高二英语语法讲解

高二英语语法讲解
1.直接引语和间接引语
定义：交际中我们常常需要引述别人说的话，一种是一字不差地直接引用别人的话，放在引号内，称为直接引语（The Direct Speech）, 另一种是间接地引述别人的话，称为间接引语( The Indirect Speech)。

例如：He said, “I will choose a book from my students.” 他说：“我将为学生选一本书。

”
= He said that he would choose a book from his student. 他说他将为学
生选一本书。

直接引语和间接引语之间的转化
①标点符号的变化：He said to me,“I am hungry.”=He told me (that) he
is hungry.
②语序的变化：疑问语序变为陈述语序:He said to me,“Would you like to go
with me?”=He asked me if/whether I would like to go with him.
③动词的变化：say(to)在陈述句中多变为tell等词，在疑问句中多变为ask等词，
在祈使句中表示命令多为tell，order等词，表情求多为ask等词。

例如：He said to me,“Could you please live in America?”=He asked me if/whether I could live in America.=He asked me to live in America.
④连接词的变化连接词：⑴陈述句用that连接He said to me, “I live in
London.”= He told me that he lived in Lo ndon.
⑵一般（选择，反意）疑问句用if或whether连接He said to me, “Do
you live in London?”= He asked me if/whether I lived in London.
He asked me, “Do you live in London or Paris?”= He asked me if/whether I lived in London or Paris.
He asked me, “You live in London, don’t you?”= He asked me if/whether I lived in London.
⑶特殊疑问句仍用原来的特殊疑问词连接He said to me, “When do you
live in London?”= He asked me when I lived in London.
⑤时态的变化：⑴如果主句中的谓语动词是一般现在时态，间接引语中的动词
时态保持不变。

例如：She says,”I like cat.”=She says that she likes cat.
⑵如果主句中德谓语动词是过去时态，间接引语中德动词时态变化如下：
一般现在时---一般过去时
一般将来时---过去将来时
现在完成时---过去完成时
现在进行时---过去进行时
一般过去时---过去完成时
⑶但是过去进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时保持不变。

⑷表示过去具体年份的状语不变
⑸表示真理，格言，谚语等不受时间限制的句子不变。

⑹强调所谈情况仍然存在时不变。

⑺could,would,should,needn’t,had better,ought to等情态动词不变。

⑥人称代词的变化：遵循一主二宾三不变。

“一主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。

从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如：
She said. "My brother wants to go with me. "→She said her brother wanted to go with her.
“二宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。

或被第二人你所修饰。

从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。

如果引号外的主句没有宾语。

也可以用第一人称，如：
He said t o Kate. "How is your sister now?"→He asked Kate how her sister was then。

“三不变”是指直接引语变间接引语时。

如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如：
Mr Smith said。

"Jack is a good worker。

"→Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker。

2. 虚拟语气
①从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不
符。

如：If they had informed us, we would not come here now.
②从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。

如：If he kn
ew her, he would have greeted her.
③从句的动作与过去发生的情况相反，而主句的动作与现在正在发生的情况相
反。

如：If it had not been raining too much, the crops would be gr owing much better.
状语从句中的虚拟语气
As if,as though引导的方式状语从句。

所发生的时间虚拟语气的结构
从句发生在主句之前 had+过去分词
主从句同时发生过去式
从句发生在主句之后 would/should/could/might+动词原形3.非谓语动词
在英语中每一句话只能有一个主谓结构，如果出现多个动词则：在句子中加入连词或从句或将其变为非谓语动词。

非谓语动词：⑴不定式，to+V.(将要发生的)⑵V-ing.（同时发生）⑶V-ed（表被动）
hope, expect, intend, want, plan, promise, ask, refuse, decide, deter mine, learn, prepare + to do
admit, finish, appreciate, miss + -ing
stop/remember/forget/go on/regret
to do 去做...
-ing 正在做...
例如：She reached the top of the hill and stopped to rest on a big ro ck to see the rising sun.
You were brave enough to rise objections at the meeting.
——Well,now I regret having done that.
see, watch, hear, feel, notice
-ing 主动, 正在做...
do主动, 动作过程
done 被动
例如：They knew her very well. They had seen her grow up from childho od.
非谓语动词的形式
-ing/to do 作宾语的变形
-ing作状语。