvard, a student who had not talked in class the entire semester, who I had said, “Look, you‟ve gotta participate or else you‟re going to fail,” came into my office. I really didn‟t know her at all. And she said, she came in totally defeated, and she said, “I‟m not supposed to be here.” And that was the moment for me. Because two things happened. One was that I realized, oh my gosh, I don‟t feel like that anymore. You know. I don‟t feel that anymore, but she does, and I get that feeling. And the second was, she is supposed to be here! Like, she can fake it, she can become it. So I was like, “Yes, you are! You are supposed to be here! And tomorrow you‟re going to fake it, you‟re going to make yourself powerful, and, you know, you‟re gonna —” (Applause) (Applause) “And you‟re going to g o into the classroom, and you are going to give the best comment ever.” You know? And she gave the best comment ever, and people turned around and they were like, oh my God, I didn‟t even notice her sitting there, you know? (Laughter)She comes back to me months later, and I realized that she had not just faked it till she made it, she had actually faked it till she became it. So she had changed. And so I want to say to you, don‟t fake it till you make it. Fake it till you become it. You know? It‟s not — Do it enough until you actually become it and internalize.The last thing I‟m going to leave you with is this. Tiny tweaks can lead to big changes. So this is two minutes. Two minutes, two minutes, two minutes. Before you go into the next stressful evaluative situation, for two minutes, try doing this, in the elevator, in a bathroom stall, at your desk behind closed doors. That‟s what you want to do. Configure your brain to cope the best in that situation. Get your testosterone up. Get your cortisol down. Don‟t leave that situation feeling like, oh, I didn‟t show them who I am. Leave that situation feeling like, oh, I really feel like I got to say who I am and show who I am.So I want to ask you first, you know, both to try power posing, and also I want to ask you to share the science, because this is simple. I don‟t have ego involved in this. (Laughter) Give it away. Share it with people, because the people who can use it the most are the ones with no resources and no technology and no status and no power. Give it to them because they can do it in private. They need their bodies, privacy and two minutes, and it can significantly change the outcomes of their life. Thank you.。
your body language may shape who you are的英语概括
your body language may shape who youare的英语概括Your body language can have a significant impact on how you are perceived by others and, ultimately, who you are as a person. It is a nonverbal form of communication that can convey messages and emotions without the need for words. For example, posture, gestures, and facial expressions can all convey information about a person's confidence, attitude, and emotions.Positive body language, such as standing up straight, making eye contact, and smiling, can help to convey confidence, approachability, and positive energy. On the other hand, negative body language, such as crossing your arms, avoiding eye contact, or frowning, can convey nervousness, hostility, or unapproachability.In addition to affecting how others perceive you, your body language can also have an impact on how you perceive yourself. By using positive body language, you can boost your own confidence and self-esteem, which can, in turn, influence your behavior and interactions with others.Furthermore, your body language can shape your relationships with others. For example, using positive body language can make you more attractive and likable, which can help to build stronger relationships. On the other hand, negative body language can lead to misunderstandings and conflicts.In conclusion, your body language is an important aspect of your overall communication and can have a significant impact on who you are. By being aware of your body language and making an effort to use positive nonverbal cues, you can enhance your self-confidence, build stronger relationships, and convey a more positive image to the world around you.。
肢体语言抱胸代表什么？
肢体语⾔抱胸代表什么？在办公室⾥，在社交场合，你怎么站、怎么坐，都在向别⼈传达着你⾃⼰。
其实，肢体语⾔甚⾄⽐你的⼝头语⾔和表情所传递的信息更多。
肢体语⾔是镶嵌在我们基因中的能⼒。
看看下⾯这张图：左侧是⼀名正常运动员获得胜利后的动作，右侧的运动员则双⽬失明，⽽他的胜利动作完全⼀致。
