高一高二英语语法

高一英语语法

一．直接引语和间接引语

（一）直接引述别人的原话，叫做直接引语；用自己话转述别人的话，叫做间接引语。间接引语一般构成宾语从句。直接引语必须放在引号内，间接引语则不用引号。直接引语改为间接引语时，除将引语部分变成宾语从句外，还必须对直接引语中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等进行改变。

1．时态的变化：直接引语变为间接引语时，通常受转述动词said， asked等的影响而使用过去化的时态，即把原来的时态向过去推，也就是一般现在时变为一般过去时，现在进行时变为过去进行时，等等。例如：

Tom said to me，“My brother is doing his homework．”

→Tom said to me that his brother was doing his homework．

2．人称代词、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等等的变化：根据意义进行相应的变化，例如：

She asked Jack，“Where have you been?”

→She asked Jack where he had been．

He said，“These books are mine．”

→He said that those books were his．

（二）直接引语改为间接引语时，都使用陈述语序，但

是因为原句的句式不同，所以变成间接引语时所用的连词会有所不同。直接引语如果是一般疑问句，用连接词whether 或if；如果是特殊疑问句，则用疑问词引导间接引语。转述的动词一般用asked，可以在其后加上一个间接宾语me，him， her， us等。如：

She said，“Is your father at home?”

→She asked me if/whether my father was at home．“What do you do every Sunday?”My friend asked me．→My friend asked me what I did every Sunday．

直接引语如果是祈使句，改为间接引语时，要将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式，并在不定式的前面根据原句的语气（即请求或命令）加上ask， tell， order等动词，如果祈使句为否定式，则在不定式前加not。其句型为：ask / tell / order someone （not） to do something．例如：She said to us，“Please sit down．”

→She asked us to sit down．

He said to him，“Go away！”

→He ordered him to go away．

He said，“Don’t make so much noise， boys．”

→He told the boys not to make so much noise．

二．各种时态的被动语态

被动语态概述

被动语态的概念：它是动词的一种形式，表示主语与谓语之间的执行或被执行关系。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者，例如：They saw the little boy crying by the river．被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者，例如：The little boy was seen crying by the river．

被动语态的构成

被动语态的形式是由“助动词be＋动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be随着主语的人称、数、时态等的不同而变化。几种常见时态的被动语态形式如下：

1．一般现在时 am/is/are ＋过去分词

例如：Rice is planted in the south of China．

2．一般过去时 was/were ＋过去分词

例如：These trees were planted the year before last．3．一般将来时 will/shall ＋ be ＋过去分词

例如：A sports meeting will be held next week in our school．

4．现在进行时 am/is/are ＋ being ＋过去分词

例如：Your radio is being repaired now．

5．过去进行时 was/were ＋ being ＋过去分词

When he got there， the problem was being discussed．6．现在完成时 have/has ＋ been ＋过去分词

His work has been finished．

Has his work been finished? Yes， it has． / No，it hasn’t．

7．过去完成时 had ＋ been ＋过去分词

注意：

1．除了be之外的其它系动词如get， stay等也可以和过去分词构成被动语态。例如：Their questions haven’t got answered．

2．含有情态动词的谓语变成被动语态使用“情态动词＋be ＋过去分词”结构。例如：

More attention should be paid to the old in this country．

This work can’t be done until Mr． Black comes．3．含有“be going to”，“be to”等结构的谓语，其被动语态分别用“be going to ＋ be ＋过去分词”和“be to ＋be ＋过去分词”。例如：

The problem is going to be discussed at the next meeting．

All these books are to be taken to the library．4．被动语态与系表结构的区别：“连系动词＋用作表语的过去分词”构成的系表结构，与被动语态的形式完全一样，所以应注意它们的区别。被动语态中的过去分词是动词，多强调动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词，多强调状