我们从⼩就被教育：如何基于判断别⼈的语⾔表情来和⼈打交道。
但这也许并不是最有效的沟通⽅式。
因为你的⾝体⽐你的脸上的表情还要丰富。
在我最喜欢的 TED 演讲之⼀⾥，社会⼼理学家Amy Cuddy 向我们解释了⼀些最奇妙的肢体动作。
Amy Cuddy演讲《Your body language shapes who you are》，TED观看量2600万。
时长20分，建议在WiFi下观看。
Cuddy 为我们区分了两种⾝体姿势。
⼀种是“⼒量型姿势”，另⼀种则是与之相对的“弱势型姿势”。
这是⼒量型姿势的例⼦：这是弱势型的姿势：这两个⼈典型的动作是——双⼿抱胸。
你可能认为双⼿抱胸的时候，⾃⼰更有⾃信。
但其实，双⼿抱胸的姿势太过保守、沉闷。
在⼯作场合下（除⾮你是⾯试官和领导），双⼿抱胸⼀⽅⾯显得你在进⾏⾃我防御，有所保留，不愿意敞开⼼扉；另⼀⽅⾯给⼈带来不易接近的印象。
它显然不该成为你与⼈交流的第⼀选择。
Cuddy发现，改变我们的肢体语⾔能够产⽣⼀些⽴竿见影的效果，⽐如，多做上⾯的“⼒量型姿势”可以帮助我们得到⼀份更棒的⼯作，让⾃⼰感觉更好，或者让我们在各个⽅⾯都更加成功。
不仅如此，肢体语⾔还能由内⽽外改变我们的个性，让我们改头换⾯。
尽管刚开始改变⾃⼰的肢体语⾔有些“装”的成分，但是，Cuddy认为我们可以试着“Fake it until you make it”，先假装⾃⼰很⾃信，你终将成为⾃⼰想要成为的⼈。
这句话现在可能有些被过度使⽤，但对于培养个⼈形象来说，这个做法再正确不过了。
因为改变肢体语⾔真的能改变我们的性格！利⽤我们下⾯的5条建议，从“装作”内⼼强⼤开始，直到你真正成为了⼀个有⽓场的⼈。
TED一篇观后感：Yourbodylanguageshapeswhoyouare肢体语言塑造人格
Y our body language shapes who you areY our body language shapes who you are. We always make sweeping judgments and inferences from body language. And those judgments can predict really meaningful life outcomes like who we hire or promote, who we ask out on a date. Amy Cuddy, the lecturer, tells us a lot about functions of body language bring to us.It is true across the animal kingdom that when animals make themselves big, they stretch out, take up space, they are basically opening up and expanding. It's not just limited to primates,and humans do the same thing. Amy Cuddy explains this phenomenon physiologically by cortisol, which is the stress hormone.When we feel powerless, we do exactly the opposite. We close up, wrap ourselves up, and make ourselves small. all we have done because of testosterone, which is the dominance hormone.She also stresses that power posing for a few minutes really change your life in meaningful ways. Presenting a example of her childhood experience, she tells us that your body shapes who you are. What you think doesn't mean what you behave, but someone else's opinion of you precisely depends on your performance rather than what you have in mind. That is what the lecture talks about.My favorite TV series is <lie to me>. Although the stories are about crimes, the main idea which the show expresses to us is that your bodylanguage may betray your soul. Once one's words are not matched by deeds, his body language tell the truth instead. I know about body language only stay at this level:your body language reflects who you are. Through Amy Cuddy's speech, I understand much deeper:your body language not only reflects who you are, but also shapes who you are. Since we have found the body language can accurately reflect our inner emotion condition, we can also make the body language a positive means, which motivates our psychological status to be better. People feel tense when Cortisol level is high, so they may curl up body or dodge themselves as physical reaction. On the contrast, if we pretend to be relax and confident, making body language roused, opening shoulders, and smiling with ease, then our testosterone level will rise while cortisol will be inhibited. To some extent, once we faked to be relax and confident, one day it will become real. As Amy said, ‘Fake it till you make it. Fake it till you become it.’I cannot agree more about her idea, because I had the same experience before. After graduated from primary school, my character totally changed, which due to a person. She is the one I admired most in primary school because she can be very confident in any occasion. Everyday she raised her head proudly, talked with others in humorous way and acted neither humble nor pushy just like a queen. However, i usually curled up in my seat, looked down as answering questions, darednot contact with the one's eyes. It is cortisol that plays the main role, which leads us to be powerless. When I came to middle school, I started to change. I pretended to be another her though I know I am an impostor, I still tried to appear confident and brave. I faked it till I made it, and finally one day I really became it. Learning to tweak this a little bit, it could significantly change the way your life unfolds.So I want to say, rising your head proudly, opening your shoulder with confidence, holding your hands up to top, answering questions as loudly as you can. Y ou are what you do. Y ou are what you say. Y ou are what your body language expresses, because your body language shapes who you are.。